Search

While wide-area communication networks facilitate the exchange of measurements and control signals for wide-area damping controllers, they bring in new threats of cyberattacks. This article formulates the dynamic interaction between an intelligent spoof attacker and the wide-area damping control (WADC) center as a zero-sum two-player Markov game. In this Markov game, the attacker intelligently spoofs the communication links sending wide-area control signals to selected generators while the WADC selectively encrypts transmitted control signals with limited cyberresources. The successful spoof of specific communication links leads to the degradation of the WADC performance and even to system instability indicated by the real part of the targeted interarea oscillation mode. The potential performance degradation in the physical layer is uniquely included in the cost function of this game while the other two parts of the cost function are the cybersecurity investments of both the attacker and the WADC (defender). The minimax Q-learning approach is used to obtain the optimal defense and attack strategies. Simulation results show that the strategies for the attacker and the WADC converge within 3000 iterations by using the minimax Q-learning approach. The proposed Markov game provides a cyberphysical framework to make the optimal defense strategy for the WADC.

In this paper, a novel model-free wide-area damping control (WADC) method is proposed, which can achieve full decoupling of modes and damp multiple critical inter-area oscillations simultaneously using grid-connected voltage source converters (VSCs). The proposed method is purely measurement based and requires no knowledge of the network topology and the dynamic model parameters. Hence, the designed controller using VSCs can update the control signals online as the system operating condition varies. Numerical studies in the modified IEEE 68-bus system with grid-connected VSCs show that the proposed method can estimate the system dynamic model accurately and can damp inter-area oscillations effectively under different working conditions and network topologies.

Objectives The reconstruction of bone defects remains a major clinical issue. Our study aims to investigate the ability of RATEA16 (RA, [CH3CONH] RADARADARADARADA-[CONH2]) for the sustained delivering VEGF and BMP-2 to promote angiogenesis and osteogenesis in bone reconstruction. Materials and methods We prepared and investigated the characterization of RATEA16. The survival of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human stem cells of the apical papilla (SCAPs) encapsulated in RATEA16 hydrogel were detected. Then we established RA-VEGF/BMP-2 drug delivery systems and measured their drug release pattern. The effects of RA-VEGF scaffolds on HUVECs angiogenesis were investigated in vitro. Then osteoblastic differentiation capacity of SCAPs with RA-BMP-2 scaffolds was analyzed by ALP activity and expression of osteoblast-related genes. Results A porous nanofiber microstructure endowed this scaffold with the ability to maintain the survival of HUVECs and SCAPs. The RA-VEGF/BMP-2 drug delivery systems exhibited several advantages in vitro: injectability, biodegradability, good biocompatibility and noncytotoxicity. Released rhVEGF165 /BMP-2 were proved to promote angiogenesis of HUVECs as well as osteogenesis of SCAPs abilities. Conclusion RATEA16 loading with VEGF and BMP-2 might be a potential clinical strategy for tissue engineering, especially in bone reconstruction, due to its ability of delivering growth factors effectively and efficiently.

Local blackout occurs when the transient stability limit is exceeded after a transmission line fault. As to global blackout, a recording of the 10 August 1996-WECC blackout shows that it was accompanied negative damping. A turbine-generator swinging against an infinite bus is used to approximate the dynamics leading to the WECC blackout. There is no analytic solution when non-linearity is included. Small-signal linearisation shows that negative damping can occur but cannot produce the waveform recorded in the WECC blackout. Therefore, the graphical phase-plane method, which is easy to use, is resorted to. The study shows that the kernel of non-linearity consists of the gradients which produce limit cycles. Positive or negative damping is produced by shifting the gradients of the limit cycles to the right or left in the direction of the trajectory. The study makes a contribution by showing that phase plane can be used to study the impact of multiple independent controllers. A worked example shows when transient stability limit is exceeded, local blackout occurs. The swing equation of local blackout is applied to the WECC blackout. As proof that negative damping was due to non-linearity, a waveform having the frequency of the recorded WECC blackout is presented.

