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We present a household production model that incorporates multitasking and results from a customized experiment designed to measure the individual-specific productivity parameters from this model. We observe these productivity parameters under alternative incentive scenarios, designed to mimic changes in the relative utility payoffs to the two tasks. Using information on demographic and other characteristics collected through an on-screen survey taken by our experimental participants, we examine the correlates of individuals' sole-tasking and multitasking performance. Finally, we provide the literature's first measures of the own- and cross-price elasticities of household task supply in a multitasking context.

We examine family time together using data from the 2003-2010 American Time Use Survey combined with Bureau of Labor Statistics data on state-level unemployment rates. Couple time together is U-shaped; while fathers spend more time engaging in enriching childcare activities without a spouse present as the unemployment rate rises. Patterns are similar for dual-earner couples, but appear concentrated among demographic groups most affected by recessions. We also find that mothers are less likely to work standard hours and more likely to work on weekends as employment crises deepen, which is consistent with both sets of results for family time together.

Do negative incentives or sticks in education improve student outcomes? Since the late 1980s, several U.S. states have introduced No Pass No Drive (NPND) laws that set minimum academic requirements for teenagers to obtain driving licenses. Using data from the American Community Survey (ACS) and Monitoring the Future (MTF), we exploit variation across state, time, and cohort to show that NPND laws led to a 6.4 percentage point increase in the probability of graduating from high school among black males. Further, we show that NPND laws were effective in reducing truancy and increased time allocated to school-work at the expense of leisure and work.

This paper exploits the complex sequential structure of the diary data in the American Heritage Time Use Study (AHTUS) and constructs three classes of indicators that capture the quality of leisure ('pure leisure', 'co-present leisure' and 'leisure fragmentation') to show that the relative growth in leisure time enjoyed by less-educated individuals documented in previous studies has been accompanied by a relative decrease in the quality of that leisure time. These results are not driven by any single leisure activity, such as time watching television. Our findings may offer a more comprehensive picture of inequality in the US and provide a basis for weighing the relative decline in earnings and consumption for the less educated against the simultaneous relative growth of leisure.

The time devoted to housework in couple households is substantial. Research on intrahousehold time allocations has generally assumed that housework is a necessary evil and that the partner with the lower opportunity cost of time in the market will devote more time to home production. In reality, households/individuals are likely motivated to maximize happiness, and preferences regarding even mundane household chores differ considerably. We use information on preferences, opportunity costs, and time use from the 2000-2001 United Kingdom Time Use Survey to examine the time partners spend doing laundry, ironing, cleaning, and food shopping. While compared with other household chores such as gardening and do-it-yourself repairs, the selected activities are generally less enjoyable, preferences do vary across the population and are correlated with reported time use. Joint multivariate analysis of his and her time on weekend and weekday days as well as maid service reveals that her opportunity cost of time matters substantially more than his, but that his preferences play a greater role than hers.

The main research question of this article is whether and how predictors of fathers' participation in childcare, defined as zero versus more than zero minutes of childcare, differ from predictors of participating fathers' amount of time on childcare, measured as minutes on the survey day. The sample is drawn from the Multinational Time Use Study (MTUS) and covers surveys from ten industrialised countries from 1987 to 2005. Results show that there are remarkable differences between factors influencing participation in childcare and factors associated with participating fathers' time spent with children. For example, the educational level has a strong impact on fathers' participation, but not on the amount of time spent on childcare. In contrast, work hours and whether data refer to a weekday or a weekend day hardly affect participation, but strongly affect fathers' time for childcare. There are also noticeable differences between the countries and between different points in time regarding factors influencing childcare participation and time. Results call for caution regarding findings from existing studies not distinguishing participation from participating fathers' childcare minutes.

Die Autorinnen werden in ihrem Beitrag einen arbeitssoziologisch geprägten Blick auf die Arbeitsplatzbedingungen von Nachwuchswissenschaftler/innen, um dann im Rahmen einer psychologischen Betrachtung individuelle Ziele, Belastung durch Zielkonflikte und den Umgang mit Zeit zu erfassen. Vor dem Hintergrund der Rahmenbedingungen des Arbeitsplatzes Hochschule, der von unsicheren Karriereaussichten, vielfältigen, zum Teil konfligierenden Anforderungen geprägt ist, bewerten die Nachwuchswissenschaftler/innen ihre Forschungsvorhaben als wichtiger denn ihre Lehrvorhaben und priorisieren damit den Arbeitsbereich, der ihnen Reputation und berufliches Vorankommen ermöglicht. (HoF/Text übernommen)

How would people spend time if confronted by permanent declines in market work? We identify preferences off exogenous cuts in legislated standard hours that raised employers' overtime costs in Japan around 1990 and Korea in the early 2000s. Using time-diaries from before and after these shocks, we estimate the probability that an individual would have been affected by the reform. Reduced-form estimates show that the direct effect on a newly-constrained worker was a substantial reduction in market time, with the free-up time in Japan reallocated to leisure and personal maintenance, while in Korea the results are mixed, showing some impact on household production. Simulations using GMM estimates of a Stone-Geary utility function defined over time use suggest no effect on household production in either country. Estimation of a household model shows only slight evidence that spouses shared the time gift, nor that one spouse's allocation of non-market time changed when the other spouse's market work was permanently and exogenously reduced.

This paper presents a model in which promotion of employees within the internal firm hierarchy is determined by the individuals' allocation of time between promotion/rent-seeking and productive activity. We consider the effect of an increase in the employer's knowledge (information) regarding the employees' productivity levels on the total time spent by the workers in non-productive promotion-seeking activities.

This paper analyzes the relationship between time allocation decisions of the unemployed, gender, and regional unemployment rates. Using the Spanish Time Use Survey 2002-2003 and 2009-2010, we find that higher regional unemployment rates are associated with increases in the time devoted to study by men, and to household production by women, and with decreases in the time devoted to personal care by men and leisure by women. We also find evidence favoring consumption smoothing as the channel through which others' unemployment affects time allocation decisions of the unemployed. As higher regional unemployment rates imply a lower availability of jobs for the unemployed, it decreases the expectations individuals have of finding a job, and thus households may try to increase their time spent on household production to reduce the market expenditures needed to maintain their consumption. We interpret our results as evidence that others' unemployment has several effects that need to be considered in the analysis of the wellbeing of the unemployed during business cycles.

