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Artificial hair sensors (AHS) have been recently developed in Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) using carbon nanotube (CNT). The deformation of CNT in air flow causes voltage and current changes in the circuit, which can be used to quantify the dynamic pressure and aerodynamic load along the wing surface. AFRL has done a lot of essential work in design, manufacturing, and measurement of AHSs. The work in this paper is to bridge the current AFRL’s work on AHSs and their feasible applications in flight dynamics and control (e.g., the gust alleviation) of highly flexible aircraft. A highly flexible vehicle is modeled using a strain-based geometrically nonlinear beam formulation, coupled with finite-state inflow aerodynamics. A feedback control algorithm for the rejection of gust perturbations will be developed. A simplified Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller will be implemented based on the state-space representation of the linearized system. All AHS measurements will be used as the control input, i.e., wing sectional aerodynamic loads will be defined as the control output for designing the feedback gain. Once the controller is designed, closed-loop aeroelastic simulations will be performed to evaluate the performance of different controllers with the force feedback and be compared to traditional controller designs with the state feedback. From the study, the feasibility of AHSs in flight control will be assessed. The whole study will facilitate in building a fly-by-feel simulation environment for autonomous vehicles.

Childhood trauma is associated with premature declines in health in midlife and old age. Pathways that have been implicated, but less studied include social-emotional regulation, biological programming, and habitual patterns of thought and action. In this study we focused on childhood trauma's influence via alterations in social-emotional regulation to everyday life events, a pathway that has been linked to subsequent health effects. Data from a 30-day daily diary of community residents who participated in a study of resilience in Midlife (n = 191, Mage = 54, SD = 7.50, 54% women) was used to examine whether self-reports of childhood trauma were associated with daily well-being, as well as reported and emotional reactivity to daily negative and positive events. Childhood trauma reports were associated with reporting lower overall levels of and greater variability in daily well-being. Childhood trauma was linked to greater reports of daily negative events, but not to positive events. Focusing on emotional reactivity to daily events, residents who reported higher levels of childhood trauma showed stronger decreases in well-being when experiencing negative events and also stronger increases in well-being with positive events. For those reporting childhood trauma, higher levels of mastery were associated with stronger decreases in well-being with negative events and stronger increases in well-being with positive events, suggesting that mastery increases sensitivity to daily negative and positive events. Our results suggest that childhood trauma may lead to poorer health in midlife through disturbances in the patterns of everyday life events and responses to those events. Further, our findings indicate that mastery may have a different meaning for those who experienced childhood trauma. We discuss social-emotional regulation as one pathway linking childhood trauma to health, and psychosocial resources to consider when building resilience-promoting interventions for mitigating the detrimental health effects of childhood trauma.

(Abridged) Polarization measurements of the Galactic plane at lambda6 cm probe the interstellar medium (ISM) to larger distances compared to measurements at longer wavelengths, hence enable us to investigate properties of the Galactic magnetic fields and electron density. We are conducting a new lambda6 cm continuum and polarization survey of the Galactic plane covering 10degr < l < 230degr and |b, 13 figures, 4 tables, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics, for full resolution version see ftp://ftp.mpifr-bonn.mpg.de/outgoing/xhsun/aa6001.pdf

PurposeThe purpose of this conceptual paper is to present a discussion of some of the core components of human resilience occurring in the face of natural or human‐made disasters. Resilience is often observed, but optimum responding is more than biological survival. Resilience implies the ability to bounce back and even to grow in the face of threats to survival. It is important to incorporate these key psychological principles into disaster planning.Design/methodology/approachResearch from the social sciences suggests three core principles of resilience, the “3 Cs:” control, coherence, and connectedness. Research evidence supporting the importance of the three Cs to resilient responding is presented, followed by some elementary prescriptions for how they might be implemented.FindingsAn approach to disaster planning and management can meld these principles into already‐existing intervention techniques, creating a more comprehensive and a more integrated response, potentially resulting in improved intervention effectiveness.Originality/valueProvides a psychological perspective on natural and human‐created disasters. Governmental and private sector responses to these tragedies have received a great deal of media attention, but there has been little systematic attention paid to the basic nature of human responding in such situations. Although it has been noted that humans are often resilient in such conditions, there has been virtually nothing written about what “resilience” is. This paper communicates the basic principles of resilience and how they would play out in future disaster planning and responding.

Intermolecular addition of phenols, carboxylic acids, and protected amines to inert olefins can be catalyzed by low concentrations (1-5%) of triflic acid. Functional groups, such as the methoxyl substitution on aromatics, could be tolerated if the concentration of triflic acid and the reaction temperature are controlled appropriately. This reaction provides one of the simplest olefin addition methods and is an alternative to metal-catalyzed reactions.

Fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) is a chronic musculoskeletal pain condition poorly understood in terms of etiology and treatment by both physicians and patients. This condition of "uncertainty of illness" was examined as a variable involved in the adjustment of FMS patients, relating it to their depression, anxiety, affect, and coping styles. Fifty-one community-residing FMS patients provided self-report information on subsets of adjustment variables. Both cross-sectional and more dynamic longitudinal analyses showed that illness uncertainty was significantly associated with anxiety, negative affect, and avoidant and passive coping. Its positive relationship with depression was eliminated when a control variable, pain helplessness, was included as a covariate. Longitudinally, illness uncertainty interacted with interpersonally stressful daily events in predicting reports of reduced positive affect, suggesting that illness uncertainty acts as a risk factor for affective disturbances during stressful times. Implications of these results for therapeutic interventions are discussed.

