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Introduction: The standard therapy for advanced Prostate Cancer (PCa) consists of anti-androgens which provide respite from the disease progression, yet ultimately fail and result in the incurable phase of the disease: mCRPC. Targeting PCa cells before their progression to mCRPC would significantly improve the outcome. Untoward toxicity limits the combination therapies targeting the DNA Damage Response (DDR), and hence the goal of clinical trials is to target the DDR more specifically. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in LNCaP cells results in the increased expression of TLK1B, a critical kinase upstream of NEK1 and ATR, thereby mediating a DDR that typically causes a temporary cell cycle arrest of androgen-responsive PCa cells. Following the DNA damage, the addition of a TLK1 specific inhibitor, thioridazine (THD), impairs ATR and Chk1 activation, establishing the existence of an ADT>TLK1>NEK1>ATR>Chk1 DDR pathway, while its abrogation, leads to apoptosis. However, THD is a known anti-psychotic and has undesirable side-effects. Hence, there is a compelling need to design and develop next-generation TLK1 inhibitors to circumvent the adverse effects and advance them in the clinic. Methods: We performed immunoblotting of the tumour tissue phosphoproteins (pATR, pChk1 and pNEK1) and immunohistochemistry analysis of the tissue sections from the LNCaP xenograft models. To identify and develop new potent inhibitors against TLK1, we employed an in-silico homology modelling and molecular docking approach. Based on the protein-ligand binding interactions and the docking score, a handful of compounds were shortlisted, synthesised and screened for the TLK1 inhibition potential in-vitro and using cell-based assays. Results: Our experimental data revealed that the pATR, pChk1, pNEK1, Ki-67 and PCNA were remarkably inhibited when treated with THD in combination with an anti-androgen drug, Bicalutamide (BIC). Moreover, it also induced apoptosis and increased DNA damage as demonstrated by the cleaved PARP, Caspase 3 and γH2AX levels respectively. The new inhibitor screening assay showed J54 compound to be most potent and inhibitory with a logIC50 of 1.1µM. J54 binds to the protein’s allosteric site noncompetitively with ATP and interacts with His504 and Gly630 with a corresponding docking score of -6.736. J54 is found to be non-toxic to normal cells and also suppresses the growth of androgen-dependent colonies of LNCaP cells cultured with BIC. Conclusion: Our preliminary work suggests that targeting the TLK1/NEK1 axis with specific TLK1 inhibitors might be an effective therapy for PCa in combination with standard care, ADT. Citation Format: Siddhant Bhoir, Javeena Hussain, Vibha Singh, Rupesh Chikhale, Richard Bryce, Sivapriya Kirubakaran, Arrigo DeBenedetti. Design, synthesis and biological evaluation of new phenothiazine derivatives as potential Tousled-like kinase 1 inhibitors in prostate cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1264.

Introduction: Gingivitis is a relatively innocuous and reversible inflammation of gingiva. If left untreated, it might progress involving the deeper supporting periodontal tissues of the tooth with consequent mobility and tooth loss. Compelling literature has suggested the role of local antibacterial and anti-inflammatory agents as an adjunct to scaling and root planing (gold standard) for treating periodontal diseases. Various herbs such as Nimba (Azadirachta indica A. Juss), Babbula (Vachellia nilotica (L.) P.J.H. Hurter & Mabb.) and turmeric (Curcuma long a L.) have been used for gingivitis since ancient times. Nigella sativa L. (Kalonji) is one such herb known for its remarkable anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and thus has been utilized in the present study. Aim: The aim of the study was to explore the clinical efficacy of different ethanolic solutions of N. sativa in moderate-to-severe gingivitis patients. Materials and Methods: It is a split-mouth clinical study with 24 patients of moderate-to-severe gingivitis from the age group of 25–45 years. Recruited individuals were divided in to group I1, group II1and group III1 (scaling and root planning i.e., control) and group I2, group II2and group III2 (experimental). Three doses of solution 1 (1:3), solution 2 (1:1) and solution 3 (3:1) were administered to the experimental groups for 3 consecutive days. The clinical parameters, i.e., gingival index (GI) and plaque index (PI) were recorded at baseline, 14 days and 28 days in all the individuals. ANOVA test was used in the study for statistical analysis. Results: Intergroup comparison in terms of GI showed statistically significant difference at 14th and 28th day from baseline between I1 &I2,at only 28th day between II1 & II2and insignificant difference between III1 & III2 at all time intervals from baseline. On intragroup comparison, statistically significant reduction in GI in all groups from baseline till 28 days was found, but among experimental groups best result was seen in group III2(P

Background & aim The progression rate of chronic kidney disease (CKD) to its end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and the development and severity of various complications, are indirectly influenced by genetic and epigenetic factors. Chemokines are small inducible pro-inflammatory cytokines, which are implicated in many biological processes like migration of leukocytes, angiogenesis, tumor growth and metastasis. We tested association of four single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) viz. CCL2I/D , CCL2A2518G , CXCL12G801A and CXCR2(+ 1208)C/T among individuals with ESRD (end stage renal disease) and normal healthy controls from North Indian population. Materials and method CCL2I/D , CCL2A2518G , CXCL12G801A and CXCR2(+ 1208)C/T were genotyped in blood samples of hospital-based case–control study comprising of 200 ESRD cases and 200 healthy controls using Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) and ARMS (Amplification Refractory Mutation Specific) PCR methodology. Results A significant association was found in CXCL12G801A with ESRD risk. In case of CXCL12G801A polymorphism heterozygous (GA) genotype showed significant risk (p = 0.039; OR = 1.55) whereas A allele carrier (GA + AA) also exhibited risk with ESRD (p = 0.045, OR = 1.59). In CXCR2(+ 1208)C/T polymorphism, the heterozygous genotype (CT) showed significant risk for ESRD (p = 0.028; OR = 1.65) and combination of CT + TT demonstrated significant high risk for ESRD (p = 0.036; OR = 1.52). In case of CCL2I/D , the variant genotype (D/D) showed reduced risk for ESRD patients. Upon analyzing the gene–gene interaction between CXCR2 and CXCL12 , the combination (CT–GA) showed 2.65 fold risk for ESRD (p = 0.018). Conclusion Our results indicated that polymorphism in CXCL12G801A and CXCR2(+ 1208)C/T showed high risk for ESRD in North Indian population. However, CCL2I/D showed reduced risk and CCL2A2518G exhibited no association. Study with large sample size and diverse ethnicity is required to validate these observations.