A parallel static var generator (SVG) system based on cascaded H-bridge topology in wind afflux station is analysed in this study to reveal the mechanism of harmonic current and DC voltage instability due to the phase difference between the PWM carriers. First, the inherent relation of harmonic current and low-frequency disturbance is revealed by carrier-phase-shift pulse-width-modulation (CPS-PWM) theory. Second, to identify the negative impact of low-frequency disturbance, a small-signal circuit model is built to research the electric coupling relation between SVGs and the grid, then pointing out the main factors which affect the harmonic circulation among the two-paralleled SVGs. Third, the output impedance and the transfer function of SVG give an insight into the interaction between SVG and low-frequency resonance characteristics, based on which a virtual resistance method is proposed to shape the resonant peak. Finally, theoretical analysis and system experiment prove that the proposed control strategy can rapidly attenuate low-frequency resonant peaks of the system, avoiding the DC voltage instability in the SVG system when harmonic circulation occurs.

In this paper, an online model-free method is proposed to estimate the dynamic model of a power system with distributed renewable energy sources (RES). The proposed method, requiring no knowledge of network topology and model parameters, is computationally efficient and can be implemented online. The impact of missing PMUs is evaluated in detail, which shows that most entries of the dynamic model can still be well estimated in the case of missing PMUs. Simulation studies in the modified IEEE 68-bus system demonstrate that the proposed method can provide accurate estimation of the dynamic model in different operating conditions. The method can help detect topology change even when some PMUs are lost.

The temperature dependence of FAPbBr3 perovskite nanocrystals (PNCs) is investigated experimentally by steady-state and time-resolved photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. With the temperature increase, photon energies of line width and emission peak become larger due to stronger exciton–phonon coupling. Furthermore, theoretical calculations of first-principles simulations are used to estimate comparatively the thermal stability of typical FAPbBr3 PNCs. It is found that the PL peaks of PNCs slightly change with increasing temperature below 175 K and then blueshift steeply decreases rapidly till 400 K, which is related to phase transition from orthorhombic to tetragonal and cubic phase. The simulated results show the PL and the crystal structure of FAPbBr3 are largely dependent on the temperature. With higher temperature, the photon energy of the PL peak becomes larger, and the calculated band gap of FAPbBr3 is about 2.15 eV at 80 K, which is in good agreement with the experimental results. It is confirmed that temperature-dependent PL is composed of a band-edge exciton state and trapping state emission. The results obtained will be of certain significance to further expand other hybrid organometal perovskite materials.

This paper proposes an online data-driven Koopman-inspired identification and control method for microgrid secondary voltage and frequency control. Unlike typical data-driven methods, the proposed method requires no warm-up training yet with guaranteed bounded-input-bounded-output (BIBO) stability and even asymptotic stability under some mild conditions. The proposed method estimates the Koopman state space model adaptively so as to perform effective secondary voltage and frequency control that can handle microgrid nonlinearity and uncertainty. Case studies in the 4-bus and 13-bus microgrid test systems (with grid-forming and grid-following sources) demonstrate the effectiveness and robustness of the proposed identification and control method subject to the change of operating conditions and large disturbances (e.g., microgrid mode transitions, generation/load variations) even with measurement noises and time delays., Accepted by Applied Energy for future publication

Chalcogenide phase-change materials (PCMs), in particular, the flagship Ge2Sb2Te5 (GST), are leading candidates for advanced memory applications. Yet, GST in conventional devices suffer from high power consumption, because the RESET operation requires melting of the crystalline GST phase. Recently, we have developed a conductive-bridge scheme for low-power phase-change application utilizing a self-decomposed Ge-Sb-O (GSO) alloy. In this work, we present thorough structural and electrical characterizations of GSO thin films by tailoring the concentration of oxygen in the phase-separating GSO system. We elucidate a two-step process in the as-deposited amorphous film upon the introduction of oxygen: with increasing oxygen doping level, germanium oxides form first, followed by antimony oxides. To enable the conductive-bridge switching mode for femtojoule-level RESET energy, the oxygen content should be sufficiently low to keep the antimony-rich domains easily crystallized under external electrical stimulus. Our work serves as a useful example to exploit alloy decomposition that develops heterogeneous PCMs, minimizing the active switching volume for low-power electronics.

