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Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) modeling (or field modeling) is becoming the main method for numerical simulation of building fires. Among many factors that influence the validity and accuracy of CFD simulation results, the computational domain is sometimes overlooked. In this article, the effects of computational domain on simulation results are analyzed. Simulation results from the use of different domains are compared with experimental data reported in the literature. A parametric study is then conducted to reveal a relationship between the effective domain extension and the heat release rate of the enclosure fire. The effect of computational domain extension in relation to vent opening is also investigated. It is found that the selection of computational domain can have a significant effect on the outcome of enclosure fire simulations. Determination of the appropriate computational domain without unduly sacrificing computational efficiency is also discussed.

To evaluate the value of modified early warning score ( MEWS ) in predicting mortality of critically ill patients admitted to emergency department.A prospective cohort study was conducted. Clinical data of emergency patients admitted to resuscitation room of Peking Union Medical College Hospital from Feburary 13rd, 2014 to April 20th, 2014 were collected, and their MEWS were calculated based on medical records and their clinical outcomes was followed. Incidence of primary outcome ( 3-day mortality ) and secondary outcome [ all deaths and composite outcome of intensive care unit ( ICU ) transfer, cardio-pulmonary resuscitation, and death ] were compared between MEWS positive ( MEWS≥5 ) or negative ( MEWS 0-4 ) patients, and multi-regression logistic analysis was done to look for the impact factors of primary outcome in these patients.176 patients, among them 98 ( 55.68% ) were male, were enrolled in the study. Their mean age was ( 56.86±21.46 ) years old. Mean MEWS was 4.30±2.74. There was 74 cases in MEWS positive group, and 102 in negative group. Primary endpoint occurred in 41 patients, and the 3-days mortality in MEWS positive group was significantly higher than that in MEWS negative group [ 37.84 ( 28/74) vs. 12.74% ( 13/102 ), odds ratio ( OR ) = 4.167, 95% confidence interval ( 95%CI ) = 1.973-8.804, P0.001 ]. At the meantime, incidence of all death [ 54.05% ( 40/74 ) vs. 17.65% ( 18/102 ), OR = 5.490, 95%CI = 2.770-10.883, P0.001 ] and the incidence of ICU transfer, cardio-pulmonary resuscitation and death [ 64.86% ( 48/74 ) vs. 25.49% ( 26/102 ), OR = 5.396, 95%CI = 2.809-10.366, P0.001 ] were also significantly higher in MEWS positive group as compared with negative group. Multi-regression logistic showed abnormal mental status ( OR = 3.606, 95%CI = 1.541-8.436, P = 0.003 ) but not MEWS ≥5 ( OR = 1.672, 95%CI = 0.622-4.494, P = 0.308 ) was the predictor of 3-day mortality in emergency admitted critically ill patients.Although the incidence of severe adverse events is significantly increased in patients with MEWS ≥5 compared with those with MEWS 0-4, MEWS≥5 cannot be an efficient predictor for 3-day mortality. Abnormal mental status shows some predictive value for early mortality in critically ill patients seen in emergency department.