Objective: Odontogenic keratocyst (OKC) is a cyst of tooth origin with an aggressive clinical behavior, including a high recurrence rate. The OKC is well known for its tendency to recur, potential aggressive behavior and defined histopathological feature. The aim of our study is to report the outcome of conservative treatment protocol for OKC. Materials and Methods: A retrospective chart review was undertaken of all cases of OKC treated at Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, KGMU, Lucknow between 2007 and 2009. A total of 35 cases of cystic lesion were identified, which were treated by one group of surgeons. On histopathological examination 17 patients out of 35 were diagnosed as OKC. We have treated all the patients of OKC with surgical curettage followed by iodoform dressing. There was only one recurrence reported, which was further treated by resection. Clinical features and various treatment modalities of OKC are discussed. Conclusions: Enucleation followed by open packing can be used as a choice of treatment with low recurrence rate for the large keratocystic lesions. The patient should have periodic radiographic and clinical examination. In the cases of the recurrence, lesion should be treated by resection and reconstruction

IL-12 and IL-18 are immunomodulatory cytokines that play important roles in host immune response against cancers. Variation in DNA sequence in gene promoter may lead to altered IL-18 production and/or activity, and hence can modulate an individual's susceptibility to BC. To test this hypothesis, we investigated the relationship of IL-18 gene promoter -137 G/C and -607C/A polymorphisms and IL12 (-16974) A/C with the risk of BC in North Indian population. Polymorphisms in IL-18 and IL-12 genes were analyzed in 200 BC patients and 200 age, ethnicity and sex-matched controls, using restriction fragment length polymorphism-polymerase chain reaction (PCR-RFLP) and amplification refractory mutation specific-polymerase chain reaction (ARMS) method. The concentrations of IL-18 in serum were determined by ELISA. Significant association was observed with IL18 (-137) G/C heterozygous genotype (GC) with 1.96 folds risk of BC as well at C allele carrier and variant C allele having 2 fold and 1.6 fold risk for BC respectively. IL18 (-607) C/A, heterozygous CA genotype also showed a high risk (OR=1.59) for BC. While IL12 (-16974) A/C heterozygote genotype and C allele carrier demonstrated reduced risk of BC. Hetero genotype of IL18 (-137) G/C was associated with risk of recurrence (HR=2.35) in superficial BC patients receiving BCG treatment thus showing least survival. The distributions of IL-18 gene haplotypes were not significantly different between patients and controls. Serum IL-18 levels were significantly higher in BC patients than in the healthy subjects (p=0.025). Serum IL-18 levels was also significantly associated with IL18 (-137) G/C in heterozygous genotype (GC) (p=0.048). Our results suggest that IL-18 gene polymorphism contributes to bladder cancer risk whereas IL-12 is protective. A relation between IL18 (-137) G/C in heterozygous genotype with elevated IL-18 serum level and bladder cancer risk has been registered in the present study.

Scleroderma is a symptom of a group of diseases of the immune system, blood vessels, and connective tissue, in which the skin, usually of the hands and feet, becomes stiff, tight, and shiny. The systemic forms of scleroderma are most appropriately designated systemic sclerosis. It can give rise to a variety of oral problems; most commonly, limited mouth opening and sometimes xerostomia, due to which dental treatment in these patients is quite challenging. Modifications in the conventional methods are needed for a successful prognosis. The present case report describes the fabrication of a maxillary removable complete overdenture using a sectional impression tray technique and mandibular complete denture for a partially edentulous patient with microstomia resulting from systemic sclerosis. Complete oral rehabilitation of the patient could provide not only the esthetics and improved physiology, but could also affect the social and psychological aspects of patient care in a positive manner.

Objective: Surgical removal of impacted third molar is one of the common surgical procedures carried out in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery set up. This study aimed at clinically assessing the three different surgical techniques (lingual split, using chisel and mallet, buccal approach techniques, using rotary instruments used in the removal of impacted mandibular third molars. Materials and Methods: The present clinical study comprised of 150 impacted mandibular wisdom teeth. Patients were divided in three groups and bone covering the third molar was removed by the Lingual split technique using chisel and mallet, Buccal approach technique using chisel and mallet, and Buccal approach technique using rotary instruments. Results: Surgical time was significantly increased in bur technique. Trismus was significantly increased in lingual split technique and bur technique from buccal approach technique using chisel and mallet. Post-operative nerve injury was significantly higher in lingual split technique. Dry socket was more in patients of bur technique. Conclusion: In this study we found that lingual split technique using chisel and mallet is found to be better among all three techniques used followed by buccal approach using chisel and mallet and the buccal approach technique using rotary instruments.

Lag screw osteosynthesis is a well proven technique. Its application is limited by the fact that the spherical head of the screw act as wedge. Combining this screw with a bioconcave washer has broadened the range of applications for lag screw osteosynthesis in the maxillofacial region. Purpose The aim of the study was to compare the efficacy of anchor lag screw with conventional lag screw in anterior mandibular fractures. Patients and method Thirty patients with anterior mandible fractures with no concomitant fractures, infection or extraoral communication, who visited our outpatient Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, were included in the study after obtaining their informed consent. Patients were randomly divided into two groups; where Group A underwent fixation using conventional lag screw and Group B anchor lag screw. The fixation system used included 2 mm titanium lag screws of sizes 25 mm, 27 mm and 30 mm and 3 mm titanium bioconcave washer. At each follow up visit, clinical data was collected detailing clinical presentation of healing and radiographic findings. Results Radiographic features at post surgery evaluation indicated loss of bone contact around the screw head and bone resorption in five patients of Group A, thus causing loosening of lag screw whereas none of the patient in Group B, was found to have any such complication. Conclusions The findings support the hypothesis that bioconcave washer aids in holding up the farthest fragment at the interface of the fracture fragment. Application of bioconcave washer provides easy loading of lag screw.

Turmeric is dried rhizome of the perennial herbs curcumalonga. It is called Haldi in Hindi, turmeric in English, ukon in Japanese. It has been used in Asian Medicine since the second millennium BC. It's utility is referred to in the ancient Hindu script the Ayurveda. Pathogenesis of the OLP should be taken in consideration for the treatment point of view. The Cell mediated immunity to secondary antigenic change in oral mucous membrane is thought to play a major role in its pathogenesis modified keratocyte surface antigens are the primary target for cytotoxic cellular response. Curcumin also been shown to have immune modulatory effect involving activation of host macrophages and natural killer cells and modulation of lymphocytes mediated function.

