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We have observed the blazar Markarian 421 with the TACTIC $\gamma$-ray telescope at Mt. Abu, India, from 22 November 2009 to 16 May 2010 for 265 hours. Detailed analysis of the data so recorded revealed presence of a TeV $\gamma$-ray signal with a statistical significance of 12.12$\sigma$ at $E_{\gamma}\geq$ 1 TeV. We have estimated the time averaged differential energy spectrum of the source in the energy range 1.0 - 16.44 TeV. The spectrum fits well with the power law function of the form ($dF/dE=f_0 E^{-\Gamma}$) with $f_0=(1.39\pm0.239)\times 10^{-11}cm^{-2}s^{-1}TeV^{-1}$ and $\Gamma=2.31\pm0.14$., Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures: Accepted for publication in J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys

In this paper, we present the results of Monte Carlo simulations of $\gamma$-ray and cosmic ray proton induced extensive air showers as detected by the TACTIC atmospheric Cherenkov imaging telescope for optimizing its trigger field of view and topological trigger generation scheme. The simulation study has been carried out at several zenith angles. The topological trigger generation uses a coincidence of 2 or 3 nearest neighbour pixels for producing an event trigger. The results of this study suggest that a trigger field of 11$\times$11 pixels ($\sim$ $3.4^o$ $\times$ $3.4^o$) is quite optimum for achieving maximum effective collection area for $\gamma$-rays from a point source. With regard to optimization of topological trigger generation, it is found that both 2 or 3 nearest neighbour pixels yield nearly similar results up to a zenith angle of ~$25^o$ with a threshold energy of $\sim$ 1.5 TeV for $\gamma$-rays. Beyond zenith angle of ~$25^o$, the results suggest that a 2-pixel nearest neighbour trigger should be preferred. Comparison of the simulated integral rates has also been made with corresponding measured values for validating the predictions of the Monte Carlo simulations, especially the effective collection area, so that energy spectra of sources (or flux upper limits in case of no detection) can be determined reliably. Reasonably good matching of the measured trigger rates (on the basis of $\sim$ 207 hours of data collected with the telescope in NN-2 and NN-3 trigger configurations) with that obtained from simulations reassures that the procedure followed by us in estimating the threshold energy and detection rates is quite reliable., Comment: 31 pages, 13 figures, Accepted for publication in Nuclear Instrumentation and methods in Physics Research A

In this paper we present a way of hiding the data in mobile devices from being compromised. We use two level data hiding technique, where in its first level data is encrypted and stored in special records and the second level being a typical password protection scheme. The second level is for secure access of information from the device. In the first level, encryption of the data is done using the location coordinates as key. Location Coordinates are rounded up figures of longitude and latitude information. In the second phase the password entry differs from conventional schemes. Here we have used the patterns of traditional Rangoli for specifying the password and gaining access, thus minimising the chances of data leak in hostile situations. The proposed structure would be a better trade off in comparison with the previous models which use Bio Metric authentication -- a relatively costly way of authentication., Comment: 10Pages

The BL Lac object H1426+428 ($z\equiv 0.129$) is an established source of TeV $\gamma$-rays and detections of these photons from this object also have important implications for estimating the Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) in addition to the understanding of the particle acceleration and $\gamma$-ray production mechanisms in the AGN jets. We have observed this source for about 244h in 2004, 2006 and 2007 with the TACTIC $\gamma$-ray telescope located at Mt. Abu, India. Detailed analysis of these data do not indicate the presence of any statistically significant TeV $\gamma$-ray signal from the source direction. Accordingly, we have placed an upper limit of $\leq1.18\times10^{-12}$ $photons$ $cm^{-2}$ $s^{-1}$ on the integrated $\gamma$-ray flux at 3$\sigma$ significance level., Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures accepted for publication in Journal of Physics G: Nuclear and Particle Physics

The energy estimation procedures employed by different groups, for determining the energy of the primary $\gamma$-ray using a single atmospheric Cherenkov imaging telescope, include methods like polynomial fitting in SIZE and DISTANCE, general least square fitting and look-up table based interpolation. A novel energy reconstruction procedure, based on the utilization of Artificial Neural Network (ANN), has been developed for the TACTIC atmospheric Cherenkov imaging telescope. The procedure uses a 3:30:1 ANN configuration with resilient backpropagation algorithm to estimate the energy of a $\gamma$-ray like event on the basis of its image SIZE, DISTANCE and zenith angle. The new ANN-based energy reconstruction method, apart from yielding an energy resolution of $\sim$ 26%, which is comparable to that of other single imaging telescopes, has the added advantage that it considers zenith angle dependence as well. Details of the ANN-based energy estimation procedure along with its comparative performance with other conventional energy reconstruction methods are presented in the paper and the results indicate that amongst all the methods considered in this work, ANN method yields the best results. The performance of the ANN-based energy reconstruction has also been validated by determining the energy spectrum of the Crab Nebula in the energy range 1-16 TeV, as measured by the TACTIC telescope., Comment: 23pages, 9 figures Accepted for publication in NIM A

The TACTIC gamma-ray telescope, equipped with a tracking light collector of $\sim$9.5m$^2$ area and a 349-pixel imaging camera has been in operation at Mount Abu in Western India since 2001. Having a sensitivity of detecting the Crab Nebula above 1.2 TeV at 5.0$\sigma$ significance level in 25h of observations, this telescope has detected gamma-ray emissions from Mrk501 and Mrk421 and is presently being deployed for monitoring of AGNs. As a new Indian initiative in $\gamma$-ray astronomy we are setting up the 21-m diameter MACE $\gamma$-ray telescope at the high altitude (4200m asl) astronomical site at Hanle in North India. This telescope will deploy a 1408-pixels integrated camera at its focal plane. Designed to operate at a trigger threshold of $\sim$30 GeV, this telescope is expected to be operational in 2011. Some of the salient features of the TACTIC telescope along with the results of its recent observations and the design details of the MACE telescope are presented in this paper., Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures proceedings to "44th Rencontres de Moriond", La Thuile (Val d'Aosta, Italy) on "Very High Energy Phenomena in the Universe"

In this paper we report on the Markarian 501 results obtained during our TeV $\gamma$-ray observations from March 11 to May 12, 2005 and February 28 to May 7, 2006 for 112.5 hours with the TACTIC $\gamma$-ray telescope. During 2005 observations for 45.7 hours, the source was found to be in a low state and we have placed an upper limit of 4.62 $\times$ 10$^{-12}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ at 3$\sigma$ level on the integrated TeV $\gamma$-ray flux above 1 TeV from the source direction. However, during the 2006 observations for 66.8h, detailed data analysis revealed the presence of a TeV $\gamma$-ray signal from the source with a statistical significance of 7.5$\sigma$ above $E_{\gamma}\geq$ 1 TeV. The time averaged differential energy spectrum of the source in the energy range 1-11 TeV is found to match well with the power law function of the form ($d\Phi/dE=f_0 E^{-\Gamma}$) with $f_0=(1.66\pm0.52)\times 10^{-11}cm^{-2}s^{-1}TeV^{-1}$ and $\Gamma=2.80\pm0.27$., Comment: 16 pages and 8 Figures Accepted for publication in the Journal of Physics G

The TACTIC $\gamma$-ray telescope, equipped with a light collector of area $\sim$9.5m$^2$ and a medium resolution imaging camera of 349-pixels, has been in operation at Mt.Abu, India since 2001. This paper describes the main features of its various subsystems and its overall performance with regard to (a) tracking accuracy of its 2-axes drive system, (b) spot size of the light collector, (c) back-end signal processing electronics and topological trigger generation scheme, (d) data acquisition and control system and (e) relative and absolute gain calibration methodology. Using a trigger field of view of 11$\times$11 pixels ($\sim$ 3.4$^\circ$$\times3.4^\circ$), the telescope records a cosmic ray event rate of $\sim$2.5 Hz at a typical zenith angle of 15$^\circ$. Monte Carlo simulation results are also presented in the paper for comparing the expected performance of the telescope with actual observational results. The consistent detection of a steady signal from the Crab Nebula above $\sim$1.2 TeV energy, at a sensitivity level of $\sim5.0\sigma$ in $\sim$25 h, alongwith excellent matching of its energy spectrum with that obtained by other groups, reassures that the performance of the TACTIC telescope is quite stable and reliable. Furthermore, encouraged by the detection of strong $\gamma$-ray signals from Mrk 501 (during 1997 and 2006 observations) and Mrk 421 (during 2001 and 2005-2006 observations), we believe that there is considerable scope for the TACTIC telescope to monitor similar TeV $\gamma$-ray emission activity from other active galactic nuclei on a long term basis., Comment: 27 pages, 13 figures, accepted for publication in NIM A

We have observed the BL Lac object 1ES2344+514 (z = 0.044) in Very High Energy (VHE) gamma-ray and near-infrared wavelength bands with TACTIC and MIRO telescopes respectively. The observations were made from 18th October to 9th December 2004 and 27th October 2005 to 1st January 2006. Detailed analysis of the TACTIC data indicates absence of a statistically significant gamma-ray signal both in overall data and on a nightly basis from the source direction. We estimate an upper limit of I($\geq$1.5 TeV)$\leq 3.84 \times 10^{-12}$ photons cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ at a 3$\sigma$ confidence level on the integrated $\gamma$-ray flux. In addition, we have also compared TACTIC TeV light curves with those of the RXTE ASM (2-12keV) for the contemporary period and find that there are no statistically significant increases in the signal strengths from the source in both these energy regions. During 2004 IR observations, 1ES2344+514 shows low level (~0.06 magnitude) day-to-day variation in both, J & H bands. However, during 2005 observation epoch, the source brightens up by about 0.41 magnitude from its October 2005 level J magnitude= 12.64 to J = 12.23 on December 6, 2005. It then fades by about 0.2 magnitude during 6 to 10 December, 2005. The variation is seen in both, J & H, bands simultaneously. The light travel time arguments suggest that the emission region size is of the order of $10^{17}$ cms., Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in Journal of Physics G

The TACTIC $\gamma$-ray telescope has observed Mrk 421 on 66 clear nights from Dec. 07, 2005 to Apr. 30, 2006, totalling $\sim$ 202 hours of on-source observations. Here, we report the detection of flaring activity from the source at $\geq$ 1 TeV energy and the time-averaged differential $\gamma$-ray spectrum in the energy range 1-11 TeV for the data taken between Dec. 27, 2005 to Feb. 07, 2006 when the source was in a relatively higher state as compared to the rest of the observation period. Analysis of this data spell, comprising about $\sim$97h reveals the presence of a $\sim 12.0 \sigma$ $\gamma$-ray signal with daily flux of $>$ 1 Crab unit on several days. A pure power law spectrum with exponent $-3.11\pm0.11$ as well as a power law spectrum with an exponential cutoff $(\Gamma = -2.51\pm0.26$ and $E_0=(4.7\pm2.1) TeV)$ are found to provide reasonable fits to the inferred differential spectrum within statistical uncertainties. We believe that the TeV light curve presented here, for nearly 5 months of extensive coverage, as well as the spectral information at $\gamma$-ray energies of $>$ 5 TeV provide a useful input for other groups working in the field of $\gamma$-ray astronomy., Comment: 13pages,4figures; Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics

The results of our observational campaigns on the two extragalactic sources Mkn 501 and Mkn 421, carried out with the Imaging Element of the TACTIC array, during March-May, 1998 and April-May, 1999, are presented. The results indicate that the two BL Lac objects (Mkn 501 and Mkn 421) were in a `low' gamma-ray emission state during both epochs of our observations., Comment: 3 pages, 1 Figure, to be presented in the 26th ICRC1999: OG 2.4.20