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The Minamata Convention on Mercury (Article 4) prohibits the manufacture, import, or export of skin-lightening products containing mercury concentrations aboveThe objective of this study was to increase our understanding of worldwide human mercury exposure from skin-lightening products.A systematic search of peer-reviewed scientific literature was performed for relevant articles in four databases (PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and TOXLINE). The search strategy, eligibility criteria, and data-extraction methods were establishedThis review was based on data contained in 41 peer-reviewed scientific papers from 22 countries worldwide published between 2000 and 2022. In total, we captured mercury concentration values from 787 skin-lightening product samples [overall pooled central median mercury level wasThis review suggests that mercury widely exists as an active ingredient in many skin-lightening products worldwide and that users are at risk of variable and often high exposures. These synthesized findings identify data gaps and help increase our understanding of the health risks associated with the use of these products. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10808.

The TecNM campus Lerdo is developing a Web Based System for the Management of the Residence Procedures (SIGEPRORE), in order to adhere to the ISO 9001:2015, which this institution of higher education currently operates under, for which it is necessary to automate the current professional residency quality management system. SIGEPRORE is an institutional software package designed to support all those involved in the professional residency procedure. It has a new and improved web design, which allows the integration of new modules, functionalities, and technological tools for increased user optimization. Participants in this project are students from the engineering degree in computer systems of the ITSL and professors’ part of the academic body in consolidation "Software engineering applied to solutions". The agile methodology used as a guideline to develop the project was the SCRUM. The impact of the project is of great relevance as it is intended to establish a web system which will contain all the operating policies of the professional residence and quality management system.

The object of this research was the comparative analysis of the students assisted by the Institutional Tutoring Program (PIT) of the Tecnologico Nacional de Mexico and who are enrolled in different academic engineering studies. The research was done in three technological institutes in the Comarca Lagunera. A comparative study with t-test was carried out between the administrative and IT study areas, with a confidence level of 97%. Among the findings, it is worth noting that the tutored students of administrative careers are more sociable than their peers in the IT area, but these students have more confidence in their tutor to talk about their personal problems; students who use institutional support services perceive that their participation in the tutorial program improves their grades, they ask their tutor for help and are more willing to listen to his advice and recommendations. Regarding the type of family, students who live in families with both parents are more daring than those who come from another family type.

As a consequence of industrial mining activity, high volumes of tailings are scattered around Mexico. Frequently, tailings contain heavy metals (HM) which entail threats against all organisms. The aim of this research was to identify plants and root fungal endophytes in polymetallic polluted tailings with the potential to be used in strategies of bioremediation. Four deposits of mine wastes, situated in a semi-arid region near urban and semi-urban populations, and agricultural areas, were studied. The physical and chemical characteristics of substrates, accumulation of HM in plant tissues, root colonization between arbuscular mycorrizal (AMF) and dark septate endophyte (DSE) fungi, and the identification of DSE fungi isolated from the roots of two plant species were studied. Substrates from all four sites exhibited extreme conditions: high levels in sand; low water retention; poor levels in available phosphorus and nitrogen content; and potentially toxic levels of lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn). The native plants Lupinus campestris, Tagetes lunulata, and Cerdia congestiflora, as well as the exotic Cortaderia selloana and Asphodelus fistulosus, demonstrated a relevant potential role in the phytostabilization and/or phytoextraction of Pb, Cd, and Zn, according to the accumulation of metal in roots and translocation to shoots. Roots of eleven analyzed plant species were differentially co-colonized between AMF and DSE fungi; the presence of arbuscules and microsclerotia suggested an active physiological interaction. Fourteen DSE fungi were isolated from the inner area of roots of T. lunulata and Pennisetum villosum; molecular identification revealed the predominance of Alternaria and other Pleosporales. The use of native DSE fungi could reinforce the establishment of plants for biological reclamation of mine waste in semi-arid climate. Efforts are needed in order to accelerate a vegetation practice of mine wastes under study, which can reduce, in turn, their potential ecotoxicological impact on organisms, human populations, and agricultural areas.