There is a rising number of concepts that try to describe the broad perception of time poverty. Though detailed time poverty analyses are available, still little is said about its impacts on the individual behaviour. Within this article, a possible new implication is analysed: The author tests whether time poor individuals compare less between prices as a result of their time deficit, therefore do not identify bargains or rip-offs and pay on average more for identical products and services than not time poor individuals. Using data drawn from the German Time Use Survey (GTUS) 2001/02, time use information is imputed into the German Sample Survey of Income and Expenditure (IES) 2003 to identify time poor individuals in the IES 2003. Instrumental variables estimations are arranged to account for an expected bias in ordinary least squares estimations - caused by the excluded variable (search) ability - and to catch the causal effect of time poverty on paid prices. The results do not confirm a higher price paid by time poor individuals. The findings rather suggest that time poor persons find trust in stores with a fair price performance ratio, remain loyal to them and accordingly pay a similar amount for goods and services than not time poor individuals in most cases. Eine zunehmende Zahl von Ansätzen versucht die breite Wahrnehmung von Zeitarmut zu beschreiben. Obwohl detaillierte Analysen vorhanden sind, wird meistens wenig über die konkreten Konsequenzen auf das individuelle Verhalten gesagt. Im Rahmen dieses Artikels wird eine mögliche neue Auswirkung analysiert: Der Autor testet, ob zeitarme Individuen als eine Folge ihres Zeitdefizits weniger zwischen Preisen vergleichen, entsprechend keine Schnäppchen oder exorbitante Preise identifizieren und deshalb durchschnittlich mehr für identische Produkte und Dienstleistungen zahlen als nicht-zeitarme Individuen. Unter Verwendung der deutschen Zeitbudgeterhebung (ZBE) von 2001/02 werden Zeitverwendungsinformationen in die Einkommens- und Verbrauchsstichprobe (EVS) 2003 imputiert, um auch dort eine Identifizierung von zeitarme Individuen zu ermöglichen. Instrumenten Variablen Schätzungen werden durchgeführt, um eine erwartete Verzerrung - hervorgerufen durch die ausgeschlossene Variable Fähigkeiten - in den üblichen Schätzungen nach der Methode der kleinsten Quadrate zu korrigieren und den kausalen Effekt von Zeitarmut auf die gezahlten Preise zu erfassen. Die Ergebnisse bestätigen nicht, dass zeitarme Individuen einen höheren Preis für Waren und Dienstleistungen zahlen. Sie deuten eher darauf hin, dass zeitarme Personen vertrauen zu Geschäften aufbauen, die ein faires Preis-Leistungs-Verhältnis haben. Diesen Geschäften bleiben Sie treu und zahlen entsprechend einen ähnlichen Preis wie nicht-zeitarme Individuen.

Diese Dissertation besteht aus vier Aufsätzen, die zur empirischen Literatur der Allokation der Arbeitszeit beitragen. Der erste Artikel untersucht die Wechselbeziehung zwischen Arbeit und Sozialleben von Paaren und untersucht die Synchronisation der Arbeitszeiten. Ein neuer Analyseansatz wird vorgeschlagen, der es ermöglicht, den durchschnittlichen Einfluss der Arbeitsbedingungen der deutschen Bevölkerung auf die Allokation der Freizeit zu bestimmen. Der zweite Aufsatz untersucht, ob Arbeit zu unüblichen Bedingungen gemäß der Theorie kompensierender Lohndifferentiale durch höhere Löhne entlohnt wird. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass solche Arbeiter 9--10 Prozent höhere Stundenlöhne erhalten. Diese Zuschläge haben einen u-förmigen Verlauf über die Einkommensverteilung für Schichtarbeiter. Die Ausrichtung der Analyse auf monetäre Kompensation solcher Arbeitsbedingungen, vernachlässigt mögliche adverse Auswirkungen auf das Sozialleben und die Gesundheit. Der dritte Artikel untersucht daher nicht-pekuniäre Aspekte. Freizeit wird in solchen Jobs zu einem höheren Anteil allein verbracht, was sich negativ auf das Wohlbefinden auswirken kann, da der Grenznutzen der Freizeit sinkt. Die drastischen Auswirkungen dieser Arbeit zieht ein erhöhtes Risiko auf den mentalen und physischen Gesundheitszustand mit sich, der sich aus einer signifikant niedrigeren Schlafallokation ergibt. Besonders betroffen sind ältere Arbeitnehmer, die eine höhere Wahrscheinlichkeit haben, diesen Arbeitsbedingungen schon über einen längeren Zeitraum ausgesetzt zu sein. Abschließend untersucht der vierte Aufsatz den kausalen Zugewinn auf die elterliche Zeit mit Kindern, den Arbeitnehmer durch mehr zeitliche Arbeitsflexibilität erreichen. Gleitzeitregelungen erlauben es Müttern somit, etwa 30 Prozent mehr ihrer verfügbaren Zeit mit ihren Kindern zu verbringen. Zeitliche Flexibilität kann somit die adversen Effekte der Beschäftigung von Müttern auf die kognitive Entwicklung ihrer Kinder abmildert. This thesis consists of four essays that contribute to the empirical literature of the allocation of market work. The first essay studies the interrelation between working schedules and social life of couples by investigating the synchronization of schedules. A novel approach is proposed that allows for a determination of the average impact of working conditions of the German population on the allocation of leisure. From these findings, couple-specific conclusions concerning the active synchronization of schedules can be drawn. The second essay is devoted to empirically testing the assumption of compensating wage differentials predicting that work at non-standard hours shall be compensated by higher wage rates. The results suggest 9--10 percent higher hourly wage rates. Wage premia are U-shaped across the earnings distribution for shift workers. Since the focus on monetary compensation of such working condition neglects potential adverse consequences on the worker''s social life and individual health, the third essay explores such non-pecuniary aspects. Such jobs entail significantly higher levels of solitary leisure which is likely to adversely affect the worker''s well-being by reducing the marginal utility of leisure. The more severe consequence of work at undesirable hours is the augmented risk to physical and mental health which arises from the significantly lower allocation of time to sleep. In particular older workers who are potentially exposed to such working conditions over a longer time horizon bear the highest risks. Finally, the fourth essay studies the causal gain from temporal work flexibility on parental time with children. Flexitime arrangements allow mothers to spend 30 percent more of their disposable time on childcare. The results are generalizable to Germany as a whole. The paper provides empirical support for the importance of temporal work flexibility on mitigating adverse effects of maternal employment on the child''s cognitive development.