This letter proposes a data-driven sparse polynomial chaos expansion-based surrogate model for the stochastic economic dispatch problem considering uncertainty from wind power. The proposed method can provide accurate estimations for the statistical information (e.g., mean, variance, probability density function, and cumulative distribution function) for the stochastic economic dispatch solution efficiently without requiring the probability distributions of random inputs. Simulation studies on an integrated electricity and gas system (IEEE 118-bus system integrated with a 20-node gas system are presented, demonstrating the efficiency and accuracy of the proposed method compared to the Monte Carlo simulations., Accepted by IEEE Transactions on Power Systems for future publication

State estimation is a data processing algorithm for converting redundant meter measurements and other information into an estimate of the state of a power system. Relying heavily on meter measurements, state estimation has proven to be vulnerable to cyber attacks. In this paper, a novel targeted false data injection attack (FDIA) model against AC state estimation is proposed. Leveraging on the intrinsic load dynamics in ambient conditions and important properties of the Ornstein-Uhlenbeck process, we, from the viewpoint of intruders, design an algorithm to extract power network parameters purely from PMU data, which are further used to construct the FDIA vector. Requiring no network parameters and relying only on limited phasor measurement unit (PMU) data, the proposed FDIA model can target specific states and launch large deviation attacks. Sufficient conditions for the proposed FDIA model are also developed. Various attack vectors and attacking regions are studied in the IEEE 39-bus system, showing that the proposed FDIA method can successfully bypass the bad data detection and launch targeted large deviation attacks with very high probabilities.

Management of dental caries in adolescents presents a population health challenge; thus, it is important to use national epidemiological data to inform policy and action to improve oral health and address inequalities. The aims of this research were to examine dental caries clusters among 15-year-olds, taking account of caries thresholds, and explore associated factors to inform public health action. Secondary analysis of the oral health data on 2,160 15-year-olds from the 2013 Children’s Dental Health Survey in England, Wales, and Northern Ireland was performed. Hierarchical cluster analysis of dental caries experience was conducted across all surfaces and at 4 decay diagnostic thresholds (clinical: International Caries Detection and Assessment System [ICDAS] 1–6, cavitated: ICDAS 3–6, obvious: ICDAS 4–6, and extensive obvious: ICDAS 5–6 decay). Ordered logistic regression was used to estimate the association of behavioural and psychosocial factors with the clusters generated in relation to both clinical and obvious decay experience which are of clinical and epidemiological relevance. A 4-cluster decay pattern representing “low” to “extremely high” decay experience was observed under each of the dental caries diagnostic criteria. For clinical decay, which includes visual enamel caries, 28.70% had low, 39.77% medium, 26.71% high, and 4.81% extremely high caries status. In the adjusted model, significant risk factors for clinical decay included non-modifiable (sex, region, school type, and area deprivation) and modifiable (higher sugar intake at 4 or more times per day and suboptimal dental attendance) factors. This study suggests 4 distinct dental caries patterns among adolescent children nationally. Dental caries clusters demonstrate the importance of embracing proportionate universalism in addressing dental caries in the population oral health strategy.

BackgroundDental caries is the most prevalent condition globally. Despite improvements over the past few decades, there remains a significant disease burden in childhood. Epidemiological surveys provide insight to disease patterns and trends, have traditionally focused on obvious decay which are inconsistent with contemporary clinical criteria. This study examined the distribution of dental caries in 12- and 15-year-olds in England, Wales and Northern Ireland, by severity threshold, at surface, tooth and child level and explored its association with socioeconomic, psychological and behavioural factors. MethodsData from 12- and 15-year-olds in the 2013 Children’s Dental Health Survey (CDHS 2013) were analysed at three levels, taking account of dental caries thresholds which involved recording both clinical decay (visual enamel caries (AV) and above) and obvious decay (non-cavitated dentine lesions (2V) and above). Negative binomial regression was used to identify factors associated with dental caries experience at both thresholds. Results The prevalence and severity of dental caries experience was higher among 15-year-olds at all levels. Lesions in AV were by far the most common stage of caries recorded in both ages. The average number of surfaces with obvious decay experience, which has been the traditional epidemiological threshold, in 12- and 15-year-olds was 2.3 and 3.9 respectively. The corresponding values under the clinical decay threshold were higher, at 3.9 and 5.9 respectively. Visualisation of the distribution of dental caries at surface/tooth-level exhibited left:right symmetry and to a lesser extent upper:lower. In the adjusted models for both ages, country/region, school type, area deprivation, high frequency sugar consumption and irregular dental attendance were associated with greater caries experience in both groups. Dental anxiety was inversely associated with caries experience among 15-year-olds. ConclusionThis research highlights the importance of recognising dental caries patterns by surface, tooth and child-level amongst adolescents and the value of reporting dental caries distribution by threshold in epidemiological surveys and its relevance for clinical care. Inclusion of enamel caries reveals the extent of caries management required at a point when non-invasive care is possible, emphasising the importance of prevention in primary care.

