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Additional file 1: Figure S1. Schematic diagram of coding region of 3-hydroxykynurenine transaminase (3HKT) in Aedes aegypti. The yellow part indicates the area silenced by RNAi, which is located in the 3HKT coding region between 329 and 648, in the corresponding aminotransferase (class V) domain.

SARS-COV-2 and all other coronaviruses express its 3 prime genes by forming sub-genomic RNA. As the genome of these virus exist in RNA form, only by profiling the relative abundance of these sgRNAs, can the viral transcriptome be revealed. Utilizing publically available meta-transcriptomic data generated from patient samples, we were able to infer the viral transcriptome in vivo, which is distinct from the in vitro one derived from cell culture. Inter-sample diversity was also observed and a sample specific transcript was identified. By doing the same analysis to MERS and SARS data, we were able to compare the three in terms of transcription. Among the differences, SARS-COV-2 has significantly elevated expression of the Spike gene, which may contribute to its high transmissibility. Highlights The in vivo transcriptome of SARS-CoV-2 revealed by sgRNA profiling, for 25 patient samples around the globe. The Spike protein expression is an order of magnitude higher in SARS-CoV-2 than MERS-CoV or SARS-CoV, possibly contributing to the virus’ elevated transmissibility. The in vivo SARS-CoV-2 transcriptomes, as inferred from human patient data was distinct from the in vitro one derived from cell line culture, all the accessory genes were up-regulated in vivo , suggesting intricate expression regulation mechanism for the small viral genome.

Both the additive and multiplicative models of crop yield and water supply are polynomial equations, and the number of parameters increases linearly when the growing period is specified. However, interactions among multiple parameters occasionally lead to unreasonable estimations of certain parameters, which were water sensitivity coefficients but with negative value. Additionally, evapotranspiration must be measured as a model input. To facilitate the application of these models and overcome the aforementioned shortcomings, a simple model with only three parameters was derived in this paper based on certain general quantitative relations of crop yield ( Y ) and water supply ( W ). The new model, Y/Y m –W k /( W k + w h k ), fits an S or a saturated curve of crop yield with the cumulative amount of water. Three parameters are related to biological factors: the yield potential ( Y m ), the water requirement to achieve half of the yield potential (half-yield water requirement, w h ), and the water sensitivity coefficient ( k ). The model was validated with data from 24 maize lines obtained in the present study and 17 maize hybrids published by other authors. The results showed that the model was well fit to the data, and the normal root of the mean square error (NRMSE) values were 2.8 to 17.8% (average 7.2%) for the 24 maize lines and 2.7 to 12.7% (average 7.4%) for the 17 maize varieties. According to the present model, the maize water-sensitive stages in descending order were pollen shedding and silking, tasselling, jointing, initial grain filling, germination, middle grain filling, late grain filling, and end of grain filling. This sequence was consistent with actual observations in the maize field. The present model may be easily used to analyse the water use efficiency and drought tolerance of maize at specific stages.

Drought has become one of the most serious abiotic stresses influencing crop production worldwide. Understanding the molecular regulatory networks underlying drought adaption and tolerance in crops is of great importance for future breeding. microRNAs (miRNAs), as important components of post-transcriptional regulation, play crucial roles in drought response and adaptation in plants. Here, we report a miRNome analysis of two maize inbred lines with contrasting levels of drought tolerance under soil drought in the field. Differential expression analysis showed 11 and 34 miRNAs were uniquely responded to drought in H082183 (drought tolerant) and Lv28 (drought sensitive), respectively, in leaves. In roots, 19 and 23 miRNAs uniquely responded to drought in H082183 and Lv28, respectively. Expression analysis of these drought-responsive miRNA-mRNA modules revealed miR164-MYB, miR164-NAC, miR159-MYB, miR156-SPL and miR160-ARF showed a negative regulatory relationship. Further analysis showed that the miR164-MYB and miR164-NAC modules in the tolerant line modulated the stress response in an ABA (abscisic acid)-dependent manner, while the miR156-SPL and miR160-ARF modules in the sensitive line participated in the inhibition of metabolism in drought-exposed leaves. Together, our results provide new insight into not only drought-tolerance-related miRNA regulation networks in maize but also key miRNAs for further characterization and improvement of maize drought tolerance.