We analyze the causal effect of the length of the worker's commute on worker's productivity, by examining whether commuting time has any effect on worker's labour market supply. Using the Spanish Time Use Survey 2002-03, our GMM/IV estimation yields a positive causal impact of commuting time on the time devoted to the labour market, with one hour of commuting increasing the time devoted to the labour market by 35 minutes in a working day. Our results shed light on the relationship between commuting and workers behaviour, since daily labour supply should be considered in theoretical models to provide a comprehensive view of commuter behaviour.

A model with two different production sectors and endogenous growth based on the accumulation of sector-specific human capital due to learning-by-doing is presented. Accumulation of experience is measured by means of sectoral production output aggregated over time. Growth is controlled by a dynamic optimisation of the use of time for working in the different sectors or for leisure. Transitional dynamics of production growth, especially of structural change towards a 'new' sector (with relatively scarce experience), of the optimal sectoral distribution of working time and of leisure as well as the corresponding steady state levels are derived and a numerical simulation is performed.

Extending the traditional income poverty concept by multidimensional poverty has been of growing interest within the last years. This paper contributes with an analysis of interdependent multidimensional (IMD) poverty intensity of time and income, which in particular restricts social participation. The interdependency of the multiple poverty dimensions under a strong (union approach) and weak focus axiom (compensation approach) are regarded in particular when measuring the intensity of multidimensional poverty. In addition to various poverty gap measures including the multidimensional well-being gap, for the first time we propose a minimum multidimensional poverty gap (2DGAP). To respect Sen's capability approach with its social participation aspects we define the time dimension as genuine personal leisure time. Based on a CES well-being function and a multidimensional poverty line evaluated by the German population (estimated with the German Socio-Economic Panel) the individual poverty intensity of the active population is analysed for various regimes of multiple poverty. For this purpose the German Time Use Surveys 1991/92 and 2001/02 and its time use diary data are used. Analysing the active population this paper contributes too to the poverty situation of the working poor. All the empirical results, including the microeconometric Heckman type estimation of the IMD poverty intensity (2DGAP) and the IMD poverty risk, indicate the overall importance of the time dimension with its social participation aspect incorporated within an interdependent multidimensional time and income poverty approach. An important dimension would be neglected in the poverty analysis and in targeted poverty policies if time additional to income would is not respected. Die Erweiterung des traditionellen einkommensbasierten Armutskonzepts durch multidimensionale Armutsansätze hat in den letzten Jahren wachsendes Interesse gefunden. Die vorliegende Studie liefert dazu einen Beitrag mit einer Analyse der Intensität interdependenter multidimensionaler (IMD) Armut mit Zeit und Einkommen als Armutsdimensionen. Die Interdependenz der multiplen Armutsdimensionen wird unter dem strengen Fokus Axiom (union approach) und dem schwachen Fokus Axiom (compensation approach) bei der Intensitätsanalyse explizit berücksichtigt. Zusätzlich zu verschiedenen Maßen der Armutslücke, einschließlich der multidimensionalen Wohlfahrtslücke, schlagen wir erstmals eine minimale multidimensionale Armutslücke (2DGAP) vor. Um den Capability Ansatz von Sen mit seiner sozialen Teilhabe zu berücksichtigen verwenden wir in der Zeitdimension die eigene persönliche Freizeit, deren Einschränkung im Besonderen eine soziale Teilhabe vermindert. Basierend auf eine CES Wohlfahrtsfunktion und einer multidimensionalen Armutsgrenze, die von der deutschen Bevölkerung mit dem Sozio-ökonomischen Panel geschätzt wird, wird die individuelle Armutsintensität der arbeitenden Bevölkerung für verschiedene Regime multipler Armut analysiert. Dafür verwenden wir die verfügbaren Zeittagebücher der deutschen Zeitbudgetstudien 1991/92 und 2001/02. Indem wir die arbeitende Bevölkerung betrachten ist diese Studie zugleich ein Beitrag zur Armutssituation der working poor. Alle empirischen Resultate, einschließlich der mikroökonometrischen Heckman Schätzung der minimalen IMD Armutslücke (2DGAP) und des IMD Armutsrisikos, verweisen auf die übergreifende Bedeutung der Zeitdimension mit ihrem sozialen Partizipationsaspekt innerhalb eines interdependenten multidimensionalen Zeit und Einkommensansatzes. Eine wichtige Dimension würde in der Armutsdiskussion und in der zielorientierten Armutspolitik außer Acht gelassen, wenn nicht Zeit zusätzlich zu Einkommen berücksichtigt wird.

Am 28. Oktober 2011 wurde in Berlin der 8. Familienbericht an die Bundesministerin für Familie, Senioren, Frauen und Jugend übergeben. Er beschäftigt sich mit dem Thema »Zeit für Familie« und mit den Notwendigkeiten und Möglichkeiten einer Familienzeitpolitik. Für die Erstellung des Berichts wurde eine achtköpfige Sachverständigenkommission, zusammengesetzt aus den Bereichen der Betriebs- und Volkswirtschaftslehre, der Soziologie, der Entwicklungspsychologie und der Rechtswissenschaften, berufen. Das ifo Institut, das mit den Aufgaben einer Geschäftsstelle beauftragt wurde, hat die Kommission organisatorisch betreut und wesentliche inhaltliche Beiträge geliefert. Insbesondere hat es die empirische Unterfütterung der Diskussionen und des Berichts übernommen.

Prior to July 2009, salaries of the members of the European Parliament were paid by their home country and there were substantial salary differences between parliamentarians representing different EU countries. Starting in July 2009, the salary of each member of the Parliament is pegged to 38.5% of a European Court judge's salary, paid by the EU. This created an exogenous change in salaries, the magnitude and direction of which varied substantially between parliamentarians. Parliamentarians receive per diem compensation for each plenary session they attend, but salaries constitute unearned income as they are independent of attendance to the Parliament. Using detailed information on each parliamentarian of the European Parliament between 2004 and 2011 we show that an increase in salaries reduces attendance to plenary sessions and an increase in per diem compensation increases it. We also show that corruption in home country has a negative effect on attendance for seasoned members of the Parliament.