Pre-harvest sprouting (PHS) is a common threat to cereal crops in which the grain maturation phase takes place under rainy, moist conditions. Susceptibility to PHS is higher in sorghum genotypes displaying low levels of seed dormancy before harvest maturity. Other attributes such as glume or panicle morphology may also affect susceptibility to PHS. Breeding for resistance to PHS in grain sorghum requires the identification of grain physiological and morphological attributes affecting this trait, and a protocol for phenotyping and rating genotypes according to their susceptibility to PHS. In this work, we tested germination under laboratory conditions using detached grains and intact panicles for a panel of 20 sorghum genotypes including 11 parental lines, 6 hybrids and 3 reference inbred lines with contrasting PHS response. Records for natural sprouting in the field for these genotypes were also included in the analysis. Multivariate analyses of germination data allowed separation of genotypes into two major categories (resistant and susceptible to PHS). Laboratory germination data correlated significantly with PHS in the field. In most genotypes, the glumes had a significant, inhibitory effect on germination. The low levels of grain dormancy were observed among high tannin backgrounds, and vice versa, indicating that a pigmented testa alone does not provide resistance to PHS. Altogether, the phenotyping protocol allowed the classification of sorghum genotypes according to their susceptibility to PHS and the identification of different attributes useful for breeding for PHS resistance in this crop.

BackgroundThe Minamata Convention on Mercury (Article 4) prohibits the manufacture, import or export of skin-lightening products containing mercury concentrations above 1 μg/g. However, there is a lack of knowledge surrounding the global prevalence of mercury-added skin-lightening products.ObjectiveThe objective of this study was to increase our understanding of worldwide human mercury exposure and associated health risks from the use of skin-lightening products.MethodsA systematic search of peer-reviewed scientific literature was performed in four databases (PubMed, Web of Science Core Collection, Scopus, and Toxline). The initial search in July of 2018 identified 1,711 unique scientific articles, of which 34 were ultimately deemed eligible for inclusion after iterative screens at the title, abstract, and whole text levels. A second search was performed in November of 2020 using the same methods, of which another 7 scientific articles were included. All papers were organized according to four data groups 1) “Mercury in products”, 2) “Usage of products”, 3) “Human biomarkers of exposure”; and 4) “Health impacts”, prior to data extraction and synthesis.ResultsThis review was based on data contained within 41 peer-reviewed scientific papers from 22 countries worldwide published between 2000 and 2020. In total, we captured mercury concentration values from 787 skin-lightening product samples (overall pooled central median mercury level was 0.49 μg/g, IQR: 0.02 – 5.9) and 1,042 human biomarker measurements from 863 individuals. We also synthesized usage information from 3,898 individuals, and self-reported health impacts associated with using mercury-added products from 832 individuals.DiscussionThis review suggests that mercury widely exists as an active ingredient in many skin-lightening products worldwide, and that users are at risk of variable, and often high exposures. These synthesized findings help increase our understanding of the health risks associated with the use of these products.

Since the adoption of European Union Council Directive 92/43 on the conservation of natural habitats and wild fauna and flora, some opposition has arisen among owners and managers of land affected by the directive. Some studies have indicated that some of this opposition has found expression in subsequent arson fires in these areas. This article analyses the occurrence of arson fires in the SACs (Special Areas of Conservation) included in the European ecological network, Natura 2000, in Galicia (Spain), more specifically in the montes vecinales en mano común (MVMCs), which are privately owned collective lands. We tested whether the declaration of SACs had a statistical impact on the forest fire regime in the period 1999–2014. The analyses focused on the sub-periods of 1999–2004 and 2005–2014, i.e., before and after the approval of the list of sites of community importance in the study area in December 2004. The results obtained show that, after the declaration of protection, there was a statistically significant increase in the area burnt by fire in these areas, mainly on private estates. We also found that the percentage of arson fires after 2004 was higher in SACs than in other territorial units. We found that the percentage of arson fires was reduced less in SACs than in other territorial units. Furthermore, we found that the area burnt per fire after 2004 in SACs was almost double that in the MVMC-SACs (12.04 ha versus 6.64 ha), so it can be concluded that the conservationist policies of the Natura 2000 network in Galicia have not had a positive effect on the forest fire regime.

