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Photocatalytic processes using TiO 2 as a catalyst have attracted extensive attention for decomposition of organic contaminants. The determination of optimum reactor design and operational conditions are the major concerns for the development and potential application of the photocatalytic process. Various photoreactor types, photocatalyst arrangements, light sources, and operation conditions were reported. This study was focused on the application of the ultraviolet light emitting diode (UV-LED) as the UV light source for the photocatalytic decomposition of Reactive Red 22 (RR 22). The temporal behavior of the photocatalytic decomposition of RR 22 in aqueous solution by the UV-LED/TiO 2 with a rectangular planar fixed-film reactor operated in a recirculation mode was studied under various conditions including initial dye concentration, periodic illumination, light intensity, and arrangements of TiO 2 coating. The decomposition of RR 22 in aqueous solution by TiO 2 photocatalytic processes with the UV-LED was found to be technically feasible with a high TiO 2 coated weight (1.135 g) and low pH value (pH 2). A Langmuir—Hinshelwood-type kinetic equation was adequate for modeling the photocatalytic decomposition of RR 22 by the UV-LED/TiO 2 photocatalytic processes. The experimental results indicated that the photonic efficiency with periodic illumination was much higher than those with continuous illumination. The photonic efficiencies with the quartz–liquid–catalyst (QLC) arrangement were higher than those with the quartz–catalyst–liquid (QCL) arrangement for experiments conducted at lower applied light intensity; however, the photonic efficiencies for these two arrangements were nearly identical for experiments conducted at higher light intensities.

Separation of copper ions from aqueous solution by nanofiltration was shown to be a feasible process to accomplish an effective copper removal over a broad operational range. Experimental results indicated that the rejection of copper ions increases with increasing the charge valence of co-anions present in aqueous solution. Higher degrees of copper removal were achieved for experiments conducted in acidic solutions than those conducted in alkaline solutions. The copper rejection increased with increasing operating pressure until a limiting rejection was reached, further application of higher pressure did not increase copper rejection. The surfactant presented in aqueous solution was adsorbed by the membrane to form a secondary filtration layer on the membrane surface, therefore, influenced the surface charge characteristic of the membrane. The rejection of copper chelate was markedly influenced by the solution pH and the molecular weight of chelate. The solution-diffusion model combined with film theory adequately described the behavior of copper rejection from aqueous solution by nanofiltration.

Separation of acidic dyestuffs, including Acid red 4, Acid orange 10, and Acid red 27, from aqueous solution by nanofiltration (NF) was shown to be a feasible process to accomplish an effective removal over a broad operational range. For most experiments conducted in this study, dyestuff rejections of greater than 98% were achieved. The permeate flux for experiments conducted with various dyestuffs was increased with increasing operating pressure and solution temperature. The permeability was increased and the rejection of dyestuffs was slightly decreased with increasing cross-flow velocity of solution. The effect of solution pH on the rejection of dyestuff was elucidated by the electrostatic characteristics between the species of dyestuff and the membrane surface. Maximum permeability was obtained for experiments operated in aqueous solution of pH 5, which was close to the isoelectric point of the membrane.

The temporal behavior of the photocatalytic reduction of carbonate in aqueous solution by the UV/TiO2 process was studied under various conditions. The photocatalytic reduction of carbonate proceeded faster in acidic solutions than in alkaline solutions. The reaction rate increased with the UV light intensity and the amount of TiO2 present in solution. However, the presence of excessive amounts of TiO2 hindered the UV light penetration. The main products of the photocatalytic reduction of carbonate by the UV/TiO2 reduction process were found to be methanol and methane. A Langmuir–Hinshelwood type kinetic equation was developed for modeling the photocatalytic reduction of carbonate.

