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Seawater pollution has been identified as being the most serious menace to both humankind and aquatic ecosystems. Any regulation or policy ought to be preceded by seawater evaluations. The conventional techniques for determining the quality of saltwater have been demonstrated to be laborious and expensive. On the contrary, using in-situ measurements, earth observation data from satellites can provide thorough, swiftly, and affordable information about water bodies. As a result, this research proposes an alternative strategy for identifying water quality index (WQI) utilizing machine learning techniques that simulate seawater characteristics using in-situ measurements and remotely sensed data. Fuzzy logic was utilized to estimate WQI in terms of six parameters which are chlorophyll, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), conductivity, salinity, and turbidity. Data records of these parameters were collected over a year (2016-2017) from 15 buoy stations deployed in Kuwait’s territorial waters, five of which were in Kuwait Bay. Additionally, two different machine learning techniques were used to correlate spectral bands from Landsat-8 with in-situ measurements, which are Genetic Algorithm (GA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). An appropriate estimate of WQI in Kuwaiti territorial seas was determined by fuzzy logic. Furthermore, it was discovered that GA outperformed PSO in its capacity to observe WQI over the Bay of Kuwait. Based on spatial mapping, it was revealed that there is a pressure on Kuwait bay due to the concentration of anthropogenic activities. For further studies, it is recommended to apply other methods to estimate WQI and compare the results to fuzzy logic results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

EGYPT'S RELIANCE on groundwater for irrigation is of paramount importance due to the country's arid climate and limited freshwater resources. The Nile River has historically been the primary water source for Egypt, but increasing population and agricultural demands have strained this finite supply. As a result, groundwater has emerged as a crucial alternative to support agricultural activities and ensure food security. The vital aim of current research is evaluating groundwater suitability in west Menya for irrigation, drinking purposes, and food production. To achieve the aim of the study, 73 well water samples from different depths were collected in 2018. Only 41 pivots of 73 canter pivots are cultivated with sugar beet. Water was analyzed according to the evaluation systems used. The obtained results reveal that groundwater quality for some wells was found unsuitable for irrigation due to high EC, TDS, Na, Mg and Cl. About 93.2 % and 97.2 % of total water samples are suitable for irrigation in IA and CA respectively, while 90.4 % of studied water samples are suitable for drinking use. Comparing WHO and EHCW noticed that the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria are tougher and safety than those recommended by the Egyptian higher committee water (EHCW). Obtained results of sugar beet production exceed 1.47 times more than those reported by the Ministry of Egyptian Agriculture, where the sugar beet production reached to about 60 ton/acre. An abundance of good water quality for irrigation and soil suitability of promising area are very important for agriculture investment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out in the Khandbari Municipality, Sankhuwasabha District, Eastern Nepal to document the spring location and assess the water quality of the spring water for drinking and irrigation purposes. A total of 85 springs were mapped, which are located from 274 to 2176 m in altitude. Spring water samples were collected from 33 springs in the pre-monsoon (November, 2021) and 31 springs in the post-monsoon (March, 2022). Correlation matrices, t-test, principal component analysis (PCA), Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, water quality index (WQI), United States Salinity Laboratory (USSL) diagram, and Wilcox diagram were applied for evaluating the spring water. All the physicochemical parameters were within the Nepalese National Drinking Water Quality Standard (NDWQS) and drinking water quality guidelines of the World Health Organization (WHO) except for pH in the pre-monsoon and iron in the post-monsoon season. The main contributors to the groundwater are Na+, Ca2+, Cl-, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total hardness, which exhibit significant correlations with electrical conductivity (EC) similar to TDS, suggesting their common source of origin. Based on the WQI, spring water is excellent in the post-monsoon and excellent and good in the pre-monsoon season. Furthermore, the spring water is excellent for irrigation purposes except for the percent sodium in the post-monsoon and the magnesium ratio in the pre-monsoon season. Gibbs diagram illustrates that spring water is mainly governed by rock and precipitation dominance in some springs. The PCA indicates that anthropogenic activities (mixing of human waste and agricultural run-off in the spring water) are the main causes of contamination. Piper trilinear diagram demonstrates carbonate dissolution and silicate weathering as major processes for controlling the spring water chemistry. The study reveals that 62.5% of spring water was contaminated with microbes. For benthic macroinvertebrates, 18 springs were sampled, where nine orders and 17 families were recorded in the pre-monsoon and six orders and ten families in the post-monsoon season. The main influencing variables for macroinvertebrate assemblages are elevation, discharge, NO3-, and NH3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In present study, Water Quality Index (WQI) has been assessed of the Rawal Lake which is a major source of drinking water for people in the Federal Capital, Islamabad, and its adjacent city Rawalpindi in Pakistan. For this, the principal component analysis (PCA) and WQI were applied as an integrated approach to quantitatively explore difference based on spatial variation in 11 water quality parameters of the five major feeding tributaries of the Rawal Lake, Pakistan. The results of temperature in water, total dissolved solids, pH, electrical conductivity, chlorides and sulfates were well within the allowable World Health Organisation's (WHO) limits. However, the heavy metals like cadmium and lead were above permissible limits by the WHO in tributaries of Bari Imam and Rumli. Moreover, this has been proven by the Pearson correlation which suggested strong positive correlation (0.910*) between lead and cadmium. The results of present study were subjected to statistical analysis, i.e., PCA which gave three major factors contributing 96.5% of the total variance. For factor 1, pH, TDS, alkalinity, chlorides, sulfates and zinc have highest factor loading values (>0.60) and presented that these parameters were among the most significant parameters of first factor. As per the WQI results, the water was categorised in two major classes indicating that water of Bari Imam and Rumli is highly contaminated with heavy metals and totally unsuitable for drinking purposes. Based on the results of the present study, it is suggested to make heavy metals consideration as an integrated component in future planning for maintaining water quality of the Rawal Lake and its tributaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater is essential for sustainable development and drinking water supply in the Saharan regions. This work aims to assess the quality of water for domestic use and the hydrogeochemical characteristics of the phreatic aquifer of the Ouargla. Forty-two (42) wells capturing the phreatic aquifer are sampled and analyzed. The parameters analyzed are pH, EC, TDS, cations and anions. The water's potability was evaluated using the Water Quality Index (WQI) method, using the main physicochemical parameters that have potential adverse effects on human health. The results obtained show three classes: the poor class (14.29%), the very poor class (19.04%), and the non-potable class (66.67%). The analysis of the Piper and the Gibbs diagrams, the Pearson correlation matrix and the diagrams of relationship between the major elements, as well as the indices of saturation of the main minerals, shows that the groundwater samples were arranged into two groups; Ca-Mg-SO4 -Cl (38.5%) and Na-Cl (61.5%), the geochemical processes occurring in the aquifer mainly include the dissolution of halite, gypsum, the cation exchange between water and clay minerals and anthropogenic inputs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study assessed the quality of groundwater in south of Basrah governorate from three regions (Zubair, Safwan and um-Qaser), as well as its expediency for drinking purposes and irrigation. Fifty groundwater specimens from various locations were, whereas their physical and chemical parameters were assessed. The WQI was used to measure overall water quality, and the results were displayed using GIS. The calculation of the Water Quality Index (WQI) took twelve physiochemical parameters into account, including pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, K+, SO4 -2, Cl-, HCO3 - and NO3 -. The groundwater in Basrah was found to be of generally low quality, with significant levels of salinity, hardness, and TDS. The groundwater in the research region was not fit for human consumption, according to (WHO, 2011) standards for drinking water. Applying WQI revealed that, with the exception of two wells, the ground water in the research area was classed as very poor-unsuitable type. The GIS analysis assisted in identifying the places with the best water quality and those with the most serious issues. The groundwater of research region was used for irrigation purposes. The indices considered included SAR, SSP AND MH%. The groundwater from the study area is generally in good condition and may be utilized for irrigation, as shown by the estimated water indices when compared to the accepted standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydrogeochemical properties and groundwater quality assessment are very important for the effective management of water resources in arid and semiarid regions. The present investigation is a spatiotemporal analysis of groundwater quality using both chemical analysis and water quality indices (WQIs) in the Mornag Basin in northeastern Tunisia. The results exhibit that the Mornag shallow aquifer is dominated by chloride–sodium–potassium water facies, which progress over time toward chloride–sulfate–calcium and magnesium water facies. This may highlight that the mineralization of groundwater, which increases in the direction of groundwater flow, is primarily controlled by a natural process resulting from the dissolution of evaporative minerals and cation exchange with clay minerals relatively abundant in the study area. The anthropogenic activities represented by the return flow of irrigation water, the recharge by wastewater, and climate change also have a key role in groundwater contamination. The temporal evolution in %Na and SAR over the last three years in the Mornag aquifer shows an increasing trend that makes them unsuitable for irrigation. These findings highlight the need for assessing water quality in mapping local water resource vulnerability to pollution and developing sustainable water resources management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. Water consumption is increasing over the years as a result of the increase in the number of people, and at the same time, the causes of pollution of surface water sources increase. Water pollution is one of the most important causes of diseases and the transmission of infection to the organisms that use it. Also, the quality of agricultural crops is linked to the quality of the water used for irrigation. As a result, there was a need to monitor and evaluate the main water sources to maintain the quality of their water suitable for use by humans and other organisms. As is well known, it is difficult to evaluate the water quality of large samples with concentrations of many parameters using traditional methods, which depend on comparing experimentally determined parameter values with current standards. As a result, over the past century and the present, many methods of assessing water quality have emerged. This research aims to introduce the most important indices of water quality used at present to assess the quality of surface water for drinking and irrigation purposes, as well as the history of these methods and their development over time and their most important advantages, in addition to a group of the most important research that used these methods during the past few years.