El presente artículo de investigación da cuenta de los avances del proyecto de investigación A-PIDC-246: “Producción, visibilidad y vinculación del conocimiento resultante de proyectos de investigación en la Universidad Nacional de la Matanza Decenio 1994-2003”, radicado en el Departamento de Humanidades y Ciencias Sociales de la misma universidad, y que forma parte del Programa: “Gestión y Vinculación del Conocimiento en Ciencia y Tecnología en la Universidad Nacional de la Matanza”. Los resultados parciales alcanzados en el proyecto, -focalizados en la producción académica derivada de proyectos del Programa de Incentivos a docentes-investigadores de la Secretaría de Políticas Universitarias acreditados en el Departamento de Ciencias Económicas de la UNLaM durante los años1994 a 1999-ha permitido establecer una estimación de la productividad alcanzada a partir del relevamiento del cuerpo documental compuesto por cincuenta informes finales de investigación analizados en cuanto a los registros de producción científico-académica y vinculación con organismos diversos en ellos detectados. Sumado a esto último se ha establecido también la constitución por género de los integrantes de los proyectos de investigación y la visibilidad estimada de las producciones detectadas. Fil: Ezeiza Pohl, Carlos Enrique. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Galardo, Verónica Elisa. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Rodríguez, Verónica. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Goncalves, Alejando José. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Bertuné Fatgalá, Mirta Natalia. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Fontan, Silvia Graciela. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Ferrero, Eduardo Daniel. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Castillo, Alicia Susana. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Juárez, Marcelo Adrián. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Lazarte, María Belén. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Gómez, Gabriela Ángela. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Madrid, Laura Cristina. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Bosco, Gabriel Osvaldo. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Ezeiza Pohl, Ana Carolina. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Iribarne, Alba Ester. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Artola, Analía Yael. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Saracino, Sandra Patricia. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Brunetti, Juan. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Field, Marcela. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Ormart, Elizabeth. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: De Luca, Jorge Misael. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Martínez, Miranda. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Moreno, Julieta. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Pistarchi, Natalia. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina. Fil: Olthoff, Belén. Universidad Nacional de La Matanza; Argentina.

Glycoproteins and glycopeptides are an interesting focus of research, because of their potential use as therapeutic agents, since they are related to carbohydrate-carbohydrate, carbohydrate-protein, and carbohydrate-lipid interactions, which are commonly involved in biological processes. It has been established that natural glycoconjugates could be an important source of templates for the design and development of molecules with therapeutic applications. However, isolating large quantities of glycoconjugates from biological sources with the required purity is extremely complex, because these molecules are found in heterogeneous environments and in very low concentrations. As an alternative to solving this problem, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates has been developed. In this context, several methods for the synthesis of glycopeptides in solution and/or solid-phase have been reported. In most of these methods, glycosylated amino acid derivatives are used as building blocks for both solution and solid-phase synthesis. The synthetic viability of glycoconjugates is a critical parameter for allowing their use as drugs to mitigate the impact of microbial resistance and/or cancer. However, the chemical synthesis of glycoconjugates is a challenge, because these molecules possess multiple reaction sites and have a very specific stereochemistry. Therefore, it is necessary to design and implement synthetic routes, which may involve various protection schemes but can be stereoselective, environmentally friendly, and high-yielding. This review focuses on glycopeptide synthesis by recapitulating the progress made over the last 15 years.