El presente artículo se basa en un estudio cuyo objeto es comprender la motivación y las experiencias de personas de la tercera edad a la hora de obtener el Diploma en Gerontología otorgado por el Centro para el Aprendizaje Permanente, del Instituto Tata de Ciencias Sociales, en Bombay (la India). La cuestión de lo que motiva a los adultos de mayor edad a participar en actividades educativas es importante, especialmente desde la perspectiva del envejecimiento activo. Se seleccionaron seis de un total de trece alumnos pertenecientes a la tercera edad, a quienes se entrevistó en profundidad. Se empleó una metodología cualitativa, que incluye el análisis de contenido, para explorar las experiencias y los antecedentes de las personas de la tercera edad y llegar a obtener un conocimiento sobre su participación en las actividades de aprendizaje mientras cursan el Diploma en Gerontología. Se analizan su motivación, sus experiencias, sus retos y sus beneficios al participar en el aprendizaje permanente. Una de las principales conclusiones del estudio es que, a pesar de que el curso se describe como riguroso y exigente en cuanto al esfuerzo que requiere, se comprueba que los alumnos han percibido un impacto positivo sobre su bienestar social, psicológico e incluso físico. Los métodos de enseñanza favoritos entre los adultos de la tercera edad son las actividades de grupo, el debate y los proyectos basados en las tareas docentes, antes que los exámenes escritos. El estudio recomienda mayor divulgación y publicidad de tales programas educativos entre la tercera edad, y conseguir que los cursos sean más adecuados para las personas mayores, de forma que puedan convertirse en un componente integral del envejecimiento activo. The present paper is based on a study aimed at understanding the motivation and experiences of senior citizen learners in pursuing Diploma in Gerontology at Centre for Lifelong Learning, Tata Institute of Social Sciences, Mumbai. The issue of what motivates older adults to participate in educational activities is important specially from the perspective of Active Ageing. Six out of the total thirteen senior citizen learners were selected and interviewed in depth. Qualitative methodology, including content analysis was used to explore older persons’ backgrounds and experiences, and to gain an understanding of their involvement in the learning activities while pursuing Diploma in Gerontology. Their motivation, experiences, challenges, and benefits of engagement in lifelong learning are discussed. One of the major findings of the study is that, despite the course being described as rigorous and demanding in terms of hard work, the learners are found to have perceived a positive impact on their social, psychological and even physical wellbeing. The most preferred teaching method among senior citizen learners are group activities, discussion and assignment-based projects over written examinations. The study recommends more awareness and publicity of such educational programmes among the elderly and courses more elder-friendly so that they may become an integral component in active ageing.

Diagnostic instruments need very high signal accuracy for interpretation of diseases. In the design of a high-speed multilayer printed circuit board (PCB) for medical instruments, partitioning of power/ground planes breaks the return path of the signal current, either through power/ground plane. It causes undesirable side effects on the PCB due to radiation effect, reflection of signal or crosstalk. Routing on the biomedical system with a smaller number of routing layers reduces performance of the PCB while high frequency signals cross the split plane. In this article, the impedance control method is proposed for minimizing the slot plane effect when high frequency signals crossing the slot gaps. It is a geometry-based method to understand the physical degradations in the PCB.

Chemokine are small, inducible pro-inflammatory cytokines involved in many biological processes, such as migration of leukocytes, atherosclerosis, angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis. Chemokine are also known to influence tumor cell’s activity. Specifically, tumor cells express chemokine receptors in a non random manner suggesting a role of chemokine in metastatic destination of tumor cells. The present study was conducted to determine distribution of (Chemokine receptor 2) CCR2 V64I, Chemokine ligand 2 CCL2 I/D, and CCL2 2518 A>G gene polymorphisms in North Indian population and compare with different populations globally. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based analysis was conducted in 200 normal healthy individuals of similar ethnicity. Allelic frequencies in wild type (GG) of CCR2 V64I G>A were 63 % G; CCL2 I/D 42 % II; CCL2 2518 A>G 40.5 % A. The minor variant allele frequency in our population was as follows: 19.5 % for CCR2 V64I, 35.5 % for CCL2 I/D, 35.3 % for CCL2 2518 A>G. We further compared frequency distribution for these genes with various published studies in different ethnicity. Our results suggested that frequency in chemokine genes exhibit distinctive pattern in India that could be attributed to ethnicity variation. This could assist in high-risk screening of human exposed to environmental carcinogens and cancer predisposition in different ethnic groups. Thus, they signify an impact of ethnicity and provide a basis for future epidemiological and clinical studies.

Online working of a government or providing its services online to its citizens capitals to all district headquarters by 1990 [7].at their door step is known as E-Governance. E-Governance is E-Commerce technology means online availability of government services. The technology and the methods used in E-Governance project provide a roadmap for efficient delivery of services at the door step. In today’s time the development of any country depends on the uses set up within 2of E-Governance and also their penetration. Development of any country can be judge by the scope of E-Governance in that country. Moreover, today’s government has also full faith in E-Governance and its widespread network across the world proves it. Due to widespread demand ofE-governance and exponentially increasing size of data, new technologies like Open source solutions and cloud computing need to be incorporated. In this paper, the latest trends of technology that the government of most of the country has adopted have been discussed. While working on this project we have concluded that E-Governance has made the working of government more efficient and more transparent to its citizens We have also presented an exhaustive list of E-Governance projects which is currently being used in India and in international scenario. We have provided a mechanism for improving E-Governance by including technologies such as Open Source and Cloud Computing.

Purpose The purpose of this study was to determine the clinical stability and efficacy of 1 microplate combined with 1 miniplate in the management of mandibular fractures of the interforaminal region compared with the standard 2-miniplate treatment using bite force measurements. Materials and Methods Twenty patients were treated for isolated mandibular fractures of the interforaminal region. They were randomly divided into group A (test group) and group B (control group), with 10 patients per group. Group A underwent osteosynthesis using the combination of 1 microplate (subapical) and 1 miniplate (at the lower border). Group B underwent osteosynthesis using the standard 2-miniplate protocol. The bite force measurements were performed preoperatively and postoperatively at each follow-up using a bite force recorder. As a secondary outcome, the patients also were assessed for complications, such as infection, that might interfere with successful osteosynthesis at the fracture site. Results A statistically significant increase in incisor bite force was found in the 2 groups compared with the preoperative bite force measurements. No statistically significant difference was seen in the incisor bite force of either group at the different follow-up visits. No statistically significant difference was seen in the molar bite force (right vs left) of the test and control groups during follow-up. Molar bite force on the nonfractured side was greater than on the fractured side in the 2 groups. Infection was seen in 1 patient (ie, 10%) in each group. On surgical exploration, the fracture had united and the infection was resolved in the 2 patients, with no further complications. Conclusions The replacement of an upper miniplate by a microplate in the management of mandibular fractures is stable and adequately efficacious to withstand the masticatory loads and torsional forces acting in the anterior region of the mandible.

