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Multiphase reactive transport in porous media is an important component of many natural and engineering processes. In the present study, boundary schemes for the continuum species transport-lattice Boltzmann (CST-LB) mass transport model and the multicomponent pseudopotential model are proposed to simulate heterogeneous chemical reactions in a multiphase system. For the CST-LB model, a lattice-interface-tracking scheme for the heterogeneous chemical reaction boundary is provided. Meanwhile, a local-average virtual density boundary scheme for the multicomponent pseudopotential model is formulated based on the work of Li et al. [Li, Yu, and Luo, Phys. Rev. E 100, 053313 (2019)10.1103/PhysRevE.100.053313]. With these boundary treatments, a numerical implementation is put forward that couples the multiphase fluid flow, interfacial species transport, heterogeneous chemical reactions, and porous matrix structural evolution. A series of comparison benchmark cases are investigated to evaluate the numerical performance for different pseudopotential wetting boundary treatments, and an application case of multiphase dissolution in porous media is conducted to validate the present models' ability to solve complex problems. By applying the present LB models with reasonable boundary treatments, multiphase reactive transport in various natural or engineering scenarios can be simulated accurately.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a worldwide disease with a high morbidity and mortality rate, which is most derived from its metastasis. Some studies show that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process promotes lung cancer cell migration and invasion, leading to NSCLC metastasis. Total flavonoid aglycones extract (TFAE) isolated from

Microchannels fabricated by femtosecond laser-assisted chemical etching are of great use in biochemical analysis. In this paper, we study the morphology change of etched microchannels in fused silica by controlling the laser scan speed, and we find a significant difference between the chemical etched length and volume. The fabricated microchannels would gradually become tapered along the scan direction, which influences the flow of the hydrofluoric (HF) reagent and the etching rate. As a result, the difference ratios of the etched length and volume, respectively, reach − 5.56 % and − 41.83 % followed by the scan speed increasing from 5 to 200 µm/s. Microchannels with polarization independence and better aspect ratio could be obtained in a high-speed-scan mode. We suggest that laser-induced structural transformation from interconnected microcracks to nanogratings could be responsible for this change. Aforementioned results offer a feasible approach to achieve polarization-independent microchannels, which is in favor of accelerating the fabrication of three-dimensional microfluidic devices.

Salvia has been regarded as a beneficial healing herb in ancient Egypt, Rome and Greece, and is listed as an official medicine in the pharmacopoeias of many countries worldwide. Currently, Salvia is widely used to flavor and preserve food. Here, two undescribed norabietane-type diterpenoids, sadigitaloides A and B, two undescribed germacrane-type sesquiterpenoids, sadigitaloides C and D, five undescribed guaiane-type sesquiterpenoid lactones, sadigitaloides E-I, two undescribed noreudesmane-type sesquiterpenoids, sadigitaloides J and K, one known diterpenoid, three known sesquiterpenoids, and three other types of known compounds were isolated from the 95% ethanol extract of the whole plants of Salvia digitaloides. Their structures and absolute configurations were characterized using 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopic techniques, electronic circular dichroism (ECD) calculations, HRESIMS experiments, and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Some compounds were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activities against lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced TNF-α production in rat macrophage NR8383 cells. Sadigitaloide A showed noticeable anti-inflammatory activity at a concentration of 100.0 μM. At a concentration of 60 μM, sadigitaloide B exhibited better protection of dopaminergic neurons than the positive control n-butylidenephthalide in the Caenorhabditis elegans model injured by 6-OHDA. The phytotoxic activities of some compounds were attributed to considerable inhibitory effects on the growth of the roots and hypocotyls of Raphanus sativus L seedlings, especially cis, trans-abscisic acid, whose inhibition rates were much higher than those of glyphosate at concentrations ranging from 50 to 400 ppm. These results indicated that abietane-type diterpenoids possessed excellent anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective activities and further suggested that the low-molecular-weight compounds exhibited outstanding phytotoxic activities.

The temporal chirp of single femtosecond (fs) pulses will affect the laser-induced ionization process. By comparing the ripples induced by negatively and positively chirped pulses (NCPs and PCPs), the growth rate showed a significant difference, resulting in a depth inhomogeneity of up to 144%. A carrier density model tailored with temporal characteristics showed that NCPs could excite a higher peak carrier density, contributing to a highly efficient generation of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) and overall advancement of the ionization rate. Such distinction originates from their contrary incident spectrum sequences. Current work reveals that temporal chirp modulation can control the carrier density in ultrafast laser–matter interaction, which possibly brings an unusual acceleration for surface structure processing.