Background Avelumab is an anti–PD-L1 monoclonal antibody approved for the treatment of advanced UC after disease progression during or following platinum-based chemotherapy and as maintenance treatment in patients whose disease has not progressed with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy.1–3 M9241 is an immunocytokine composed of 2 heterodimers of IL-12 fused to the heavy chains of a human antibody targeting DNA released from necrotic tumor cells.4 During dose-escalation, avelumab + M9241 was well tolerated and showed promising antitumor activity in patients with advanced solid tumors, including 2 objective responses in patients with UC.5 We report on an interim analysis of efficacy and safety from the dose-expansion part of JAVELIN IL-12 (NCT02994953). Methods Eligible patients had locally advanced or metastatic UC that had progressed on first-line therapy, were aged =18 years, had an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0/1, and were immune checkpoint inhibitor naive. Patients received the recommended phase 2 dose5 of avelumab 800 mg intravenously once weekly (QW) in combination with M9241 16.8 µg/kg subcutaneously Q4W for the first 12 weeks, then continued the combination with avelumab Q2W. The primary endpoints were confirmed best overall response (BOR) per investigator assessment (RECIST 1.1) and safety. The expansion cohort followed a 2-stage design. During stage 1 (single-arm part of the study), 16 patients were enrolled and treated. A futility analysis based on BOR was planned to determine if stage 2 (randomized controlled part of the study) would be initiated. Results At data cut-off (Jun 3, 2020), 16 patients had received avelumab + M9241 for a median duration of 8 weeks (range, 4.0–25.0 weeks). No complete or partial responses were observed; the study failed to meet the criterion (>2 responders) to initiate stage 2. Two patients (12.5%) had stable disease, 13 (81.3%) had progressive disease, and 1 (6.3%) was not evaluable. Any-grade treatment-related adverse events (TRAEs) occurred in 15 patients (93.8%); the most common (in =4 patients) were pyrexia (50.0%), nausea (37.5%), asthenia (31.3%), anemia (25.0%), and hyperthermia (25.0%); grade 4 gamma-glutamyltransferase increased occurred in 1 patient (6.3%). No TRAEs led to death. Pharmacodynamic effects on the peripheral immune system and results of pharmacokinetic and biomarker analyses will also be reported. Conclusions The predefined efficacy criterion to proceed to stage 2 was not met. The combination was well tolerated; no new safety signals emerged and the profile was consistent with the dose-escalation part of the study.5 Trial Registration NCT02994953 Ethics Approval The study was approved by each site’s independent ethics committee. Consent N/A References Bavencio(avelumab) injection [package insert]. Rockland, MA: EMD Serono, Inc; New York, NY: Pfizer Inc; 2020. Health Canada. https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada.html. Accessed July 31, 2020. US Food and Drug Administration. FDA approves avelumab for urothelial carcinoma maintenance treatment. https://www.fda.gov/drugs/drug-approvals-and-databases/fda-approves-avelumab-urothelial-carcinoma-maintenance-treatment. Accessed July 31, 2020. Fallon J, Tighe R, Kradjian G, et al. The immunocytokine NHS-IL12 as a potential cancer therapeutic. Oncotarget. 2014;5:1869–1884. Strauss J, Vugmeyster Y, Sznol M, et al. Phase 1b, open-label, dose escalation study of M9241 (NHS-IL12) plus avelumab in patients (pts) with advanced solid tumours. Ann Oncol. 2019;30(5 Suppl):Abstract 4062.

The temperature dependence of FAPbBr

This paper shows that the August 10, 1996-WECC blackout originated from negative damping arising from sin6 nonlinearity. The proof is based on keeping the nonlinearity in the dynamic equation of a turbine-generator swinging against an infinite bus. Small signal perturbation linearization can predict the occurrence of negative damping. But the linear approach cannot produce the negatively damped waveform of the WECC blackout. Therefore, the graphical Phase Plane method is resorted to. As MatLab, MATHEMATICA, Wolfram MathWorld, etc. offer software plotters, the phase plane method is not difficult to use. Phase portraits show that the “Swing Equation” has stable and unstable regions. The WECC blackout happened because the initial states fell in the unstable region. Although dismissed as being limited to two-dimensions, the paper makes a contribution by showing that phase plane can be used to study the impact of 3 independent controllers. A worked-example shows when the independent controllers (turbine torque, the generator counter-torque and the damping torque) cannot meet the Transient Stability Limit after a line short circuit fault, local blackout occurs. The global WECC blackout is considered to be a scaled up local blackout. Instead of a turbine-generator swinging against an infinite bus, the last stage of the August 10, 1996-WECC blackout is assumed to be the Seattle-area swinging against the California-area. A phase portrait is found in the unstable region whose trajectory unravels in several cycles. Time-domain simulation shows a waveform oscillating with same number of cycles, which qualitatively matches the waveform of the August 10, 1996-WECC blackout.

