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The article presents the discussion on important theory in the humanities and social sciences, philosophy including the philosophy of education. Topics include young scholars with academic positions in universities specializing in foreign philosophy and logic; and discussing the important topic of the relationship between excellent traditional Chinese culture and Marxism.

The article presents the discussion on Chinese Marxism and Chinese economy entering the Asian Century as a vital and defining force. Topics include influenced the disciplines especially in the humanities and social sciences and provided a view of history; and Chinese Marxism as philosophy and ideology playing an important role in formulating the questions of the rebirth of the nation and national self-identification.

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.06.014 Byline: Wee-Chuang Low (a), Chengbing Wang (a), Yong Pan (a), Xin-Yun Huang (b), James K. Chen (d), Baolin Wang (a)(c) Keywords: Hedgehog; Smoothened; G protein; Gli3; Neural tube Abstract: The Hedgehog (Hh) signal is transmitted by two receptor molecules, Patched (Ptc) and Smoothened (Smo). Ptc suppresses Smo activity, while Hh binds Ptc and alleviates the suppression, which results in activation of Hh targets. Smo is a seven-transmembrane protein with a long carboxyl terminal tail. Vertebrate Smo has been previously shown to be coupled to G[alpha].sub.i proteins, but the biological significance of the coupling in Hh signal transduction is not clear. Here we show that although inhibition of G[alpha].sub.i protein activity appears to significantly reduce Hh pathway activity in Ptc.sup.-/- mouse embryonic fibroblasts and the NIH3T3-based Shh-light cells, it fails to derepress Shh- or a Smo-agonist-induced inhibition of Gli3 protein processing, a known in vivo indicator of Hh signaling activity. The inhibition of G[alpha].sub.i protein activity also cannot block the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh)-dependent specification of neural progenitor cells in the neural tube. Consistent with these results, overexpression of a constitutively active G[alpha].sub.i protein, G[alpha].sub.i2QL, cannot ectopically specify the neural cell types in the spinal cord, whereas an active Smo, SmoM2, can. Thus, our results indicate that the Smo-induced G[alpha].sub.i activity plays an insignificant role in the regulation of Gli3 processing and Shh-regulated neural tube patterning. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10021, USA (b) Department of Physiology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10021, USA (c) Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10021, USA (d) Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA Article History: Received 24 October 2007; Revised 4 June 2008; Accepted 6 June 2008

To link to full-text access for this article, visit this link: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ydbio.2007.02.029 Byline: Chengbing Wang (a), Ulrich Ruther (c), Baolin Wang (a)(b) Keywords: Gli3 activator; Gli3 repressor; Hedgehog; Limb patterning Abstract: Anterior-posterior (A/P) limb patterning in vertebrates is determined by the counteraction between the Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) and the Gli3 transcription factor. Shh exerts its effect on Gli3 by regulating the full-length Gli3 protein processing to generate a Gli3 repressor gradient along the A/P axis of the limb. However, it is not clear whether the full-length Gli3 is an activator in vivo and plays any role in the limb patterning. Here we show that mouse limbs expressing only a Gli3 repressor form exhibit mild polysyndactyly and a partial loss of digit identity, while limbs expressing only a full-length Gli3 protein display severe polysyndactyly and a complete loss of digit identity. Interestingly, when the full-length Gli3 and the repressor are equally expressed in the limb, the digit patterning is overall normal except for an extra anterior digit. Furthermore, in the presence of one Gli3 wild type allele, a Gli3 mutant allele that expresses only the full-length form can rescue the Shh mutant digit phenotype to a great extent. The full-length Gli3 protein can also activate Shh target gene expression without Shh. Thus, our data indicate that the full-length Gli3 protein is an activator in vivo and that the ratio of the Gli3 activator to repressor, but neither the Gli3 repressor gradient nor the Gli3 activator/repressor ratio gradient, determines limb digit patterning. Author Affiliation: (a) Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10021, USA (b) Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, W404, New York, NY 10021, USA (c) Institut fur Entwicklungs-und Molekularbiologie der Tiere (EMT), Heinrich-Heine-Universitat, Dusseldorf, Germany Article History: Received 8 December 2006; Revised 1 February 2007; Accepted 22 February 2007