Chemokine genes have been proposed as good candidate genes for conferring susceptibility to Bladder cancer (BC). We examined the combined effect of multiple alleles of pro inflammatory chemokine genes for determining the risk of BC. We tested association of three gene polymorphisms of CCL2I/D (rs3917887), CCL2A2518G (rs1024611) and CCR2V64I (rs1799864) with BC risk in North Indian population. Genotypes were assessed in hospital-based case–control study comprising of 200 BC patients and 200 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was isolated from blood and genotyping done using PCR–RFLP method. In CCL2I/D polymorphism, the heterozygous genotype (I/D) showed high risk of BC p < 0.001 OR = 2.56 and combination of ID + DD showed significant high risk for BC (p = 0.001 OR = 2.12). Haplotype analysis of CCL2I/D, CCL2A2518G gene polymorphisms demonstrated that combination of D–A was associated with 1.5-fold increased risk of BC. Variant genotype (DD) of CCL2I/D gene was associated with high risk of recurrence (p < 0.001 HR = 15.18) in superficial BC patients receiving BCG treatment thus showing least survival (log rank = 0.019). Our study suggested CCL2I/D polymorphism to be associated with higher BC risk and no contribution of CCR2V64I and CCL2A2518G genes. However, study with large sample size and diverse ethnicity is required to validate our observations.

Bug severity is the degree of impact that a defect has on the development or operation of a component or system, and can be classified into different levels based on their impact on the system. Identification of severity level can be useful for bug triager in allocating the bug to the concerned bug fixer. Various researchers have attempted text mining techniques in predicting the severity of bugs, detection of duplicate bug reports and assignment of bugs to suitable fixer for its fix. In this paper, an attempt has been made to compare the performance of different machine learning techniques namely Support vector machine (SVM), probability based Naïve Bayes (NB), Decision Tree based J48 (A Java implementation of C4.5), rule based Repeated Incremental Pruning to Produce Error Reduction (RIPPER) and Random Forests (RF) learners in predicting the severity level (1 to 5) of a reported bug by analyzing the summary or short description of the bug reports. The bug report data has been taken from NASA’s PITS (Projects and Issue Tracking System) datasets as closed source and components of Eclipse, Mozilla & GNOME datasets as open source projects. The analysis has been carried out in RapidMiner and STATISTICA data mining tools. The authors measured the performance of different machine learning techniques by considering (i) the value of accuracy and F-Measure for all severity level and (ii) number of best cases at different threshold level of accuracy and F-Measure.

Srivastava P, Singh A, Kesarwani P, Jaiswal PK, Singh V, Mittal RD. Association studies of Toll-like receptor gene polymorphisms with allograft survival in renal transplant recipients of North India. Abstract: Organ transplantation itself inevitably activates the innate immune system by Toll-like receptors (TLRs), potentially leading to allograft rejection and graft failure. We evaluated the possible association of TLR2, TLR3, and TLR9 polymorphisms of donor-recipient pairs and acute rejection in renal transplant patients of North India. TLR2 (−196 to −174 del), TLR3 (c.1377C/T; rs 3775290), and TLR9 (+2848 G/A; rs 352140) were genotyped using DNA samples from 200 donor-recipient pairs of live donor kidney transplantation by applying Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP) methodology. The variant allele frequency of TLR2 (−196 to −174 del) was significantly different between recipients and donors (7.5% vs. 5.0%; p = 0.049; OR = 3.9; 95%CI = 1.01–15.32). However, no significant association for allograft rejection was observed in transplant recipients for TLR3 and TLR9. Interestingly, a low prevalence of AA genotype of TLR9 + 2848 G>A was observed in rejecters when compared with non-rejecters, demonstrating protective association with allograft rejection (OR = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.12–0.88, p = 0.028). An allele in patients was also observed to be associated with higher rejection-free survival (log-rank = 0.044). These TLR gene polymorphisms, upon further evaluation, may be helpful in elucidation of immunobiological mechanisms associated with renal graft rejection.

Aim Surgical removal of tumors in the mandible leads to discontinuity of bone which requires surgical reconstruction of the defect to provide a suitable tissue foundation for an acceptable prosthesis. At times when reconstructive surgeries are not possible, prosthetic rehabilitation is a successful alternative. In the present article, prosthetic rehabilitation using neutral zone technique has been discussed in the patient of marginal mandibulectomy. Methods The fabrication procedure of the removable partial denture was modified to achieve adequate retention and stability in a 22-year-old female patient with the anterior mandibulectomy. Polished surface contours and tooth positioning were recorded with modified neutral zone technique and mandibular teeth were characterized to provide esthetics. Conclusion The modified neutral zone technique enhanced the stability of the partial denture. A marked improvement in esthetics, function and psychology was noticed. How to cite this article Tripathi S, Singh V, Singh SV, Arya D. Modified Neutral Zone Technique for the Partial Mandibulectomy Patient. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2012;2(4):146-149.

The present article report a rare case of intraosseous dermoid cyst in mandible which clinically and radio-graphicaly presented as mandibular cyst. The diagnosis of dermoid cyst was confirmed histologically. A 20 year old patient was admitted to our Department with the complaint of swelling in left lower jaw with occasional pain. Radiographic examination revealed a radiolucent lesion extending from left 2nd molar to right premolar region. On surgical exploration the lesion was cystic in nature full of hair and keratinized tissues. The tissue was sent for the histopathological examination and macroscopic feature reveal numerous bits of soft tissue. The tissues were creamish brown in color, firm in consistency, with largest tissue measuring 2.5 × 1.5 × 0.5 cm in dimension. Few hair follicles were also evident within it. The histopathology reveal cyst lined by stratified squamous hyperor- thokeratinized epithelium supported by a fibrous connective tissue wall. The cystic epithelium is showing melanin pigmentation in the basal cell layer. Ab-undant onion skin keratin is seen within the cyst lumen. The epithelial lining as well as cyst wall shows numerous skin appendages such as lobules of seba-ceous glands. The underlying connective tissue shows mild chronic inflammatory infiltrate mainly composed of lymphocytes.

Iodoform is also known as triiodomethane a yellow crystalline solid belongs to the family of organic halogen compounds used as an antiseptic component of certain medications. It was first prepared in 1822 by electrolysis of aqueous solutions of acetone, inorganic iodides and sodium carbonates. It s antiseptic action discovered in 1880, which made it an important medicinal. It has no irritant action; it has antiseptic, disinfectant properties. In this article we are sharing our experiences of iodoform dressing in different conditions like for the cyst healing and management of dry socket, followed by a review of its various applications in literature. The open packing has been used successfully as a secondary healing method to help bone tissue healing, results were similar to secondary healing of alveolar socket after tooth extraction. Bony healing was confirmed radio graphically. The release of elemental iodine when applied to the tissue which has a mild disinfectant action with the organic tissue, iodine is slight irritant to the tissue which may promote granulation tissue formation.