Since it is still unclear to what extent time allocation retrospectively reported in questionnaires, reflects people's actual behavior, examining the accuracy of responses to time use survey questions is of crucial importance. We analyze the congruence of time use information assessed through retrospective questionnaires and through experience sampling methodology. The sample comprised 433 individuals ranging in age from 14 to 86 years. Participants completed standard survey questions on time allocation. In addition, a mobile-phone based experience sampling technology was used over a period of three weeks to obtain snapshots of, on average, 54 momentary activities in which participants participated while pursuing their normal daily routines. Experience sampling assessments were scheduled six times a day over at least nine days, including workdays, Saturdays, andSundays. Results indicate that the congruence between time allocation assessed with survey questions (i.e. in SOEP) and time allocation assessed with experience sampling methodology depends on the characteristics of the respective activities. Associations between standard survey questions and experience sampling methods are quite substantial for long-lasting and externally structured activities, such as paid work on workdays. Incontrast, associations between survey and experience sampling methods are somewhat weaker, though highly statistically significant, for less externally structured, short-term and infrequent activities, such as errands, housework, and leisure. These moderate and relatively small correlations may indicate either an error-prone estimation of the prevalence of shortterm and infrequent activities by experience sampling or respondents' overrating of sporadic and short activities in survey questions. We conclude that activities with a long duration, such as paid work, can be measured in a satisfactory manner using short survey questions. Futureresearch is necessary to elucidate which method (experience sampling method or survey questions) delivers more reliable and valid measures for shortterm and sporadic activities.Day Reconstruction Methods (DRM) should be included in this future methodological research.

It is recognized that employment policies must grant flexibility to the working schedules to allow parents to reconcile family and work. By exploiting the particularity of the East German labor market, I identify the causal effect of temporal work flexibility on parental time with children. The analysis unambiguously shows that it allows parents to spend about 30 percent more time with their children. The results can be generalized to Germany as a whole. It can be concluded that temporal work flexibility can be used as a device to mitigate the adverse effect of parental employment on the child's cognitive development.

Der Forschungsbericht zeigt, dass das "Flexi II"-Gesetz seine Zielsetzungen bislang nur teilweise erfüllen konnte. Das Gesetz hat zu einer klareren Abgrenzung zwischen Wertguthaben und anderen Formen von Arbeitszeitkonten geführt. Nach wie vor führt nur eine sehr kleine Minderheit von Betrieben überhaupt Langzeitkonten bzw. Wertguthaben im Sinne des Gesetzes. Der Kenntnisstand bei den Verantwortlichen in den Betrieben ist unzureichend. Außerdem wird das "Flexi II"-Gesetz oftmals als überkomplex und teilweise schwer nachvollziehbar angesehen. In den - bislang - wenigen Fällen, in denen das Gesetz konsequent umgesetzt wurde, hatte es für die betroffenen Arbeitnehmer Vorteile, insbesondere durch die verbesserten Regelungen zum Insolvenzschutz.

How would people spend additional time if confronted by permanent declines in market work? We examine the impacts of cuts in legislated standard hours that raised employers' overtime costs in Japan around 1990 and Korea in the early 2000s. Using time-diaries from before and after these shocks, we show that these shocks were effective - per-capita hours of market work declined discretely. The economy-wide drops in market work were reallocated solely to leisure and personal maintenance. In the absence of changing household technology a permanent time gift leads to no increase in time spent in household production by the average individual.

This paper examines pecuniary aspects of work during unusual hours based on the German Time Use Data for 2001/02. The findings show positive wage premia of 9 - 10 percent for shift workers and men who work during unusual hours. There is some evidence of negative selection which suggests that men with lower potential daytime earnings have a higher propensity to choose these jobs because of the associated wage premium. The findings further show a U-shaped impact of temporal work disamenity across the wage distribution with higher wage premia paid to the extreme 5-percentiles.

The widening of the working hour distribution complicates the coordination of social leisure. This paper examines the short- and long-run impact of unusual working schedules on social life using German Time Use Data for 2001/02. I find evidence that younger workers with higher than median earnings seem to accept higher levels of solitary leisure as investment and because of the substantial wage premia. Younger workers tend to substitute sleep with free time. Older workers, in contrast, tend to sleep less which can be interpreted as elevated risk of mental and physical health.

This paper examines the impact of Knightian uncertainty upon optimal climate policy through the prism of a continuous-time real option modelling framework. We analytically determine optimal intertemporal climate policies under ambiguity. Additionally, numerical simulations are provided to illustrate the properties of the model. The results indicate that increasing Knightian uncertainty accelerates climate policy, i.e. policymakers become more reluctant to postpone the timing of climate policies into the future.

Existing studies show that individuals who retire replace some private consumption by home production, but do not consider joint behaviour of couples. Here we analyze the causal effect of retirement of each partner on hours of home production of both partners in a couple. Our identification strategy exploits the earliest age retirement laws in France, enabling a fuzzy regression discontinuity approach. We find that own retirement significantly increases own hours of home production and the effect is larger for men than for women. Moreover, retirement of the female partner significantly reduces male hours of home production but not vice versa.

How can economic theory explain the reasons why consumers adopt innovations? Using the example of innovations in washing machines two approaches are compared. The first focuses in the manner of household production theory on changes in constraints without specifying preferences, leading to the well-known time substitution hypothesis. The second approach develops specific hypotheses about consumer preferences and focuses on how technical change accounts for them. The two approaches are empirically evaluated with a data set representing the motives suggested in washer advertisements for purchasing new vintages of machines over the period 1888 to 1989 in the US.

Using Mexican data on household time use and consumption, we find significant substitution between goods and time in home production and different elasticities of substitution for different household commodities. Adding these findings to the Ramsey optimal tax problem, we show it is optimal to impose higher taxes on market goods used in the production of commodities with a lower elasticity of substitution between goods and time. The reason is that government wants to minimize the distortionary substitution from market purchases toward untaxed time use in home production. This is an analog of the classical Corlett and Hague (1953-1954) result, differing in that we allow for the possibility of substitution between goods and time in the production of commodities. Leaving aside distributional considerations, we conclude that higher taxes should be imposed on market goods used in the production of `Eating' and lower taxes imposed on market goods used in the production of `Recreation'.