In order to use alum in large numbers for the treatment of low turbidity water, a novel method has been used to treat low turbidity water using bentonite with a reduced amount of alum. Given that bentonite has a negative charge, it is added to the raw water to give the blocks weight. The weight is then added by joining the blocks together to create massive blocks that settle more quickly. In addition to providing a large surface for organic compound adsorption, it increases the suspension's weight and particle density. There are between 10 and 50 mg/l of bentonite clay utilized. In the Karbala water treatment plant, the effectiveness of the water quality index (WQI) at turbidity 20NTU using alum alone was subpar (71.16 percent). Under the same circumstances, the pilot plant's WQI efficiency was equally low (72 percent ). The turbidity of the water was increased to 120 NTU when bentonite was used in the pilot plant, increasing the efficiency of WQI to 97.2%. When bentonite was added to the water, the turbidity was increased to 200 NTU and the WQI efficiency was increased to 98.9%. The usage of bentonite produced a high level of WQI efficiency and a cheap substance free from infections or negative effects.

Groundwater, an invaluable resource crucial for irrigation and drinking purposes, significantly impacts human health and societal advancement. This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in the Mnasra region of the Gharb Plain, employing a comprehensive analysis of thirty samples collected from various locations, based on thirty-three physicochemical parameters. Utilizing tools like the Pollution Index of Groundwater (PIG), Nitrate Pollution Index (NPI), Water Quality Index (WQI), Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), as well as Multivariate Statistical Approaches (MSA), and the Geographic Information System (GIS), this research identifies the sources of groundwater pollution. The results revealed Ca2+ dominance among cations and Cl− as the primary anion. The Piper and Gibbs diagrams illustrated the prevalent Ca2+-Cl− water type and the significance of water–rock interactions, respectively. The PIG values indicated that 86.66% of samples exhibited “Insignificant pollution”. NPI showed notable nitrate pollution (1.48 to 7.06), with 83.33% of samples rated “Good” for drinking based on the WQI. The IWQI revealed that 80% of samples were classified as “Excellent” and 16.66% as “Good”. Spatial analysis identified the eastern and southern sections as highly contaminated due to agricultural activities. These findings provide valuable insights for decision-makers to manage groundwater resources and promote sustainable water management in the Gharb region.

