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In response to the failure of traditional administrative methods to manage transboundary polluted areas, this study uses Stackelberg game theory to construct a three‐party dynamic game model from the perspective of government participation. The results show that the central government will only subsidize local governments when the environmental benefits obtained reach a certain threshold, prompting the local governments to increase pollution control efforts to improve environmental benefits. From the perspective of pollutant emission reduction and environmental benefits, the collaborative governance model is superior to both spontaneous governance and the central government‐led model. Finally, the validity of the conclusion is verified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As global environmental problems are becoming more severe, how to efficiently reduce carbon emissions has become an urgent problem to be solved. Manufacturers and retailers can effectively reduce carbon emissions through low‐carbon efforts, and doing so is important for the sustainable development of low‐carbon supply chains. This paper develops a general framework that considers how bounded rationality and fairness concerns affect the manufacturer's and retailer's low‐carbon effort decisions and discusses the evolutionary stable strategy (ESS) and the evolution process of the manufacturer's and retailer's low‐carbon efforts. The ESS shows that the manufacturer and the retailer will increase their low‐carbon efforts when the initial unit profit is higher. Otherwise, a smaller initial unit profit will reduce their low‐carbon efforts. This paper also analyzes different attributes of fairness concerns and finds that advantageous fairness concerns increase low‐carbon efforts, whereas disadvantageous fairness concerns reduce low‐carbon efforts. In addition, fairness concerns will speed up the manufacturer's and retailer's low‐carbon efforts to ESSs. When the manufacturer and retailer choose the "no effort" strategy, they will stop investing quickly, but when they choose the "effort" strategy, they will not invest quickly. This paper can provide decision support for using the low‐carbon effort investment strategy by supply chain members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

What is known and objectives: Dapagliflozin was the first oral treatment approved in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) patients, simultaneously improving body weight. However, the time course and dose effect of dapagliflozin on loss of weight in T1DM patients was still unknown. The present study aimed to investigate quantitative relationship between dapagliflozin and loss of weight in T1DM patients based on Model‐based Meta‐analysis. Methods: Five dapagliflozin dosage groups, two of them were 5 mg/day and three of them were 10 mg/day, 1612 T1DM patients were analysed with maximal effect (Emax) model, and evaluation index was change rate of body weight from baseline value. Results: In these T1DM patients, dosages were not incorporated into model, indicating no significant dose‐response relationship between 5 and 10 mg/day affecting loss of weight. Emax and the treatment duration to reach half of the maximal effects (ET50) of dapagliflozin influencing loss of weight in T1DM patients were −4.9% and 10.4 weeks, and the duration to achieve 25%, 50%, 75%, and 80% (plateau) of Emax were 3.5, 10.4, 31.2, and 41.6 weeks. What is new and conclusions: It was the first time to explore quantitative relationship between dapagliflozin and loss of weight in T1DM patients. To achieve the plateau period in loss of weight, 5 mg/day dapagliflozin was required for at least 41.6 weeks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A chemical investigation of Sophora flavescens Ait. identified 6 compounds. On the basis of spectroscopic data, they were determined to be flavonoids and their analogues, among which were two previously undescribed compounds, sophoflavanone G (1) and sophoflavanone H (2). The inhibitory effects of new compounds against five human tumour cell lines were evaluated in vitro by MTT assays, which revealed potential inhibitory effects with IC50 values < 20 mM, in particular, compound 1 has shown significant cytotoxicity for several tumour cells with IC50 values around 20 mM, which was similar to cisplatin and potential to be used as tumour drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]