Polarized diffuse emission observations at 1.4-GHz in a high Galactic latitude area of the northern Celestial hemisphere are presented. The 3.2 X 3.2 deg^2 field, centred at RA = 10h 58m, Dec = +42deg 18' (B1950), has Galactic coordinates l~172deg, b~+63deg and is located in the region selected as northern target of the BaR-SPOrt experiment. Observations have been performed with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope. We find that the angular power spectra of the E- and B-modes have slopes of beta_E = -1.79 +/- 0.13 and beta_B = -1.74 +/- 0.12, respectively. Because of the very high Galactic latitude and the smooth emission, a weak Faraday rotation action is expected, which allows both a fair extrapolation to Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization (CMBP) frequencies and an estimate of the contamination by Galactic synchrotron emission. We extrapolate the E-mode spectrum up to 32-GHz and confirm the possibility to safely detect the CMBP E-mode signal in the Ka band found in another low emission region (Carretti et al. 2005b). Extrapolated up to 90-GHz, the Galactic synchrotron B-mode looks to compete with the cosmic signal only for models with a tensor-to-scalar perturbation power ratio T/S < 0.001, which is even lower than the T/S value of 0.01 found to be accessible in the only other high Galactic latitude area investigated to date. This suggests that values as low as T/S = 0.01 might be accessed at high Galactic latitudes. Such low emission values can allow a significant red-shift of the best frequency to detect the CMBP B-mode, also reducing the contamination by Galactic dust, and opening interesting perspectives to investigate Inflation models., 8 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in MNRAS

A new polarization survey of the northern sky at 1.41 GHz is presented. The observations were carried out using the 25.6m telescope at the Dominion Radio Astrophysical Observatory in Canada, with an angular resolution of 36 arcmin. The data are corrected for ground radiation to obtain Stokes U and Q maps on a well-established intensity scale tied to absolute determinations of zero levels, containing emission structures of large angular extent, with an rms noise of 12 mK. Survey observations were carried out by drift scanning the sky between -29 degr and +90 degr declination. The fully sampled drift scans, observed in steps of 0.25 degr to 2.5 degr in declination, result in a northern sky coverage of 41.7% of full Nyquist sampling. The survey surpasses by a factor of 200 the coverage, and by a factor of 5 the sensitivity, of the Leiden/Dwingeloo polarization survey (Spoelstra 1972) that was until now the most complete large-scale survey. The temperature scale is tied to the Effelsberg scale. Absolute zero-temperature levels are taken from the Leiden/Dwingeloo survey after rescaling those data by the factor of 0.94. The paper describes the observations, data processing, and calibration steps. The data are publicly available at this http URL or this http URL

Radio continuum and polarization observations of the entire Cygnus Loop at 6cm wavelength were made with the Urumqi 25m telescope. The 6cm map is analysed together with recently published maps from the Effelsberg 100m telescope at 21cm and 11cm. The integrated flux density of the Cygnus Loop at 6cm is 90+/-9Jy, which implies a spectral index of -0.40+/-0.06 being consistent with that of Uyaniker et al. (2004) in the wavelength range up to 11cm. This rules out any global spectral steepening up to 6cm. However, small spectral index variations in some regions of the source are possible, but there are no indications for any spectral curvature. The linear polarization data at 6cm show percentage polarizations up to 35% in some areas of the Cygnus Loop, exceeding those observed at 11cm. The Rotation Measure is around -21rad/m^2 in the southern area, which agrees with previous observations. However, the distribution of Rotation Measures is rather complex in the northern part of the Cygnus Loop, where the 21cm emission is totally depolarized. Rotation Measures based on 11cm and 6cm data are significantly larger than in the southern part. The difference in the polarization characteristic between the northern and southern part supports previous ideas that the Cygnus Loop consists of two supernova remnants.

A decade ago, Bolger and Zuckerman (1995) incorporated personality into the study of daily life events and psychological distress. Their approach put an entirely new cast on research and theorizing in this area. In their work, they focused on the predominantly negative personality trait of Neuroticism. In this article we extend their work to include theory and measurement of positive events and indicators of well-being. Integrating these research strands offers the possibility of a comprehensive yet highly sensitive and dynamic approach to the study of emotions, stress, and health in everyday life.

Ziel dieser prospektiven Studie war es, den Verlauf ambulant durchgefuhrter oralchirurgischer Eingriffe zu analysieren. Vor dem Hintergrund der allgemeinen Konstitution fanden intraoperative Komplikationen im Gesamtkollektiv und postoperative Blutungen bei Patienten mit veranderter Hamostase eine besondere Berucksichtigung. Eingeschlossen waren 1540 Patienten (797 weiblich, 743 mannlich), bei denen 2055 zahnarztlich-chirurgische Eingriffe von 1998–2002 durchgefuhrt worden waren. Vor Behandlungsbeginn wurden fur jeden Patienten ein Erfassungsbogen angelegt und Angaben zur Allgemeinanamnese, medikamentosen Begleittherapie, Operationsindikation, sedativen Pramedikation, Anasthesie- und Operationstechnik sowie Nachbehandlung dokumentiert. Fur die Operation relevante allgemeinanamnestische Angaben fanden sich in 676 Fallen (32,9% der Eingriffe). Bei 109 Patienten (5,3% der Eingriffe) lag ein veranderter Blutgerinnungsstatus vor. Folgende operative Eingriffe wurden erfasst: (operative) Zahnentfernung (n=1203), intraorale Weichteileingriffe (n=394), Masnahmen der chirurgischen Zahnerhaltung (n=272), Zystenoperationen (n=140), chirurgische Revisionen (n=46) und praprothetisch-chirurgische Eingriffe (n=19). Temporare Komplikationen uberwiegend allgemeiner Art traten bei der Lokalanasthesie bei 27 Eingriffen (1,3%) auf. Zu intraoperativen Zwischenfallen mehrheitlich lokaler Art kam es bei 87 Eingriffen (4,2%), davon waren 15% Blutungen. Ein signifikanter Zusammenhang zwischen Geschlecht (p=0,853) bzw. Vorliegen einer Allgemeinerkrankung (p=0,773) einschlieslich hamorrhagischer Diathesen (p=0,626) und Eintreten von intraoperativen Komplikationen war nicht feststellbar. Bei Patienten mit gestorter Hamostase wurden Nachblutungen signifikant haufiger beobachtet (11,2% vs. 0,39%), wobei in 2 Fallen eine stationare Nachsorgen erfolgte. Unter Beachtung entsprechender Kautelen konnen zahnarztlich-chirurgische Interventionen bei Patienten mit pradisponierenden Erkrankungen sowie gestorter Blutgerinnung ahnlich komplikationsarm verlaufen wie bei einem in dieser Hinsicht gesunden Kollektiv. Dennoch konnen in Einzelfallen spezifische Risiken und eine (temporare) Kontraindikation fur ambulante oralchirurgische Eingriffe vorliegen.