IMPORTANCE: The conventional 2.2-mm clear corneal incision is relatively narrow compared with the sleeves of Phaco handpieces, resulting in friction at the incision site and increased risk of incision-related Descemet membrane detachment (DMD). The modified 2.2-mm incision only enlarged internal width to 3.0 mm, forming a trapezoid incision shape, which may reduce the friction of surgical instruments and decrease the risk of incisional DMD. OBJECTIVE: To compare the incidence of incision-related DMD between eyes undergoing modified vs conventional 2.2-mm incision phacoemulsification for hard nuclear age-related cataract. DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS: This double-masked, parallel randomized clinical trial was conducted from July 22, 2019, to January 22, 2020, at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China. The study included patients with age-related cataract and nuclear opalescence grade of 4.0 or greater based on the Lens Opacities Classification System III. Patients were enrolled in this study according to the following inclusion criteria: (1) age between 65 to 90 years; (2) pupil size of 6 mm or greater after dilation; (3) Lens Opacities Classification System III nuclear opalescence grade of 4.0 or more; and (4) corneal endothelial cell density greater than 1500 cells/mm(2). INTERVENTIONS: Modified (enlarged internal width to 3.0 mm) or conventional 2.2-mm incision phacoemulsification with intraocular lens implantation. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES: Incidence of incision-related DMD at postoperative day 1. RESULTS: A total of 130 eyes of 130 patients were randomized into the conventional group (n = 65) or the modified group (n = 65). The mean (SD) age of participants was 74.5 (5.9) years and 74.3 (6.0) years in the conventional and modified groups, respectively. A total of 26 participants in the conventional group (40%) and 27 in the modified group (42%) were men. Compared with eyes in the conventional group, the incidence of DMD in eyes in the modified group was significantly lower at postoperative day 1 (difference, 26.15; 95% CI, 9.60-42.71; P = .003). The difference at postoperative day 7 was 16.92 (95% CI, 2.91-30.94; P = .02). The length of DMD (postoperative day 1: difference, 0.188; 95% CI, 0.075-0.301; P = .002) and maximal corneal thickness at incision site (postoperative day 1: difference, 0.032; 95% CI, 0.006-0.057; P = .02; postoperative day 7: difference, 0.019; 95% CI, 0.003-0.035; P = .02) were lower in the modified group, while visual quality parameter modulation transfer function (postoperative day 1: difference, −0.033; 95% CI, −0.064 to −0.001; P = .04) was higher. No difference was observed between the 2 groups in best-corrected visual acuity, central corneal endothelium loss, or surgically induced astigmatism at any follow-up time. There were no intraoperative complications in the 2 groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: These findings suggest that modified 2.2-mm trapezoid incision phacoemulsification reduces the incidence of DMD for hard nuclear age-related cataract at postoperative day 1 and might be considered in patients at high risk of incision-related DMD, although the clinical relevance cannot be determined with certainty from this trial. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04014699

The ultrafast photocurrents in a typical 3D topological insulator (TI) Sb2Te3 were probed with THz emission spectroscopy by tuning the polarization of excitation pulses and the sample’s azimuthal angle. The different ultrafast photocurrents driven by the linear photogalvanic effect, circular photogalvanic effect, and thermoelectric effect were distinguished from THz emission signal. Results potentially provide insights into the ultrafast all optical modulation of THz emission with non-external bias field, which could play a vital role in future TI-based high-speed THz optoelectronic and optospintronic devices.

The motorized spindle is the core component of CNC machine tools. In order to ensure its processing performance and processing safety, the temperature field of motorized spindle is studied. The three-dimensional model of the motorized spindle is established, and the convective heat transfer coefficient of the internal heat load and the simulation boundary condition are calculated by combining the heat transfer theory. The simulation is carried out by the finite element analysis software, and the internal temperature distribution of the motorized spindle under thermal steady state is calculated. Based on the numerical simulation analysis method and the thermal balance test method, the data basis for the prediction model of the motorized spindle temperature field is provided. The traditional BP neural network algorithm and PSO-BP neural network algorithm are used to predict the temperature of the motorized spindle measuring point under specific working conditions, and the temperature field prediction results are compared and analyzed. The results show that the PSO-BP neural network prediction model has good compatibility for variable data input, and the prediction results show little difference, which has high prediction accuracy and robustness.

International audience; Barium germano-gallate glasses are attractive glass hosts for photonic applications in the mid-infrared region up to 6 µm. In this work, we investigate the photosensitivity of such glasses under femtosecond laser, with an emphasize on the formation of refractive index changes. Six glasses with varying compositions (including addition of K, Na, Y, and La) were studied. We observed several transformation regimes in the pulse energyrepetition rate landscape: Type I (isotropic refractive index change) and a spatial broadening regime with a phase shift Δφ > 2π rad at 550 nm. This translates into refractive index changes Δn > 10-2 and is comparable to values obtained in most chalcogenide glasses. The effect of glass composition on Δφ appears correlated to the number of non-bridging oxygen presented in the glass and is brought to evidence by monitoring the Cations/GaO3/2 ratio. This provides a way to design a range of germano-gallate glasses suitable to imprinting high refractive index contrast.

