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PR, IFPRI3; CRP2; ISI; Cross-cutting gender theme; MAPSA; MyanmarSSP; 5 Strengthening Institutions and Governance; IFPRIOA, Development Strategies and Governance (DSG); Transformation Strategies; PIM, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), Measuring and understanding gender differences in property rights is key to informing policy decisions and guiding investments aimed at fostering gender equality. However, there are a myriad ways of assessing property rights. Firstly, we assess which indicators to use and why it matters, focusing on rural Myanmar. Myanmar provides an interesting setting, as a large part of the population customarily follows joint property rights in marriage and upon dissolution of marriage and inheritance. However, documented property rights are in the household head's name – usually a male household member. We find that capturing de facto transfer rights is essential, but understanding discrepancies between reported transfer rights and documented rights will be key to policymakers. Capturing agricultural decision-making should remain a priority for agricultural projects. Second, we perform household- and intra-household level analyses to explore why we find joint land rights in some, but not all, households; and why some household members have less land rights than others. A common property rights regime positively reinforces women's land rights, but incompletely so. Within households, a person's role in the household, age, and key life cycle events such as parenthood and marriage are key determinants of having land rights.

COVID-19 has disrupted the globe and is a pandemic health crisis affecting every sector of every country. The COVID-19 pandemic has also disrupted the normal teaching and learning environment. Due to the pandemic, all schools, colleges, and universities are shut down. It affected students, teachers, parents, and ways of instruction, resulting in an unprecedented push for online learning. Transforming offline to online learning is a new opportunity for teaching and learning environment; however, it has many challenges. Educational policymakers need to lay down policies related to education development with globalization post-COVID-19. The present paper addresses how to build back better educational development with globalization post-COVID-19. Keywords: Building Back Better, Post COVID-19, Curriculum, Pedagogy, Blended Learning DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-9-02 Publication date:March 31st 2023

Non-PR, IFPRI1; MyanmarSSP; CRP2; MAPSA; 4 Transforming Agricultural and Rural Economies, DSGD; PIM, CGIAR Research Program on Policies, Institutions, and Markets (PIM), Many governments imposed stringent lockdowns during the COVID-19 pandemic as a public health measure to suppress the spread of the disease. With consumer incomes already depressed, the potential impacts of these measures on urban food prices are of particular concern. This working paper examines the changes in Myanmar’s urban food prices during lockdown using detailed food price data collected from a panel of phone surveys conducted in August and September 2020 of 431 family-owned retail shops in Myanmar’s two largest cities, Yangon and Mandalay. We find that the supply side of Myanmar’s food retail sector was largely resilient to the shocks and lockdowns throughout the first six months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Estimates from a fixed effects differencein-differences model reveal that food prices were 3 percent higher in townships under lockdown compared to those not under lockdown, a statistically significant but modest effect. Lockdowns had smaller effects on prices for highly processed food items sourced directly from companies, but larger effects on prices for raw or lightly processed commodities sourced through wholesale markets, which comprise a larger share of urban consumer’s diets. Retailer margins did not change significantly under lockdown restrictions, suggesting no evidence of price gouging. Overall, our findings of a modest impact of the lockdown on urban food prices underscore the importance of keeping the food supply chain–including wholesale markets and retail shops–functioning as completely and as safely as possible during times of crisis, as was mostly the case early in the crisis for the two cities in this study.