In order to improve the machining accuracy of the flank faces of drill rips and ensure the flexibility of the grinding position and attitude of the wheels, a method of solving the grinding wheel trajectory of the straight blade flank faces in the CNC grinding processes was proposed. The structural parameters of straight blade lank faces of dill tips were defined, and the mathematical model was established. The coordinate of the straight blade flank faces of dill tips and the datum grinding attitude of the wheels were defined. Then, the coordinate transformation matrix was used to describe the motion mode of the wheels, and the method of the grinding positions and attitudes of wheels was deduced based on the workpiece coordinate system by means of the kinematics principle. With the proposed method, the precision of straight blade flank faces of drill rips may be ensured. Meanwhile, the grinding positions and attitudes of the wheels may be flexibility adjusted. The computational program was developed based on VC++, and the effectiveness of the algorithm was verified with machining simulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Metal‐cermet solar selective absorber films (SSAFs) with nanoparticles embedded in dielectric matrix have been widely used in the field of solar thermal conversion. A new SSAF of TiAlN is fabricated via magnetron sputtering method. By co‐sputtering Ti and Al targets, TiAl nanoparticles are embedded in AlN matrix to form self‐doped absorber layer. And the outermost rough AlN antireflective layer further enhances the optical properties due to the optical trapping effect, as well as the heating crack extension resistance of the surface. As a result, the as‐grown SSAF displays high absorptance reaching up to 0.92 and low thermal emittance of 0.05. The selective absorption mechanism endowed by synergetic effect of intrinsic absorption and multilayers' interference is discussed. The SSAFs optical property is stable in open‐air up to 650 °C, indicating their enormous potential for high‐temperature solar selective applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, the flexibility of 2D conductive metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) is an important precondition for manufacturing high‐performance smart electronic devices. Preparation of MOFs thin film has drawn much attention, and increasingly more MOF thin films have been deposited on different rigid substrates like glass, silicon, and metal electrodes. However, they do not meet the requirements for flexible materials, such as wearable electronic devices. Here, the fabric‐based composites (the integration of MOFs and fabric materials) can solve this problem. Insulating polyester fabric is chosen as a flexible substrate and atom layer deposition (ALD) and the layer‐by‐layer (LBL) method (also called the liquid phase epitaxy method) are combined to synthesize Cu3(BTC)2 thin film. 7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (TCNQ) and polypyrrole (PPy) are chosen to improve the conductivity of the MOF thin films. The conductivity of Cu3(BTC)2 thin film is improved by more than four orders of magnitude compared to that of the original sample. This research shows that the large‐area lightweight fabric‐based Cu3(BTC)2 thin films, which possess excellent uniformity and flexibility and controllable thickness, can be prepared at room temperature; this allows MOFs to be applied in more areas, such as large‐area electronic devices and smart wearable sensing equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although strong and effective absorption of electromagnetic waves in the X-band region is of utmost importance for practical applications, it still faces many challenges. In this work, we prepared Fe2O3-decorated Ti3C2 composites via a facile one-step solvothermal route. Scanning electron microscopy micrographs showed that Fe2O3 particles effectively cover the Ti3C2 surface and insert into the Ti3C2 layers. X-ray diffraction patterns demonstrated that the Fe2O3 particles are beneficial for the Ti3C2 delamination. A high attenuation constant and suitable impedance matching enabled wide-range microwave absorption properties; however, the minimum reflection loss was relatively high. To achieve both wide bandwidth and strong absorption, we designed a multi-layered structural absorber. When the thickness was 1.9 mm, the fourfold-layered structural absorber exhibited the optimal absorption properties with the minimum RL value of − 49.68 dB at 9.922 GHz and RL less than − 10.82 dB in the entire X-band region. Therefore, the synthesized multi-layered structural Ti3C2/Fe2O3 composites can be used for practical applications as a high-performance microwave absorber in the X-band region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of efficient, stable, and cost‐effective heterogeneous catalysts for catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) of biomass‐derived furfural (FAL) is highly desired. Herein, series of N‐doped graphitic carbon embedded CoNi bimetallic alloy nanoparticles were fabricated and used for the CTH of FAL to value‐added furfuryl alcohol (FOL) with renewable isopropanol as hydrogen donor. Intrinsic catalytic activity examination indicated the catalytic performance of NixCoy@NGC (x:y=1 : 3, 1 : 1, 3 : 1) nanocatalysts were sensitive to their chemical compositions. The optimal Ni1Co1@NGC nanocatalyst with Ni/Co mole ratio of 1 : 1 afforded a largest FOL yield of 89.3% with nearly full conversion of FAL. The synergistic effect enabled by bimetallic alloys and the abundant N‐based Lewis base sites and surface Co−N active species were revealed based on systematic structural characterization, responsible for the excellent catalytic efficiency of bimetallic Ni1Co1@NGC nanocatalyst for CTH of FAL. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]