To investigate the feasibility of using pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform (POP) to identify the restoration of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR).An observational research was conducted. A porcine model of ventricular fibrillation (VF) arrest was reproduced. After 3 minutes of untreated VF, animals received CPR according to the latest CPR guidelines, providing chest compressions to a depth of 5 cm with a rate of 105 compressions per minute and instantaneous mechanical ventilation. After 2 minutes of CPR, animals were defibrillated with 100 J biphasic, followed by continuous chest compressions. Data of hemodynamic parameters, partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO₂) and POP were collected. The change in POP was observed, and the characteristics of changes of the waves were recorded during the peri-CPR period using the time and frequency domain methods.VF was successfully induced in 6 pigs, except 1 death in anesthesia induction period. (1) After VF, invasive blood pressure waveform and POP of the animals disappeared. PETCO₂was (18.83 ± 2.71) mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa), and diastolic arterial pressure was (23.83 ± 5.49) mmHg in compression stage. Animals attained ROSC within 1 minute after defibrillation, with PETCO₂[(51.83 ± 9.35) mmHg] and diastolic arterial pressure [(100.67 ± 10.97) mmHg] elevated significantly compared with that of compression stage (t1 = 8.737, t2 = 25.860, both P = 0.000), with appearance of arterial blood pressure waveform.(2) Characteristic changes in POP were found in all experimental animals. During the stages of induced VF, compression, ROSC, and compression termination, POP showed characteristic waveform changes. POP showed disappearance of waveform, regular compression wave, fluctuation hybrid and stable pulse wave in time domain method; while in the frequency domain method waveform disappearance, single peak of compression, double or fusion peak and single peak of pulse were observed.Analysis of POP using time and frequency domain methods could not only quickly detect cardiac arrest, but also show a role as a feasible, non-invasive marker of ROSC during CPR.

Objective Pulse oximetry, which noninvasively detects the blood flow of peripheral tissue, has achieved widespread clinical use. We have noticed that the better the quality of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), the better the appearance of pulse oximetry plethysmographic waveform (POP). We investigated whether the area under the curve (AUC) and/or the amplitude (Amp) of POP could be used to monitor the quality of CPR. Design Prospective, randomized controlled study. Setting Animal experimental center in Peking Union Medical Collage Hospital, Beijing, China. Subjects Healthy 3-month-old male domestic swine. Interventions 34 local pigs were enrolled in this study. After 4 minutes of untreated ventricular fibrillation, animals were randomly assigned into two resuscitation groups: a “low quality” group (with a compression depth of 3cm) and a “high quality” group (with a depth of 5cm). All treatments between the two groups were identical except for the depth of chest compressions. Hemodynamic parameters [coronary perfusion pressure (CPP), partial pressure of end-tidal carbon dioxide (PETCO2)] as well as AUC and Amp of POP were all collected and analyzed. Measurements and Findings There were statistical differences between the “high quality” group and the “low quality” group in AUC, Amp, CPP and PETCO2 during CPR (P

Impaired response inhibition has been consistently reported in patients diagnosed with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This clinically heterogeneous disorder is characterized by several symptom dimensions that may have distinct, but partially overlapping, neural correlates. The present study examined whether alterations in response inhibition may be related to symptom severity and symptom dimensions. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were recorded in a group of 42 medication-free OCD patients as well as 42 healthy controls during a stop-signal task. Symptom dimension scores were obtained using the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale symptom checklist. OCD patients showed longer stop-signal reaction times (SSRT, p p

Objective. To investigate the effects of a functional polymorphism of the monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) gene on spontaneous brain activity in healthy male adolescents.Methods. Thirty-one healthy male adolescents with the low-activity MAOA genotype (MAOA-L) and 25 healthy male adolescents with the high-activity MAOA genotype (MAOA-H) completed the 11-item Barratt Impulsiveness Scale (BIS-11) questionnaire and were subjected to resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) scans. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (ALFF) of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal was calculated using REST software. ALFF data were related to BIS scores and compared between genotype groups.Results. Compared with the MAOA-H group, the MAOA-L group showed significantly lower ALFFs in the pons. There was a significant correlation between the BIS scores and the ALFF values in the pons for MAOA-L group, but not for the MAOA-H group. Further regression analysis showed a significant genotype by ALFF values interaction effect on BIS scores.Conclusions. Lower spontaneous brain activity in the pons of the MAOA-L male adolescents may provide a neural mechanism by which boys with the MAOA-L genotype confers risk for impulsivity and aggression.