Background: Mechanical parts in processing and manufacturing process will produce burr, scratches and other surface quality problems, which have adverse effects on the precision, use, reprocessing location, operation safety and appearance quality of the parts, so it is necessary to grind the workpiece surface. Objective: Based on the recent development in the field of magnetic grinding and related patent research, it can provide reliable help to solve the problem of finishing the surface of parts with complex shapes and small volumes. Methods: This paper reviewed some patents and research advances related to magnetic abrasive finishing, and the advantages and disadvantages of the magnetic grinding machine in the finishing process were summarized. The outstanding grinding effect of the new vibration assisted magnetic grinder was introduced. Results: The working characteristics of various magnetic grinding machines were summarized, and the development trend of magnetic grinding and finishing was prospected. Conclusion: Magnetic abrasive finishing has good flexibility, strong self-sharpening, wide applicable scope, high processing efficiency, simple processing equipment and low cost. It can control the grinding efficiency and grinding precision. The machining efficiency and quality of magnetic grinding can be improved with the appropriate amplitude of vibration assist, and the surface quality can be improved significantly.

Background: As one of the core components of high-speed CNC machine tool, high-speed motorized spindle is the core functional component of high precision CNC machine tool, which has become the key research and development object of the world. Objective: By comparing and discussing the patents of high-speed motorized spindle, some valuable conclusions have been drawn to predict the future research and development of high-speed motorized spindle. Methods: By analyzing the characteristics of high-speed motorized spindle structure, the influence of high-speed motorized spindle on high-speed machining technology was explicated. Combining with the key technology of high-speed motorized spindle, the patents related to high-speed motorized spindle structure were used for investigation. Results: With the rapid development of high-speed cutting and numerical control technology and the need of practical application, the requirement for high-speed spindle performance has increased. Motorized spindle technology has the characteristics of high speed, high strength, high power, high torque and low speed, high precision, high reliability and long life, offering diversified bearing and lubrication cooling methods and serving as an intelligent system. Conclusion: The different levels of improvement and renovation of the structure with high-speed motorized spindle, by adding lubrication and cooling device to the spindle have improve the performance of spindle, addressing the loopholes in the technology and making it more practical.

Mixing system of uranium pebbles and thorium pebbles is compared with thorium blanket system to utilize thorium in Pebble Bed Fluoride Salt-cooled High Temperature Reactor (PB-FHR). A random modeling method is introduced to simulate the pebble mixing system. Cases with different volume fractions of uranium pebbles are researched to find the optimal utilization of uranium and the lower power nonuniformity. It indicates that using thorium in pebble mixing system with 80 vol% uranium pebbles can improve uranium utilization by 10%, while in thorium blanket system it can be increased by 20%. The radial power peak factor in pebble mixing system is about 1.48 while in thorium blanket system is about 1.83. In-pile residence time of thorium pebbles in pebble mixing system is only 4.7 year, while in thorium blanket system is 9 year. Thorium utilization with pebble mixing system in PB-FHR shows a little lower fuel utilization but higher safety and technical feasibility.

Learning by observing the behaviors and choices of other (referent) firms is an important way for firms to augment their stock of knowledge. However, new ventures face unique challenges with vicarious learning. In particular, their referent firms may not be spatially close, which makes it difficult to collect and make sense of information. In a field study of 175 high-technology new ventures, we examine and find that distance and the maturity of the legal environments of the observed firms, along with the moderating effect of the size of referent firms, can influence new ventures’ observation and processing of information. Such learning is reflected by the perceived speed of new ventures fulfilling ISO 9000 certification.