It is common sense that the self-employed - as professions and entrepreneurs - are rich by money and, because of their independence and time sovereignty, are rich by time, too. However, time stress and the variety of small businesses sometimes tell another story. This study tries to shed empirically based light on the issue and its dynamics by asking not only about income poverty but also about time poverty within the framework of a new interdependent multidimensional poverty approach. Database is the German Socio-Economic Panel (GSOEP) for the evaluation of the substitution/trade-off of genuine leisure time and income as well as the German Time Use Surveys (GTUS) 1991/92 and 2001/02 for the actual poverty analyses. Main result: The self-employed are more often affected by single income poverty, single time poverty as well as interdependent multidimensional time and income poverty than all other poor employees (working poorʺ) for both periods of observation. A remarkable percentage of not income poor but time poor employees in general, and the self-employed in particular, is not able to compensate their time deficit by income. Neglecting the self-employed in the poverty and well-being discussion would disregard an important group of the working poorʺ. Nach herkömmlicher Meinung sind Selbständige – als Freiberufler und Unternehmer (Gewerbetreibende) – nicht nur einkommensreich sondern auch zeitreich, da sie aufgrund ihrer Unabhängigkeit und Zeitsouveränität auch verhältnismäßig viel und disponible Zeit zur Verfügung haben. Unsere Studie untersucht diese These und damit erstmals die Wohlfahrtssituation von Selbständigen indem nicht nur nach der Einkommensarmut gefragt wird, sondern auch Zeitarmut im Rahmen eines neuen interdependenten multidimensionalen Armutskonzepts Berücksichtigung findet. Datenbasis ist einerseits das Sozio-ökonomische Panel für die bevölkerungsrepräsentative Bewertung der Substitutionalität/trade-off zwischen genuiner, persönlicher Freizeit und Einkommen als auch die beiden Zeitbudgeterhebungen 1992/92 und 2001/2 des Statistischen Bundesamtes. Zentrales Ergebnis: Selbständige sind hinsichtlich alleiniger Einkommensarmut, alleiniger Zeitarmut und interdependenter multidimensionaler Zeit- und Einkommensarmut in beiden Jahren weit stärker betroffen als alle anderen Gruppen der armen Erwerbstätigen, der „working poor“. Ein erheblicher Anteil von nicht-einkommensarmen aber zeitarmen Erwerbstätigen generell, und Selbständige im Besonderen, ist nicht in der Lage, ihr Zeitdefizit durch ihr Einkommen zu kompensieren. Würde man Selbständige bei der Armuts- und Wohlfahrtsdiskussion außen vor lassen, so würde eine bedeutende Gruppe der „working poor“ zu unrecht vernachlässigt.

Eltern investieren in ihre Kinder auf unterschiedliche Weise. Wir untersuchen wie das Ausmaß und die Zusammensetzung von Eltern-Kind Zeiten in unterschiedlichen Ländern mit differenten Wohlfahrtsregimes variiert: Finnland, Deutschland und die Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika. Komposition: Wir testen die Hypothese der Eltern-Kind Zeiten als eine Form von Humankapitalinvestitionen in Kinder mit einem ‚propensity score treatment effects’-Ansatz für die mögliche Endogenität der Zeitverwendung und Humankapitalinvestition. Resultat: Wohlfahrtsregime haben einen signifikanten Einfluss auf die von Eltern mit ihren Kindern verbrachte Zeit. Unsere Resultate unterstützen die Hypothese, dass Eltern-Kind Zeiten, die nicht als Kinderbetreuung zu charakterisieren sind, Humankapital anreichern. Die stärkste Unterstützung wurde für die Bereiche Freizeit und gemeinsam verbrachte Essenszeiten gefunden. Parents invest in their children’s human capital in several ways. We investigate the extent to which the levels and composition of parent-child time varies across countries with different welfare regimes: Finland, Germany and the United States. We test the hypothesis of parentchild time as a form of human capital investment in children using a propensity score treatment effects approach that accounts for the possible endogenous nature of time use and human capital investment. Result: There is considerable evidence of welfare regime effects on parent-child shared time. Our results provide mixed support for the hypothesis that non-care related parent-child time is human capital enriching. The strongest support is found in the case of leisure time and eating time.

"Gemeinsame Zeitgestaltung wird für Familien aufgrund steigender Anforderungen und Entgrenzungsprozesse von Arbeits-, Lebens- und Bildungswelt zur Herausforderung. Im Rahmen einer qualitativen Studie über familiale Zeitgestaltung und Zeitverwendung wurde eine Befragung von zehnjährigen Kindern (n = 50, Fotointerviews) und ihren Eltern (n = 71, problemzentrierte Interviews) in einer städtischen und einer ländlichen österreichischen Region durchgeführt. Die Ergebnisse verdeutlichen die Unzufriedenheit von Kindern und Eltern mit dem für die Familie zur Verfügung stehenden Zeitausmaß. Im Beitrag wird dargestellt, wie die gemeinsame Familienzeit gestaltet wird, welche Einflussfaktoren als relevant erachtet werden und welche Unterschiede zwischen Stadt und Land bestehen. Fotointerviews erwiesen sich als vorteilhaftes Erhebungsinstrument für die Befragung von Kindern." (Autorenreferat) "Shared time management represents a challenge for families because of increasing demands and processes of de-limitation within the domains of labor, living and education. A survey of 10-year-old children (n = 50, photo interviews), and of their parents (n = 71, problem-centered interviews), was carried out in an urban and a rural Austrian region, contextualized in the framework of a qualitative study on family strategies in managing and making use of time. The results indicate a level of dissatisfaction among children and their parents with respect to the extent of time available for families. This report elaborates how common family time is managed, what factors of influence are being perceived to be relevant, and what differences persist between urban and rural regions. Photo interviews prove to be an expedient survey instrument for interviewing children." (author's abstract)

This paper investigates the determinants of intra-household time allocation in post-war Rwanda. A decade after the 1994 genocide, Rwanda still bears the demographic impact of the war, in which at least 800,000 people died and the majority of casualties were adult males. The paper explores two unique features: exogenous variation in household types and large variation in regional cohort-specific sex ratios. Results indicate that, first, exposure to violence and male death can be a trigger of change in gender roles. Second, there is little flexibility to negotiate responsibilities within the household. Third, the local marriage market impacts the division of labor. Young, unmarried women engage more intensely in typical female activities when the shortage of men is severe. Conforming to the female gender role may be a strategy to improve their chances to marry.