In this paper, a wide-area measurement system (WAMS)-based method is proposed to estimate the system state matrix for AC system with integrated voltage source converters (VSCs) and identify the electromechanical modes. The proposed method is purely model-free, requiring no knowledge of accurate network topology and system parameters. Numerical studies in the IEEE 68-bus system with integrated VSCs show that the proposed measurementbased method can accurately identify the electromechanical modes and estimate the damping ratios, the mode shapes, and the participation factors. The work may serve as a basis for developing WAMS-based damping control using VSCs in the future., Copyright 2020 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. Permission from IEEE must be obtained for all other uses, in any current or future media, including reprinting/republishing this material for advertising or promotional purposes, creating new collective works, for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or reuse of any copyrighted component of this work in other works

As the successor of local control, wide-area damping control (WADC) is considered to be an effective tool for damping inter-area oscillations. The state-of-the-art WADC approaches are either model-based or centralized, so they are subject to model inaccuracy, bad data, high communication costs, and other nontrivial design challenges. On the other hand, current data-driven WADC practices are affected by the selection of input/output measurements, need to be pre-tuned and trained offline, or lack clear physical interpretation of the power grid small-signal dynamics. In this paper, we propose a novel online purely data-driven WADC method using phasor measurement unit (PMU) data, which requires no power system model information and can damp multiple inter-area modes simultaneously using minimal control effort. To directly shape the closed-loop characteristics of poorly-damped inter-area modes and account for physical constraints on communication network, we develop a modal linear quadratic regulator (MLQR)-based sparsity-promoting optimal state feedback controller. The developed WADC strategy does not require offline training, is adaptive to the applied PMU dataset and can be mapped to the actual grid physics. Dynamic simulations on the widely studied IEEE 68-bus benchmark system verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach in spite of measurement noise, PMU losses, and communication network restrictions. Moreover, it is shown that the proposed controller can adapt to different operating conditions due to its data-driven nature. Finally, our data-driven sparse WADC has comparable performance to conventional model-based and centralized data-driven WADC, while overcoming their limitations.

Healthy indoor air quality (IAQ) is essential to the productivity and wellbeing of building occupants. In order to study the indoor air quality in residential buildings in Xi'an in the cold climate zone, this study selected seven natural ventilation (NV) and three mechanical ventilation (MV) samples to evaluate the levels of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) through long-term monitoring. The results showed that it is worth studying the ventilation options in January with the lowest outdoor temperature of −0.78 °C, and the highest PM2.5 pollution of 149 μg/m3. The monthly average operation duration of the MV showed an obvious seasonal distribution, which was consistent with the degree of outdoor pollution. Compared with NV, the short-term operation of MV cannot significantly improve indoor air quality, but better results can be achieved after increasing the operation duration. When outdoor pollution is serious, the mean daily operation duration of MV recommended in this study is greater than 9 h. The probability of excessive CO2 concentration (above 1000 ppm) of MV was 26%, which is higher than that of NV (9%). The CO2 concentration increased with the increase in the MV operation duration, and the indoor CO2 concentration was proportional to the temperature difference between indoor and outdoor. The control and operation of the MV system should consider the influence of PM2.5 and CO2 simultaneously. Long-term operation of the MV system combined with short-term NV may be a ventilation strategy suitable for IAQ control of residential buildings in Xi'an.

Direct methods have been a promising development for decades, receiving, however, less attention recently. One of the reasons is the limited capacity to include more realistic models of the power systems equipment. This paper derives a structure-preserving analytical energy function for a sixth-order synchronous generator model with subtransient dynamics included. The procedure used to construct the energy function is demonstrated to be applicable to simple governor models as well. The energy function is used to assess critical clearing times for multiple contingencies via a potential energy boundary surface method in the IEEE 10-generator 39-bus benchmark system. Some comparative analysis with transient fourth-order models is performed. The results are validated against simulations using a commercial transient stability package.

Autosomal-dominant hypocalcification amelogenesis imperfecta (ADHCAI) is characterized by soft enamel that easily disintegrates and exposed dark dentin. ADHCAI is caused by mutations in a gene called family with sequence similarity 83 member H (FAM83H). To investigate the molecular genetics of ADHCAI, a Chinese family in which three generations exhibited ADHCAI was recruited. The enamel ultrastructure was analysed by environmental scanning electron microscopy (ESEM), which showed altered enamel rod (prism) structures in ADHCAI patients compared to the structures in healthy controls. Mutational analysis of the FAM83H gene identified a novel nonsense mutation (c.1222A>T) in the affected family members that encodes a stop codon at amino acid position 408, causing premature protein truncation (p. K408X). Green fluorescent protein (GFP) and FAM83H fusion protein analyses in vitro showed that normal cytoplasmic accumulation of the FAM83H protein was prevented by the K408X mutation in both rat dental epithelial SF2 cells and human embryonic kidney 293T cells. The mutant fusion protein localized primarily to the nucleus, in contrast to the cytoplasmic subcellular localization of the wild-type FAM83H protein. Our results provide new genetic evidence that mutations in FAM83H contribute to ADHCAI.

The preliminary phase is significant during the whole design process of a large airplane because of its enormous potential in enhancing the overall performance. However, classical sequential designs can hardly adapt to modern airplanes, due to their repeated iterations, long periods, and massive computational burdens. Multidisciplinary analysis and optimization demonstrates the capability to tackle such complex design issues. In this paper, an integrated optimization method for the preliminary design of a large airplane is proposed, accounting for aerodynamics, structure, and stability. Aeroelastic responses are computed by a rapid three-dimensional flight load analysis method combining the high-order panel method and the structural elasticity correction. The flow field is determined by the viscous/inviscid iteration method, and the cruise stability is evaluated by the linear small-disturbance theory. Parametric optimization is carried out using genetic algorithm to seek the minimal weight of a simplified plate-beam wing structure in the cruise trim condition subject to aeroelastic, aerodynamic, and stability constraints, and the optimal wing geometry shape, front/rear spar positions, and structural sizes are obtained simultaneously. To reduce the computational burden of the static aeroelasticity analysis in the optimization process, the Kriging method is employed to predict aerodynamic influence coefficient matrices of different aerodynamic shapes. The multidisciplinary analyses guarantee computational accuracy and efficiency, and the integrated optimization considers the coupling effect sufficiently between different disciplines to improve the overall performance, avoiding the limitations of sequential approaches utilized currently. Keywords: Aeroelasticity, Integrated optimization, Multidisciplinary analysis, Large airplane, Preliminary design

Disturbed permanent tooth eruption is common in cleidocranial dysplasia (CCD), a skeletal disorder caused by heterozygous mutation of RUNX2, but the mechanism underlying is still unclear. As it is well known that dental follicle cells (DFCs) play a critical role in tooth eruption, the changed biological characteristics of DFCs might give rise to disturbance of permanent tooth eruption in CCD patients. Thus, primary DFCs from one CCD patient and normal controls were collected to investigate the effect of RUNX2 mutation on the bone remodeling activity of DFCs and explore the mechanism of impaired permanent tooth eruption in this disease. Conservation and secondary structure analysis revealed that the RUNX2 mutation (c.514delT, p.172fs) found in the present CCD patient was located in the highly conserved RUNT domain and converted the structure of RUNX2. After osteogenic induction, we found that the mineralised capacity of DFCs and the expression of osteoblast-related genes, including RUNX2, ALP, OSX, OCN and Col Iα1, in DFCs was severely interfered by the RUNX2 mutation found in CCD patients. To investigate whether the osteogenic deficiency of DFCs from the CCD patient can be rescued by RUNX2 restoration, we performed 'rescue' experiments. Surprisingly, the osteogenic deficiency and the abnormal expression of osteoblast-associated genes in DFCs from the CCD patient were almost rescued by overexpression of wild-type RUNX2 using lentivirus. All these findings indicate that RUNX2 mutation can reduce the osteogenic capacity of DFCs through inhibiting osteoblast-associated genes, thereby disturbing alveolar bone formation, which serves as a motive force for tooth eruption. This effect may provide valuable explanations and implications for the mechanism of delayed permanent tooth eruption in CCD patients.