El desarrollo sexual del adolescente está implicado por procesos físicos, aceptación de la imagen corporal, descubrimiento de las necesidades sexuales, desarrollo de la personalidad, aprendizaje de las relaciones interpersonales y establecimiento de un sistema propio de valores sexuales. Por ello es importante estudiar la percepción de la primera relación sexual, correspondiendo a la elaboración o expresión de un juicio a partir de la experiencia, donde influyen creencias, normas sociales, sistemas de poder y significados previos que regulan el comportamiento. El tipo de investigación es descriptivo, de diseño transversal, donde las variables principales corresponden a la percepción de la primera relación sexual en adolescentes, y las variables asociadas son: V1–dimensión cognitiva, V2–dimensión afectiva y V3–dimensión conductual. Estas fueron analizadas de acuerdo a las siguientes categorías: a) comienzo de la vida sexual b) embarazo y métodos anticonceptivos, c) infecciones de transmisión sexual y d) redes sociales. Para ello se llevaron a cabo entrevistas semiestructuradas a cinco adolescentes del estado de Hidalgo, que tuvieron su primera relación sexual, analizando el contenido intrínseco de manera vertical y horizontal. En esta investigación se identifica el comportamiento de la primera relación sexual, así como la influencia de las redes sociales. Los adolescentes se encuentran en constante cambio en sus roles y estereotipos en torno a su sexualidad y prácticas sexuales, aunque tienen información no hay percepción de riesgo, ni conductas preventivas.

Este artículo pretende exponer algunas nociones conceptuales y jurisprudenciales alrededor de una realidad jurídica vigente. Esto es, la indebida interferencia de la justicia constitucional –a través de la acción de protección–, en el arbitraje. Para dicho propósito, se abordarán temas relacionados a la naturaleza de las decisiones arbitrales y de las garantías jurisdiccionales.

Como resultado de las acciones propuestas por la Organización para la Cooperación y el Desarrollo Económico (ocde) en materia de “erosión de la base imponible y traslado de beneficios”, o identificadas en inglés como Base erosión and profit shifting, conocidas también por sus siglas como beps, México, y otros países de Europa han integrado a su legislación fiscal diversas disposiciones jurídicas. Las acciones beps son 15 y están enfocadas en proporcionar a los países instrumentos nacionales e internacionales que alineen mejor la potestad tributaria de los países miembros de la ocde y del G-20 con las actividades económicas que realizan las empresas a fin de garantizar que los beneficios, empresariales principalmente, se graven donde se realizan las actividades económicas que les generan y crean valor. Del mismo modo señalan plazos para imple-mentar estas acciones y establecen los recursos y la metodología inherente. Entre las acciones que sugiere la ocde se encuentra la referente a cómo abordar los retos de la imposición de la economía digital. Precisamente, la Acción 1 beps se ocupa de esta cuestión. El presente artículo analiza cómo se ha cumplido la Acción 1 beps en la legislación fiscal federal mexicana a partir de 2020, y muestra los aspectos que aún deben legislarse para considerarla debidamente cumplida.

Objective: Vocal fold paralysis is an uncommon problem in children. Clinical presentation covers a wide range of signs and symptoms. Our objective is to evaluate de efficacy and security of the Endoscopic Arytenoid Abduction Lateropexy (EAAL) in pediatric patients with vocal cord paralysis and to present the results. Material and method: From January 2011 to September 2018 10 patients with vocal fold paralysis underwent examination and treatment. The mean age at treatment was 4.87 years old (2-16). The parameters considered at the pre-/postsurgical time for the clinical assessment of each patient were as follows: the presence or absence of stridor and respiratory distress, the existence or nonexistence of previous tracheostomy, voice alterations, and feeding aspiration events. The mean follow-up was 49.5 months (5-104). Results: EAAL were realized successfully in 10 patients. There were no complications associated with the surgical procedure. In terms of sequelae, we noted 2 cases of minimal liquid-feeding difficulties that were alleviated within three weeks of the surgery with the help of phoniatrics reeducation, and 5 cases of mild dysphonia. In 4 cases tracheostomy was avoided, in 4 cases patients with prior tracheostomy were successfully decannulated following EAAL. Conclusions: EAAL may be selected as a first-line technique in management of vocal cord paralysis, since it is minimally invasive, easy to perform, and produces satisfactory results.