Groundwater has been used for many purposes like domestic, agriculture, and industrialization in many regions of the world. Assessing groundwater quality and identifying pollutant risks are essential for managing groundwater resources. Ngoua watershed is located in sedimentary coastal zone of Douala. Groundwater is the major source of water for domestic purposes. Thus, the objective of this work is to assess groundwater chemistry and identify hydrochemical processes affecting groundwater quality of Ngoua catchment and its implication for domestic use. 30 groundwater samples were collected (23 wells, 4 springs and 3 boreholes) and physical-chemical parameters were analysed (T°, pH, TDS, EC), cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+; Mg2+ NH4+) and anions (Cl−, HCO3−, SO42− NO3−, PO43−, and F−) and calculation of groundwater quality index (WQI). The pH indicates that the groundwater in the study area is acidic to neutral. The temperature is similar to the ambient temperature of the study area (27 °C). The EC and TDS of the study area are average and the water are moderately mineralized. The order of mean abundance of the cation concentrations is as follows Ca2+˃Na+˃ Mg2+˃K+˃NH4+and the order of increasing classification of the anions is as follows NO3−˃Cl−˃SO42- ˃HCO3−˃PO43−˃F−The distribution of chemical facies of groundwater in the study area is as follows: 63.33 % Ca-HCO3, 23.33 % Ca-Mg-Cl and finally 13.33 % Na-Cl. The factors controlling groundwater chemistry are rock-water interaction, cation exchange, dissolution and anthropogenic activities may affect groundwater chemistry. Water Quality Index on this study varies between 2.12 and 187.21 with average of 29.67 and the majority of groundwater in the study area is acceptable in quality and can be used for domestic purposes such as drinking and irrigation. Nitrate and sulfate are the main contaminants of groundwater in the area. However, the high concentrations of NO3− in groundwater suggests than human activities (industrial and domestic activities) is intense and responsible factors for groundwater pollution in study area. Results of this study indicate importance of preventive measures to control groundwater contamination in Ngoua watershed.

ABSTRACT For the efficient management of water and soil conservation, quality and quantity aspects must be integrated. However, there is still a lack of studies with this synergy including governance processes. The present research evaluated for ten years (2010-2019) quality and quantity aspects of a water supply source and the Payment for Environmental Services (PES) implementation to investigate public policy efficiency and its effect on water resources. We used statistical analyses for comparing means, graphical analyses (trends, time series, duration curve, standard deviation), and correlation and multivariate analysis to evaluate parameters’ behavior after the PES implementation. Results showed that there was a significant reduction in turbidity, COD, and total suspended solids. Furthermore, water flow rate, total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and dissolved oxygen remained stable after the implementation of conservation practices, as confirmed by the multivariate analysis. Water quality index (WQI) between “Good” and “Great” and chemical and hydrobiological parameters below the maximum allowed values reflected on the water quality maintenance. Participative decision-making based on dialogue between stakeholders and trust in PES were key elements for success.

The present study aims to assess the effect of the Tharthar Canal as an outlet canal that feeds back from the Tharthar Lake on the quality of the Tigris water. Utilizing a Canadian Water Quality Index (CCME-WQI) for the protection of aquatic life Water samples were obtained every month from January to December of 2020. Six different sites were selected: four along the Tigris River and two on the Tharthar Canal. Seven ecological parameters were used to assess water quality depending on importance and availability: water temperature, Water Temperature, Turbidity, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, Nitrate (NO3-) and Phosphate ( . The study demonstrated that the water quality of the Tharthr canal ranked as a fair class, whereas that of the main river fluctuated from marginal class before the confluence area to fair class downstream of the confluence. Also, three variables, including water temperature, turbidity, and total dissolved solids, were not meeting water quality standards.

The Palm Grove ecosystems situated in the southeastern region of Morocco are highly vulnerable to compromise, encountering significant challenges due to insufficient precipitation and limited availability of groundwater. The objective of this study is to evaluate the groundwater quality of the Tinejdad-Touroug aquifer for domestic and irrigation purposes. Groundwater flows from southwest to northeast mostly in Quaternary conglomerate-lacustrine facies in the Rheris basin. The results show that the domination of the major ions is in the following order: Cl−>HCO3−>SO42−>Na+>Ca2+>Mg2+>NO3−>K+>NO2−>NH4+. Piper diagram showed the predominance of a single mixed chemical facies Cl-SO4-Ca-Mg, as well as the presence of exceptions of some samples that showed other facies variations. The water quality index (WQI) assessments of the campaigns that were examined demonstrate that the recorded percentages of poor quality water ranged from 40% to 90% while the percentages of good quality water varied from 7.7% to 54.5%. The remaining samples reveal different classes with varying percentages. Most of the sites in all campaigns had drinking water parameters that exceeded the values established by the World Health Organization (WHO) and Moroccan standards. Nevertheless, the parameters of Temperature, pH, TH, DO, Ca2+, SO42−, K+, NH4+, and bacteriological parameters were within the required limits. The results of the assessment based on electrical conductivity suggest a significant increase in salinity levels, with an average of 2744.75 µS/cm in 2000, 3248.58 µS/cm in 2007, and 2957.84 µS/cm in 2021. The findings of the study reveal a positive assessment regarding the quality of the water samples examined during the eight sampling campaigns, as indicated by the PI and KR indices. However, additional investigation of the SAR, Na%, and MH indices revealed that three water samples acquired from separate surveys are not appropriate for irrigation purposes, showing that groundwater must be controlled until it can be properly used. The outcomes accentuate the necessity of consistent monitoring and evaluation of water quality parameters to establish the safe and sustainable exploitation of water resources for domestic and agricultural purposes. Elevated salinity levels in Quaternary aquifers resulting from natural mechanisms such as increased rates of evaporation and geological factors may have contributed to the degradation of groundwater quality.

Background: Drinking water quality is crucial for human health and well-being. This study evaluated the impact of replacing old asbestos pipelines with modern Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) ones on drinking water quality in the North Sinai governorate of Egypt. Ninety-two water samples were collected from nine locations along the pipeline from Qantara water station to El-Arish city, and their microbiological and chemical characteristics were assessed. Methods: This investigation was carried out during June and July 2019 to evaluate the drinking water in two distribution nets; old asbestos distribution pipes and new Polyvinyl Chloride water tubes (PVC). Microbiological analyses such as most probable number (MPN), total bacterial count (TBC), chemical assessments (water pH, electrical conductivity; EC, dissolved organic carbon; DOC), and health risk index (HRI) for multi-element concentrations were conducted. Standard analyses were followed to assess the water quality index (WQI) and Metal index (MI) and study the improvement percentage in the element's concentrations. Results: The highest values of TBC were in the city center district (219 CFUs mL−1), followed by Abu Saqual (184 CFUs mL−1), Resa (174 CFUs mL−1), and recently constructed pipes (80 CFUs mL−1). The pH (7.52 - 7.50) and EC (320 to 958 dSm−1) were within permissible limits. No bacterial indicators of fecal pollution were found in all drinking water samples. Results showed that the modern pipeline network significantly improved the concentrations of 23 elements, with the most significant improvements observed in cadmium (66.2%) and potassium (40.7%). HRI results for multi-element concentrations showed an impact on human health in Abu Saqual. WQI showed a decrease of 30% in toxic element concentration in the current pipelines, and MI assessment showed safe concentrations. Conclusion: Drinking water's biological and chemical properties significantly improved, which matched global guideline standards. Our findings highlight the importance of regularly monitoring and updating drinking water infrastructure to ensure safe and high-quality drinking water.

