Search

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the main cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is linked with a regional economic burden. We analyzed and compared global trends as well as regional and sociodemographic differences in CVD incidence and mortality.We obtained data to annual incident cases, deaths, age-standardized incidence rates (ASIRs), and age-standardized mortality rates (ASMRs) of CVD during 1990-2019 from the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study. To quantify the temporal trends, we calculated changes in the incident cases and deaths as well as the estimated annual percentage changes (EAPCs) of age-standardized rates. Globally, CVD incident cases increased by 77.12% from 31.31 million in 1990 to 55.45 million in 2019; deaths rose by 53.81% from 12.07 million in 1990 to 18.56 million in 2019. The overall ASIR (EAPC, -0.56; 95% confidence interval [CI], -0.59 to -0.53) and ASMR (EAPC, -1.46; 95%CI, -1.51 to -1.40) decreased in this period. Against the global trend of ASIR falling, an increasing trend was found in Uzbekistan (EAPC, 1.24; 95%CI, 0.97-1.50), Tajikistan (EAPC, 0.49; 95%CI, 0.47-0.52), and Zimbabwe (EAPC, 0.42; 95%CI, 0.33-0.50). The number of CVD incident cases increased remarkably in low (108.3%), low-middle (114.81%) and middle (117.85%) Socio-Demographic Index regions in 1990-2019.Despite the increased number of CVD cases and deaths after adjusting for changes in population age, we observed a consistent decrease in age-standardized incidence and mortality in most countries. However, specific regions-especially low to middle SDI regions-present worrying increases in CVD cases and deaths.This study analyzed the global landscape, long-term trends, and national and regional differences in CVD incidence and mortality from 1990 to 2019. The absolute number of CVD incident cases and deaths remains an increasing worldwide—especially in low, low-middle and middle SDI regions—in the years 1990 to 2019. CVD burden attributable to incidence and mortality are rising globally, but the age-standardized incidence and mortality rates are declining when considering the population's aging.

Purpose This paper aims to focus the synchronous chemical conversion technology–based titanium/zirconium composite on 6061, 7075 aluminum alloys and galvanized steel. Design/methodology/approach The effects of pH, temperature, reaction time and other process parameters on the corrosion resistance of the three metal surface coatings were investigated by copper sulfate drop and electrochemical corrosion performance tests under a certain content of H2TiF6 and H2ZrF6. The surface morphology and element distribution of the conversion coating were analyzed by scanning electron microscope and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Findings The results show that the optimal synchronization chemical conversion conditions of 6061/7075 aluminum alloys/galvanized steel are controlled as follows: H2TiF6 2.2 mL/L, H2ZrF6 1 mL/L, pH 3.9, conversion temperature 35°C and conversion time 120 s. Originality/value Multi-metals chemical conversion coating can be obtained simultaneously with uniform corrosion resistance and surface morphology. The presence of microdomain features in multiple metals facilitates simultaneous chemical conversion into coatings.