We assess the performance of the joint inversion of receiver functions (RF) and surface-wave dispersion in the characterization of the sedimentary package comprising the Parnaíba basin. This procedure is routinely utilized in passive-source crustal studies to retrieve S-wave velocity variations with depth, and has seldom been used with higher-frequency datasets to investigate fine sedimentary structure. The Parnaíba basin is a Paleozoic cratonic basin composed of five supersequences, accumulating ∼3.5 km of sedimentary rocks interbedded by Late Cretaceous diabase sills. The dataset used for this research was acquired between 2015 and 2017 through deployment of 10 short-period and one broadband seismic stations distributed along an approximately 100-kilometer-long linear array in the center of the basin. The deployment was carried out under the Parnaíba Basin Analysis Project, a multi-institutional and multidisciplinary effort funded by BP Energy do Brasil. High-frequency RFs (f

Clinical studies on the behavior of posterior translucent monolithic zirconia restorations are lacking. We assessed the clinical outcome and survival rate of posterior third-generation monolithic zirconia crowns over a 2-year period. A total of 24 patients, requiring 30 posterior full-contour restorations were selected. All abutments were scanned, and crowns were milled and cemented with a self-adhesive dual cure cement. Crowns were assessed using the California Dental Association’s criteria. Gingival status was assessed by evaluating the gingival index, plaque index, periodontal probing depth of the abutments and control teeth, and the margin index of the abutment teeth. Statistical analyses were performed using the Friedman and the Wilcoxon signed-rank tests. During the 2-year follow-up, no biological or mechanical complications were observed, and the survival and success rate was 100%. All restorations ranked as satisfactory throughout the follow-up period. The gingival index and plaque index were worse at the end of the 2-year follow-up. The margin index was stable during the 2 years of clinical service. No significant differences were recorded in periodontal parameters between crowns and control teeth. Third-generation monolithic zirconia could be a reliable alternative to posterior metal–ceramic and second-generation monolithic zirconia posterior crowns.

It is crucial to ensure the safety and integrity of underground gas storage (UGS) infrastructure for energy reliability in California, and many other places around the world. To address the risk management need in UGS industry, we take advantage of recent advances in downhole fiber optic monitoring and coupled well-reservoir simulation to provide unprecedented understanding of gas flow in wells at UGS sites. We have combined advanced monitoring and simulation of UGS operations into a decision-support system called the Integrated Risk Management and Decision Support System (IRMDSS). The IRMDSS framework includes three components: (i) mechanistic models, (ii) continuous and frequent monitoring data, and (iii) a supervisory interface for performing analyses using the models and monitoring data. The goal of the IRMDSS is to equip UGS operators with real-time monitoring data and simulation tools that can alert them to potential failures, detect early leakage, and support mitigation decision-making to prevent otherwise larger failures. We demonstrate an application of the IRMDSS by analyzing the temperature and pressure response to a hypothetical leak. Through a review of distributed temperature sensing (DTS) data collected at an operating UGS facility we show that DTS can uniquely and precisely identify the depth of the gas-water-contact in the well annulus, and that DTS can provide an early warning signal of upward gas flow as would occur in a well blowout scenario. When combined with modeling analysis, a rough leak rate can be roughly estimated to understand the severity of the leakage conditions and to support the mitigation decision needed.