All kinds of life, including people, animals, plants, and other species, depend on the rich natural resources of water. However, this valuable resource is becoming increasingly threatened by the increasing population as well as the growing demand for quality water for domestic and economic purposes. Hence the requirement for ongoing river water quality monitoring and assessment. In this research, the water quality (WQ) of the Al-Abbasiyah River was assessed for drinking uses in the dry and wet seasons using the weighted arithmetic water quality index (WAWQI) and GIS software. Eighteen physical, chemical, and biological parameters were measured in 2022 (dry season) and 2023 (wet season) by collecting samples from eight locations along the river. These parameters are: Temperature, EC, pH, TDS, TSS, Turbidity, DO, BOD5, alkalinity, NO3 -, HCO3 -, Cl-, Mg+2, Ca+2, Na+, K+, TH, and SO4 -2. The average of the measured water parameters showed that some of these parameters exceeded the standards limit of the WHO in all locations such as (Alk, TH, Ca+2, Mg+2, SO4 -2) and at some locations such as (TDS, Turbidity, and HCO3 -). During the dry season, the WA-WQI values varied between 70.33 in (L4) within the category of "poor" and 119.87 in (L7) within the category of "unsuitable", while in the wet season varied between 49.71 in (L5) within the category of "good", and 79.35 in (L2) within the category of "poor". Thus, the water of the Al-Abbasiyah River was unfit for drinking directly and must undergo treatment before use in both seasons. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of World Water Policy is the property of Wiley-Blackwell and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present research was designed to determine the nutritive value of the liver and intestine of fish, Sperata seenghala, the impact of effluence load on limnological parameters of water and proximate composition of fish organs, especially on fatty acids, liver enzymatic activities, seasonal variations in the nutritional profile of fish, and to check and compare the pollution status of Ramsar sites in Punjab by calculating the water quality index, heavy metal pollution index, and metal index from June 2018 to August 2020. WQI of Harike wetland was found to be 53.95, which depicts that water quality in this region is "poor". At Nangal wetland, water quality index was reported to be "excellent" quality water and fit for the whole ecological unit. Overall heavy metal pollution index for Harike wetland was reported 174.569, whereas for Nangal wetland it was 5.994, depicting massive contaminant loads in a polluted region. MI value was also recorded as being higher (6.9336) in polluted habitat than in control habitat (0.8175). In fish liver, significant (p < 0.05) higher mean total lipids (6.73%), total proteins (3.98%), moisture (77.69%), ash (3.56%), and carbohydrates (3.79%) were observed in the samples from Nangal wetland than Harike wetland. A similar trend was reported in all biochemical contents of the fish intestine. Enzyme activities such as aspartate-aminotransferase and alanine-aminotransferase were significantly elevated (p < 0.05) in the specimens collected from the polluted region. The mean total n-3 (except in spring), n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids (except in winter), and average monounsaturated and saturated fatty acids diminished significantly (p < 0.05) in the liver of fish from contaminated habitat than control site. In the intestine of fish collected from the polluted region, significant reductions in the mean total n-3 (except in autumn as well as summer), total n-6 PUFAs (in autumn and winter), and total SFAs were reported than control site. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Groundwater is vital to local human life and agricultural irrigation, and the quality of the water is critical to human health. As a result, it is critical to investigate the hydrochemical evolution and water quality of groundwater in the Sanjiang Plain. There were 259 samples obtained. Furthermore, hydrogeochemical simulation was performed to highlight groundwater's hydrochemical features, evolution process, and water quality. The analytical results show that the groundwater in the study area is somewhat alkaline with a mean TDS of 285.94 mgL−1 and the primary contributing ions being Ca2+ and HCO3−. The closer the concentration of TDS and NO3− is to the city, the higher the concentration, indicating that the chemical composition of the water body has been affected by certain human activities. The Piper diagram, Gibbs diagram, and correlation analysis results demonstrate that the chemical type of groundwater is mostly HCO3-Ca and the hydrochemistry is primarily regulated by weathering and carbonate and silicate dissolution. According to the entropy-weighted water quality index, the groundwater quality in this location is pretty acceptable. This study could help strengthen groundwater quality monitoring based on local conditions, identify the source of nitrate, provide data support for the safe use of local water resources, and serve as a reference for global water chemical evolution and water quality evaluation in cold regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The 40 georeferenced groundwater samples were randomly collected from taluka Dokri, district Larkana, Sindh, Pakistan to access the water quality of groundwater owing to the increasing water scarcity. The sampling including historical site Mohenjo-daro meaning 'Mound of the Dead Men and mapped spatially using ArcGIS 10.5 software. It was built about 2500 BCE and was largest settlements of ancient Indus Valley Civilisation and an earliest major city of the world. The samples were examined for physical and chemical parameters using standard methods and analysed for 26 physicochemical parameters including cations, anions, trace and toxic elements for drinking and irrigation purposes. The 27.5% samples were not suitable for drinking purposes on the basis of TDS. Principal component analysis, cluster analysis, and correlation analysis were examined to interpret the data. Hydrochemical faces, scatter analysis and Chadha diagram were analysed to know the groundwater chemistry and to interprete the data. The Chadha diagram showed that (70%) samples fall within, Cl−+SO42–Ca2++Mg2+, SO42–Ca2++Mg2+and showed dissolution of gypsum containing minerals, Gibbs diagram showed 62.5 to 65.0% samples were in Rock dominance. The GIS mapping results of water quality parameters revealed that in most of the groundwater of taluka Dokri was good for drinking except Mohenjo- daro site. The water quality index (WQI) was calculated and 65.0% samples were in 'Good and Excellent' category for drinking purposes and 92.5% samples were found in 'Good to Excellent' category for irrigation. The samples were calculated for SAR, RSC, PI, KI, Na% to check the water quality for irrigation and 75–100% were observed suitable for irritation. The work may provide guideline for examining the water quality for drinking and irrigation in their respective areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality (WQ) pollution is a matter of concern to everyone, and it is necessary to take remedial measures to protect human life. This paper presents the assessment of surface WQ through the Water Quality Index (WQI) followed by the Vietnam Standard QCVN 08-MT:2015/ BTNMT combined with satellite data for the Dau Tieng reservoir. The implementation method is based on the correlation of each WQ indicator with the spectral features of satellite images to build a regression function, simulating the spatial distribution of the entire reservoir. The Sentinel2A satellite images were used with reflective bands in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectrum region. The regression functions showed that the correlation of the WQ indicators was related to single bands, and the band ratios include blue and NIR, red/blue, green/blue, and NIR/blue bands. Simulation results of the WQI spatial distribution expressed that the WQ of the Dau Tieng reservoir was in a polluted state at the level of WQI fluctuation in the range of 0–50 for the most part. Dau Tieng irrigation system plays a vital role in the water distribution system for Tay Ninh province and the southern key economic region. Therefore, appropriate treatment measures should be taken if it needs to be used for domestic water supply purposes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As water scarcity puts over 80% of the world's population at risk, water quality has become a major environmental topic. In particular, climate change has jeopardised the quality of water within the Vietnamese Mekong Delta (VMD), a key agronomic and aquaculture hub. A modest canal system and small to medium-sized reservoirs in the semi-mountain region of An Giang province contribute to a less abundant water supply and a tendency for water quality reservoirs to deteriorate. The water quality index method and descriptive technique were used in this study. The results show that in the period 2017–2020, some water quality indicators exceeded the permissible limits of the Vietnamese standards for domestic surface water in column B1 (NO3-, Total Coliform, BOD5, COD, N-NH4+) but are consistent, but are allowed for use in irrigation purposes. Findings show that for many years, WQI values in Tinh Bien and Tri Ton districts have diminished because of wastewater pollution. WQI values near the shores of O Tuk Sa Reservoir (Tinh Bien), L o ^ ˜ i đ á n h m á y (Tri Ton), and O Ta Soc Reservoir (Tri Ton) diminished over time. According to the WQI index, the water quality at the reservoir monitoring stations has fluctuated throughout the years, so it is advised that people implement water purification techniques for long-term well-being. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater salinity is a serious problem for water quality in the irrigated parts of arid and semi-arid regions, especially in the aquifers of Berrechid, Morocco. This study used a variety of techniques, including the Water Quality Index (WQI) and World Health Organization (WHO) recommended limits, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), and Geographic Information System (GIS) to evaluate the quality of the groundwater for irrigation and domestic use in the Berrechid region in central Morocco. The goal of this study was to evaluate the quality of groundwater for irrigation and human consumption. The collection and analysis of twenty-two samples for ions was carried out, including, EC, Cl-, NO3-, NH4+, NO2-, Ca2+, Mg2+, pH, SO42-, Na+, K+, CO3-, HCO3-, and Mn2+. The Water Quality Index (WQI) was used to classify the water quality vis: excellent, good, average, poor and very poor. The research area's water quality index (WQI) ranges from 43.89 to 439.34, with around 40.90% of samples having excellent water quality, 45.45% having poor water quality, 4.54% showing extremely bad water quality, and 9.09% having unsuitable quality for human consumption. The principal component analysis reveals that the average concentration of cations in groundwater was Na+> Mg2+> Ca2+> K+> Mn2+> NH4+, whereas the concentration of anions was Cl-> HCO3-> SO42-> NO3-> NO2-> CO32-. The correlation matrix was created and analyzed to determine its significance in groundwater quality assessment. The primary sources of pollution are household waste, exposed septic tanks, landfill leachate, and excessive fertilizer usage in agriculture and industrial operations. The current analysis demonstrates that the deteriorating groundwater quality in the region needs pre-consumption treatment and contamination risk prevention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study was carried out by using multivariate statistical methods, geochemical modeling (GIS maps), WQI and conventional designs to categorize the hydrochemical feature of the region. The drainage water is being dumped into the Rice Canal which is making canal water polluted, and people are consuming the Rice Canal water for drinking purposes; therefore, it is a concern for human health. A total of 18 water samples were composed: 9 from the Rice Canal and 9 from the Larkana drainage water. The sampling was repeated 3 times in a year and investigated for physicochemical and heavy metals. The GIS maps of cations and anions indicated that sewage drained in the Rice Canal showed a high risk to human health and made the Rice Canal water unfit for drinking. The higher level of chemical oxygen demand (COD), particularly during the post-monsoon season was of concern because of low freshwater discharge. The water quality index (WQI) of the Rice Canal water indicated that all samples were found in excellent to good for drinking, and 100% were present in excellent to good for cultivation. The WQI of drainage water indicated that 100% were good for irrigation. The contamination index (Cd) of drainage water of the majority of the samples exhibited a high threat to humans. The HQ value of drainage water of one sample showed a higher level of cadmium. Arsenic in 2 samples crossed the allowable limit and exposed high risk for the human body. The CDI value of drainage water showed risk in some samples, but the Rice Canal water did not show risk for human health, because of dilution by fresh water. The Gibbs diagram showed that the Rice Canal water was found in the rock-dominance category, and drainage water samples were in evaporation dominance. The Piper diagram showed that the majority of samples were present in the mixed-type water category. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The availability of potable drinking water is a tough challenge particularly in arid and semiarid regions as it is closely linked to human health. Fluoride and nitrate are widely reported concern in different districts of Rajasthan. Therefore, this study was engaged in the Churu District of Rajasthan to appraise the water quality especially in reference to fluoride and nitrate and health risk associated with its consumption. The overall potability of water was evaluated using water quality index and PCA indicated major sources responsible for water contamination. A total of 515 groundwater samples were collected from different locations of Churu District and16 water quality parameters were analyzed as per the standard protocol of APHA. The results showed that the values for all analyzed water quality parameters were greater than the prescribed limit of WHO and BIS. F− levels in 191 samples and nitrate levels in 147 samples were found to be over than BIS-acceptable limit. The results of the fluoride and nitrate risk assessment revealed that the Hazard Index value was greater than one of 393 groundwater samples for males, 403 groundwater samples for females, and 397 groundwater samples for children, indicating that drinking groundwater poses a significant health risk in the study area. Only 46.02 percent of groundwater samples may be utilized for drinking, according to the water quality index (WQI), while the remaining are unfit for drinking purpose without treatment. The huge number of variables impacting the overall quality and chemistry of groundwater were reduced using principal component analysis (PCA), which identified four key components that account for 69.11 percent of variance in the dataset. The PCA indicated that both geogenic and anthropogenic factors significantly influenced the water quality of the study region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Streams are pristine natural life-thriving water sources for people living in the mountainous proximity of NE India, where water scarcity is a common occurrence in most villages and towns. In the last few decades, factors like coal mining had drastically reduced the usability of stream water in the region; as such, an attempt has been made to assess the spatiotemporal variation of stream water chemistry affected by acid mine drainage (AMD) at Jaintia Hills, Meghalaya. The water variables were subjected to a multivariate statistical technique of principal component analysis (PCA) to understand their condition at each sampling point while comprehensive pollution index (CPI) and water quality index (WQI) was incorporated to assess the quality status. Maximum WQI was recorded in S4 (541.14) during summer, while minimum value was estimated in winter at S1 (14.65). Throughout the seasons, the WQI revealed "Good" quality in S1 (unimpacted stream), while the impacted streams (S2, S3, and S4) exhibited a "Very poor" to "Water unsuitable for drinking" status. Similarly, in S1, the CPI showed a ranged value of 0.20 to 0.37, presenting a water quality status of "Clean to Sub-Clean," whereas, CPI of the impacted streams indicated "Severely polluted" status. In addition, PCA bi-plot presented higher affinity of free CO2, Pb, SO42−, EC, Fe, and Zn in AMD-impacted streams than in unimpacted streams. The result demonstrates the environmental issues induced by coal mine waste and in particular, stream water being severely affected by AMD in mining areas of Jaintia Hills. Thus, measures to stabilized the mine repercussions and cumulative effects on the water bodies need to be formulated by the government, as stream water will remain the primary water source for the tribal communities in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The water quality of urban rivers in China has undergone significant improvement since the 13th Five-Year Plan period (2016–2020). Among these, urban rivers in Shenzhen are the most representative. Assessing historical trends and analyzing the driving forces of river water quality improvement is of great importance and provides valuable insights. This study selects two typical watersheds, Maozhou River and Longgang River, to explore how water quality trends link with water control projects in Shenzhen from 2003 to 2020. The historical trends were evaluated using a recently developed index called WQI-DET, which considers DO, COD, NH3-N, TP, and anionic surfactants. Results showed that both rivers were seriously polluted before 2010 and gradually improved during the 12th Five-Year Plan period. After 2010, the water quality improved rapidly thanks to the environmental remediation of the mainstream, especially the interception project of Longgang River around 2010, and the Maozhou River interception project in 2015. The rainwater and sewage diversion renovation project mainly contributed to meeting the standards for Class IV water bodies during the 13th Five-Year Plan period. This study reveals the semi-quantitative link between comprehensive water quality improvement and pollution control engineering measures. It is a helpful review for Shenzhen and provides a useful reference for other cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation purpose were analyzed. A total of 65 groundwater samples were collected and analyzed for relevant water quality parameters from Sirdala block of Nawada district Bihar (India). To estimate the WQI for the drinking purpose, various parameters such as pH, TDS, TH, AS and major ions (Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, Cl−, F−, HCO3−, NO3−, SO42−) were considered. The WQI for irrigation, various irrigation indices namely soluble sodium percent (Na%), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium bicarbonate (RSCB), permeability index (PI), magnesium hazards ratio (MHR), Kelly's ratio (KR), potential salinity (PS), Cl−: HCO3−, Mg(2+): Ca(2+) and Na+: Ca(2+) were employed and discussed in addition with Wilcox and USSL diagram. Plots, namely Gibbs ratio and Piper diagram, were used to understand chemical characteristics of groundwater. The WQI for drinking purpose was observed between 57.67 and 929.90 in which most samples (70.76%) were unsuitable for drinking. However, the WQI for irrigation purpose varied from 87.88 to 434.67 in which 50% of samples were suitable. Gibb's plots determined in this study reveal that evaporation-precipitation was the dominant factor that influences hydrochemistry. Piper plots suggest that Na-HCO3− water type was major hydrochemical facies in groundwater. HIGHLIGHTS The Piper diagram is applied to explore the dominancy of hydrochemical facies.; Water quality parameters except for EC, TDS, , and are within the acceptable limits for drinking water quality.; WQID shows a predominance of poor water quality in the area.; Indices PI, MHR, KR, Na%, and PS are within the acceptable limit for irrigation purposes.; WQII shows a predominance of no restriction to slight restriction classes.;