Bugs are inevitable in any software development life cycle. Most bugs are detected and removed in the testing phase. In software, we can classify bugs into two categories: (1) bugs of different severity, from a user's perspective,(how much damage the bug does) and (2) bugs of different complexity(how much is the debugging time lag between detection and correction). Prior knowledge of bug distribution of different complexity can help project managers in allocating testing resources and tools. Various researchers have proposed models for determining the proportion of bugs present in software of different complexity but none of these models have been applied to object oriented software. In this paper, we have proposed a model that will determine the proportion of different bug complexity. The paper also suggests the suitability of the proposed model for a particular data set. We have taken two data sets based on object oriented methodology namely SQL for Python and SQuirreL SQL Client software developed under open source environment.

p53 is a major orchestrator of cellular response to a broad array of stress types by regulating apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, etc. A few polymorphic sites, one at codon72 of exon4, intron3 16bpdel/ins, intron6G>A have been studied with regard to Bladder cancer (BC) risk in North Indians. Genotypes were assessed in hospital-based case-control study comprising of 200BC cases, 265healthy controls. After extraction of genomic DNA from blood, genotyping was done using PCR Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism. Individuals with p53R72P G>C, CC genotype demonstrated marginally reduced risk of BC (p = 0.053, OR = 0.29, 95%CI = 0.08–1.02). In intron3 16bp-ins/del, I allele, its carrier (D/I+I/I) were at higher risk (p = 0.012, OR = 1.52, 95%CI = 1.09-2.11; p = 0.040, OR = 1.55, 95%CI = 1.02–2.38). Haplotypes p53 intron6 G-R72P G-intron3 I (GGI) and p53 intron6 A-R72P G-intron3 D (AGD) (p A, intron3 16bp ins/del gene-combination (GG-I/D, GA-I/I) showed significant association with BC. In R72P G>C, GC was associated with reduced risk of recurrence (HR = 0.29, p = 0.022, 95%CI = 0.11–0.84) in patients receiving BCG treatment thus showing increased recurrence-free survival(GC/GG = 49/30months;log rank = 0.008). p53R72PG>C, intron3-16bp duplication polymorphism are potentially important, clinically relevant genetic markers contributing to BC susceptibility. Kaplan-Meier analysis of BC patients harboring the R72P GC showed significantly longer recurrence free survival with adjuvant immunotherapy.

Purpose To compare the efficacy of the 2-mm locking miniplates to 2-mm standard miniplates in the osteosynthesis of mandibular fractures on the basis of clinical parameters and bite force recording. Patients and Methods A prospective randomized clinical trial was conducted at the Faculty of Dental Science, CSMMU (formerly King Georges Medical College), Lucknow, India, from January 1, 2007, to January 31, 2008, to treat consecutive mandible fractures. The patients were randomly divided into 2 groups. The patients underwent osteosynthesis—group 1 with Synthes 2-mm locking titanium miniplates and group 2 with Synthes 2-mm nonlocking titanium miniplates. The cause of trauma, the number of days from injury to surgery, average age, gender, and site distribution were all reviewed. The assessment of the patients was done at 1, 3, and 6 weeks and 3 months using the clinical parameters and bite force recording. Results A total of 20 patients with 32 fractures met the inclusion criteria. In our study, a statistically significant difference was not found in the clinical parameters such as pain, swelling, infection, paresthesia, hardware failure, and mobility between the fracture segments. A statistically significant difference was found between the change in bite force from the previous follow-up visit in groups 1 and 2. From 1 week to 3 months, the change in the incisor bite force was significantly greater for group 1 than for group 2. At 6 weeks and 3 months, the change in right molar bite force from the previous follow-up visit was significantly greater for group 1 than for group 2. At the 1-, 3-, 6-week and 3-month follow-up visits, the change in left molar bite force from the previous follow-up visit was significantly greater for group 1 than for group 2. Conclusion These findings show that the use of locking miniplates plate in mandibular fracture was efficacious enough to bear the masticatory loads during osteosynthesis of the fracture. The locking miniplates provide the advantage of a greater bite force, with clinical results almost similar to those seen with nonlocking miniplate osteosynthesis.

Background: Ayurveda the ancient science of medicine describes various herb preparations that achieve the hastening of bone healing. Harjor showed clinical efficacy in the treatment of fractures. Objectives: The comparative evaluation of herbal agents as osteogenic agents in mandibular fractures. Study design: The patients were divided into four groups. Group 1: Osteoseal; Group 3: Harjor (Cissus quadrangularis); Group 2: Moringa (Moringa Oleifera); Group 4: Placebo. Result and Conclusion: Pain, Swelling, Tenderness, Mobility reduction is maximum in Osteoseal group and minimum in Placebo. There was an increase in the serum calcium and phosphorus level at different follow-ups in each groups but there was a decrease in the placebo group. Ca, Ca+, Phosphrous increase was maximum in the group 1.

Intubating a patient with temporomandibular joint ankylosis is always a challenge particularly when fibreoptic laryngoscope is not available. Awake blind nasotracheal intubation requires sufficient patient co operation and comfort. Presently available short-acting analgesics and amnesics are excellent choices for this exercise.This prospective randomized double blind study was designed to determine an appropriate dosage of fentanyl for awake blind nasotracheal intubation. We compared two different dosage of fentanyl. Eighty patients were randomly assigned to receive midazolam 0.05 mg/kg and fentanyl 2μg/kg in bolus (group I), or midazolam 0.05 mg/kg, fentanyl 3μg/kg in bolus (group II).Both dosage regimen ensured patient comfort and sedation. Patients in group II were more calm and sedated as compared to group I. Hemodynamics was also more stable in group II.For awake blind nasotracheal intubation, we therefore recommend midazolam 0.05mg/kg plus fentanyl 3μg/kg in bolus.