Background: Individual differences in adaptation to rheumatoid arthritis are not fully accounted for by illness severity or duration of symptoms.Purpose: In this study, we assessed differences in affect regulation and affect intensity as variables that might be important for identifying women with rheumatoid arthritis who are resilient versus those who have disrupted moods following pain exacerbations.Method: Specifically, affective regulation, affect intensity, active coping, neuroticism and weekly reports of pain, positive affect, and negative affect were assessed in a sample of 81 women diagnosed with rheumatoid arthritis.Results: Our results indicated that affective regulation, affect intensity, and active coping played important but distinct roles in the ebb and flow of negative and positive affect. In particular, active coping was related to positive affect, whereas affective regulation and affect intensity showed interactive effects, moderating the prospective relationship between pain and negative affect and pain and positive affect.Conclusion: Overall, this study suggests that recovery from rheumatoid arthritis pain can be swift, except for those women who have difficulty regulating strong unpleasant affect.

The use of large-area aerodynamic control schemes to enable high-altitude long-endurance sensor platforms is investigated. The focus is on a vehicle with a joined-wing design. The vehicle has two performance shortcomings that are considered typical of the broader class of high-altitude long-endurance vehicles. The first is minimum roll rate at landing due to the large amount of roll damping associated with these configurations. It is shown that multiple distributed control surfaces can help meet the roll rate requirements. The second is sensitivity of takeoff gross weight to maximum lift-to-drag ratio. Notional mission requirements drive the fuel fraction to high levels and small changes in lift-to-drag ratio can enable large changes in the vehicle weight through reduced fuel requirements. It is shown that the same technology used to satisfy the roll requirement can also be used to actively control the twist and camber during cruise and can have a moderate impact on the vehicle weight or endurance.

Polarization observations at 21cm and 18cm towards the local Taurus molecular cloud complex were made with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope. Highly structured, frequency-dependent polarized emission features were detected. We discuss polarization minima with excessive rotation measures located at the boundaries of molecular clouds. The multi-frequency polarization data have been successfully modeled by considering magneto-ionic Faraday screens at the surface of the molecular clouds. Faraday rotated background emission adds to foreground emission towards these screens in a different way than in its surroundings. The physical size of the Faraday screens is of the order of 2 pc for 140 pc distance to the Taurus clouds. Intrinsic rotation measures between about -18 rad/m2 to -30 rad/m2 are required to model the observations. Depolarization of the background emission is quite small (compatible with zero), indicating a regular magnetic field structure with little turbulence within the Faraday screens. With observational constraints for the thermal electron density from H-alpha observations of less than 0.8 cm^-3 we conclude that the regular magnetic field strength along the line of sight exceeds 20 muG. We discuss some possibilities for the origin of such strong and well ordered magnetic fields. The modeling also predicts a large-scale, regularly polarized emission in the foreground of the Taurus clouds which is of the order of 0.24 K at 21cm. This amount of synchrotron emission is clearly excessive when compared to previous estimates of the local synchrotron emissivity., Comment: 12 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy and Astrophysics

This study sought to examine the effects of weekly changes in financial stressors on physical and mental health of arthritis patients. Weekly telephone interviews provided data on health symptoms, financial stressors, interpersonal stress, negative affect, and average pain for arthritis patients and healthy individuals. Multilevel analyses revealed that fluctuations in financial stress were associated with greater health complaints and negative affect, but not more pain for arthritis patients. An interaction between interpersonal stress and financial stress was observed such that weeks of increased interpersonal stress, with increased financial stress, were associated with more health symptoms especially during weeks of increased pain. These findings suggest that financial stress contributes to both physical and mental health and appears important for arthritis patients.

A study was conducted to investigate the applicability of active-aeroelastic-wing technology to a joined-wing sensorcraft configuration for the purpose of minimization of embedded antenna deformations. The study was performed using a half-span aeroelastic model of a joined-wing sensorcraft design with six control surfaces. These control surfaces were used concurrently to minimize the elastic deformations at structural nodes corresponding to the antenna tip, while trimming the aircraft to a required 1-g level flight, simultaneously satisfying constraints on the allowable hinge moments and maximum control surface deflections. Comparison of antenna displacements for the optimized and baseline cases (using one control surface at a time) demonstrates that the active-aeroelastic-wing concept can be used to significantly reduce the antenna displacements, potentially improving the performance of the embedded antenna system. Aeroelastic displacements from the trim-optimized system are an order-of-magnitude smaller than those of the baseline. These results demonstrate the feasibility of active-aeroelastic-wing technology for the improvement of embedded antenna performance caused by structural deformations.