Verónica Rodríguez wants to acknowledge that the edition of this Special Issue and the co-writing of this Introduction was supported by the research group “CBTBarcelona (Contemporary British Theatre Barcelona)” (https://www.ub.edu/cbtbarcelona/), led by Mireia Aragay. Isabel Guerrero wants to acknowledge that the edition of this Special Issue and the co-writing of this Introduction was supported by the research projects “Shakespeare en el siglo XX” and “Poéticas de lo real en el teatro del siglo XXI” (Proyectos Talento Joven UNED), led respectively by Clara Calvo and Isabel Guerrero. David Rodríguez-Solás is thankful to the Biblioteca de la Fundación Juan March for their support while co-writing this Introduction.

A microvolumetric method for surface hydrophobicity (H

PURPOSE To compare the load to fracture of cobalt-chromium 3-unit posterior fixed partial denture frameworks manufactured by conventional and digital techniques and to evaluate the influence of the framework design on the fracture load. MATERIAL AND METHODS Eighty 3-unit cobalt-chromium posterior fixed partial denture frameworks were fabricated with two designs: intermediate pontic (n = 40) and cantilever (n = 40). Each design was randomly divided into four groups (n = 10): casting, direct metal laser sintering, soft metal milling, and hard metal milling. After thermal cycling, all specimens were subjected to a 3-point bending test until fracture. Data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA, Welch and Brown-Forsythe test, Ryan-Einot-Gabriel-Welsch F and Tamhane T2 post hoc test, Student´s t test, and Weibull statistics (α = 0.05). RESULTS Significant differences (p < 0.001; F = 39.59) were found among intermediate pontic frameworks (except between laser sintering and hard metal milling), and cantilevered frameworks (F = 36.75) (except between laser sintering and hard metal milling, and casting and soft metal milling). The cantilever groups showed load to fracture values significantly lower than those of the intermediate pontic (p < 0.001; F = 28.29). The Weibull statistics corroborated the results. CONCLUSIONS Hard metal milling and laser sintered frameworks exhibited the highest load to fracture values. However, all tested frameworks demonstrated clinically acceptable load to fracture values. The framework design directly affected the fracture load, with drastically lower values in cantilevered frameworks. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.

Podophyllotoxins are natural lignans with known cytotoxic activity on several cell lines. The structural basis for their actions is mainly by the aryltetralin-lignan skeleton. Authors have proposed a cytotoxic mechanism of podophyllotoxins through the topoisomerase-II inhibition activity, however, several studies have also suggested that podophyllotoxins can inhibit the microtubules polymerization. In this work, the two possible mechanisms of action of two previously isolated compounds from the stem bark of Bursera fagaroides var. fagaroides: acetylpodophyllotoxin (1) and 5’-desmethoxydeoxypodophyllotoxin (2), was analyzed. An in vitro anti-tubulin epifluorescence on the MCF10A cell line and enzymatic topoisomerase II assays were performed. The binding affinities of compounds 1 and 2 in the colchicine binding site of tubulin by using rigid- and semiflexible-residues were calculated and compared using in silico docking methods. The two lignans were active by the in vitro anti-tubulin assay but could not inhibit TOP2 activity. In the in silico analysis, the binding modes of compounds into both rigid- and semiflexible-residues of tubulin were predicted, and only for the semiflexible docking method, a linear correlation between the dissociation constant and IC50 previously reported was found. Our results suggest that a simple semiflexible-residues modification in docking methods could provide an in vitro correlation when analyzing very structurally similar compounds.

A copper-catalyzed asymmetric intramolecular reductive cyclization for the synthesis of dibenzo[b,d]azepines is described. Use of 2′-vinyl-biaryl-2-imines as substrates and in situ formed [CuI/(Ph-BPE)] as the catalyst enables the synthesis of 7-membered bridged biarylamines containing both central and axial stereogenic elements in high yields (up to 98%) and with excellent diastereo- and enantioselectivities (>20 : 1 d.r., up to 99% ee). Moreover, the same catalyst was found to facilitate a related borylative cyclization to afford versatile boronic ester derivatives. Both reactions proceed under mild conditions (rt) and are applicable to a variety of substituted aromatic and heterocyclic derivatives., Dibenzo[b,d]azepines featuring axially chiral 7-member-bridged biaryls have been prepared by asymmetric reductive or borylative cyclizations using copper catalysis.