"Die Debatte zur Lebensverlaufspolitik im Kontext Arbeit ist insbesondere in der Diskussion um den demografischen Wandel, die Vereinbarkeit von beruflichen und außerberuflichen Anforderungen während der verschiedenen Lebensphasen sowie die bessere Nutzung und den längerfristigen Erhalt des Beschäftigungspotenzials verstärkt aufgekommen. Im Zusammenhang mit der Ausdifferenzierung und Flexibilisierung der Beschäftigungsverhältnisse, die neben dem Erwerbsverlauf auch die weiteren Dimensionen des Lebenslaufs wie Aus- und Weiterbildung, Familie, Gesundheit und gesellschaftliches Engagement betreffen, steigt die Bedeutung der Gestaltung von Arbeitszeit als einem wichtigen Instrument zur Organisation, Koordination und Synchronisation im Alltag sowie im Lebenslauf. Der Arbeitszeitgestaltung kommt bei der Bewältigung von Risiken und Unsicherheiten aufgrund des fortschreitenden Strukturwandels der Erwerbsarbeit und der Erwerbsverläufe eine wichtige Funktion zu. Das vorliegende Papier gibt daher einen Überblick über das Forschungsthema Arbeitszeit in der Lebenslaufperspektive." (Autorenreferat) "The debate on the life course policy concerning employment intensified particularly with regard to the debate on demographic change, the balance of job-related and private demands during the different phases of life as well as with the improved utilisation and the long-term preservation of manpower reserves (employability). In connection with the differentiation and the flexibilisation of employment which also affects the course of one's employment in addition to all the other dimensions of a person's life like vocational training and further education, family, health, and social commitment, there is a growing importance of the organisation of working time as a fundamental instrument for the organisation, coordination, and synchronisation in both everyday life and life course. The organisation of working time is a matter of great significance referring to coping with the risks and uncertainties due to proceeding structural change of the gainful occupation and the course of one's employment. This paper gives an overview of the research on working time pertaining to the perspective of life course." (author's abstract)

This paper investigates the relationship between the probability of divorce and marriage specific investments. As these investments in terms of childcare and household activities are likely to increase the marital surplus, they are consequently likely to decrease the risk of divorce. All such activities, however, are characterized by gender role bias through, for example, social norms. In periods in which married women enjoy greater outside options (e.g., by increasing their labor force participation), it is expected that households in which the husband takes on typically female chores are less likely to dissolve, while couples in which the wife takes on typically male chores are more likely to divorce. The paper tests this hypothesis using data from the National Longitudinal Survey (NLS) of Mature Women, the NLS Young Women, and the NLSY79. The prediction is strongly supported by the data with respect to older cohorts while it loses empirical relevance when tested on younger individuals. Furthermore, asymmetric effects between genders gain importance over time. Finally, an explanation for the relationship between divorce and marital investments is offered in terms of increasing intra-household time consumption complementarities. To this end, data from the American Time Use Surveys from 1965 to 2005 are studied to illustrate how time spent together by partners in the same household has become increasingly crucial in the American family.

The possibilities of time use research approaches for the analysis of the use of media is the focus of this study. After describing previous studies of media analyses time use research is characterised and the particular suitability of its central surveying instruments stylised survey information and time use diaries is investigated for media use analyses. The various new surveying instruments will be newly systematized according to survey principles and survey features/attributes and illustrated by numerous product examples. The critical appraisal yields recommendations for a method mix of time use diaries and new technology based surveying instruments. Die Möglichkeiten der Zeitverwendungsforschung für die Analyse der Mediennutzung ist das Thema dieser Studie. Nach der Beschreibung von Studien zur Medianalyse wird dieZeitverwendungsforschung charakterisiert und die besondere Eignung ihrer zentralen Erhebungsinstrumente – stilisierte Umfrageinformationen und Zeoittagebücher - für dieAnalyse der Mediennutzung vertieft untersucht. Die Vielzahl neuer Erhebungstechniken wird nach Erhebungsprinzipien und Erhebungseigenschaften neu systematisiert und mit zahlreichen Produktbeispielen illustriert. Die kritische Würdigung mündet schließlich in die Empfehlung eines Methodenmix aus Zeittagebüchern und neuen technologiebasierten Erhebungsinstrumenten.

This paper examines a continuous-time intertemporal consumption and portfolio choice problem for an ambiguity-averse investor with multiple priors when the expected return of a risky asset is unobservable and follows a hidden Markov chain. The investor's beliefs over investment opportunities are represented by a set of priors over the process governing the dynamics of the conditional estimates of the unobservable state. The investor is assumed to have Chen and Epstein's (2002) recursive multiple priors utility preferences. Using the Malliavin calculus technique, we characterize the optimal consumption and portfolio rules explicitly in terms of the Malliavin derivatives and stochastic integrals. We find that continuous Bayesian revisions under incomplete information can generate an ambiguity-driven hedging demand that mitigates the intertemporal hedging demand for the risky asset. In addition, ambiguity aversion magnifies the importance of the intertemporal hedging demand.

"Der Artikel gibt einleitend einen kurzen Überblick über das so genannte Phänomen der 'rush hour' des Lebens. Gemeint ist damit der Lebensabschnitt, wenn Personen gleichzeitig ins Berufsleben einsteigen und eine Familie gründen, und daher auch gleichzeitig mit den Anforderungen aus verschiedensten Lebensbereichen, wie eben der Familie und dem Beruf, konfrontiert werden. Der Artikel fokussiert danach auf das Thema der Familienarbeit als wichtigem Bereich des täglichen Lebens einer Person, die sich in der 'rush hour' des Lebens befindet. Basierend auf den Daten aus mehreren europäischen Staaten werden Informationen über die Zeit, die für verschiedene Aufgaben verwendet wird, und über die Aufteilung dieser Aufgaben bei Doppelverdiener-Paaren mit kleinen Kindern, präsentiert. Schließlich werden jene Faktoren diskutiert, die zu einer mehr oder weniger (un)ausgeglichenen Aufteilung von Familienarbeit zwischen den beiden Geschlechtern beitragen und, auf einem allgemeineren Niveau, Ausgangspunkt für Strategien sein können, um die 'rush hour' des Lebens zu erleichtern." (Autorenreferat)

Welfare gains to long-horizon investors may derive from time diversification that exploits non-zero intemporal return correlations associated with predictable returns. Real estate may thus become more desirable if its returns are negatively serially correlated. While it could be important for long horizon investors, time diversification has been mostly investigated in asset menus without real estate and focusing on in-sample experiments. This paper evaluates ex post, out-of-sample gains from diversification when E-REITs belong to the investment opportunity set. We find that diversification into REITs increases both the Sharpe ratio and the certainty equivalent of wealth for all investment horizons and for both Classical and Bayesian (who account for parameter uncertainty) investors. The increases in Sharpe ratios are often statistically significant. However the out-of-sample average Sharpe ratio and realized expected utility of long-horizon portfolios are frequently lower than that of a one-period portfolio, which casts doubts on the value of time diversification.