Previous research has indicated that triploid crucian carp (3n fish) have preferential resistance to cadmium (Cd) compared to Carassius auratas red var. (2n fish). In this article, comparative research is further conducted between the 2n and 3n fish in terms of the immune response to Cd-induced stress. Exposure to 9 mg/L Cd for 96 h changed the hepatic function indexes remarkably in the 2n fish, but not in the 3n fish. In the serum of Cd-treated 2n fish, the levels of alanine amino transferase, aspartate aminotransferase, adenosine deaminase, and total bilirubin significantly increased, while the levels of total protein, albumin, lysozyme, and anti-superoxide anion radicals decreased demonstrating hepatotoxicity. By analysis of transcriptome profiles, many immune-related pathways were found to be involved in the response of 3n fish to the Cd-induced stress. Expression levels of the immune genes, including the interleukin genes, tumor necrosis factor super family member genes, chemokine gene, toll-like receptor gene, and inflammatory marker cyclooxygenase 2 gene were significantly enhanced in the hepatopancreas of the Cd-treated 3n fish. In contrast, the expression levels of these genes decreased in the 2n fish. This research provides a theoretical basis for polyploid fish breeding and is helpful for the ecological restoration of water due to pollution.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of high myopia on anterior angle change after pharmacologic mydriasis in patients with cataract using swept-source anterior segment optical coherence tomography (SS-ASOCT). Methods This prospective cross-sectional study continuously recruited patients with cataract aged 40 years and older during the period August 2019 to August 2020. The anterior segment parameters, including central corneal thickness (CCT), anterior chamber depth (ACD), angle opening distance (AOD), angle recess area (ARA), trabecular iris space area (TISA), trabecular-iris angle (TIA), angle to angle width (ATA), and anterior chamber volume (ACV), were obtained using SS-ASOCT at baseline and 30 minutes after mydriasis. Regression analyses were performed to identify the factors related to the relative change of AOD500 (ΔAOD500). Results A total of 938 patients (938 eyes) were included. The AOD500 decreased from 0.46 ± 0.22 mm to 0.40 ± 0.19 mm, with percent ΔAOD500 of -13.59% ± 37.73% (P = 0.005). The patients with high myopia had a smaller reduction of anterior angle parameters, with a percent ΔAOD500 of -22.74% ± 58.09%% in non-high myopic eyes and -0.84% ± 45.47% in high myopic eyes (P < 0.001). The stepwise multivariate regression demonstrated that the smaller reduction of AOD500 were independently associated with younger age (coefficient = -2.11, 95% confidence interval [CI] = -2.59 to -1.64, P < 0.001), presence of high myopia (coefficient = 15.35, 95% CI = 3.63 to 27.07, P = 0.010), greater baseline TISA500 (coefficient = 60.78, 95% CI = 8.75 to 112.82, P = 0.022), and ATA (coefficient = 11.21, 95% CI = 4.53 to 17.89, P = 0.001). Conclusions The anterior chamber angle decreased after pharmacologic mydriasis in these patients with cataract. Angle shallowing after pharmacologic mydriasis was significantly less pronounced in high myopic eyes than in non-high myopic eyes. Translational Relevance These findings are informative for the relative less risk of angle-closure glaucoma in highly myopic eyes.

Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is a worldwide disease with high morbidity and mortality, which is most derived from its metastasis. Some researches show that the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process promotes lung cancer cells migration and invasion, leading to NSCLC metastasis. Total Flavonoid Aglycones Extract (TFAE) isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis was reported to inhibit tumor growth and induce apoptosis. In this study, we found that baicalein, wogonin, and oroxylin-A were the active compounds of TFAE. After reconstructing with these three compounds (baicalein (65.8%), wogonin (21.2%), and oroxylin-A (13.0%)), the reconstructed TFAE (reTFAE) present inhibitory effect on the EMT process of A549 cells. Then, bioinformatic technology was employed to elucidate the potential pharmacodynamic mechanism network of reTFAE. We identified the relationship between reTFAE and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways, with TWIST1 as the key protein. LY294002, the inhibitor of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, and knock-down TWIST1 could significantly enhance the efficacy of reTFAE, with increasing expression of epithelial markers and decreasing expression of mesenchymal markers in A549 cells at the same time. Furthermore, stable isotope dimethyl-labeled proteomics technology was conducted to complement the follow-up mechanism that the EMT-inhibition process may be realized through glycolysis pathway. In conclusion, we claim that TWIST1-targeted flavonoids could provide a new strategy to inhibit EMT progress for the treatment of NSCLC.

The period ( $$\wedge $$ ) of nanograting in sapphire varied from 320 to 398 nm with increasing the laser fluence, which is similar to the change trend of period of the near-subwavelength ripples previously observed on the material surface ( $$0.4

In the present study, a numerical model based on the lattice Boltzmann method (LBM) is proposed to simulate multiphase mass transfer, referred to as the CST-LB model. This model introduced continuum species transfer (CST) formulation by an additional collision term to model the mass transfer across the multiphase interface. The boundary condition treatment of this model is also discussed. In order to verify the applicability, the CST-LB model is combined with the pseudopotential multiphase model to simulate a series of benchmark cases, including concentration jump near the interface, gas dissolution in a closed system, species transport during drainage in a capillary tube, and multiphase species transport in the porous media. This CST-LB model can also be coupled with other multiphase LBMs since the model depends on the phase fraction field, which is not explicitly limited to specified multiphase models.