The prevalence of extensively drug-resistant (XDR) and pre-extensively drug-resistant (pre-XDR) tuberculosis in China highlights the need for rapid diagnosis. Molecular methods based on the detection of resistance-conferring mutations provide promising solution for rapid diagnosis. Here, we evaluated the accuracy of using mutations in gyrA, rrs and tlyA to predict resistance to levofloxacin (LEV), amikacin (AMK) and capreomycin (CAP), among 208 clinical multidrug-resistant (MDR) Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains collected in a local hospital in Shandong province, China. A total of 131 (63.0%, 131/208) strains were detected resistance to at least one of the 3-s line drugs by drug susceptible tests (DSTs). By comparing the mutation data with the phenotypic results, we found all mutations in three genes could specifically (with specificities from 93.9% to 100%) predict resistances with sensitivities of 77.8% for gyrA (LEV), 71.4% for rrs (AMK), 53.6% for rrs (CAP), 14.3% for tlyA (CAP), 64.3% for rrs and tlyA (CAP). The combination of these mutations could predict 68.9% and 63.4% pre-XDR and XDR TB, respectively. However, the positive predictive value of rrs for CAP resistance (57.7%) and the negative predictive values of gyrA for LEV resistance (74.5%) were not satisfying. Our results supported the use of genetic mutations to predict resistance to AMK and fluoroquinolones. An algorithm that combines molecular methods and traditional DST would be valuable for detecting resistance to second-line drugs in our hospital.

The scaffolding adapter protein Gab2 (Grb2-associated binder) participates in the signaling response evoked by various growth factors and cytokines. Gab2 is overexpressed in several human malignancies, including breast cancer, and was shown to promote mammary epithelial cell migration. The role of Gab2 in the activation of different signaling pathways is well documented, but less is known regarding the feedback mechanisms responsible for its inactivation. We now demonstrate that activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway promotes Gab2 phosphorylation on basic consensus motifs. More specifically, we show that RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) phosphorylates Gab2 on three conserved residues, both in vivo and in vitro. Mutation of these phosphorylation sites does not alter Gab2 binding to Grb2, but instead, we show that Gab2 phosphorylation inhibits the recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in response to growth factors. Expression of an unphosphorylatable Gab2 mutant in mammary epithelial cells promotes an invasion-like phenotype and increases cell motility. Taken together, these results suggest that RSK is part of a negative-feedback loop that restricts Gab2-dependent epithelial cell motility. On the basis of the widespread role of Gab2 in receptor signaling, these findings also suggest that RSK plays a regulatory function in diverse receptor systems.

The aim of this study was to examine cognitive emotion regulation strategies in adult outpatients with major depressive disorder (MDD). A clinical sample of 191 MDD outpatients and a non-clinical sample of 267 general adults were recruited. Nine cognitive emotion regulation strategies were assessed in all participants (aged 21–65 years). Results showed that MDD participants had significantly higher scores on the following strategies: self-blame, acceptance, rumination, catastrophizing, and blaming others, but lower scores on positive refocusing, refocus on planning, positive reappraisal, and putting in perspective strategies than general populations. In addition, self-blame, acceptance, and catastrophizing positively correlated and positive reappraisal negatively correlated with depressive symptoms in MDD populations. Further logistic regression analyses indicated that five strategies have significant and independent contributions to the prediction of MDD group membership (a higher reported use of self-blame, catastrophizing, and acceptance, and a lower reported use of positive refocusing, and putting in perspective). The results suggest that cognitive emotion regulation strategies may be a useful target for psychological assessment and treatment in patients with MDD.

Minimal residual disease (MRD) is of the most important factor for predicting prognosis and guiding treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). In this study, we investigated the prognostic significance of leukemia-associated immunophenotypes (LAIPs) as assessment of index of MRD in 125 adult B-lineage ALL (B-ALL) patients by eight-color flow cytometry. The LAIPs could be identified in 96% and 81.6% of patients with the sensitivity of 10(-4) and 10(-5), respectively. MRD-negative status could clearly predict a favorable 2-year relapse-free survival (RFS) and overall survival (OS) at the end of induction of complete remission and one cycle of consolidation treatment. Moreover, we identified a group of cases with MRD of 0.001% to