Introduction: Prostate Cancer (PCa) is one of the most common urological malignancies in men in the United States. Tousled Like kinases (TLKs) are involved in numerous cellular functions, including the DNA Damage Response (DDR). Through a novel proteomic approach, we have identified that NIMA kinase NEK1 strongly interacts and co-localizes with TLKs and has a role in the DDR, upstream of ATR and Chk1. In the present study we have tested Thioridazine (THD), an anti-psychotic drug and inhibitor of TLKs in inhibiting the activity of NEK1 in prostate cancer cell lines and LNCaP cell derived xenografts in NOD/SCID mice and the subsequent role of ATR-Chk1 axis following DNA damage. Material & Methods: We have used a prostate cancer cell line viz. LNCaP, C4-2, C4-2b, 22Rv1, DU145 and PC3 and normal prostate cell line RWPE-1. Clonogenic activity was measured by colony formation assay. Immunoblotting was done for TLKs, NEK1, p-ATR and p-Chk1 protein in PCa cell line and tumor xenografts tissues. LNCaP xenografts in NOD/SCID mice were used in present study. We have used THD (alone) or in combination with the anti-androgen drug bicalutamide in PCa cell lines as well as in xenografts mice model. Results: Treatment with THD suppresses the outgrowth of androgen-independent (AI) colonies of LNCaP cells cultured with bicalutamide. Moreover, THD significantly inhibited the colony formation efficiency of several PCa cells in vitro (even of androgen independent lines). Intra-Peritoneal (I.P.) administration of THD or Bicalutamide long-term was not very effective in inhibiting tumor growth. In contrast, combination therapy of THD and Bicalutamide remarkably inhibited the tumor growth in LNCaP xenografts model. Further p-ATR and p-Chk1 axis was inhibited by treatment with THD and in combination with bicalutamide as evident by immunoblotting of residual tumors. In cells, following DNA damage, addition of the TLK inhibitor THD impaired ATR and Chk1 activation, indicating the existence of a TLK1>NEK1>ATR>Chk1 pathway. Conclusions: Our data indicated that THD repressed growth of PCa cells in vitro and in vivo, and for Androgen-dependent (LNCaP) cells, in combination with bicalutamide it was very effective at preventing outgrowth of AI cells and hence as a targeted ADT adjuvant therapy. Moreover, THD impaired DDR. Collectively, these results strongly suggest that THD might be a novel anti-tumor agent for use in prostate cancer. Citation Format: Vibha Singh, Praveen K. Jaiswal, Hari K. Koul, Xiuping Yu, Arrigo Benedetti. Tousled like Kinase 1 binds to and regulates the protein kinase Nek1: Its implication in prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 2821.

Testing life cycle poses a problem of achieving a high level of software reliability while achieving an optimal release time for the software. To enhance the reliability of the software, retain the market potential for the software and reduce the testing cost, the enterprise needs to know when to release the software and when to stop testing. To achieve this, enterprises usually release their product earlier in market and then release patches subsequently. Software patching is a process through which enterprises debug, update, or enhance their software. Software patching when used as a debugging process ensures an optimal release for the product, increasing the reliability of the software while reducing the economic overhead of testing. Today, due to the diverse and distributed nature of software, its journey in the market is dynamic, making patching an inherent aspect of testing. A patch is a piece of software designed to update a computer program or its supporting data to fix or improve it. Researchers have worked in the field to minimize the testing cost, but so far, reliability has not been considered in the models for optimal time scheduling using patching. In this paper, we discuss reliability, which is a major attribute of the quality of software. Thus, to address the issues of testing cost, release time of software, and a desirable reliability level, we propose a reliability growth model implementing software patching to make the software system reliable and cost effective. The numeric illustration has been implemented using real-life software failure data set.

The progress of software testing is influenced by various uncertainty factors like effort expenditure, skill of test personal, testing tool, defect density, irregular state of open source project, and irregular state of software fault-report phenomena on the bug tracking system. Hence, there is an irregular fluctuation in fault detection/removal rate during testing phase. In software, the independence of failures can hardly be assumed and dependency of faults can also be considered as one of the factor for getting irregular fluctuation. In Literature, various software reliability growth models have been developed by considering fault dependency with various debugging time lag functions. But, none of the models have incorporated irregular fluctuation in their fault detection rate. Therefore, in this paper fault dependency based software reliability growth models have been developed by applying an It ∧o type Stochastic Differential Equations in order to incorporate (i) the irregular fluctuation in the fault detection process due to various uncertainty factor during testing phase and (ii) irregular state of software fault-report phenomena on the bug tracking system. The proposed stochastic differential equation based fault dependency models have been validated using (i) open source software fault count data where software fault-report phenomena on the bug tracking system keep an irregular state and (ii) a fault counting data with minor, major and critical faults. The proposed models have been compared with the existing fault dependency models. Various comparison criteria results for goodness of fit have also been presented in the paper.

Introduction: The placement of implants into fresh extraction sockets was introduced in 1970. This approach has been reviewed extensively during the past decade. Immediate postextraction implant placement is a well-accepted protocol. The concept of placement of dental implants soon after the removal of a tooth in smokers, however, is still a matter of controversy. Purpose: (i) To access failure rate of dental implant in smokers (ii) To evaluate added advantage of plasma rich in growth factors (PRGFs) in immediate placement of dental implants in smokers. Materials and Methods: The sample of 30 patients was obtained from the different Outpatient Department of Faculty of Dental Sciences; King George's Medical University, Lucknow, who had visited for rehabilitation of missing teeth by implants between April 2013 and July 2015. They were randomly divided into two groups (without use of PRGF and with use of PRGF) of 15 each. Pre- and postoperative assessment included a thorough history and clinical examination, regression of pain and swelling, implant stability by resonance frequency analysis (RFA), and implant stability according to the bone type as well as radiographic interpretation for measurement of bone loss on the mesial and distal surfaces of the implant. Results: In this study, pain and swelling were significantly (P Conclusion: The immediate placement of dental implants in smokers with use of PRGF is shown to be efficient in relation to postoperative pain and swelling, stability, stability according to bone type, as well as bone loss.

Odontoma seems to result from budding of extra-odontogenic epithelial cells from the dental lamina. This cluster of cells forms a large mass of tissues that may be deposited in an abnormal arrangement, but consists of normal enamel, dentin, cementum and pulp. World Health Organization (WHO) classification defines a lesion as a malformation in which all the dental tissues are represented in a more orderly pattern than in the complex odontoma so that the lesion consists of many tooth-like structures. This article presents a report of five cases of odontomes.

High purity (99.9%), 0.25 mm thick, tantalum samples were implanted with oxygen reactive ions ( 16 O + ) at 100 keV energy at fluence levels ranging from 1 × 10 16 to 5 × 10 17 ions-cm -2 to synthesize tantalum oxide layers. The structure of the ion beam synthesized layers was analyzed by FTIR spectroscopy studies. The electrical characteristics were investigated on Al/ Tantalum oxide/Ta (MIM) structures by current-voltage (I-V) and capacitance/dielectric loss-frequency measurements. The FTIR studies show the formation of amorphous tantalum oxide layers of complex structures- tantalum pentaoxide (Ta 2 O 5 ) and suboxides of tantalum depending on the implantation and post annealing conditions. The I-V studies show ohmic conduction for low voltages and space charge limited conduction (SCLC) at high voltages. The leakage current density of the samples was found to depend on the processing conditions. The electrical resistivity of the tantalum after oxygen implantation is found to increase with ion fluence. The capacitance of the MIM devices fabricated with ion beam synthesized tantalum oxide layers show small variation with frequency. In general, an enhancement in the capacitance and reduction in the dielectric loss were observed upon annealing on samples synthesized with low fluence level indicating gradual transformation into good dielectric layer. .