Importance: Incision-related Descemet membrane detachment (DMD) is a common complication of cataract surgery. Most postoperative severe DMD that leads to corneal decompensation originates from intraoperative incision-related DMD. It is important to determine the incidence, extent, and associated risk factors of intraoperative DMD at each step of surgery to help in formulating precise and effective prevention strategies.Objectives: To investigate the intraoperative development of incision-site DMD associated with a 2.2-mm clear corneal incision during cataract surgery and to analyze its associated factors.Design, Setting, and Participants: In this case series, consecutive, prospectively enrolled 133 patients with cataract 50 to 90 years of age (133 eyes) undergoing coaxial 2.2-mm clear corneal microincision phacoemulsification with intraocular lens (IOL) implantation between January 1 and March 31, 2019, at Zhongshan Ophthalmic Center, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China, were studied.Exposures: Coaxial 2.2-mm clear corneal microincision phacoemulsification with IOL implantation.Main Outcomes and Measures: Real-time incidence and extent of intraoperative incision-related DMD at each step of surgery.Results: Among 133 patients with cataracts (mean [SD] age, 72.3 [8.1] years; 77 [57.9%] female), DMD was encountered in 125 eyes (94.0%), occurring at the following steps: capsulorrhexis (2 [1.6%]), hydrodissection (7 [5.6%]), phacoemulsification (69 [55.2%]), irrigation-aspiration (44 [35.2%]), and IOL implantation (3 [2.4%]). The extent of DMD increased during the operation (mean [SD] difference between final and initial relative DMD length, 22.8% [1.4%]; 95% CI, 20.0-25.6; P Conclusions and Relevance: The results of this case series suggest that friction of surgical instruments has the greatest association with incisional DMD. Decreasing ultrasonic energy and phacoemulsification time may reduce the severity of incisional DMD.

One-step precipitation of CsPbBr3 QDs in silicate glass was successfully achieved by picosecond laser pulses. Enabled by spatially selective modification, luminescent QDs are well protected by the inorganic glass matrix. The combination of high-power and high-speed scanning system provides a convenient and flexible route for large-scale in situ fabrication of CsPbBr3 QDs. The dependence of photoluminescence (PL) intensity and absorption band was systematically investigated, and the formation mechanism was briefly discussed. Notable stabilities of CsPbBr3 QDs against moisture, high temperature as well as ultraviolet (UV) radiation were verified by water-proof and thermal/UV-dependent PL tests. Prospective use for light-emitting device and anti-counterfeiting were also demonstrated.

In this paper, a non-reciprocal writing effect is proposed on the silicon by a femtosecond laser with tailor of temporal chirp. The induced structures which belong to the written lines with two opposite scans show obvious difference in the ablated regions. The grating compressor of a laser system is controlled to change the temporal chirp so as to flip the direction of the pulse front tilt, which results in 2 types of induced structures exchanging between two opposite scans. We assume, during the laser scans along the pulse front tilt, there may have a snowplow effect on the excited free electrons, leading to an asymmetrical electrical field distribution around the focal area. This process could further boost an ionization efficiency in the next pulse irradiation as well as make the induced structures grow faster. Current result possibly offers a new route to control the density of free electrons excited when femtosecond laser interacts with silicon wafer.

The neutronic properties of molten salt reactors (MSRs) differ from those of traditional solid fuel reactors owing to their nuclear fuel particularity. Based on the Monte-Carlo N particle transport code, the effects of the size and shape of the fuel salt channel on the neutron physics of an MSR cell are investigated systematically in this study. The results show that the infinite multiplication factor (k∞) first increases and then decreases with the change in the graphite cell size under certain fuel volume fraction (FVF) conditions. For the same FVF and average chord length, when the average chord length is relatively small, the k∞ values for different fuel salt channel shapes agree well. When the average chord length is relatively large, the k∞ values for different fuel salt channel shapes differ significantly. In addition, some examples of practical applications of this study are presented, including cell selection for the core and thermal expansion displacement analysis of the cell.

In this paper, without circular scanning of laser focus, annular ablation region was reported to be induced by femtosecond laser static irradiation of ZnO surface immersed in oil, and these annular ablation regions were all covered by laser-induced periodic surface structures (LIPSS) upon irradiation of either linearly-polarized light or circularly-polarized light. This novel phenomenon was found to be related to the bubbles in-situ generated and attached at laser focus inside oil during irradiation process. With increasing irradiation pulse number, the shallow annular ablation region transited to a deep annular groove, and the unablated region surrounded by the annular ablation region was finally ablated to a LIPSS-covered spherical-crown-shaped bump. Finite-difference-time-domain (FDTD) simulation shows that the bubble at the laser focus may act as a beam shaping device to partly transform a Gaussian-intensity-profile beam to an annular-intensity-profile beam and the increased bubble size induces a decrease of the radius of the annular beam, which can roughly explain the experimentally observed morphology transformation phenomenon. Further analysis of light field transformation based on matrix optics further demonstrates that the annular intensity profile is originated from hollow beams generated after incident light passing through the bubble-type radial polarizer.