We present radio maps of ten large-diameter supernova remnants observed at 35 cm wavelength with the Eelsberg 100-m telescope. The angular resolution is 14: 5. The sources are G126.2+1.6, G127.1+0.5, HB3, HB9, S147, IC 443, Cygnus Loop, W63 and HB21. For each object we give an integrated flux density and improved spectra when necessary. We also present a map of G213.0 0.6, which we tentatively identify as a new large supernova remnant with a very low surface brightness, apparently interacting with the Hii region S284.

We present new statistical results on the spectral index--flux density relation for large samples of radio sources using archival data of the most sensitive surveys, such as 6C, Miyun, WENSS, B3, NVSS, GB87. Instrumental selection effects and the completeness of the catalogs are discussed. Based on the spectral indices calculated for about 200000 sources from the WENSS (327 MHz) and NVSS (1.4 GHz) catalogs, we obtained (1) The median spectral index increases from α med ∼ -0.9 to α med ∼ -0.8 ( S ν p ν α ), while S 327 flux densities decrease from 0.1 Jy down to 25 mJy. The median spectral indices nearly show no variation within the error bars when the flux density is larger than 0.1 Jy. (2) A dependence of the fraction of ultra-steep spectrum sources (USS, -1.5 ≤ α α med of steep spectrum sources (α S 327 ∼ 20 mJy) with steep spectra (α α med is correlated with luminosity rather than redshift according to the Condon' model. (4) A strong spectral selection effect occurs when spectral indices are calculated from samples with a large frequency separation.

We present new statistical results on the spectral index-flux density relation for large samples of radio sources using archival data of the most sensitive surveys, such as WENSS and NVSS. Instrumental selection effects and the complete- ness of the catalogs used in this study are discussed. Our main results are based on the spectral indices calculated for about 185 800 sources from the WENSS (327 MHz) and the NVSS (1.4 GHz) catalogs and are summarized as follows: (1) The median spectral index increases from αmed ∼− 0. 9t oαmed ∼− 0. 8( S ν ∝ ν α ) for S 327 flux densities decreasing from 0.1 Jy down to 23 mJy. The median spectral indices nearly show no variation within the error bars in the flux density range above 100 mJy up to several Jy. The median spectral index slightly increases again for S327 above several Jy. The new results confirm published models of the radio luminosity function (RLF) for sources with S 327 > 0.1 Jy and give constraints to the models for sources of 0.023 Jy < S 327 < 0.1 Jy, respectively. (2) A dependence of the fractions of ultra-steep-spectrum sources (USS, −1.5 ≤ α< −1.0), steep-spectrum sources (SSS, −1.0 ≤ α< −0.5) and flat-spectrum sources (FSS, −0.5 ≤ α ≤ 0.0) is partly responsible for the spectral flattening. Another contribution to the spectral flattening comes from the variation of αmed of steep-spectrum sources ( α< −0.5) themselves which increases with decreasing flux densities. (3) The spectral flattening for faint sources (down to S 327 ∼ 20 mJy) with steep spectra ( α< −0.5) suggests that αmed is correlated with luminosity rather than redshift according to the source evolution model of Condon (1984).

The paper is an expository contribution on the subject of structural system identification, measured signal processing and their applications to model-based structural health detection. The materials covered in this paper are by and large extracted from the three theses of the first three authors. The paper focuses on the state-space oriented system identification theory as specialized to structural dynamics governing equations of motion, a judicious use of wavelet transformation techniques for extracting impulse response functions, various input–output combinations for multi-input and multi-output problems, robust ways of identifying both proportional and non-proportional damping parameters, and the use of localized identification theory for damage detection from measured response data. The authors then offer several outstanding challenges in structural system identification theory and their applications.

This study investigated the properties of habit and routine in daily living, extending prior studies exploring people's judgments about the stability of patterns in their lives. Scales assessing sensory, behavioral, and motivational aspects of habit were included, and confirmatory factor analysis techniques were employed to determine the presence of underlying constructs relating the various measures of habit and routine. A sample of 126 college students responded to a set of 11 scales and subscales of previous measures of habit. The resulting measurement structure incorporated 10 of those scales into a two-factor model: one factor represented cognitions and beliefs about one's routine and habits, and the other represented sensory stimulation and sensory reactions, habitual behaviors, and motivations of approach and avoidance. The results were discussed in the framework of a more comprehensive picture of the nature of habit. It was also suggested that this model potentially will have value for further exploration of measurement issues and for developing more effective interventions for improving people's daily well-being.

This article presents data from a number of areas of psychology that have dealt with the issue of whether positive and negative affects are independent—the bivariate view—or whether they operate inversely from each other—the unidimensional, bipolar view. Both models have extensive empirical support. A more integrative view, the Dynamic Model of Affect (DMA), specifies conditions under which both bivariate and bipolar models are valid. It is tailored to analyzing both affect systems functioning concurrently. The DMA is reviewed and then extended to show how 3 major areas of research can begin to incorporate the more integrative framework of analyzing co-occurring types of affect.

Crickets, locusts, bats, and many other animals detect changes in their environment with distributed arrays of flow-sensitive hairs. Here we discuss the fabrication and characterization of a relatively new class of pore-based, artificial hair sensors that take advantage of the mechanical properties of structural microfibers and the electromechanical properties of self-aligned carbon nanotube arrays to rapidly transduce changes in low speed air flow. The radially aligned nanotubes are able to be synthesized along the length of the fibers inside the high aspect ratio cavity between the fiber surface and the wall of a microcapillary pore. The growth self-positions the fibers within the capillary and forms a conductive path between detection electrodes. As the hair is deflected, nanotubes are compressed to produce a typical resistance change of 1-5% per m/s of air speed which we believe are the highest sensitivities reported for air velocities less than 10 m/s. The quasi-static response of the sensors to point loads is compared to that from the distributed loads of air flow. A plane wave tube is used to measure their dynamic response when perturbed at acoustic frequencies. Correlation of the nanotube height profile inside the capillary to a diffusion transport model suggests that the nanotube arrays can be controllably tapered along the fiber. Like their biological counterparts, many applications can be envisioned for artificial hair sensors by tailoring their individual response and incorporating them into arrays for detecting spatio-temporal flow patterns over rigid surfaces such as aircraft.