Many software reliability growth models (SRGMs) based on a non-homogenous Poisson process (NHPP) have been developed with the assumption of a constant fault detection rate (FDR) and a fault detection process dependent only on the residual fault content. In this paper we develop a SRGM based on NHPP using a different approach for model development. Here, the fault detection process is dependent not only on the residual fault content, but also on the testing time. It incorporates a realistic situation encountered in software development where the fault detection rate is not constant over the entire testing process, but changes due to variations in resource allocation, defect density, running environment and testing strategy (called the change-point). Here, the FDR is defined as a function of testing time. The proposed model also incorporates the testing effort with the change-point concept which is useful in solving the problems of runaway software projects and provides the testing effort control technique ...

Since the early 1970s tremendous growth has been seen in the research of software reliability growth modeling. In general, software reliability growth models (SRGMs) are applicable to the late stages of testing in software development and they can provide useful information about how to improve the reliability of software products. A number of SRGMs have been proposed in the literature to represent time-dependent fault identification / removal phenomenon; still new models are being proposed that could fit a greater number of reliability growth curves. Often, it is assumed that detected faults are immediately corrected when mathematical models are developed. This assumption may not be realistic in practice because the time to remove a detected fault depends on the complexity of the fault, the skill and experience of the personnel, the size of the debugging team, the technique, and so on. Thus, the detected fault need not be immediately removed, and it may lag the fault detection process by a delay effect factor. In this paper, we first review how different software reliability growth models have been developed, where fault detection process is dependent not only on the number of residual fault content but also on the testing time, and see how these models can be reinterpreted as the delayed fault detection model by using a delay effect factor. Based on the power function of the testing time concept, we propose four new SRGMs that assume the presence of two types of faults in the software: leading and dependent faults. Leading faults are those that can be removed upon a failure being observed. However, dependent faults are masked by leading faults and can only be removed after the corresponding leading fault has been removed with a debugging time lag. These models have been tested on real software error data to show its goodness of fit, predictive validity and applicability.

Treatment for TMJ ankylosis aims at restoring joint function, improving the patient's aesthetic appearance and quality of life and preventing re-ankylosis. To rebuild a structurally and functionally satisfactory neocondyle is a challenging problem. Aim of this study is to re-assess the coronoid as a graft for condyle reconstruction.Twenty patients of TMJ ankylosis without involvement of the coronoid process in ankylotic mass, coming in age group elder than 14 years were selected for the study over a period 3 years from 2011 to 2014. Clinical examination, radiographs, and photographs were used postoperatively to evaluate the grafts and TMJ function. After osteoarthrectomy coronoid process was detached and fixed with a 4 hole L-shaped titanium miniplate to form neo condyle.No donor site morbidity was observed as reported with other autogenous grafts. Satisfactory mouth opening was observed during follow up period with mean mouth opening 37.33 ± 4.20 mm except one case which required graft removal due to postoperative infection. Radiographically moderate amount of resorption of grafted coronoid process was observed in nearly all the cases however satisfactory mandibular function and occlusion was observed.

Software Metric is a quantitative measure of the degree to which a system, component or process possesses a given attribute. Bug fixing, new features (NFs) introduction and feature improvements (IMPs) are the key factors in deciding the next version of software. For fixing an issue (bug/new feature/feature improvement), a lot of changes have to be incorporated into the source code of the software. These code changes need to be understood by software engineers and managers when performing their daily development and maintenance tasks. In this paper, we have proposed four new metrics namely code change quality, code change density, file change quality and file change density to understand the quality of code changes across the different versions of five open source software products, namely Avro, Pig, Hive, jUDDI and Whirr of Apache project. Results show that all the products get better code change quality over a period of time. We have also observed that all the five products follow the similar code change trend.

In open source software development we have bug repository to which both developers and users can report bugs. Bug triage, deciding what to do with an incoming bug report, takes a large amount of developer resources and time. All newly coming bug reports must be triaged to determine whether the report is correct and requires attention and if it is, which potentially experienced developer/fixer will be assigned the responsibility of resolving the bug report. In this paper, we propose to apply association mining to assist in bug triage by using Apriori algorithm to predict the developer that should work on the bug based on the bug's severity, priority and summary terms. We demonstrate our approach on collection of 1,695 bug reports of Thunderbird, AddOnSDK and Bugzilla products of Mozilla open source project. We have analyzed the association rules for top five assignee of the three products. Association rules can support the managers to improve its process during development and save time and resources.

Silicon oxynitride (Si(x)O(y)Nz) buried insulating layers were synthesized by SIMNOX (separation by implanted nitrogen-oxygen) process by N-14(+) and O-16(+) ion implantation to high fluence levels 1 x 10(17), 2.5 x 10(17) and 5 x 10(17) ions cm(-2) sequentially in the ratio 1:1 at 150 keV into p-type (100) silicon wafers. The identification of structures and defects in the ion beam synthesized buried layers were carried out by FTIR, XRD and ESR measurements before and after RTA treatments at different temperatures in nitrogen ambient. The FTIR spectra show single broad absorption hand in the wavenumber range 1250-600 cm(-1) confirming the formation of silicon oxynitride. The integrated absorption band intensity is found to increase with increasing ion fluence and oil annealing indicating gradual chemical transformation of the ion implanted layer into silicon oxynitride. The XRD data of the implanted samples show the formation of Si2N2O (O) phase of silicon oxynitride. On annealing the samples, SiO2 (H)/Si3N4 (H) phases are also formed in addition to Si2N2O (0) phase. The concentration of the formed phases is found to increase with increase in the ion fluence as well as the annealing temperature. The ESR studies both at room temperature and at low temperatures reveal the presence of a defect center associated with silicon dangling bonds. The increase in ion fluence gives rise to small variations in g-values and increase in the spin density. The spin density decreases in general with increasing the annealing temperature. (c) 2005

The automatic bug severity prediction will be useful in prioritising the development efforts, allocating resources and bug fixer. It needs historical data on which classifiers can be trained. In the absence of such historical data cross project prediction provides a good solution. In this paper, our objective is to automate the bug severity prediction by using a bug metric summary and to identify best training candidates in cross project context. The text mining technique has been used to extract the summary terms and trained the classifiers using these terms. About 63 training candidates have been designed by combining seven datasets of Eclipse projects to develop the severity prediction models. To deal with the imbalance bug data problem, we employed two approaches of ensemble by using two operators available in RapidMiner: Vote and Bagging. Results show that k-Nearest Neighbour (k-NN) performance is better than the Support Vector Machine (SVM) performance. Naive Bayes f-measure performance is poor, i.e. below 34.25%. In case of k-NN, developing training candidates by combining more than one training datasets helps in improving the performances (f-measure and accuracy). The two ensemble approaches have improved the f-measure performance up to 5% and 10% respectively for the severity levels having less number of bug reports in comparison of major severity level. We have further motivated the paper with a cross project bug severity prediction between Eclipse and Mozilla products. Results show that Mozilla products can be used to build reliable prediction models for Eclipse products and vice versa in case of SVM and k-NN classifiers.