In this paper, the Mach Zehnder interferometer is utilized to generate a collinear dual optical path with 800-nm center wavelength, 1 kHz repetition rate, 120-fs pulse duration and an energy ratio of 1:1 to scan 6H-SiC crystal at a scanning speed of 500 μm/s, resulting in laser-induced periodic surface structure (LIPSS). From the perspective of instantaneous electron density level, variation of the period of low spatial frequency LIPSS (LSFL) with interpulse delay time and polarization angle is studied. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) characterization of the line-scanned ablation zone combined with fast Fourier transformation (FFT) spectrum analysis shows that the period of LSFL decreases with the increase of delay time, and remains stable when the delay exceeds 240 fs. Meanwhile, the period of LSFL increases with the increase of polarization angle under the same delay time, showing an anisotropy that dependent on the polarization angle. The variation trend of the maximum electron density level with delay time calculated by electron rate equation is roughly consistent with the periodic variation trend. Interaction between incident light and transient metal-like SiC surface is simulated based on finite-difference time-domain method (FDTD). The simulation results show that the surface of the sample has a periodic light field enhancement structure controlled by the transient electron density, which explains the phenomenon that the period decreases with increasing delay time. It is further confirmed that the formation of LSFL is due to the interference of incident light and surface plasmon, and the period of LSFL can be controlled by adjusting the electron density level by delay time. The periodic polarization dependence of LSFL may be related to the relative orientation change of the laser pulse front tilt (PFT) and laser polarization.

"Same treatment for different diseases" is a unique treatment strategy under the guidance of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) theory.Network pharmacology research methods were used to analyze the interaction network and potential mechanisms of Dangshen in treating gastric ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer. The active components and their target proteins of Dangshen were integrated from TCMSP, BATMAN-TCM databases. The targets of gastric ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer were collected through GeneCards, PubMed, TDD and DisGeNET Database. Through screening, the key components and the key targets of Dangshen in treating gastric ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer were obtained. After KEGG pathway analysis and GO analysis, the important pathways and biological processes were analyzed.Through data and literature mining, the common and specific pharmaceutical effects and mechanism of Dangshen were summarized in these three gastric lesions. It was shown that Dangshen mainly acted on gastric ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer through the overall regulation of the PI3K-AKT signaling pathway. With the development of the disease, it will gradually increase the control of inflammation through TNF, NF-κB and other inflammation-related signaling pathways to reduce inflammatory damage. For tumorigenesis, it pays more attention to inhibiting the ErbB signaling pathways to reduce the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. In addition, Dangshen's regulation of HIF-1 signaling pathway may also be beneficial for the treatment of gastric ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer.Dangshen achieves spleen-fortifying effect on gastric diseases including gastric ulcer, gastritis and gastric cancer through multiple targets in multiple pathways, especially PI3K-AKT pathway and HIF-1 pathway. It could provide a scientific basis for understanding the strategy of "Same treatment for different diseases" in traditional Chinese medicine.

Self-organized fiber nanogratings (FNGs) induced by femtosecond pulse laser direct writing are demonstrated in optical silica fibers for the first time. Ge doping in the silica fiber core plays an important role in the formation of nanogratings. Negative changes in refractive index with sawtooth fluctuation and strong birefringence of FNGs were investigated by an optical fiber refractive index analyzer and a crossed polarization microscope, respectively. The polarization features of FNGs were characterized by the Mueller matrix analytical method and in-line polarizers based on FNGs were fabricated. FNGs are promising integrated components because of their prominent properties of polarization and salient compatibility with most fiber-optic systems.

Adult male tree shrews vigorously defend against intruding male conspecifics. However, the characteristics of social behavior have not been entirely explored in these males. In this study, male wild-type tree shrews (Tupaia belangeri chinensis) and C57BL/6J mice were first allowed to familiarize themselves with an open-field apparatus. The tree shrews exhibited a short duration of movement (moving) in the novel environment, whereas the mice exhibited a long duration of movement. In the 30 min social preference-avoidance test, target animals significantly decreased the time spent by the experimental tree shrews in the social interaction (SI) zone, whereas experimental male mice exhibited the opposite. In addition, experimental tree shrews displayed a significantly longer latency to enter the SI zone in the second 15 min session (target-present) than in the first 15 min session (target-absent), which was different from that found in mice. Distinct behavioral patterns in response to a conspecific male were also observed in male tree shrews and mice in the first, second, and third 5 min periods. Thus, social behaviors in tree shrews and mice appeared to be time dependent. In summary, our study provides results of a modified social preference-avoidance test designed for the assessment of social behavior in tree shrews. Our findings demonstrate the existence of social avoidance behavior in male tree shrews and prosocial behavior in male mice toward unfamiliar conspecifics. The tree shrew may be a new animal model, which differs from mice, for the study of social avoidance and prosocial behaviors.