Air showers induced by cosmic rays create nanosecond pulses detectable at radio frequencies. These pulses have been measured successfully in the past few years at the LOw Frequency ARray (LOFAR) and are used to study the properties of cosmic rays. For a complete understanding of this phenomenon and the underlying physical processes, an absolute calibration of the detecting antenna system is needed. We present three approaches that were used to check and improve the antenna model of LOFAR and to provide an absolute calibration of the whole system for air shower measurements. Two methods are based on calibrated reference sources and one on a calibration approach using the diffuse radio emission of the Galaxy, optimized for short data-sets. An accuracy of 19% in amplitude is reached. The absolute calibration is also compared to predictions from air shower simulations. These results are used to set an absolute energy scale for air shower measurements and can be used as a basis for an absolute scale for the measurement of astronomical transients with LOFAR., Comment: 34 pages, 10 figures

Measuring radio emission from air showers offers a novel way to determine properties of the primary cosmic rays such as their mass and energy. Theory predicts that relativistic time compression effects lead to a ring of amplified emission which starts to dominate the emission pattern for frequencies above ~100 MHz. In this article we present the first detailed measurements of this structure. Ring structures in the radio emission of air showers are measured with the LOFAR radio telescope in the frequency range of 110 - 190 MHz. These data are well described by CoREAS simulations. They clearly confirm the importance of including the index of refraction of air as a function of height. Furthermore, the presence of the Cherenkov ring offers the possibility for a geometrical measurement of the depth of shower maximum, which in turn depends on the mass of the primary particle., 20 pages, 10 figures, accpeted for publication in Astroparticle Physics

We present the Multifrequency Snapshot Sky Survey (MSSS), the first northern-sky LOFAR imaging survey. In this introductory paper, we first describe in detail the motivation and design of the survey. Compared to previous radio surveys, MSSS is exceptional due to its intrinsic multifrequency nature providing information about the spectral properties of the detected sources over more than two octaves (from 30 to 160 MHz). The broadband frequency coverage, together with the fast survey speed generated by LOFAR's multibeaming capabilities, make MSSS the first survey of the sort anticipated to be carried out with the forthcoming Square Kilometre Array (SKA). Two of the sixteen frequency bands included in the survey were chosen to exactly overlap the frequency coverage of large-area Very Large Array (VLA) and Giant Metrewave Radio Telescope (GMRT) surveys at 74 MHz and 151 MHz respectively. The survey performance is illustrated within the "MSSS Verification Field" (MVF), a region of 100 square degrees centered at J2000 (RA,Dec)=(15h,69deg). The MSSS results from the MVF are compared with previous radio survey catalogs. We assess the flux and astrometric uncertainties in the catalog, as well as the completeness and reliability considering our source finding strategy. We determine the 90% completeness levels within the MVF to be 100 mJy at 135 MHz with 108" resolution, and 550 mJy at 50 MHz with 166" resolution. Images and catalogs for the full survey, expected to contain 150,000-200,000 sources, will be released to a public web server. We outline the plans for the ongoing production of the final survey products, and the ultimate public release of images and source catalogs., Comment: 23 pages, 19 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. MSSS Verification Field images and catalog data may be downloaded from http://vo.astron.nl

We present radio observations of the Moon between $35$ and $80$ MHz to demonstrate a novel technique of interferometrically measuring large-scale diffuse emission extending far beyond the primary beam (global signal) for the first time. In particular, we show that (i) the Moon appears as a negative-flux source at frequencies $35z>12$) and the Epoch of Reionization ($12>z>5$)., Comment: 15 pages, 11 figures, 1 table

We present measurements of radio emission from cosmic ray air showers that took place during thunderstorms. The intensity and polarization patterns of these air showers are radically different from those measured during fair-weather conditions. With the use of a simple two-layer model for the atmospheric electric field, these patterns can be well reproduced by state-of-the-art simulation codes. This in turn provides a novel way to study atmospheric electric fields., 6 pages, 3 figures, accepted for publication in Physical Review Letters

The Cygnus Loop is classified as a middle-aged supernova remnant (SNR) located below the Galactic equator (l=74, b=-8.6) and 770 pc away from us. Its large size and little confusion with Galactic emission makes it an ideal test ground for evolutionary and structural theories of SNRs. New radio continuum mapping of the Cygnus Loop at 2695 MHz with the Effelsberg 100-m telescope provides indications that the Cygnus Loop consists of two separate SNRs. Combining this result with data from the literature we argue that a secondary SNR exists in the south with a recently detected neutron star close to its center. Two interacting SNRs seem to be the best explanation to account for the Cygnus Loop observations at all wavelengths., 4 pages, 2 figures, Astron. Astrophys., accepted

Research on positive and negative emotional states has supported several models of how those states relate to each other. Many studies suggest that they are independent, the “bivariate” view, while others suggest that they are inversely correlated, the “bipolar” view. Other research has shown that stress is a major moderator of the relationship; the affects become coupled under conditions of high stress, a contextual model, but are relatively independent otherwise. To expand the range of tests of this dynamic model of affect, we reanalyzed a data set initially reported by Ito, Cacioppo, and Lang (1998) on affect-eliciting picture stimuli. In that study, arousal was assessed separately from positive and negative affect, allowing investigation of a source of interaffect relationships different from stress, per se. Arousal interacted with positive and negative affect, showing both bivariate and bipolar relationships, and effects similar to stress. Affective reactions to the stimuli became more inversely correlated when the affects were high and interacting with higher arousal. The data supported the dynamic model of affect and suggest the need for further analyses of the linkages between stress, arousal, and reduced levels of emotional complexity.