Fracture is defined as complete or incomplete separation in the continuity of bone Fracture healing is a complex physiological process that involves the coordinated participation of hematopoietic and immune cells within bone marrow. It conjunction with vascular and skeletal cell precursors it also includes mesenchymal stem cells which are recruited from the circulation and the surrounding tissues. It is estimated that 80% of the population in developing countries still rely on the traditional herbal medicines. Healing is practiced by people from all levels of society, who live and work in intimate relation with their environment. They range from bone setting, treatment of snake bite and mental disorders. Knowledge of Medicinal plants and their identification should be gain with the help of cowherds, hermits, hunters, forest dwellers and those who gather plants of forest for food. Sushruta Samita Sutrasthanam 36 V.10. Herbs can effective in reducing swelling pain and soreness of the fracture and al so speedy recovery of function. In last few decades there has been growing In alternative forms of therapy globally. Herbal medicines are currently in demand and their popularity is increasing.

We report here on rehabilitating a case with mandibular fracture and lower anterior teeth loss. Three double-staged implants were placed in the lower anterior region; in an attempt to rehabilitate the condition of five missing lower teeth, two natural teeth were prepared to act as natural abutments. Teeth implant-supported prosthesis was fabricated. Patient with a right mandibular fracture and loss of lower anterior missing teeth was successfully rehabilitated with teeth implant-supported prosthesis and titanium bony plates.

During the last decade, a paradigm shift has been taken place in the software development process. Advancement in the internet technology has eased the software development under distributed environment irrespective of geographical locations. Result of this, Open Source Software systems which serve as key components of critical infrastructures in the society are still ever-expanding now. Open source software is evolved through an active participation of the users in terms of reporting of bugs, request for new features and feature improvements. These active users distributed across different geographical locations and are working towards the evolution of open source software. The code-changes due to bug fixes, new features and feature improvements for a given time period are used to predict the possible code changes in the software over a long run (potential complexity of code changes). It is evident that the open source software are evolved through these modification but an empirical understanding among the bug fix, new features, feature improvements and modifications in the files are unexplored till now. In this paper, we have predicted the potential of bugs that can be detected/fixed and new features, improvements that can be diffused in the software over a period of time. We have quantified the complexity of code changes (entropy) and after that predicted the complexity of code changes by applying Cobb-Douglas and extended Cobb-Douglas (two dimensions and three dimensions) based diffusion models. The developed models can be used to determine the quantitative value of complexity of code changes for reported bugs, new features and feature improvements in addition to their potential values. This empirical study mathematically models the interaction of a system (the debugging and code change system) with the external open world which will assist support managers in software maintenance activities and software evolution.

Genome-wide association studies have confirmed association of TP63C/T rs710521, TERTC/T rs2736098, and SLC14A1C/T rs17674580 gene variants with susceptibility to bladder cancer (BC) in European and White population. However, the risk conferred for BC for above gene variants in North Indians is unknown. We therefore, studied the association of TP63C/T, TERTC/T, and SLC14A1C/T single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with a risk of BC susceptibility in North Indian cohort.In histologically confirmed 225 BC cases and 240 healthy controls, 3 SNPs were genotyped by real-time polymerase chain reaction. To evaluate the SNP effects on BC susceptibility, odds ratio (OR) and CI 95% were calculated.In case of TP63C/T, the variant genotype (TT) showed significant reduced risk for BC (P = 0.045, OR = 0.53). Combining heterozygous and variant genotypes also demonstrated reduced risk for BC (P0.001, OR = 0.54). In case of TERTC/T, heterozygous genotype (CT) as well as variant genotype (TT) showed significant risk for BC susceptibility (P = 0.031, OR = 1.77 and P = 0.004, OR = 2.78, respectively) along with T allelic level (P0.001, OR = 4.19). Furthermore, in case of SLC14A1C/T gene polymorphism, the variant genotype (TT) showed significant high risk for BC susceptibility (P = 0.006; OR = 3.01) along with variant T allelic level (P = 0.003, OR = 1.52). Interestingly, smoking was also found to modulate risks for BC in case of TERT and SLC14A1 variant genotype (TT). Further clinical confounding factor, namely, tumor grade/stage level of cases, supports the genotypic data with TERT and SLC14A1 showing a risk for BC susceptibility.Our results suggested that polymorphism in TERTC/T and SLC14A1C/T confirmed high risk for BC in North Indian population. However, TP63C/T showed reduced risk of BC susceptibility. More replicate studies with large sample size and diverse ethnicity are required to validate these observations.

Web session cluster refinement is one of the major research issues for the improvement of cluster quality in recent days. The motive of refinement using Evolutionary Algorithms is quite obvious because in any clustering algorithm the obtained clusters shall have some data items that are inappropriately clustered, hence, never giving us well separated and cohesive clusters. Hence the quality of clusters is improved using refinement techniques. Initial clusters are formed using K-Means clustering algorithm which suffers from local minima problem. The refinement on clusters is performed on the basis of access and time features (Modified Knockout Refinement Algorithm) which is a distance based dissimilarity, Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and a combination of MKRA with GA and MKRA with PSO. Results are evaluated on five synthetic datasets and three real datasets. Further, it is shown experimentally that effectiveness of combining MKRA with evolutionary techniques produces better quality clusters.

The severity level of a reported bug is an important attribute. It describes the impact of a bug on functionality of the software. In the available literature, machine learning techniques based prediction models have been proposed to assess the severity level of a bug. These prediction models have been developed by using summary of a reported bug i.e. the description of a bug reported by a user. This work has been also extended in cross project context to help the projects whose historical data is not available. Till now, the literature reveals that bug triager assess the severity level based on only the summary report of a bug but we feel that the severity level of a bug may change its value during the course of fixing and moreover, the severity level is not only characterized by the summary of bug report but also by other attributes namely priority, number of comments, number of dependents, number of duplicates, complexity, summary weight and cc list. In this paper, we have developed prediction models for determining the severity level of a reported bug based on these attributes in cross project context. For empirical validation, we considered 15,859 bug reports of Firefox, Thunderbird, Seamonkey, Boot2Gecko, Add-on SDK, Bugzilla, Webtools and addons.mozilla.org products of Mozilla open source project to develop the classification models based on Support Vector Machine (SVM), Naive Bayes (NB) and K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN).