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Action potentials are the fundamental signals for relaying information from one region to another in the nervous system. Action potentials are propagated along axons without decrease of their amplitudes and are conducted with constant velocity depending on axonal diameter and myelin. It is considered that the modulation of firing patterns of action potentials in the neural circuit infl uences the information processing in the brain. We investigated the modulatory eff ects of glial cells on the fi ring pattern and the axonal conduction of action potentials using rat hippocampal slice preparation. In our previous study, we focused on interneuron / perineuronal glial cell pairs in CA1 region and reported that perineuronal glial cells could be classifi ed into two groups, one group belong astrocytes （perineuronal astrocytes） and the other group oligodendrocytes （perineuronal oligodendrocytes）, based on their membrane properties and immunohistochemical study. Direct depolarization of perineuronal astrocytes modulated the directly induced fi ring pattern of the interneuron, with initial facilitation and subsequent suppression. We also studied the oligodendrocytes in the alveus and examined their modulatory effects on the conduction of action potentials along axons of CA1 pyramidal cells. Direct repetitive depolarization of oligodendrocytes shortened the latencies of action potentials evoked by antidromic stimulation. These results indicate that glial cells infl uence the firing pattern and axonal conduction of action potentials, and that their effects involve both facilitation and suppression., 弘前医学. 61(Suppl.), 2010, p.S174-S180

We examined the relationship between skin surface lactate concentration on working muscle and heart rate during continuous graded cycling exercise. Sixteen healthy male volunteers participated in this study. A plastic container with 100 μl 1% ethanol was put on the skin surface on the belly of rectus femoris muscle. The workloads were 300, 600, 900 and 1080 (or 990) kpm/min, and each stage was 5 min in duration. Sample collections were performed at rest, during exercise, and recovery. The lactate concentration during exercise significantly increased compared to the basal level (p

We here report the case of a 10-year-old female who developed post-appendectomy typhlitis (PT) that could not be identified until an exploratory re-laparotomy. Computed tomography (CT) performed after the initial appendectomy showed an irregularly enhanced solid mass, including a homogeneous low-density lesion, at the corresponding site of the patient's cecum. The lesion was initially diagnosed to be an intra-peritoneal residual abscess.

The purposes of this study were 1) to confirm whether there is a difference in the levels of blood lactate and ammonia after supramaximal uphill and downhill running for the same short duration and 2) to examine the relationship between peak blood lactate levels and work/lean body mass (LBM), as well as the relationship between peak blood ammonia levels and work/LBM following supramaximal uphill and downhill running. Eight healthy, untrained male subjects performed supramaximal uphill and downhill running on a motor-driven treadmill for about 70 sec. Though there was a significant difference (p < 0.05) in running speed and work/LBM between supramaximal uphill and downhill running, no significant difference was found in exhaustion time or heart rate. Both the peak blood lactate and ammonia concentrations were significantly lower after downhill running than after uphill running (p < 0.05). Although there was no significant relationship between peak blood ammonia levels and work/LBM following either uphill or downhill running, significant linear relationships between the peak blood lactate levels and work/LBM were observed following uphill running (r = 0.74, p < 0.05) and downhill running (r = 0.72, p < 0.05). These results suggest that the differences in the blood lactate and ammonia concentration between supramaximal downhill and uphill running of the same duration may be due to the total recruitable muscle mass during exercise, and that peak blood lactate can be used as an index of anaerobic work capacity for untrained subjects under these running conditions.

Via a large scale cross-sectional study among Japanese white color workers, the authors aimed to elucidate: (1) the distributions of Sense of Coherence (SOC), which reflect stress coping abilities, (2) the distributions of Life experience; (3) and the association between SOC and Life experience. Anonymous self-administered questionnaires were sent to 15,891 in 2001 and 21,922 in 2011 employees at educational and research institutions in Tsukuba Research Park City. A total of 5,868 (36.9%) and 9,528 (43.5%) respectively workers completed and returned the questionnaire; 5,715 and 9,515 respectively workers without missing data were analyzed. SOC scale scores differed by gender, age, and other demographic features in both study years. Among the life experiences, workers who have got over parenting or management position were higher SOC scale scores adjusted by gender and age. 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