The extent and duration of MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinase) signalling govern a diversity of normal and aberrant cellular outcomes. Genetic and pharmacological disruption of the MAPK-activated kinase RSK (ribosomal S6 kinase) leads to elevated MAPK activity indicative of a RSK-dependent negative feedback loop. Using biochemical, pharmacological and quantitative MS approaches we show that RSK phosphorylates the Ras activator SOS1 (Son of Sevenless homologue 1) in cultured cells on two C-terminal residues, Ser1134 and Ser1161. Furthermore, we find that RSK-dependent SOS1 phosphorylation creates 14-3-3-binding sites. We show that mutating Ser1134 and Ser1161 disrupts 14-3-3 binding and modestly increases and extends MAPK activation. Together these data suggest that one mechanism whereby RSK negatively regulates MAPK activation is via site-specific SOS1 phosphorylation.

Based on the RFID (radio frequency identification) technology features, the paper make a deep analysis of the RFID technology effect on all aspects of the logistics supply chain management to make it achieve synergy and optimization, and proposed information sharing and security protocols for the exchange of information in the supply chain management process.

Background Major depressive disorder (MDD) has been associated with abnormal structure and function of the brain's affective network, including the amygdala and orbitofrontal cortex (OFC). However, it is unclear if alterations of resting-state function in this affective network are present at the initial onset of MDD. Aims To examine resting-state function of the brain's affective network in first-episode, medication-naive patients with MDD compared to healthy controls (HCs). Methods Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) was performed on 32 first-episode, medication-naive young adult patients with MDD and 35 matched HCs. The amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (ALFF) of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal and amygdala-seeded functional connectivity (FC) were investigated. Results Compared to HC, MDD patients showed reduced ALFF in the bilateral OFC and increased ALFF in the bilateral temporal lobe extending to the insular and left fusiform cortices. Enhanced anti-correlation of activity between the left amygdala seed and the left OFC was found in MDD patients but not in HCs. Conclusions Reduced ALFF in the OFC suggests hypo-functioning of emotion regulation in the affective network. Enhanced anti-correlation of activity between the amygdala and OFC may reflect dysfunction of the amygdala-OFC network and additionally represent a pathological process of MDD.

The scaffolding adapter protein Gab2 (Grb2-associated binder) participates in the signaling response evoked by various growth factors and cytokines. Gab2 is overexpressed in several human malignancies, including breast cancer, and was shown to promote mammary epithelial cell migration. The role of Gab2 in the activation of different signaling pathways is well documented, but less is known regarding the feedback mechanisms responsible for its inactivation. We now demonstrate that activation of the Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway promotes Gab2 phosphorylation on basic consensus motifs. More specifically, we show that RSK (p90 ribosomal S6 kinase) phosphorylates Gab2 on three conserved residues, both in vivo and in vitro. Mutation of these phosphorylation sites does not alter Gab2 binding to Grb2, but instead, we show that Gab2 phosphorylation inhibits the recruitment of the tyrosine phosphatase Shp2 in response to growth factors. Expression of an unphosphorylatable Gab2 mutant in mammary epithelial cells promotes an invasive-like phenotype and increases cell motility. Taken together, these results suggest that RSK is part of a negative feedback loop that restricts Gab2-dependent epithelial cell motility. Based on the widespread role of Gab2 in receptor signaling, these findings also suggest that RSK plays a regulatory function in diverse receptor systems. Citation Format: Xiaocui Zhang, Geneviève Lavoie, Loic Fort, Edward L. Huttlin, Joseph Tcherkezian, Jacob A. Galan, Haihua Gu, Steven P. Gygi, Sebastien Carreno, Philippe P. Roux. Gab2 phosphorylation by RSK inhibits Shp2 recruitment and cell motility. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 104th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2013 Apr 6-10; Washington, DC. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2013;73(8 Suppl):Abstract nr 5191. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2013-5191