The Niger River, threatened by human activities, is the main drinking water source for the population of Bamako city. This study assesses the trend of Niger River pollution in Bamako using the Water Quality Index (WQI). Fourteen parameters, namely Turbidity, Potential of Hydrogen (pH), Electrical Conductivity, Dissolved Oxygen, Total Dissolved Solids, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD5), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Nitrate, Nitrite, Ammonium, Phosphate, Sulphate, Chloride and Copper, were employed to characterise the Niger River water quality during the period from 2016 to 2020. Parameters were measured at 15 sampling locations. High values of Turbidity, pH and high concentrations of BOD5, COD, Nitrite, Ammonium and Phosphates were recorded. The results showed that the Niger River water quality was good for 4 months and poor for 5 months during the dry season in a low flow period. Moreover, the water quality was poor during the 3 months of the wet season in the high flow period. The calculated WQI average values ranged from 75 to 100, indicating very poor water quality from upstream to downstream of Bamako city. Therefore, the Niger River water is polluted and cannot be used for drinking or industrial uses without any treatment. HIGHLIGHTS Human activities affected the Niger River in Bamako.; Quantitative and qualitative assessments reveal the river pollution status.; The water quality trend deteriorated further upstream to downstream of Bamako.; WQI indicated that the Niger River water is poor and needs appropriate treatment before any use.; Principal component analysis (PCA) showed ion distribution, indicating water mineralisation and the weak capacity of the Niger River for self-purification.;