Time-use statistics offer a unique tool for exploring a wide range of policy concerns including social change; division of labour; allocation of time for household work; the estimation of the value of household production; transportation; leisure and recreation; pension plans; and health-care programmes, among others (United Nations). This expertise will discuss recent developments, improvements and future challenges of time use and time budgets for policy and research with focus on international and in particular German national developments. It is written in the sequel of the last German KVI commission report on the improvement of the information infrastructure between sciences and statistics. Topics are: recent :international time use institutions, data archives and surveys; German time use data bases and their access, actual time use research fields and studies; time use and economic and social policy; new methods in time use survey sampling, future developments and European and international challenges. The conclusions recommend first of all a new German Time Use Survey GTUS 2011/12 and urgently calls for its financing and start of organisation. Specific GTUS improvements, SOEP time use issues, a brand new time use panel and a permanent establishment of the German research data centres (RDCs) are recommended in addition. Statistiken über Zeitverwendung bieten ein einzigartiges Werkzeug um ein weites Spektrum von Politikanliegen zu erforschen einschließlich sozialem Wandel, Arbeitsteilung, Zeitallokation der Hausarbeit, Schätzung des Wertes der Haushaltsproduktion, Transport, Freizeit und Erholung, Rentenpläne, Gesundheitsprogramme u.a. (Vereinte Nationen). Diese Expertise diskutiert neuere Entwicklungen, Verbesserungen und zukünftige Herausforderungen der Zeitverwendung und Zeitbudgets für die Politik und die Forschung mit Fokus auf internationale und deutsche Entwicklungen. Es ist in der Folge des letzten KVI Kommissionsreports über die Verbesserung der informationellen Infrastruktur zischen Wissenschaft und Statistik geschrieben. Schwerpunkte sind: neue internationale Zeitverwendungsinstitutionen, Datenarchive und Umfragen,deutsche Zeitverwendungsdaten und ihr Zugriff, aktuelle Forschungsfelder und Studien der Zeitverwendung, Zeitverwendung und Wirtschafts- und Sozialpolitik, neue Methoden und Zeitverwendungserhebungen, zukünftige Entwicklungen und europäische und internationale Herausforderungen. Die abschließenden Bemerkungen empfehlen vor allem eine neue deutsche Zeitverwendungsumfrage GTUS 2011/12 und fordert dringend jetzt den finanziellen und organisatorischen Start. Spezifische GTUS Verbesserungen, SOEP Zeitverwendungsitems, ein ganz neues Zeitverwendungspanel und eine permanente Etablierung der deutschen Forschungsdatenzentren (FDZ) werden zusätzlich empfohlen.

Multilokale Haushalte organisieren als Wirtschafts- und Lebensgemeinschaften ihr Alltagsleben an mehreren Orten gleichzeitig. Eine Form von Mobilität jenseits des täglichen Pendelns (Zirkulation) und der Verlegung des Wohnorts (Migration) entsteht. Ist die Multilokalität berufsbedingt, sichern die Akteure damit ihre Teilhabe an der Erwerbsarbeit, deren Standorte häufiger wechseln. Inzwischen ist diese mobile Lebensweise sozial verbreitet und nicht etwa auf bestimmte Berufsgruppen begrenzt. Multilokale Haushalte generieren zudem neue räumliche Zusammenhänge, die das Siedlungssystem insgesamt beeinflussen. Im Ergebnis einer empirischen Untersuchung können unterschiedliche Typen multilokaler Haushalte präsentiert werden. Eine Typologie zeigt die Zusammenhänge zwischen den Typen und die möglichen Entwicklungsverläufe multilokaler Arrangements.

Einkommen als traditionelles eindimensionales Wohlfahrts- und Armutsmaß wird in neueren Studien um ein multidimensionales Konzept erweitert. Obwohl dies sicherlich ein Fortschritt ist, fehlen zwei wichtige Aspekte: Zeit als eine wichtige Dimension und die Interdependenz der oft nur separat gezählten multiplen Armutsdimensionen. Unsere Studie will zu beiden Aspekten einen Beitrag liefern: erstens, wir betrachten Zeit - und Einkommen - beide als entscheidende und beschränkende Ressourcen aller täglichen Aktivitäten und betrachten deshalb Zeit und Einkommen als wichtige Dimensionen einer multiplen Armutsanalyse. Zweitens, die Interdependenz der multiplen Armutsdimensionen wird durch die Bevölkerung insgesamt bewertet, um zu einem Verständnis möglicher Substitutions- und ustauschbeziehungen zwischen den Dimensionen zu kommen. Hinsichtlich der Zeitdimension folgen wir Sen’s „Capability“-Ansatz mit seiner freien Wahl der Lebensbedingungen und sozialer Exklusion und argumentieren, dass eine Einschränkung der Zeit die soziale Partizipation inschränken kann. Im Besonderen ist eine Beschränkung der persönlichen, genuinen Freizeit (nicht die gesamte Freizeit) verknüpft mit eingeschränkter sozialer Partizipation. Die entscheidende Frage jedoch ist, wie die Substitution zwischen Einkommen und solcher persönlicher Freizeit erfasst werden kann. In unserer Analyse berücksichtigen wir die Bewertung der Bevölkerung mit Daten des Sozio-ökonomischen Panels und schätzen die Substitution mit einer CES-Nutzenfunktion einer generellen Zufriedenheit. Mit dieser Qantifizierung können wir dann singuläre Zeit- und Einkommensarmut sowie erweiterte multiple Armutssektoren für die als arm geltenden Erwerbstätigen („working poor“) herausarbeiten. Wir quantifizieren zudem weitere sozio-ökonomische Einflußfaktoren für jede der interdependenten multidimensionalen Armutssektoren mit einem multinomialen logit Ansatz basierend auf den Zeittagebuchdaten der deutschen Zeitbudgeterhebung 2001/02. Ein herausragendes Ergebnis für Deutschland: Substitution zwischen Zeit und Einkommen ist signifikant und wir finden einen hohen Prozentsatz von zeitarmen Menschen, die nicht in der Lage sind, ihr Zeitdefizit durch Einkommen zu substituieren. Dieser Personenkreis wird sowohl in der Armuts- und Wohlfahrtsdiskussion als auch in der Diskussion um Zeitstress und Zeitdruck bisher ignoriert. Income as the traditional one dimensional measure in well-being and poverty analyses is extended in recent studies by a multidimensional poverty concept. Though this is certainly a progress, however, two important aspects are missing: time as an important dimension and the interdependence of the often only separately counted multiple poverty dimensions. Our paper will contribute to both aspects: First, we consider time - and income - both as striking and restricting resources of everyday activities and hence account for time and income as important multiple poverty dimensions. Second, the interdependence of the poverty dimensions will be evaluated by the German population to allow an advanced approach to understand possible substitution effects and the respective trade offs between the dimensions. Referring to the time dimension, we follow Sen’s capability approach with its freedom of the living conditions’ choice and social exclusion and argue, that restricted time might exclude from social participation. In particular, restricted genuine, personal leisure time (not entire leisure time) in particular is associated with a restricted social participation. The crucial question then is how to measure the substitution between income and such genuine leisure time. In our analysis we consider the country population’s valuation with data from the German Socio-Economic Panel and estimate the substitution by a CES-utility function of general utility/satisfaction. Given this quantification we disentangle time, income and interdependent multidimensional poverty regimes characterising the working poor. In addition, we quantify further socio-economic influences for each interdependent multidimensional poverty regime by a multinomial logit based on time use diary data of the German Time Use Study 2001/02. One striking result for Germany: the substitution between time and income is significant and we find an important fraction of time poor who are unable to substitute their time deficit by income. These poor people are ignored within the poverty and well-being as well as the time crunch and time famine discussion so far.