Performance demands of future unmanned air vehicles will require rapid autonomous responses to changes in environment. Towards this goal, we expect that the next generation flight control systems will include advanced sensors beyond the contemporary array. One promising scenario correlates measurements of flow footprints over aircraft surfaces with aerodynamic data to aid navigation and feedback control algorithms. As a sensor for this concept, we construct artificial hair sensors (AHSs) based on glass microfibers enveloped in an annular, radially-aligned piezoresistive carbon nanotube (CNT) forest to measure air flow in boundary layers. This study includes an analysis of the sensitivity based on laboratory scale electromechanical testing. The sensors in this work utilize nine micron diameter S2 glass fibers as the sensing mechanism for coupling to boundary layer air flows. The annular CNT forest resides in a fused silica microcapillary with electrodes at the entrance. The sensor electrical transduction mechanism relies on the resistance change of the CNT forest due to changes in both the bulk and contact resistance as a function of mechanical loading on the fiber. For the electromechanical analysis, the sensors are controllably loaded to measure both the force and moment acting at the base of the hair and the resulting deflection of the CNT forest inside of the microcapillary is measured to estimate the stress on the forest and the pressure between the forest and the electrode. The electrical responses of the sensors are compared to the mechanical state of the CNT forest. This work represents the development of a characterization tool to better understand and control the response of CNT based AHSs.

Techniques employed in origami are of interest for the design of actuating structures with multiple defined geometric states. Most research in this area has focused on manipulating material chemistry or geometry to achieve folding, but crease development through full material thickness has not been studied in detail. Understanding creasing is crucial for establishing material selection guidelines in origami engineering applications. Identification of the precise failure mechanisms is critical for understanding the residual fold angle and selecting optimal materials for specific origami applications. To characterize crease formation and development, polymer films were folded using a modified parallel plate bending technique which was successfully modeled with Euler beam theory in the elastic regime. Fold angles measured after creasing provided a means to quantitatively describe a material’s ability to retain a fold, and degree of plastic deformation incurred during folding. SEM micrographs of creased regions revealed tensile deformations on exterior crease surfaces while compressive deformations such as wrinkling occurred inside. Profilometry was performed on crease interiors to identify and measure wrinkle topology. It was found that increased dissipative plastic deformation led to retention of smaller fold angles. These characterization techniques can be used as a means of classifying and organizing polymers by potential usefulness in structural origami applications.

Liquid crystal polymer networks (LCNs) have unique advantages as potential constituents of origami-based smart materials due to their reversible actuations and availability of fabrication techniques to create complex strain fields. Although identifying functional designs is crucial in making use of this technology, conventional approaches have largely consisted of trial-and-error experimentation. We introduce an inverse design procedure based on a topology optimization method to map out an LCN pattern with a desired spontaneous strain field to achieve prescribed shapes. In this study, we focus on a target deformation of a film to create an improved hinge to be integrated into an origami structure. Our preliminary results indicate the potential of using computational tools to determine what designs yield desired functionalities and how to best pattern LCN films to achieve them.Copyright © 2014 by ASME

Origami structures morph between 2D and 3D conformations along predetermined fold lines that efficiently program the form of the structure and show potential for many engineering applications. However, the enormity of the design space and the complex relationship between origami-based geometries and engineering metrics place a severe limitation on design strategies based on intuition. The presented work proposes a systematic design method using topology optimization to distribute foldline properties within a reference crease pattern, adding or removing folds through optimization, for a mechanism design. Following the work of Schenk and Guest, foldable structures are modeled as pin-joint truss structures with additional constraints on fold, or dihedral, angles. The performance of a designed origami mechanism is evaluated in 3D by applying prescribed forces and finding displacements at set locations. The integration of the concept of origami in mechanism design thus allows for the description of designs in 2D and performance in 3D. Numerical examples indicate that origami mechanisms with desired deformations can be obtained using the proposed method. A constraint on the number of foldlines is used to simplify a design.Copyright © 2014 by ASME

The grand-design spiral galaxy M51 was observed with the LOFAR High Frequency Antennas (HBA) and imaged in total intensity and polarisation. This observation covered the frequencies between 115 MHz and 175 MHz. We produced an image of total emission of M51 at the mean frequency of 151 MHz with 20 arcsec resolution and 0.3 mJy rms noise, which is the most sensitive image of a galaxy at frequencies below 300 MHz so far. The integrated spectrum of total radio emission is described well by a power law, while flat spectral indices in the central region indicate thermal absorption. We observe that the disk extends out to 16 kpc and see a break in the radial profile near the optical radius of the disk. Our main results, the scale lengths of the inner and outer disks at 151 MHz and 1.4 GHz, arm--interarm contrast, and the break scales of the radio--far-infrared correlations, can be explained consistently by CRE diffusion, leading to a longer propagation length of CRE of lower energy. The distribution of CRE sources drops sharply at about 10 kpc radius, where the star formation rate also decreases sharply. We find evidence that thermal absorption is primarily caused by HII regions. The non-detection of polarisation from M51 at 151 MHz is consistent with the estimates of Faraday depolarisation. Future searches for polarised emission in this frequency range should concentrate on regions with low star formation rates., 20 pages, 18 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Aircraft propulsion system noise can be a large contributor to ground level noise. Mounting the propulsor above the wing can reduce ground level noise below the vehicle. The level of acoustic shielding is dependent on wing planform dimensions and vehicle shape. Two different modeling approaches to predict noise shielding by tapered wings were investigated for use in an automated aircraft system modeling framework. The first approach uses the commercial code Virtual Lab (BEM, FEM, and Ray acoustics methods), and the second is the Maggi-Rubinowicz diffraction potential solution to the Kirchhoff Integral. Results from Virtual Lab were compared to two experimental results found in literature. Good agreement between Virtual Lab and experiment were obtained using the FEM. Acoustic shielding by tapered wings was calculated using FEM for the case of a single monopole noise source mounted on center just above the wing and compared to the Maggi-Rubinowicz diffraction potential method. Model development, analysis, and post processing were automated for both approaches so that they could be used as part of an aircraft system modeling framework. The FEM in Virtual Lab offers higher fidelity but higher computational cost, while the Maggi-Rubinowicz diffraction potential method is relatively lower fidelity since it is limited to use in diffraction problems with relatively simple geometry, and higher frequencies. A difference in shielding of several dB between the Maggi-Rubinowicz diffraction potential method compared with the FEM solution was noted, however, the diffraction potential method captures the correct trends in shielding and has much faster computational speed compared to FEM, which is beneficial for automated vehicle design routines.