The wetland is one of the main water resources, which mainly gets contaminated from sewage or wastewater disposal, encroachment, commercial and industrial activity. In view of this current study compares the water of wetlands in urban and rural areas of the Khultabad tehsil in the Aurangabad district of Maharashtra, India. A total of 28 water samples were collected, out of that 20 from Pangara Talav (PT) and 8 from Girija Talav (GT) in Pre-monsoon 2022. The samples were tested for major physicochemical parameters. The water quality assessment shows that increased values of COD/BOD in the PT than in the GT, which may be attributable to existing human encroachment taking place on the lake's shores. The water quality index (WQI) also shows that PT water is slightly more polluted as compared with GT. The study suggests that immediate effort is required to improve water quality and support any future initiatives for restoring wetlands.

Groundwater pollution is considered a major concern in today’s world. Most industries in Pakistan produce untreated wastewater, extracting from and contaminating a nearby water source and the soil. This study was conducted in the Nithar Ke area of Chiniot District to assess the impact of the flow of wastewater over the area on groundwater quality. It aimed to: (1) investigate the conditions of industrial wastewater; (2) study the spatial variability of different parameters in groundwater using a GIS map; and (3) check the appropriateness of groundwater for drinking purposes using the water quality index (WQI). Physical and chemical characteristics, including pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, TSS, CO3, HCO3, chlorides, alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg, arsenic, copper, chromium, nickel, iron, manganese, and sulfate, were tested using groundwater samples, and variance in groundwater was analyzed using a GIS (geographic information system). The water quality index (WQI) was developed for the Nithar Ke area to determine the appropriateness of the groundwater for drinking purposes. WQI values were determined within the range of 41 to 89.5, which showed a poor to good water quality. It was discovered that parameters such as BOD, COD, iron, and TDS had average concentrations of 192 mg/L, 264 mg/L, 2.62 mg/L, and 6039 mg/L, respectively, in the polluted water, which exceeded the permissible limit. Iron and manganese were the most common contaminants found in that area. The biplot and correlation circle showed that iron and turbidity had a positive relationship. Further study on soil stratification and soil characteristics is recommended in this area for a detailed analysis of the causes of metal contamination.

As a result of poor human activities, storm water is now contaminated, notably in the Middle East. The filtering process is a physical separation with no chemical reactions occurring throughout the operation. The goal of this research is to use three distinct types of filters to improve the quality of storm water: sand, sand with granular activated carbon (GAC), and sand with cotton. Before and after treatment, the pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, TDS, and temperature of storm water are all monitored. In addition, the water quality index (WQI) was computed. The parameters of treated storm water varied depending on the filter media used, such as sand (turbidity = 83NTU, TDS= 585mg/L, conductivity = 1190 S/cm, pH = 7.1 and temperature =17.8 c), sand with GAC (turbidity = 12NTU, TDS = 540mg/L, conductivity = 910 S/cm, pH = 7 and temperature =18 c) and sand with cotton (turbidity = 6.4NTU, TDS = 490mg/L, conductivity = 1090 µS /cm, pH = 7.2 and temperature =17.6 ˚c). Sand has a treatment efficiency of 63.6 percent, sand with GAC has an efficiency of 84.9 percent, and sand with cotton has an efficiency of 84.2 percent at a flow rate of 0.66 L/min, when WQI is clean. With GAC, it is clear that the dual media filter is the finest special sand.

The objective of this research was to arrive at a better assessment of the quality of surface water in the Constantine region. The focus was on the comparison of three classical indices WQINSF (National Sanitation Foundation Water Quality Index), WQICCME (Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment Water Quality Index) and WQIAP (weighted arithmetical Water Quality Index), the development of a new index and the prediction by ANN (artificial neural network) of WQI indices. The principal components analysis (PCA) allows the selection of 10 parameters to be used in the calculation of the classical WQI, and eight principal components to be used as input for the new proposed index (regularized WQI). However the ANN is applied for the search for prediction models of classical WQI and developed WQI. The results show that the WQIAP index assesses water quality better, and that the regularized WQI further promotes the assessment of water quality. WQIR shows that, after the pollution peak, the water quality does not return to its initial state. The modeling approach by ANN offers an effective alternative to predict the WQI, it subsequently appears that the ANN predicts the new index WQIRregularized (R2 = 0.999) better than the classic model WQIAP (R2 = 0.99). HIGHLIGHTS The first principal components with an eigenvalue greater than 1 are used as input in the calculation of the newly developed index (WQI regularized).; The regularized WQI index improves the assessment of the water quality of the Constantine catchment area compared to the classical indices WQIWeighted Arithmetic, WQINSF and WQICCME.; ANN prediction of classical and regularized WQI is evaluated using six fitness criteria: R, RMSE, MEA, NE, IOS and R%; The classical ANN model is mainly influenced by temperature, OS, NO3 and BOD5.; The regularized ANN model is influenced by Component 2 and Component 6, the component 2 is closely related to the parameters NO3, Tu, pH and temperature, while the component 6 is positively correlated with NO2 and Os.;

Highlights Water quality has improved during lockdown due to COVID-19. Assessment of water drinking and irrigation by two models (WQI, and IWQI) in a semi-arid environment. The main source of groundwater recharge in coastal aquifers is rainfall, based on a stable isotope (δ2H, δ18O).

The water quality index is an effective tool for determining water quality. All water treatment plants in the Basrah governorate source their water from the Shatt al-Arab River. A water quality index (WQI) for both raw and treated water for the al-Jubalia water treatment plant is obtained in order to assess its acceptability as a source of residential water supply and the performance of water treatment facilities. From January to December 2019, the physico-chemical parameters were observed for the calculation of WQI for the annual and four seasons: winter, spring, summer, and autumn. The pH, turbidity, electric conductivity, total alkalinity, total hardness, Ca, Mg, Cl, SO4, TDS, Na, and K are the parameters that were considered in this study. In winter, spring, and summer, the results show that raw and treated water were unsuitable for home, industrial, and irrigation needs. In autumn, only the treated water was classified as good water according to WQI categories. As a result, the quality of the Al-Jubalia WTP treated water supply is unfit for human consumption.