Recent debates on time-use suggest that there is an inverse relationship between time poverty and income poverty (Aguiar and Hurst, 2007), with Hammermesh and Lee (2007) suggesting much time poverty is 'yuppie kvetch' or 'complaining'. Gershuny (2005) argues that busyness is the 'badge of honour': being busy is now a positive, privileged position and it is high status people who work long hours and feel busy. Is this also true of work-life conflict? This paper explores the relationship between work-life tension and social inequality, as measured by social class, drawing on evidence from the European Social Survey (2004). To what extent is work-life conflict a problem of the (comparatively) rich and privileged professional/managerial classes, and is this true across European countries? The countries selected offer a range of institutional and policy configurations to maximise variation. Using regression modelling of an index of subjective work-life conflict, we find that in all the countries under study, work-life conflict is higher among professionals than non-professionals. Part of this is explained by the fact that professionals work longer hours and experience more work pressure than other social classes, though the effect remains even after accounting for these factors. Country variation is modest, despite much variation in policies concerning work-life conflict. We consider other explanations of why professionals report higher work-life conflict and the implications of our findings for debates on social inequality.

This paper analyzes the time allocation of Italian spouses to paid work, childcare and household work. The literature suggests that Italian husbands contribute the least to unpaid household work, relative to other European countries, while Italian women have the lowest market employment rates. We model the three different time uses simultaneously for the two spouses within each household, allowing for corner solutions and correlations in the unobservables across the system of six equations. To estimate the model we use data drawn from the 2002-03 Italian Time Use Survey, combined with earnings information taken from the 2002 Bank of Italy Survey. We conclude that Italian husbands' time allocation responds to their wife's attributes: in particular, husbands' housework time increases with the wage of their wife. On the contrary, the own wage effect is significantly negative for housework of women. Childcare time of fathers increases with own wage and with the presence of small children and this is true both for weekdays and weekends.

In this paper we consider an empirical collective household model of time allocation for twoearnerhouseholds. The novelty of this paper is that we estimate a version of the collectivehousehold model, where the internally produced goods and the externally purchased goodsare assumed to be public. The empirical results suggest that: (1) Preferences of men andwomen differ; (2) Although there are significant individual variations, on average the utilityfunctions of men and women are equally weighted in the household utility function; (3)Differences in the ratio of the partners' hourly wages are explanatory for how individualutilities are weighted in the household utility function. (4) The female's preference forhousehold production is influenced by family size, but this does not hold for the male; (5)Both the male and the female have a backward-bending labor supply curve; (6) Labor-supplycurves are forward-bending with respect to the partner's wage rate; (7) Our model rejects theunitary Slutsky symmetry condition.This discussion paper has resulted in a publication in the href=http://www.springerlink.com/content/91m8442036767052/>'Review of Economics of the Household', 2008, 6(2), 169-91.

This paper focuses on the time allocation of spouses and the impact of economic variables. We present a stylized model of the time allocation of spouses to illustrate the expected impact of wages and non-labour income. The empirical model simultaneously specifies three time-use choices -paid work, childcare, and housework- and wage and employment equations for each spouse, allowing for correlation across the errors of the ten equations. We exploit the rich information in the French time-use survey 1998-99 to estimate the model. The predictions of the theoretical model are mostly validated with the main exception of the standard hypothesis that performing housework does not bring utility. Parents' market time responds positively to changes in own wage. The own-wage elasticity of housework is negative while childcare does not react to changes in own wage. Women's non-market time is independent of their husband's wage; but both housework and childcare of fathers react positively to an increase in their wife's wage. Non-labour income reduces paid work by parents and increases their non-market time. Higher-educated and older parents spend more time with their children. There are significant and positive correlations across the errors of the spousal equations.

'Dass die Menschen in modernen Gesellschaften zunehmend unter Stress und Zeitknappheit leiden, wird als eine gesicherte Tatsache angesehen. Dieses Bild vom Alltag in modernen Gesellschaften muss jedoch möglicherweise modifiziert werden, sobald die gesamte Spannweite einer 'Normalbiographie' in den Blick kommt. Schließlich erreichen mehr und mehr Menschen das Pensionsalter, und sie leben - nicht selten für Jahrzehnte - im Ruhestand. Wie bewerten diese älteren Erwachsenen ihre Zeitverwendung im Hinblick auf das Problem des Zeitdrucks? Sind sie in dieser Hinsicht nicht viel zufriedener als die Personen im mittleren Alter? Die im Artikel präsentierten Forschungsergebnisse bestätigen, dass dies tatsächlich der Fall ist. Daten der Zeitbudget-Erhebung des Statistischen Bundesamtes der Bundesrepublik Deutschland von 2001/2002 zeigen, wie sich die Struktur der Zeitverwendung und die subjektiven Indikatoren der Zufriedenheit im Übergang zum Ruhestand verändern. Vorgestellt werden Indikatoren aus den Bereichen Erwerbsarbeit, Hausarbeit, Freizeit, Partnerschaft, Kinder und Freunde.' (Autorenreferat) It is widely accepted that individuals in modern societies increasingly experience feelings of stress and time scarcity. But from a perspective that takes into account the full range of a 'normal' life cycle this picture of modern everyday life possibly should be modified. More and more people reach the age of pension and stay in retirement for decades. How do these older adults evaluate their time use concerning problems of time pressure? In this respect, are they more satisfied when compared with middle-aged adults? Research results discussed in this article show that this indeed is the case. Based on time budget data, which were collected by the Federal Statistical Agency of Germany in 2001 and 2002, it is demonstrated how the structure of time use and indicators of satisfaction change during the period of transition to retirement. The presented indicators cover the time use in the life domains of professional employment, housework, leisure, partnership, children, and friends.' (author's abstract)