Two wing self-noise modeling methods were used to predict the effect of airfoil camber and thickness on wing self-noise and their relationship with lift. Both a semi-empirical airfoil self-noise prediction code called NAFNoise, and a noise metric which uses steady RANS models were used for the investigation. Development and previous validations of the NAFNoise code with experimental measurements are summarized to understand the limitations of the code. Predictions were made at low speed and moderate Reynolds number similar to the environment of a small unmanned aerial system. Self-noise predictions are plotted with lift coefficient for a series of camber and thickness changes. The boundary layer was tripped and left untripped to understand the effect boundary layer transition has on airfoil noise versus airfoil aerodynamic performance. Analysis indicated that increasing airfoil camber leads to higher overall sound level at lower angles of attack. An increase in airfoil camber increases lift at lower angles of attack. NAFnoise models with untripped boundary layers predict that increasing airfoil thickness leads to higher overall sound level, with largest increase in overall sound level at lower angles of attack. Results were inconclusive as to whether increasing camber is an effective way to increase lift coefficient and lift over drag without significantly increasing airfoil noise, because the conclusion was dependent on modeling methodology. NAFNoise models with untripped boundary layers indicated that increasing camber would result in a beneficial increase in section lift coefficient & lift over drag (up to about 8% camber) with minimal increase in noise production. RANS based noise metric and exclusion of the laminar boundary layer vortex shedding model from NAFNoise predictions indicated an increase in noise with section lift coefficient independent of airfoil camber.

Extensive air showers, induced by high energy cosmic rays impinging on the Earth's atmosphere, produce radio emission that is measured with the LOFAR radio telescope. As the emission comes from a finite distance of a few kilometers, the incident wavefront is non-planar. A spherical, conical or hyperbolic shape of the wavefront has been proposed, but measurements of individual air showers have been inconclusive so far. For a selected high-quality sample of 161 measured extensive air showers, we have reconstructed the wavefront by measuring pulse arrival times to sub-nanosecond precision in 200 to 350 individual antennas. For each measured air shower, we have fitted a conical, spherical, and hyperboloid shape to the arrival times. The fit quality and a likelihood analysis show that a hyperboloid is the best parametrization. Using a non-planar wavefront shape gives an improved angular resolution, when reconstructing the shower arrival direction. Furthermore, a dependence of the wavefront shape on the shower geometry can be seen. This suggests that it will be possible to use a wavefront shape analysis to get an additional handle on the atmospheric depth of the shower maximum, which is sensitive to the mass of the primary particle., Accepted for publication in Astroparticle Physics

The results of an absolutely calibrated radio continuum survey of the South Celestial Hemisphere at a frequency of 1420 MHz are presented. Contour maps show the area 0 h RA 24 h for the declination range 90 to 10. Contour steps (50 mK TB ;3 rms noise) and angular resolution (HPBW 35: 4) of the maps match the already existing Stockert northern sky survey at the same frequency. We compare flux densities of compact and extended sources with published data from the Parkes 64-m telescope and nd excellent agreement in general. The survey maps are sensitive enough to constrain synchrotron and thermal emission components which might influence studies of the cosmic microwave background.

In two investigations, we studied vulnerability to the negative effects of stress among women in chronic pain from 2 types of musculoskeletal illnesses, fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) and osteoarthritis (OA). In Study 1, there were 101 female participants 50 to 78 years old: 50 had FMS, 29 had OA knee pain and were scheduled for knee surgery, and 22 had OA but were not planning surgery. Cross-sectional analyses showed that the three groups were comparable on demographic variables, personality attributes, negative affect, active coping, and perceived social support. As expected, FMS and OA surgery women reported similar levels of bodily pain, and both groups scored higher than OA nonsurgery women. However, women with FMS reported poorer emotional and physical health, lower positive affect, a poorer quality social milieu, and more frequent use of avoidant coping with pain than did both groups of women with OA. Moreover, the perception and use of social support were closely tied to perceived social stress only among the FMS group. In Study 2, we experimentally manipulated negative mood and stress in 41 women 37 to 74 years old: 20 women had FMS, and 21 women had OA. Participants from each group were randomly assigned to either a negative mood induction or a neutral mood (control) condition, and then all participants discussed a stressful interpersonal event for 30 min. Stress-related increases in pain were exacerbated by negative mood induction among women with FMS but not women with OA, and pain during stress was associated with decreases in positive affect in women with FMS but not women with OA. These findings suggest that among women with chronic pain, those with FMS may be particularly vulnerable to the negative effects of social stress. They have fewer positive affective resources, use less effective pain-coping strategies, and have more constrained social networks than their counterparts with OA, particularly those who experience similar levels of pain. They also seem to experience more prolonged stress-related increases in pain under certain circumstances, all of which may contribute to a lowering of positive affect and increased stress reactivity over time.

The Orion local spiral arm is seen tangential towards the Cygnus region. Intense radio emission with quite a complex morphology is observed, which appears to be surrounded by strong soft X{ray emission. This remarkable X{ray structure is known as the Cygnus superbubble. We compare a recent 1.4 GHz radio continuum and polarization map from the Eelsberg 100-m telescope with X{ray data from the ROSAT all{sky survey of this area. Including available survey data of the infrared, H i and CO emission, we investigate a number of high latitude features, which are physically related to one of the Cygnus OB associations. These OB associations, however, are located along the local arm at dierent distances. Our results support the view that the Cygnus superbubble is not a physical unity, but results from a projection of unrelated X{ray emitting features at dierent distances blown out from the local arm seen along the line of sight.

Research continues to be actively devoted to determination of the degree of independence of two main dimensions of affect, positive and negative. Some research suggests a two-factor model, with independent positive and negative factors, while other studies support a unidimensional or bipolar model. Two studies reported here support both approaches, with cognitive simplicity/complexity as the central determiner of the relationship. Study 1 assessed a sample of 67 college students and Study 2 assessed an older sample of 120 diagnosed chronically-ill patients. Both studies found that cognitively more complex participants reported independent domains of affect, while those who were cognitively simpler reported more highly inversely correlated domains. The chronically-ill patients scored cognitively simpler on the measure of cognitive structure than the college students, suggesting that the stressful effects of chronic pain may lead to greater cognitive simplicity. The data also indicate that it is no...

A theory for structural system identification which utilizes strains and translational displacements as measured outputs is presented. The state variables of the fundamental first-order form consist of the strains and the elemental or substructural rigid-body motion amplitudes. The theory is applicable to, and to some respects, motivated by the advances and expanded use of embedded piezoelectric sensors and fiber optics. A distinct feature of the present theory is its ability to provide rotational flexibility without having to measure rotational quantities. The theory is illustrated by simple ideal examples.

In order to identify more new supernova remnants, astronomers are concerned about extracting useful signals from the observed data interspersed with various noises. The wavelet analysis is a newly developed time-frequency analysis method. Like Fourier analysis, any function with finite energy can be expanded on the orthonormal wavelet bases. Unlike Fourier bases, wavelet bases have the property of compact support. This good property makes the wavelet method a very effective way for separating the local noises from the observed data. The authors have succeeded in rejecting the interfering lines existing in the observed radio maps by using Daubechies 4 wavelet. The result clearly shows that wavelet method can retain useful information as much as possible during denosing.

Three studies are presented that examine the effects of stress on the relationship between positive and negative affective states. In the first study, recently bereaved and disabled older adults were compared to matched control groups without these recent stressors. Negative affect was inversely correlated with positive affect to a significantly greater extent for the highly stressed groups compared with controls. In a second study, older adults were exposed to a laboratory stressor, and their positive and negative affective reactions recorded. Immediately following a speech stressor task, the inverse correlation between positive and negative affect was significantly greater than in pre- and postassessments of affects. The third study was an attempt to replicate and extend the findings from Study 2 with a mid-aged sample of women. The speech stressor had the same effects as in Study 2. A second stressor, which induced pain through immersion of an arm into cold water, had no effects on the correlation between affective states. Alternative explanations for these effects and the implications for cognitive interventions are discussed.

Relationships between positive affect, negative affect, and pain were analyzed as a prospective function of stressful events in a sample of rheumatoid arthritis patients and as a cross-sectional function of an information processing disposition in persons with fibromyalgia. Positive affect and negative affect were statistically separate factors overall in both samples. In addition, negative affect and pain were related across all conditions. However, positive affect and negative affect were more negatively correlated during stressful periods and more negatively correlated for patients who processed information in a more simplistic fashion. Also, positive affect predicted pain during stressful times and did so for patients who processed information more simplistically as well. These data suggest positive affect and negative affect are unique factors whose interrelation and external correlates are not static.

A method of localized structural health monitoring is presented that utilizes an invariance property of transmission zeros of substructural frequency response functions. These functions are obtained by partitioning the global dynamic flexibility into a substructural form. It is shown that the transmission zeros of the frequency response functions of a damaged substructure are invariant whereas those of healthy substructures are affected. The present method exploits this invariance property for the detection of damage in a structure. Numerical examples are presented to demonstrate the utility of the proposed method.

Previous research has found a two-factor model of habit and routine in daily living to be related to mental health and the occurrence of daily events in the lives of middle-aged and older adults. The study reported in this article extended research on the variable, routinization, to a sample of women with fibromyalgia syndrome, a chronic, debilitating disorder characterized by widespread pain and fatigue. The two factors found previously, Having Order and Routine in Life, and Disliking Disruption, were investigated further. The Having Order variable was significantly related to mental health when level of physical functioning was included in prediction equations, and active coping efforts were effective for the high-order group in improving mental health. The Disliking Disruption factor was not significantly influential. Results are discussed in terms of the therapeutic implications for improving the mental health and coping efforts of people with adjustment-threatening illnesses.

The chemical imaging possibility of confocal Raman microscopy was used to characterize UV cured coatings layers. Depth profiles of acrylate curing conversion were recorded in order to elucidate the interaction of photoinitator, photostabilizer, and irradiation source. Formulations containing acyl phosphine oxides resulted in a better through cure.