It has been reported that arsenic trioxide (As2O3) is an apoptosis inducer and radiation sensitizer for various cancer cell lines. In this study of breast cancer patients, we examined the combined effect of topical As2O3 and radiation therapy on fungating and/or skin-infiltrating lesions of breast cancer. The dermatological, gastrointestinal, hematological, renal and hepatic toxicities of the treatment were also monitored. As2O3 gel (0.05%) was applied to tumor lesions 1 h prior to delivery of each fraction, with the gel removed about 5 min before the irradiation. Superficial radiation was delivered using an electron beam from a linear accelerator. Every week, the tumor lesions were photographed to evaluate effectiveness, and blood was sampled to monitor changes in hemogram and biochemical profile. Seven breast cancer patients with cutaneous metastasis were enrolled in this study. In terms of tumor, the rates for complete, partial response and stable disease were 42.9 (three of seven), 42.9 (three of seven) and 14.3% (one of seven), respectively. The skin pain, assessed by a visual analog scale, and secretion from all of the seven superficial and fungating wounds decreased markedly after treatment. Significant bone marrow suppression or granulocytosis was not noted. Further, changes in renal and hepatic function were also not significant. It seems reasonable to conclude that As2O3 may be an effective and safe radiosensitizer for palliative radiotherapy for skin-infiltrating lesions of breast cancer.

Mature doritis plants (Doritis pulcherrima Lindley, cv. S94-3345) were cultured in plastic pots with 9 h (short-day, SD) and 16 h (long-day, LD) photoperiods, respectively. The main 9 h light period was under field conditions (30 °C day/20 °C night on average). The supplemental 7 h light conditions for the LD were conducted in chambers with 14 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux. When transferred to SD for 30 days, flower spikes about 2.0–3.0 cm in length were initiated. When plants were transferred to SD for 45 days, spikes grew to 7.0–10.0 cm in length. In contrast, only 10% of the plants produced flowering shoots under LD conditions. Unique 21 and 103 kDa proteins were evident in one-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins from mature leaves under SD conditions. 2D gel electrophoresis confirmed that clear polypeptide spots with a molecular mass of 21 kDa at an isoelectric point of 5.2 and 103 kDa at an isoelectric point of 5.6 accumulated in the leaves when the flowering shoots reached 7.0–10.0 cm (4–5 flower primordia apparent). Possibly, the 21 and 103 kDa proteins play a role during flowering shoot formation in doritis. Polypeptide sequencing of P21 suggested a possible relationship to the cell division-like protein in Arabidopsis thaliana. It is clear that doritis is a facultative SD plant, and photoperiodic induction of its flowering is closely associated with protein synthesis changes in its leaves.

Abscisic acid (ABA) in the buds (or flowering shoots), leaves and roots of Phalaenopsis hybrida (cv. TS 340) was identified and quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-selected ion monitoring using hexadeuterated ABA as an internal standard. Leaves contained much lower levels of both free and bound ABA than did roots. Dormant buds contained a relatively higher level of free ABA, whereas no detectable free or bound ABA was found in flowering shoots either at a length of 2–3 cm or 7–10 cm. In dormant-stage P. hybrida (grown at 28 °C), levels of free ABA in the roots were higher than those in plants with flowering shoots; the levels of bound ABA in roots exhibited the opposite tendency. Free and bound ABA in leaves was slightly increased in plants with flowering shoots as compared to those in the dormant stage. In addition, exogenous ABA application at 0.1 or 1 μg per plant inhibited initiation of flowering shoots, especially at 1 μg per plant. These results suggest the decrease in the free ABA contents in the roots and buds, but not in the leaves, is correlated with bud activation and the development of flowering shoots.

Recent evidence indicates that E2F1 transcription factor have pivotal roles in the regulation of cellular processes, and is found to be dysregulated in a variety of cancers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are also reported to exert important effect on tumorigenesis. E2F1 is aberrantly expressed in gastric cancer (GC), and biology functions of E2F1 in GC are controversial. The biological characteristics of E2F1 and correlation between E2F1 and lncRNAs in GC remain to be found. In this study, integrated analysis revealed that E2F1 expression was significantly increased in GC cases and its expression was positively correlated with the poor pathologic stage, large tumor size and poor prognosis. Forced E2F1 expression promotes proliferation, whereas loss of E2F1 function decreased cell proliferation by blocking of cell cycle in GC cells. Mechanistic analyses indicated that E2F1 accelerates GC growth partly through induces TINCR transcription. TINCR could bind to STAU1 (staufen1) protein, and influence CDKN2B mRNA stability and expression, thereby affecting the proliferation of GC cells. Together, our findings suggest that E2F1/TINCR/STAU1/CDKN2B signaling axis contributes to the oncogenic potential of GC and may constitute a potential therapeutic target in this disease.