A partir de un estudio de caso, se busca contribuir al debate sobre la relación entre soberaní­a alimentaria y economí­a social, reflexionando sobre el modo en que los cambios observados entre 2015-2019 en la "Feria del Productor al Consumidor" en la Facultad de Agronomí­a de la Universidad de Buenos Aires, interpelan tanto al colectivo feriante como a la comunidad académica. En los últimos 15 años, los circuitos cortos de comercialización de la Agricultura Familiar y la Economí­a Social, se han extendido en todo el paí­s. Algunas Universidades se sumaron a este tipo de iniciativas, entre ellas la Facultad de Agronomí­a, que desde 2013 autoriza la "Feria del Productor al Consumidor" . En base a una metodologí­a cualitativa y a través de entrevistas semi-estructuradas a feriantes y autoridades académicas, se pretendió registrar estoscambios focalizando enlas condiciones de losferiantesfruti-hortí­colas. Este innovador proceso, en el que participa activamente la Cátedra Libre de Soberaní­a Alimentaria, muestra tres importantes cambios: un crecimiento cuantitativo; la reorganización del colectivo feriante; y, una nueva inserción polí­tico-institucional de la Feria en la Facultad.

This article maps out David Greig’s engagement with the figure of Bertolt Brecht, both the ‘theorist’ and the ‘playwright.’ It addresses this engagement in terms not just of influence but also of creative dialogue and enduring inspiration. The first part of this article looks at Brecht and Greig’s similarities and Greig’s Brechtian influence generally, which are explored, for instance, through Brechtian concepts such as “breaking the rules,” “critical stance” and “entertainment.” The second part focuses on the idea of “making political theatre politically” (Thamer and Turnheim 90; emphasis original) and argues that the most relevant Brechtian aspect in Greig’s work is the way it envisions and politicizes the relationship between the play and the audience via the use of some strategies that draw on epic theatre, which, in Greig’s work, operate under “post-Brechtian dialectics” (Barnett, “Performing”). The third part of the article illustrates the Brechtian import of Greig’s work by exploring two case studies, The American Pilot (2005) and The Events (2013). In analyzing these two paradigmatically Brechtian plays, this article illustrates how understanding Brecht’s influence on Greig’s work is essential in order to understand the politics of Greig’s theatre. More widely, this article contributes towards understanding Brecht’s legacy with regard to political British theatre in the age of globalization.

Fusarium solani has drawn phytopathogenic, biotechnological, and medical interest. In humans, it is associated with localized infections, such as onychomycosis and keratomycosis, as well as invasive infections in immunocompromised patients. One pathogenicity factor of filamentous fungi is biofilm formation. There is still only scarce information about the in vitro mechanism of the formation and composition of F. solani biofilm. In this work, we describe the biofilm formed by a clinical keratomycosis isolate in terms of its development, composition and susceptibility to different antifungals and ultraviolet light (UV) at different biofilm formation stages. We found five biofilm formation stages using scanning electron microscopy: adherence, germination, hyphal development, maturation, and cell detachment. Using epifluorescence microscopy with specific fluorochromes, it was elucidated that the extracellular matrix consists of carbohydrates, proteins, and extracellular DNA. Specific inhibitors for these molecules showed significant biofilm reductions. The antifungal susceptibility against natamycin, voriconazole, caspofungin, and amphotericin B was evaluated by metabolic activity and crystal violet assay, with the F. solani biofilm preformation to 24 h increased in resistance to natamycin, voriconazole, and caspofungin, while the biofilm preformation to 48 h increased in resistance to amphotericin B. The preformed biofilm at 24 h protected and reduced UV light mortality. F. solani isolate could produce a highly structured extra biofilm; its cellular matrix consists of carbohydrate polymers, proteins, and eDNA. Biofilm confers antifungal resistance and decreases its susceptibility to UV light. The fungal biofilm functions as a survival strategy against antifungals and environmental factors.