Epoxy resin (EP) composites have been investigated in this study for improving chemical resistance and corrosion protection performance. Homogeneous EP coatings doped by 2 wt.% of respective Si3N4, SiO2 and SiC nanoparticles were successfully fabricated on stainless steel substrates. The microstructure of composites was characterized using FTIR spectra and field-emission scanning microscope. The effects of incorporating the Si-based compound nanoparticles on the surface characteristics and corrosion/resistance of coated steel were investigated by potentiodynamic polarization, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and water contact-angle. The EP composites have significant advantages over the EP, such as higher thermal stability, larger surface roughness and better barrier performance. Additionally, SiC modified EP exhibited optimized performance as it possessed the lowest corrosion current density (5.20 × 10−7 A/cm2) and the highest coating resistance R1 (9.405 × 106 Ω).

In this study, Yb/Al/Ge co-doped silica fiber core glasses with different GeO2 contents (0–6.03 mol%) were prepared using the sol–gel method combined with high-temperature sintering. The absorption, fluorescence, radiation-induced absorption, continuous-wave electron paramagnetic resonance spectra, and fluorescence decay curves were recorded and analyzed systematically before and after X-ray irradiation. The effects of GeO2 content on the valence variations of Yb3+/Yb2+ ions, spectral properties of Yb3+ ions, and radiation resistance of Yb/Al/Ge co-doped silica glasses were systematically studied. The results show that even if the GeO2 content of the sample is relatively low (0.62 mol%), it can inhibit the generation of Yb2+ ions with slight improvement in the spectral properties of Yb3+ ions in the pristine samples and effectively improve its radiation resistance. Direct evidence confirms that the generation of trapped-electron centers (Yb2+/Si-E’/Al-E’) and trapped-hole centers (Al-OHC) was effectively inhibited by Ge co-doping. This study provides a theoretical reference for the development of high-performance, radiation-r esistant Yb-doped silica fibers.

Women's interest and participation in entrepreneurship is growing. The limited and inconclusive findings on such growth have made it difficult to characterize its influence on new venture innovation performance. In addressing this issue, our study found a positive relationship between the gender diversity scores of new venture teams—reflecting the increased presence of women—and the innovation performance of new ventures. It also found the positive influence of gender diversity on (a) the relationship between the functional diversity of a venture team and its innovation performance and (b) the relationship between female employee presence and innovation performance.

The interface modification of collector/active materials is important for enhancing the performance of micro-supercapacitors (MSCs). In this study, we report that the performance of MnO2 based MSCs is greatly improved only by adding a small amount of Pt modification on Au current collector. The MSCs were fabricated in the interdigitated planar form on polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate. LiCl-polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was used as solid electrolyte to make these all-solid-state flexible MSCs. The area specific capacitance of Pt modified MnO2/Pt@Au/PET MSCs are more than two times higher than those of MnO2/Au/PET MSCs without Pt modification. MnO2/Pt@Au MSCs has relatively higher energy density ranges from 0.36 to 0.88 μWh cm−2 and power density ranges from 0.04 to 0.16 mW cm−2. In addition, the MnO2/Pt@Au/PET MSCs showed excellent long-term cycling stability with nearly no performance attenuation after 5000 times of galvanostatic charge/discharge cycles. Our results indicate that the interface modification of collector/active materials should receive sufficient attention to optimize and improve the storage performance and stability for MSCs.

Based on social learning theory, we developed a moderated-mediation model of trickle-down effects to test how the ethical leadership of high-level leaders influences the ethical leadership of low-level leaders and the work outcomes of subordinate employees. Data were collected from 224 leader-employee dyads at six large companies in South Korea. The results of hierarchical regression analyses provided support for this model. Our results indicated that the ethical leadership of high-level leaders trickles down to low-level leaders, which then reduces the social loafing of employees while increasing their task performance. We also found that the self-enhancement motives of low-level leaders moderate the positive relationship between the ethical leadership of high and low-level leaders in a way that strengthens this relationship when the motives are low rather than high. This finding further suggests that low levels of self-enhancement motives strengthen the indirect effects of ethical, high-level leadership on employee social loafing and task performance.

A Polarizing beam splitter (PBS) based on pendulum effect in volume holographic grating (VBG) is proposed. Using the modified coupled-wave equations of Kogelnik, expressions of transmitted and diffracted intensities are derived when a polarized femtosecond pulse incidents on a VHG. Simulation results show that the intensities of the transmitted and diffracted pulses are periodic oscillation and exchange along the propagation depth, and this property is pendulum effect. Period of the pendulum effect is sensitive to polarization state of the incident pulse. By suitably using this property, it is possible to realize a PBS where the incident TE polarization outputs in transmitted direction of the VHG and TM component outputs in diffracted direction.