The water quality assessment of the surface water bodies (SWBs) is one of the major tasks of environmental authorities dealing with water management. The present study proposes a water quality assessment scheme for the investigation of the surface waters' physicochemical status changes and the identification of significant anthropogenic pressures. It is designed to extract valuable knowledge from the Water Frame Directive (WFD) mandatory monitoring datasets. The water quality assessment scheme is based on the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment water quality index (CCME-WQI), trend analysis of estimated WQI values, and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) using calculated excursions during the determination of WQI values. The combination of the abovementioned techniques preserves their benefits and additionally provides important information for water management by revealing the latent factors controlling water quality, taking into account the type of the SWB. The results enable the identification of the anthropogenic impact on SWBs and the type of the corresponding anthropogenic pressure, prioritization and monitoring restoration measures, and optimization of conducted monitoring programs to reflect significant anthropogenic pressures. The proposed simple and reliable assessment scheme is flexible to introducing additional water quality indicators (hydrological, biological, specific pollutants, etc.), which could lead to a more comprehensive surface water quality assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater has been the main resource used for drinking, domestic and agricultural activities in West central Senegal for the past few decades. Thus, this study investigates the quality of groundwater and assesses its suitability for drinking and irrigation purposes. To this end, 42 samples were collected and analyzed for various chemical parameters (major ions, fluoride, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS)). Chemical data were interpreted using water quality indexes, Wilcox and USSL salinity diagrams, bivariate plots, ionic ratios and by comparing with the WHO standards. Results indicated that the groundwater is neutral to slightly alkaline with pH values between 7.1 and 8.2. Piper diagram shows that mixte-Ca-Na-Mg-HCO3 is the dominant hydrochemical facies. TDS and water quality index (WQI) values indicated respectively that 69% and 64.3% of samples were suitable for drinking. Moreover, major ions concentrations were found below the desirable limits in most of groundwater samples. However, for fluoride, 69% of samples exceed the WHO guideline, limiting their use for drinking. The computed index of irrigation water quality and Wilcox diagram reveal that 87% and 78% of samples belong, respectively, to excellent to good category and excellent to good and good to permissible. Similarly, according to the US salinity classification, the majority of samples were acceptable for irrigation. Gibbs plots illustrate that water-rocks interaction with some extent evaporation is the main hydrochemical process controlling groundwater chemistry while bivariate plots and ionic ratios indicate that mineral dissolution and ion exchange play important role in groundwater chemistry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Because of anthropogenic activity and seawater intrusion, coastal aquifers worldwide frequently face a threat to their water supply due to salinization. This paper investigates the assessment of the groundwater quality in coastal aquifers of the Hauturivien aquifer in the Essaouira basin. In this study, 56 groundwater samples collected from the Hauturivian aquifer across four campaigns in 2017, 2018, 2019, and 2020 were subjected to multivariate analyses involving principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) using SPSS software. Among the three main water types, the mixed Ca-Mg-Cl classification was predominant in the investigated aquifer. In addition to the natural processes (such as the water–rock interaction, ion exchange, dissolution/precipitation dynamics, and evaporation) that govern groundwater quality, current land use practices have increased salinization in this poorly drained semi-arid area. Based on assessments using Water Quality Index (WQI) and Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI), the water quality is suitable for human consumption, but its use for irrigation is limited to crops that can tolerate high salt levels. The stable isotopes (δ2H and δ18O) of groundwater demonstrated that local precipitation is the primary recharge source. Nonetheless, the evaporation process, influenced by various geological conditions, affects groundwater recharge, regardless of the topographical differences in the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water is one of the most important natural resources for all living organisms, including humans. Water consumption is increasing over the years as a result of the increase in the number of people, and at the same time, the causes of pollution of surface water sources increase. Water pollution is one of the most important causes of diseases and the transmission of infection to the organisms that use it. Also, the quality of agricultural crops is linked to the quality of the water used for irrigation. As a result, there was a need to monitor and evaluate the main water sources to maintain the quality of their water suitable for use by humans and other organisms. As is well known, it is difficult to evaluate the water quality of large samples with concentrations of many parameters using traditional methods, which depend on comparing experimentally determined parameter values with current standards. As a result, over the past century and the present, many methods of assessing water quality have emerged. This research aims to introduce the most important indices of water quality used at present to assess the quality of surface water for drinking and irrigation purposes, as well as the history of these methods and their development over time and their most important advantages, in addition to a group of the most important research that used these methods during the past few years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater in Morocco is restricted because of the semiarid to arid climatic conditions; it is under threat from organic and inorganic pollution. Furthermore, it is considered the only source of potable water as well as having different usages, making its quantitative and qualitative protection an urgent priority. The present study focused mainly on the anthropogenic impact on the natural resources and groundwater quality around Zagora city. Fifteen samples were collected from wells during rainy and dry seasons in 2 years 2020–2021 and the analysis of the groundwater quality of studied stations. The suitability of the aquifer Fezouata was investigated using drinking and irrigation water quality indices. The results showed that sulfate and chloride are the dominant anions in the groundwater samples. While the mean abundance of major cations is Na + > Mg2+ > Ca2+ > K+, the sodium ion is dominant and K + is the least abundant. The physicochemical parameters show that conductivity, nitrate, and sulfate exceed the limit fixed by WHO. Hydrogeochemical plots indicate that 93% of samples belong to Na-Cl facies and only 7% are mixt Cl-Mg-Ca in 2021, the results are similar except for two samples which are 13% belong Cl-Mg-Ca. The Water Quality Index suggests that 28.55% are good quality water, 23.90–47.55% are poor and very poor quality water, respectively, and 40.24% are unsuitable in 2020. Furthermore, the WQI of the 2021 campaign showed that only 17.48% were considered good quality water and 38.94% (43.58%) were poor or very poor quality water, respectively. However, 33.21% are unsuitable. Based on irrigation indices, the majority of groundwater samples can be used for agricultural purposes, notably those of the upstream part of the study area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The seasonal quality of groundwater and its appropriateness for drinking and irrigation were assessed using a multiple indexing approach in this study. Physicochemical and ionic parameters were examined in groundwater samples near the industrial zone of Rupnagar, Punjab. To assess groundwater quality, water quality index (WQI) and pollution index were used. The Durov's, piper, wilcox and stiff diagrams were plotted to understand the hydro-chemistry. Similarly, the irrigation indices, i.e., salinity hazard, sodium adsorption ratio, soluble sodium percentage (Na%), magnesium adsorption ratio, residual sodium carbonate, permeability index and Kelley's ratio were applied to ascertain the water quality for agricultural purposes. As a result, total hardness, calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+) and fluoride (F−) were found above the standard permissible limits. WQI analysis showed 12% samples of pre-monsoon (PRE-M) and 28% samples of post-monsoon (POS-M) were of poor quality, which may pose health risks. Hydrochemistry revealed the predominance of Ca2+, Na+, Mg2+ and HCO3− ions in the groundwater attributed to natural and anthropogenic sources. Piper diagram revealed Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl−, Na+-Cl−, Ca2+-Na+- HCO3−, Ca2+- HCO3− and Ca2+-Cl, Ca2+-HCO3− water types exist in the study area. USSL diagram showed that the samples from both seasons come under the low salinity hazard. In addition, total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity showed a strong positive association, indicating the saline nature of groundwater. Furthermore, hierarchical clustering classified groundwater into three groups (I, II and III), revealing that groundwater quality varies due to natural and anthropogenic effects. Based on the findings, the groundwater was found marginally suitable for drinking and irrigation purposes. It is therefore recommended that the groundwater is examined on a regular basis in order to maintain its quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]