We used two sunflower genotypes displaying pericarp-imposed dormancy at high incubation temperatures (i.e. 30°C) to investigate the role of the pericarp as a limitation to oxygen availability to the embryo (hypoxia), and its impact on embryo abscisic acid (ABA) content and sensitivity to ABA. Results showed that both genotypes displayed very different oxygen threshold values for inhibition of embryo germination when incubation was performed at 30°C. Expression of dormancy in one genotype was therefore related to exacerbated embryo sensitivity to hypoxia, whereas in the other genotype, the pericarp appeared to act as a more severe restraint to oxygen entry. Increased sensitivity to hypoxia was, in part, related to increased sensitivity to ABA, but not to alterations in ABA metabolism. The activity of pericarp-microbial communities (bacteria and fungi) at high temperatures was also assessed as a potential determinant of hypoxia to the embryo. Oxygen consumption in pericarps incubated at 30°C was attenuated with antibiotics, which concomitantly promoted achene germination. In agreement with the observed more severe oxygen deprivation to the embryo exerted by the pericarp, the bacterial load in the pericarp was significantly higher in the commercial hybrid than in the inbred line; however, the application of antibiotics strongly reduced the bacterial colony counts for each genotype. Different bacterial and fungal communities, assessed through their profiles of carbon-source utilization, were determined between genotypes and after treatment with antibiotics. This work highlights the relationship between enhancement of sensitivity to hypoxia with incubation temperature and seed dormancy expression, and suggests that microbial activity might be part of the mechanism through which hypoxia is imposed.

La infección por rotavirus es más común en los meses invernales en los climas templados. La enfermedad tiende a ser más grave en pacientes de 3-24 meses de edad, aunque el 25% de los casos graves ocurren después de los 2 años de edad, El principal problema en las infecciones intestinales son las diarreas que conllevan a la deshidratación, estas son causadas generalmente por microorganismos presentes en el agua o los alimentos contaminados por heces que transmiten bacterias y virus. La metodología utilizada para el presente trabajo de investigación, se enmarca dentro de una revisión bibliográfica de tipo documental, ya que nos vamos a ocupar de temas planteados a nivel teórico como es Diarrea en lactante como consecuencia del rotavirus. Tratamiento. La técnica para la recolección de datos está constituida por materiales electrónicos, estos últimos como Google Académico, PubMed, entre otros, apoyándose para ello en el uso de descriptores en ciencias de la salud o terminología MESH. La información aquí obtenida será revisada para su posterior análisis. El rotavirus es un virus capaz de producir diarreas agudas en niños hasta menores de 5 años, las estadísticas confirman altas tasas de mortalidad como como consecuencia de la sintomatología que produce el virus y la deshidratación por la diarrea, lo que la configura como un padecimiento de salud pública a nivel mundial, es por ello que se hace necesario la aplicación de las vacunas correspondientes para evitar la propagación del virus y proteger la vida de los niños. En los lactantes menores a tres meses aunque hay una protección contra el virus, y por los beneficios de la lactancia materna, de presentarse la infección, el comportamiento es similar que, en otros niños de mayores edades, solo que la descompensación es más acelerada, como método de tratamiento la lactancia materna y la rehidratación son fundamentales para la recuperación del niño, hay terapias farmacológicas como el Racecadotril pero su efectividad es limitada por los estudios con pocas muestras que se han realizado y el uso de probióticos a inicios tempranos de la enfermedad, combinados con otros medicamentos para atacar otra sintomatología producida por la infección como fiebre, dolor, vómitos.