Women’s role in economic development is vital and is translated into development process through labor market. In Pakistan, women are largely concentrated in agriculture sector as contributing family workers and in the informal economy with higher risk of vulnerability. Wages of women for the same job is significantly lower than men, they lack appropriate skills and education to compete in the labor market and ultimately end up employment in agriculture and informal sector with little or no social security. They also face higher degree of risk of being unemployed. With the inception of twenty first century, national and provincial governments in Pakistan induced to initiate legal measures to control this disparity and gender blindness in management and labor market. Highest degrees of laws were promulgated by parliament to tackle discrimination and to bring equality in labor force participation especially for women. These laws aimed to eradicated gender inequality, harassment, wages gap, to control domestic violence and honor killing and more important to persuade female labor force into market by providing safe and secure working environment. These efforts on behalf of government did not prove abortive attempts.

The harsh fact, history of India, confessed that landed gentry comprised of feudal lords, landlords, jagirdars and zamindars were created in British colonial raj. Before that in Mughal epoch, mansabdars or zamindars played a role of middleman. They performed a duty of government employer and got stipulated salary. They were responsible to collect land revenue on annual bases. They had not given vast powers. All the land was belonged to none but king. But when Britishers conquered India, they started to reform the whole social structure by making constitutional changes and introducing constitutional reforms. They created a class of local collaborators which voluntarily agreed to assist imperial power to control social imperatives. They were Indians in blood, race and color but had colonial mindset. The provinces that would form Pakistan, jagirdars and feudalism became a potent social organization; that could not be culminated even after independence despite of much so called radical experiments; Zulfqar Ali Bhutto’s ‘Islamic Socialism’ in 1970s. Landed elites perpetuating colonial legacy obstructed every constitutional reform or policy regarding agrarian sector either it was ‘green revolution’ of Ayub Khan or so called radical land reforms of Z.A. Bhutto. Every attempt to terminate landed elites was put into basket due to rampant pressure by this notorious class in Pakistan which monopolized state paraphernalia and this bandwagon is still being perpetuated.

We have human-environment relations inseparable since the creation of mankind. Being a developing country, Pakistan is striving to make developments in all the respective fields which alleviate our hot raising socio- economic issues. But beside the infrastructural and economic growth our environment is also getting polluted leaving behind several drastic and severe environmental crises and one of the adverse repercussions is environmental pollution. The extreme effects of environmental pollution cannot be neglected and through proper and genuine laws and policies implementations we can cope up such issues. This study reveals the history of environmental laws and policies and their implementations in Pakistan. Pakistan has a wide range of laws related to environment but the practice shows there is some problem which hinders to achieve the desired targets. This study mainly includes two main factors of pollution; water pollution and air pollution and their effects on population of Pakistan. Air pollution is top of the list for environmental protection agencies all over the world and same in Pakistan which is acting as a destructive bump for the economic growth of Pakistan. Moreover abruptly elevating health issues are one of the consequences of such factors of environmental pollution. This study also debates some survey of World Health Organization (WHO) and Health institute of USA about the number of people affected by these issues all over the world and in Pakistan. At the end there are concluding remarks concerning the environmental laws and policies in Pakistan, its implementation, current environmental situation with some suggestions and recommendations.

Drought is a major threat to maize growth and production. Understanding the molecular regulation network of drought tolerance in maize is of great importance. In this study, two maize inbred lines with contrasting drought tolerance were tested in the field under natural soil drought and well-watered conditions. In addition, the transcriptomes of their leaves was analyzed by RNA-Seq. In total, 555 and 2,558 genes were detected to specifically respond to drought in the tolerant and the sensitive line, respectively, with a more positive regulation tendency in the tolerant genotype. Furthermore, 4,700, 4,748, 4,403 and 4,288 genes showed differential expression between the two lines under moderate drought, severe drought and their well-watered controls, respectively. Transcription factors were enriched in both genotypic differentially expressed genes and specifically responsive genes of the tolerant line. It was speculated that the genotype-specific response of 20 transcription factors in the tolerance line and the sustained genotypically differential expression of 22 transcription factors might enhance tolerance to drought in maize. Our results provide new insight into maize drought tolerance-related regulation systems and provide gene resources for subsequent studies and drought tolerance improvement.

Using two choice-based experiments, we evaluate consumer preferences hotel attributes for firms selling hotel rooms across three online distribution channel formats: full information, semi-opaque, and opaque online travel agents. A multinomial logit model is used to analyze the experimental data and measure consumer trade-offs between price and other product attributes. We then use these preferences to determine optimal channel selling strategies. Our optimal channel strategies illustrate under what conditions firms should add opaque distribution channels and the resulting incremental revenue obtained with the setting of optimal channel specific prices. We deploy two choice-based experiments, traditional and menu-based, in an effort to add flexibility to survey respondents in choice selection. As part of our analysis, we compare managerial insights from analysis based on traditional choice-based experiments to that using menu-based choice experiments. In general, we indicate that both forms of opaque selling increase firm demand and that with appropriate pricing can also increase firm revenue. In addition, opaque channels have elevated price sensitivity and increased impact of guest reviews versus traditional online travel agents.

At present, the interpretation method for interwell tracer test not considering the geologic model was called landmark. The interpretation methods for interwell tracer test considering the geologic model have three kinds: analytic method, numerical simulation method, semi-analytic method. But the two formers both have great limitations. When well pattern is a little more complex, analytical expressions can’t be obtained, which will make the theory interpretation error broaden. The migration mechanism of numerical simulation interpretation method to interwell tracer test can’t be described accurately, the workload is big, and the solution stability is bad. From the angle of the reservoir engineering, based on the flow line method and not stable filtrate field, a more perfect semi-analytic method system for output concentration calculation of interwell tracer was build in this paper. It included pressure field resolution, particle tracing method, and the flow field decomposition method, which made a three-dimensional problem solving process become a combined form of solutions for linear dimension. The interpretation software for interwell tracer test was developed, based on the system of streamline solving method, and a practical and reliable interpretation method for interwell tracer test was formed. The software was applied to field test in a block reservoir of one domestic oilfield, and had acquired preferable effect.

In recent years, the Chinese government implements the microcredit project to support the unemployed to set up their own business. However, the survival entrepreneurship is less concerned by current researches. This paper analyzes the operation mechanism of microcredit and the effect of microcredit on entrepreneurship, and indicates that to be short of funds is the crucial influence factor of the survival entrepreneurship by using the data from the field investigation of entrepreneurs in Wuhan City Hubei Province, more over, relevant policy recommendations are proposed accordingly for the government, the communities and the entrepreneurs.

Boosting the quantity and quality of its labor force is now a challenge for China. China's move from simple process work to more complex value added manufacturers and services has necessitated an upgrade in the country's work skills. Accompanying this upgrade, however, has been a rise in disparities in work skills and unemployment rates between industries and between regions. While more evident in some industries and regions than in others, employability and employment are growing problems that China needs to address as a whole. This paper studies the relationship between employment and spending on education in China and offers policy suggestions on the issues of employability and investment in human capital.

From 2001, in order to promote unemployed people into re-employment, China's Ministry of Labor and Social Security and International Labor Organization have jointly implemented China's urban employment promotion pilot project. In recent years, entrepreneurial problems were paid wide attentions to by scholars. However, the survival of entrepreneurship is less concerned by current researches. This paper uses the data from the field investigation of 150 entrepreneurs in Wuhan City Hubei Province to analyze the problems of the survival entrepreneurship, and relevant policy recommendations proposed accordingly for the government, the communities and the entrepreneurs.

From 2003, new rural cooperative medical system was started to make experiments in China, till now it has entered into a new comprehensive Implementing stage. This paper analyzes the status quo of new rural cooperative medical system based on the field data from seven incorporated villages in Anhui Province, China. Major findings include: (1) the publicity and implementation of new rural cooperative medical system is incomplete, (2) new rural cooperative medical system is flawed in itself and, (3) the current medical market constrains severely the healthy development of new rural cooperative medical system. Relevant policy recommendations are proposed accordingly for governments and medical institutions based on these findings.

Encouraged by the country's ongoing policy reforms, Foreign Direct Investment is flowing rapidly into China. This paper investigates the impacts of Foreign Direct Investment inflows on China's macro employment levels. It uses annual data for the period 1993-2006, to estimate a regression model for Foreign Direct Investment and China's total employment, employment in primary industry, employment in secondary industry, employment in tertiary industry, respectively. Analysis indicates that Foreign Direct Investment has a significant impact on the level of employment in China. The results provide insights for policy formulation and implementation.