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139. New scientific opportunities and old obstacles in vaccine development.

Author

Warren, K S

Abstract

The present status of and priorities for vaccine development are described, and the historical conditions under which vaccines have been developed are contrasted with newer technologies for such development. Current programs, the opportunities they present, and the obstacles to their implementation are summarized.

Published
1986
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147. Antigen Dose Response and Specificity of Production of the Lymphokine Eosinophil Stimulation Promoter

Author

Pelley, R. P., Karp, R., Mahmoud, A. A. F., and Warren, K. S.

Abstract

The present investigations of the recently discovered lymphokine eosinophil stimulation promoter have (1) shown that the assay system is highly sensitive and reproducible via the establishment of dose-response curves and their statistical analysis, (2) demonstrated that the direct assay is specific with use of eosinophilrich peritoneal exudate cells obtained from mice with either schistosomiasis or trichinosis, (3) demonstrated that the indirect test with splenic lymphocytes is specific with use of both the above method and radioisotope-labeled antigens, and (4) provided information on the roles of eosinophils and mononuclear cells via purification, reconstitution, and the use of antiserum to eosinophils.

Published
1976
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148. Quantification of Infection with Schistosoma haematobium in Relation to Epidemiology and Selective Population Chemotherapy. I. Minimal Number of Daily Egg Counts in Urine Necessary to Establish Intensity of Infection

Author

Warren, K. S., Siongok, T. K. Arap, Houser, H. B., Ouma, J. H., and Peters, P. A.

Abstract

The intensity of infection with Schistosoma haematobium (worm burden) can be approximated by quantifying the number of parasite eggs excreted in the urine. A new method of egg counting has been developed in which urine samples are passed through transparent Nuclepore filters (Nuclepore Corp., Pleasanton, Calif.). The method requires no staining, is rapid, and can be performed in the field. It has previously been reported, however, that there is a significant daily fluctuation in output of eggs in the urine of patients with schistosomiasis haematobia. In the present study, daily urine samples were obtained on each of the 10 school days during a 12-day period from 121 schoolchildren in Coast Province, Kenya (total, 10 samples per child). In terms of detecting infection, it was of interest that egg counts of 0 were very rarely recorded for subjects whose mean egg counts were >20/10 ml of urine. When the patients were classified into one of four groups, according to egg count <1, 1–100, 101–400, >400), the proportion correctly classified based on a single urine specimen was 75%; this proportion rose to 78% when the classification was based on two specimens and to 83% with three specimens. Most of the urine specimens that were misclassified belonged in an adjacent group.

Published
1978
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149. Quantification of Infection with Schistosoma haematobium in Relation to Epidemiology and Selective Population Chemotherapy. II. Mass Treatment with a Single Oral Dose of Metrifonate

Author

Siongok, T. K. Arap, Ouma, J. H., Houser, H. B., and Warren, K. S.

Abstract

Determination of the efficacy of mass treatment of schistosomiasis is usually based on the rate of cure. However, schistosomes do not multiply in the human host, disease tends to cluster in the small proportion of individuals with heavy infections, and reinfection continually occurs in endemic areas. Thus drastic reduction in worm burdens can be a reasonable goal for mass treatment campaigns. The standard dose and regimen of metrifonate for the treatment of schistosomiasis haematobia is 7.5 mg/kg administered in three doses two weeks apart. This treatment results in a cure rate of ∼50% and a reduction in egg output of 94.5%. In the present study, 72 infected children with egg counts before treatment that averaged from 0.1 to 2,334/10 ml of urine were treated with a single oral dose of 10 mg of metrifonate/kg: the cure rate was 22%, and the reduction in egg output was 96.5%. No side effects were recorded.

Published
1978
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