Masses of the three generations of charged leptons are known to completely satisfy the Koide's mass relation. But the question remains if such a relation exists for neutrinos? In this paper, by considering SeeSaw mechanism as the mechanism generating tiny neutrino masses, we show how neutrinos satisfy the Koide's mass relation, on the basis of which we systematically give exact values of not only left but also right handed neutrino masses.

In the present paper, an automatic and efficient method for searching for dwarf nova candidates is presented. The methods PCA (principal component analysis) and SVM (support vector machine) are applied in the newly released SDSS-DR9 spectra. The final dimensions of the feature space are determined by the identification accuracy of training samples with different dimensions constrained by SVM. The massive spectra are dimension reduced by PCA at first and classified by the best SVM clas sifier. The final less number of candidates can be identified manually. A total number of 276 dwarf nova candidates are selected by the method and 6 of them are new discoveries which prove that our approach to finding special celestial bodies in massive spectra data is feasible. The new discoveries of this paper are added in the current dwarf nova template library which can contribute to constructing a more accurate feature space. The method proposed in this paper can also be used for special objects searching in other sky survey telescopes like Guoshoujing (Large Sky Area Multi-Object Fiber Spectroscopic Telescope -LAMOST) telescope.

B --> rho l nu decay is analyzed in the effective theory of heavy quark with infinite mass limit. The matrix element relevant to the heavy to light vector meson semileptonic decays is parametrized by a set of four heavy flavor-spin independent universal wave functions at the leading order of effective theory. The form factors are calculated at the leading 1/m_Q order using the light cone sum rule method in the framework of effective theory. |V_{ub}| is then extracted via B --> rho l nu decay mode.

To explore the transgenic efficiency of non-viral vector Tf-PEG-PEI and the cell specific silencing effect of plasmid pPSMAe/p-shNS-ploy(A) on prostate cancer cells.Polyethyleneimine (PEI) was modified by using polyethylene glycol and transferrin to synthesize the non-viral vector Tf-PEG-PEI. NS-specific plasmids pPSMAe/p-shNS-ploy(A) and Tf-PEG-PEI were used to transfect prostate cancer LNCap and PC-3 cells. The changes of cell morphology, proliferation ability and cell cycle were studied after down-regulating the NS gene level.Tf-PEG-PEI was successfully modified. After transfection, the PSMA-expressing LNCaP cells became larger and showed more pseudopodia, having a tendency to differentiate. Their cell proliferation ability was reduced, and the detection of cell cycle showed a decrease of S phase and an increase of G(1) phase after knocking down NS gene. These targets were not changed in non-PSMA-expresing PC-3 cells.The non-viral vector Tf-PEG-PEI has a high ability to transfer targeted gene into target cells. The cellular specificity of short-hairpin RNA transcription driven by PSMAe/p is confirmed by silencing NS gene. The use of cell specific promoter may be an effective strategy of gene therapy for prostate cancer.

Titanium dioxide nanotube (TNT) arrays were prepared in electrolytes containing fluoride by anodic oxidation. Different preparation parameters were investigated in order to evaluate their effects on length and inner diameter of nanotube, including weight ratio of glycerol to water, anodization voltage, electrolysis time, bath temperature, and electrolyte solution pH. The well defined and highly ordered TNT arrays were formed in electrolyte containing 40, and 20% water. The inner diameter of TNT was observed to increase as anodization voltage increased across the range of 10–40 V. The length of TNT was affected simultaneously by both anodization voltage and electrolysis time. The inner diameter and length depend on bath temperature below 60°C. The morphology of TNT was well defined and highly ordered only at electrolyte solution pH of 6 across the pH range of 2–10. Photocatalysis of methylene blue showed that reaction rate constants by TNT films were higher than P-25 films at comparable thickness. Reaction rate constants by TNT films increased as film thickness increased, but the enhancement was retarded when the length of TNT reached 2200 nm which appeared to be the limited penetration of incident UV light.

The presence of more than three generation of particles, predicted by various models beyond Standard Model (SM), can be the answer to several unanswered questions. In this paper, we discover a mass space by generalizing the Koide’s relation over the leptons section of SM and deduce some new symmetric relations. By using the magnitude dilation and angular rotation ratio between these relations, we predict the masses of the fourth generation particles. Also, this model constraints the existence of fifth generation leptons which up to now no theory can do.

