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Anti‐angiogenesis is a promising therapeutic strategy for delaying tumour progression that offers, new hope for gastric cancer targeted therapy. The purpose of this study was to investigate the precise mechanism by which Kin of IRRE‐like protein 1 (KIRREL) contributes to the development of gastric cancer, particularly in terms of tumour angiogenesis. Differential expression of KIRREL in tissues and cells was detected using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemistry. A bioinformatics analysis was conducted to screen for the function and pathway enrichment of KIRREL in gastric cancer. Lentivirus‐induced KIRREL silencing in SNU‐5 cells and lentivirus‐induced KIRREL overexpression in AGS cells were used to study the effect of KIRREL on the proliferation, cell cycle and angiogenesis of gastric cancer cells. Moreover, the expressions of PI3K, P‐PI3K, AKT, P‐AKT, mTOR, P‐mTOR, HIF‐1α and VEGF were also detected. Gastric cancer tissues and cells had high levels of KIRREL expression, which is associated with the proliferation, cell cycle and angiogenesis of gastric cancer cells. After silencing and overexpressing KIRREL in SNU‐5 and AGS cells, respectively, the proliferation and angiogenesis of SNU‐5 cells were inhibited, while the proliferation and angiogenesis of AGS cells were promoted. According to a bioinformatics analysis of the KIRREL gene, angiogenesis regulation and the PI3K/AKT pathway were highly connected. The PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway was repressed and stimulated by KIRREL silencing and overexpression, respectively. IGF‐1, an AKT agonist, and LY294002, an inhibitor, reversed the effects of KIRREL silencing and overexpression on the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and on gastric cancer cell proliferation and angiogenesis. KIRREL may mediate the proliferation and angiogenesis of gastric cancer cells through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signalling pathway. These findings could help in the further development of potential anti‐angiogenesis targets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The permeability and its horizontal anisotropy induce a critical influence on staged CH4 output inhibition process. However, a quantitative evaluation of this influence has been rarely reported in the literature. In this work, the impact of horizontal anisotropic permeability on CO2-ECBM was numerically investigated. The variation in the staged CH4 output inhibition was analyzed. The ideal displacement profile of the CO2-ECBM process was established for the first time. Moreover, the variation in CH4 output of different wellbores was discussed. The results showed that 1) low-permeable or weak-anisotropic reservoirs were not conducive to enhanced CH4 recovery owing to long inhibition time (> 1091 days) and high inhibition level (> 36.9%). As permeability and anisotropy increased, due to the accelerated seepage of free water, the hysteresis time and inhibition time could decrease to as short as 5 days and 87 days, respectively, and the inhibition level could weaken to as low as 5.00%. Additionally, the CH4 output and CO2 injection could increase significantly. 2) Nevertheless, high permeability and strong anisotropy easily induced CO2 breakthrough, resulting in lower CH4 production, CO2 injection and CO2 storage than expected. While maintaining high efficiency of CO2 storage (> 99%), upregulating CO2 breakthrough concentration from 10% to 20% might ease the unfavorable trend. 3) Along the direction of fluid flow, the ideal displacement profile consisted of CO2 enriched bank, CO2 and CH4 mixed bank, CH4 enriched bank, and water enriched bank, whereas a remarkable gap in the displacement profiles of the dominant and non-dominant seepage directions was observed. 4) The potential of CH4 output might vary greatly among different wellbores. The producers along the dominant seepage direction held more potential for CH4 recovery in the short-term, while those along the non-dominant seepage direction avoided becoming invalid only if a long-time injection measure was taken for the injectors. These findings pave the way to understand fluid seepage in real complex reservoirs during CO2-ECBM and conduct further field projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]