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This study delineates the criteria for identifying different types of droughts based on root zone soil moisture deficits, categorizing them into sudden, general, and creeping droughts. By employing an adapted version of the drought detection method proposed by Yuan et al., drought events were analyzed across 26 IPCC-SREX regions using historical soil moisture data. Our findings demonstrate that sudden droughts, which entail a rapid decline in soil moisture, predominantly occur in climatic hotspots and have shown an increasing trend over the past four decades, particularly in Central Europe and South Asia. The research also explores the seasonality of droughts, noting that flash droughts typically align with the growing season, while creep droughts often commence later in the year, potentially affecting vegetation growth in subsequent seasons. The ecological impact assessment, based on the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), reveals a lag in vegetation response to rapid water stress, with a marked decline in health by the end of the drought onset phase. These results underscore the varying ecological responses to drought intensification and contribute to a better understanding of their global patterns and impacts.

This research focuses on developing a comprehensive understanding of plant dust retention resilience in older residential neighborhoods, emphasizing protection, recovery, and sustainability. Plant dust retention resilience encompasses the ability of plant combinations to respond to emergencies, cooperate with emergency service systems, adapt effectively, recover swiftly from disasters, and enhance future sustainability. Key quantitative indicators include the scale of green space and the structure of plant arrangements, with a focus on types and factors affecting plant arrangement structure. Data processing involves the selection of relevant indicators, the Delphi Method for indicator screening, and the Analytic Hierarchy Process for indicator weight determination. Data sources include environmental reports, government websites, measurements, and satellite images. The research establishes a comprehensive evaluation indicator system for plant dust retention resilience and a resilience capacity model for plants in old residential areas. The results suggest that the best plant configuration model for dust retention resilience capacity includes a mix of coniferous and deciduous trees and shrubs with a significant grass component.

To enhance the nutritional value of Acanthopanax senticosus leaves (AL), a fermentation process was conducted using a probiotic Bacillus mixture, and the changes in chemical constituents and biological activities before and after fermentation were compared. A response surface methodology was employed to optimize the liquid fermentation conditions of AL based on their influence on polyphenol content. Non-targeted metabolomics analysis was performed using LC-MS/MS to reveal the differing profiles of compounds before and after fermentation. The results indicated that Bacillus subtilis LK and Bacillus amyloliquefaciens M2 significantly influenced polyphenol content during fermentation. The optimal fermentation conditions were determined to be a fermentation time of 54 h, a temperature of 39.6 °C, and an inoculum size of 2.5% (v/v). In comparison to unfermented AL, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, as well as the free radical scavenging capacities measured by DPPH and ABTS assays, and the activities of β-glucosidase and endo-glucanase, were significantly increased. The non-targeted metabolomics analysis identified 1348 metabolites, of which 829 were classified as differential metabolites. A correlation analysis between the differential metabolites of polyphenols, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity revealed that 13 differential metabolites were positively correlated with antioxidant activity. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis of the differential metabolites identified 82 pathways, with two of the top 25 metabolic pathways related to flavonoids. This study explores the potential for enhancing the active ingredients and biological effects of AL through probiotic fermentation using Bacillus strains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To investigate the protective effect of selenated Acanthopanax polysaccharide (Se-ASPS) against D-galactose-induced (D-gal) oxidative damage in mice. The oxidative damage model of mice was established by intrabitoneal injection of D-gal. The mice in the high, medium and low dose groups were supplemented with 200, 100 and 50 mg/kg·bw of selenated Acanthopanax polysaccharide, respectively. The mice were gavaged continuous intragastric administration for 28 days. Changes in body weight and feed intake and organ indices of mice in each group were compared, and HE staining was used to observe liver lesions in mice. Serum, heart, liver, spleen and kidney tissues were analyzed for SOD, CAT, GSH-Px, MDA, AST, ALT using the kit. Compared with the D-gal model group, both selenated Acanthopanax polysaccharide groups significantly increased the body weights of mice (P<0.05), and the selenated Acanthopanax polysaccharide highdose group significantly increased the organ index of mice (P<0.05). HE staining revealed that selenated Acanthopanax polysaccharide could repair the damage caused by D-galactose to mouse liver tissue. The high-dose group of selenated Acanthopanax polysaccharides significantly increased the activities of SOD, GSH-Px, and CAT enzymes in serum, heart, liver, spleen, and kidney tissues of mice (P<0.05), and significantly decreased the contents of MDA, AST, and ALT (P<0.05), with the high-dose group showing the most prominent performance (P<0.01). Se-ASPS can significantly protect the organism against oxidative damage caused by D-gal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the physical power information system undergoes continual advancement, mobile energy storage has become a pivotal component in the planning and orchestration of multi-component distribution networks. Furthermore, the evolution and enhancement of big data technologies have significantly contributed to enhancing the rationality and efficacy of various distribution network planning and layout approaches. At the same time, multi-distribution networks have also confronted numerous network attacks with increasing probability and severity. In this study, a Petri net is initially employed as a modeling technique to delineate the network attack flow within the distribution network. Subsequently, the data from prior network attacks are consolidated and scrutinized to evaluate the vulnerability of the cyber-physical system (CPS), thereby identifying the most critical network attack pattern for a multi-component distribution network. Following this, the defender-attacker-defender planning methodology is applied for scale modeling, incorporating rapidly evolving mobile energy storage into the prelayout, aiming to mitigate the detrimental impact of network attacks on the power grid. Ultimately, the column and constraint generation (C&CG) algorithm is utilized to simulate and validate the proposed planning strategy in a 33-node system with multiple control groups established to demonstrate the viability and merits of the proposed strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]