According to mass data accumulated in comprehensive database building in water informatization process of China, this paper takes hydrology as an example, discusses how to build data warehouse system base on comprehensive database and how to design general structure of data warehouse. On this basis, organization of multidimensional data of hydrology is constructed in order to service the comprehensive decision support of water conservancy.

The dressed heavy quark mass \hat{m}_Q=m_Q+\bar{{\Lambda}} with \bar{{\Lambda}} being the binding energy is introduced to characterize the heavy hadrons containing a single heavy quark. A heavy quark expansion in terms of the inverse of the dressed heavy quark mass 1/\hat{m}_Q is presented with a complete decomposition of the full field and integrating out the small components. The heavy quark-antiquark coupling effects are included in the finite mass corrections. It is shown that the 1/\hat{m}_Q expansion is more favorable in application. The extraction of |V_{cb}| from exclusive B decays is studied by using such a new expansion approach., Comment: 21 pages, 11 figures

The LAMOST (large sky area multi-object fiber spectroscopic telescope) is one of the national key scientific projects. It will yield 10,000~20,000 spectra per observation night. Automatic spectral analysis and recognition focused on helping astronomers finding their interesting celestial objects. become desirable and necessary?In this paper an efficient data mining application based on improved Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is proposed, which has less computational complexity. Massive spectral data are clustered after dimensionality reduction by PCA. The singular spectra candidate then can be found out and identified by template.

To determine the level and the role of beta-endorphin in hypothalamus of rat with trigeminal neuralgia.The animal model of primary trigeminal neuralgia in rat was established, the contents of beta-endorphin were measured by radioimmunoassay techniques.The beta-endorphin of hypothalamus in experimental group was significantly lower than other groups (P0.01).Beta-endorphin may play important roles in primary trigeminal neuralgia.

Lipoprotein measurements from the Third National Health and Nutrition Education Survey were used to estimate the need to measure fasting lipid concentrations and offer dietary and drug interventions in the US population. In this review, we compare the distribution of the Third National Health and Nutrition Education Survey population (according to National Cholesterol Education Program guidelines) with a contemporary sample of lipoprotein measurements in 4549 American Indians. Compared with data from the former, relatively fewer American Indians have cholesterol levels greater than 240 mg dl-1 and a much larger proportion have 'desirable' cholesterol levels less than 200 mg dl-1. The above guidelines, dictating measurement of fasting lipoprotein concentrations and dietary or drug intervention, take into account age, presence of cardiovascular risk factors and levels of both HDL- and LDL-cholesterol. The proportion of American Indians requiring these interventions is somewhat at less than the Third National Health and Nutrition Education Survey population, even though the American Indian population in this comparison is generally older (45-74 years of age) than the Survey participants (20 to more than 75 years of age). We review the literature concerning lipoprotein measurements in other American Indian and ethnic population groups that are undergoing rapid changes in lifestyle. In general, cardiovascular risk factors, including lipoprotein concentrations, are accumulating. These factors suggest that the public health impact of coronary heart disease will increase as these populations undergo further lifestyle changes.

The fabrication of TiO 2 nanotube arrays (TNTs) by the anodization of titanium foil in electrolyte containing fluoride was carried out in this study. The surface dimension, phase formation, and lattice parameters of TNTs were determined by the field-emission-scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffractometer, respectively. The induced photocurrent intensity of TNTs was measured by a potentiostat/galvanostat. The well-defined and highly ordered TNTs were formed in glycerol electrolyte with a water content of 20%. The inner diameter of the TNTs was mainly determined by the anodization voltage, while the length of the TNTs was affected by both anodization voltage and anodization time. The length of the nanotube was continually increased with anodization time until the rates of the electrochemical oxidization of Ti foil and the chemical dissolution of the TiO 2 film reached a dynamic equilibrium. The TNTs annealed at 600°C demonstrated the highest induced photocurrent because of the crystallization of anatase and rutile phases. The increase in the tube length and the decrease in the inner diameter induced higher photocurrents under specific conditions of UV illumination because of a higher illuminated area. However, the enhancement of the induced photocurrent was retarded when the length of the TNTs reached 2000 nm due to the limited penetration of incident UV light penetrated through the nanotube.