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Glutathione S‐transferases (GSTs) are important plant proteins involved in biotic and abiotic stress responses. A gene from Juglans regia, JrGSTTau1 was previously cloned and functionally characterized as an enzyme involved in improving cold tolerance in plants. To clarify the functional mechanism of JrGSTTau1 and its role in stress response, here, the JrGSTTau1 promoter including the up‐stream regulators was examined using yeast one‐hybrid together with transient expression assays, and the osmotic stress response ability was confirmed by comparing with wild‐type plants. The 1500 bp JrGSTTau1 promoter displayed high GUS expression activity and was enhanced by mannitol stress. The promoter is composed of abundant cis‐elements, some of which were osmotic stress response‐related motifs, such as ABRE, DRE and MYB, indicating that the expression of JrGSTTau1 is regulated by potential up‐stream regulators under abiotic stress. The transcription factors (TFs) of JrDREB2A, JrMYC2, JrMYB44, JrDof1 and JrWRKY7 were identified, which shared a similar response with JrGSTTau1 when exposed to PEG6000 in walnut leaf and root. These results implied that JrDREB2A, JrMYC2, JrMYB44, JrDof1 and JrWRKY7 may act as up‐stream regulators of JrGSTTau1 to regulate or combine functionality with JrGSTTau1 in osmotic stress response. Furthermore, compared with the WT plants, the transgenic tobacco plants that overexpress JrGSTTau1 showed improved tolerance to drought induced by osmotic stress, in which antioxidant enzymes, proline and reactive oxygen species (ROS) are involved. Our results demonstrated the positive role played by JrGSTTau1 in osmotic tolerance, which is regulated by multiple up‐stream regulators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Salmonella enterica serovar 4,[5],12:i:- (S. 4,[5],12:i:-) is an emerging foodborne pathogen causing salmonellosis in humans and animals. Probiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) is an effective strategy for controlling enteric infections through maintaining gut microbiota homeostasis and regulating the intestinal innate immune response. Here, LGG was orally administrated to newly weaned piglets for 1 week before S. 4,[5],12:i:- challenge. S. 4,[5],12:i:- challenge led to disturbed gut microbiota, characterized by increased levels of Psychrobacter, Chryseobacterium indoltheticum , and uncultured Corynebacteriaceae populations, as well as an aberrant correlation network in Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group -centric species. The beneficial effect of LGG correlated with attenuating the expansion of Prevotellaceae NK3B31 group. Fusobacterium only found in the pigs treated with LGG was positively correlated with Lactobacillus animalis and Propionibacterium. Administration of LGG induced the expansion of CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ+ and CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ- cell subsets in the peripheral blood at 24 h after a challenge of S. 4,[5],12:i:-. S. 4,[5],12:i:- infection increased the population of intraepithelial CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ+ and CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ- cells in the ileum; however, this increase was attenuated via LGG administration. Correlation analysis revealed that LGG enriched Flavobacterium frigidarium and Facklamia populations, which were negatively correlated with intraepithelial CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ+ and CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ- cells in the ileum. The present data suggest that probiotic LGG alters gut microbiota with associated CD3-CD19-T-bet+IFNγ+/- cell subset homeostasis in pigs challenged with S. enterica 4,[5],12:i:-. LGG may be used in potential gut microbiota-targeted therapy regimens to regulate the specific immune cell function and, consequently, control enteric infections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The present study aimed to establish a method for the detection and quantification of azodicarbonamide (ADC) in flour using hyperspectral imaging technology. Hyperspectral images of pure flour, pure ADC and flour–ADC mixtures with different concentrations of ADC were collected. F‐values of one‐way analysis of variance for all possible wavebands within the spectra of the flour and ADC were calculated, and the maximum value indicated that the two wavebands have more significant differences, i.e. the optimal two wavebands. Threshold segmentation was used for band ratio images of two wavebands to create a binary image. This allowed visual identification of ADC‐rich pixels in the mixtures. RESULTS: The two wavebands with the largest difference between flour and ADC were 2039 nm and 1892 nm. Using the binary image construction method, different concentrations of ADC in flour were identified. The minimum detected concentration was 0.2 g kg−1. In the mixtures, the number of ADC‐rich pixels detected had a good linear relationship with the ADC concentrations, with a correlation coefficient of 0.9845. CONCLUSION: This study indicated that the band ratio algorithm combination with threshold segmentation for hyperspectral images provides a non‐destructive method for detecting and quantifying of ADC in flour. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• A double-network hydrogel with high load of electrode materials is developed. • The electrode hydrogel can be processed by 3D printing, scraping method and so on. • All-solid-state supercapacitor with ultra-high area energy density is obtained. In order to improve the energy and power density of all-solid-state supercapacitor, more attention is currently focused on the development of electrodes and electrolyte materials with various chemical structure and compositions. However, current studies rarely report hydrogel electrodes with high content of active materials (i.e. > 20.0 wt%), and study their influence on the performance of supercapacitors. Here, a double-network hydrogel electrode was developed and prepared by blade-coating and 3D printing for application in all-solid-state supercapacitor. Moreover, the hydrogel electrode has an unusually high content (25.0 wt%) of active material, leading to high area specific capacitance (871.4mF/cm2) and area energy density (0.14 mWh/cm2 at 0.27 mW/cm2.). This study opens a new pathway to develop high-performance all-solid-state supercapacitors on large-scale. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]