Carbonaceous anode materials are widely used for a variety of applications in current electrochemical energy storage field. However, carbon nanospheres are much more difficult to be directionally assembled into self-supported arrays. In this paper, we demonstrate a facile and controlled strategy to effectively synthesize the hollow nickel microtube/carbon nanospheres core–shell arrays. The unique core–shell arrays structural is beneficial to electron conduction and structural stability of whole composite material as a binder-free electrode. The hollow nickel microtube/carbon nanospheres core–shell arrays exhibit good the reversible capacity, rate capability and a specific capacity of 148 mAhh g−1 after 100 cycles by the effective improved of electrical conductivity and constructing open channels for Li ion diffusion.

Based on the advanced high temperature reactor (AHTR), which is an advanced concept combining attractive attributes by adopting liquid salt and coated particle fuel, more and more reactor designs that use fuel pebbles are developed. The bed structure in liquid salt cooled pebble bed reactor is important for reactor design. To investigate the bed structure in the reactor, the Pebble Recirculation Experiment Device (PRED) and the Pebble Bed Dense Experiment facility (PBDE), which were mock-ups for TMSR-SF (Thorium-based Molten Salt Reactor with Solid Fuel) were developed. Packing experiments were performed under different conditions. The results show that, the packing factor of TMSR-SF is supposed to be about 0.574, which is much less than 0.60 in gaseous environment; the loading rate of pebbles and the velocity of inlet flow has great effect on the bottom shape of the pebble bed; the structure of the pebble bed remains stable during normal operation and changes under accident conditions; loss of the coolant in the core may cause rearrangement of pebble bed; increase in packing factor that caused by strong vibration may induce reactivity in reactor core. The pebble bed behavior under different conditions that investigated in this paper provides the basis phenomenological analysis for reactor design. Moreover, the running of PRED demonstrates the feasibility of the methods for pebble loading and defueling in liquid salted cooled pebble bed reactors.

Along with the rapid development of miniaturization of mobile devices and wearable integrated electronics system, flexible integrated micro electrical energy storage devices with high-performance, deformability and cycling stability will be the technological trend for a long time in the future. In this work, template plasma etching method and electrochemical deposition method have been combined to fabricate nanoporous gold/manganese oxide interdigitated electrodes that can be easily utilized in flexible micro-supercapacitors(MSCs). These MSCs exhibit relatively high specific capacitance of 18.47 mF cm−2 in 0.5 M Na2SO4 electrolyte and 11.58 mF cm−2 in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/LiCl solid state electrolyte. A high energy density of 6.93 × 10−7 Wh cm−2 to 1.03 × 10−6 Wh cm−2 while power density ranging from 4.63 × 10−5 W cm−2 to 3.12 × 10−4 W cm−2. The NPG/MnO2 MSCs excellent long term cycling stability of 80.7% can be seen even after cycling for 5000 times. Moreover, the MSCs devices also demonstrate a sound flexibility and a superior frequency response (1.25 ms). In addition, the effects of various finger width and finger spacing on performance are compared, the critical importance of adjusting interdigitated structure is highlighted. This present research may provide an innovative avenue for the new prospective high-performance flexible micro-supercapacitors.

The understanding of the multiple physicochemical and thermal processes in methane hydrate dissociation is fundamental to accurately predict the methane recovery with the hydrate depressurization-induced technique. Pore-scale investigation can enlighten the accurate REV (Representative Elementary Volume) scale simulation models to take heat transfer and mass transfer limitation into account for better recovery forecast. In this work, a pore-scale numerical model based on the lattice Boltzmann method was developed to couple the multicomponent multiphase flow, heat and mass transfer, heterogeneous reaction, and solid structure evolution during the dissociation of gas hydrates. Numerical simulation of the methane hydrate dissociation in an idealized square cavity and a realistic porous structure was studied to understand the influence of mass transport, water saturation, and heat transfer. This study distinguished the hydrate dissociation characteristics in the kinetics-limited and diffusion-limited regimes. The mass-transfer-limitation in the diffusion-limited regime indicated that the enriched methane on the hydrate-water interface decreased the hydrate dissociation rate with the increasing water saturation. The methane concentration gradient across the water layer varied with the water layer thickness and contributed to the decomposition nonuniformity. The decreasing temperature gradually reduced methane recovery efficiency and yield during the endothermic decomposition due to decreasing the equilibrium pressure and intrinsic kinetic rate. Some implications were addressed from the pore-scale understanding of the transfer and kinetics characteristics. The local thermal equilibrium at the solid–fluid interface implied that the one-temperature equation is sufficient to model the heat transfer at the REV scale. The present study proposed a corrected reaction model based on the equivalent water layer thickness and introduced the implementation procedure in the REV-solution to account for the mass-transfer-limitation on the hydrate dissociation rate.