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Landauro, Caroll Z., García-Bravo, Antonio, Venegas, Pablo J. (2015): An endemic new species of Ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from an isolated dry forest in southern Peru. Zootaxa 3946 (3): 387-400, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3946.3.6

Koch, Claudia, Venegas, Pablo J., Böhme, Wolfgang (2015): Three new endemic species of Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) from the dry forest of northwestern Peru. Zootaxa 3964 (2): 228-244, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3964.2.4

Epictia septemlineata sp. nov. (Figures 1, 2 A���C) Holotype: CORBIDI 14683, from Limon Village, Celend��n Province, Cajamarca Region, Peru (S 06�� 52 ��� 34.2 ������, W 078��05��� 10.5 ������, 2053 m.a.s.l.), collected by A. Garcia Bravo and C. Koch on 28 April 2009. Diagnosis. (1) 14 midbody scale rows; (2) 10 midtail scale rows; (3) 2 supralabials, first large and in broad contact with supraocular; (4) 16 subcaudals; (5) 257 mid-dorsal scale rows; (6) Dorsum with seven black longitudinal stripes, outermost interspaces bright yellow along the body, medial interspaces yellow near the head and tail, and midbody interspaces reddish-brown; (7) rostral yellowish-white dorsally and cream ventrally; (8) terminal spine black; (9) ventral surface of head and body cream except for a soft dark longitudinal dotted line running along the center of each ventral scale row, anal plate cream with two lateral irregular dark blotches, and ventral surface of the tail cream, with three longitudinal rows of dark spots that merge distally and form a large irregular triangle. Comparisons [conditions for other Epictia in brackets]: By having 257 mid-dorsal scales this species has a higher number than E. peruviana [185���199], E. collaris [155���166], E. diaplocia [205���233] and E. munoai [184��� 230], and a lower number than E. alfredschmidti [267���279], E. subcrotilla [318���333], E. melanura [395���396], and E. tricolor [285���310]. By having 16 subcaudal scales it further differs from E. columbi [22���25], E. melanura [18��� 20], E. munoai [10���14], E. nasalis [21] and E. tricolor [18���23]. By having a tricolor pattern of dorsal longitudinal stripes (reddish-brown, black and yellow) it differs from all members of the tesselata group except for E. alfredschmidti, E. teaguei and E. tricolor. By lacking a yellow terminal spine this species differs from E. alfredschmidti, E.australis, E. borapeliotes, E. clinorostris, E. collaris, E. diaplocia, E. goudotii, E. magnamaculata, E. nasalis, E. peruviana, E. rubrolineata, E. signata, E. striatula, E. subcrotilla, E. teaguei, E. tenella, E. tesselata, E. tricolor, E. undecimstriata and E. vellardi. Description of holotype: An adult specimen with SVL of 172 mm; TAL of 9 mm; MB of 3.7 mm; MT of 3 mm; TL/TAL of 20.1; TL/MB of 48.9; HW of 3.1 mm; HH of 2.1 mm; HL of 4.1 mm; DSN of 1.2 mm; DNE of 0.8 mm; ED of 0.5 mm. Head subcylindrical, slightly depressed dorsoventrally, indistinguishable from neck; body cylindrical; slightly tapered cranially and caudally. Snout rounded in lateral view, slightly angled in ventral view. Rostral visible in dorsal view, about twice as long as wide, rectangular ventrally, triangular dorsally with dorsal termination (apex) acute, reaching the imaginary transverse line between the anterior borders of the eyes, contacting upper and lower nasal laterally and frontal dorsally. Nasal completely divided horizontally by oblique suture, reaching rostral and first supralabial; ovoid nostril located in the center of the suture and having the major axis oriented along the suture; supranasal about twice as high as wide and about twice higher than infranasal, contacting infranasal ventrally, first supralabial and supraocular posteriorly, and frontal dorsally; infranasal slightly higher than wide, about 1.5 times wider than anterior supralabial, contacting first supralabial posteriorly; two supralabial scales, first positioned anteriorly and second posteriorly to ocular scale (1 + 1); upper lip border formed by rostral, infranasal, anterior supralabial, ocular and posterior supralabial; first supralabial three times higher than wide, exceeding nostril, slightly exceeding central level of eye, in contact with supraocular scale dorsally and ocular posteriorly; ocular scale pentagonal with dorsal apex acuminate, 1.5 times higher than wide, contacting supraocular anterodorsally, parietal posterodorsally and second supralabial posteriorly; eye located at level of maximum width of ocular and almost at nostril level, positioned anteriorly without contacting scale sutures; eyes placed laterally, but partly visible in dorsal view; second supralabial subtrapezoidal, about as wide as high, reaching central level of eye and almost as high as anterior supralabial, 2.5 times wider than anterior supralabial at widest point; posterior margin of second supralabial in broad contact with temporal and in small contact with first ventrolateral scale; dorsal margin of second supralabial in contact with parietal; temporal scale of same size as dorsal scales of lateral rows; supraocular scale almost spindle-shaped, oriented oblique, three times longer than wide, contacting parietal posteriorly, and frontal and postfrontal dorsally; supraocular, parietal and occipital scales visible in lateral view; mid-dorsal head plates (frontal, postfrontal, interparietal and interoccipital) imbricate, slightly decreasing in size posteriorly, subcircular in dorsal view, except for ellipsoid interoccipital, less wider than posterior mid-dorsal scales; frontal contacting postfrontal posteriorly; postfrontal contacting supraoculars anteriorly, parietals and interparietal posteriorly; interparietal contacting parietals and occipitals laterally, and interoccipital posteriorly; interoccipital contacting occipitals laterally, and nuchal and first pair of paravertebral dorsal scales posteriorly; parietal almost 2.5 times higher than wide, marginally larger than occipital, both almost rectangular, oriented slightly oblique; lower margin of parietal contacting upper border of temporal, posterior margin in broad contact with occipital; lower margin of occipital contacting temporal and first lateral body scale, posterior margin in broad contact with first paravertebral and first dorsolateral body scales; six infralabials per side, slightly subequal in size; mental scale with the same width at lip border as rostral; first pair of infralabials with exactly the same width at lip border as lower nasal; dorsal and lateral head scales porous. Dorsal scales imbricate, smooth, homogeneous, cycloid in shape, almost twice as wide as long; 257 MDS; 14 ��� 14 ��� 14 D; 241 V; 10 TS; Anal plate large, almost twice as wide as long, triangular in shape with distal apex rounded, bordered anteriorly and posteriorly by three rows of scales; 16 SC, becoming slightly smaller distally; each of last four scales on the dorsal surface of the tail fused with adjacent dorsolateral scales; terminal spine conical, with stout base slightly wider than long. Color of holotype in life: Rostral scale and infranasals yellowish-white dorsally and cream ventrally; dorsal head scales mostly blackish, except for thin indistinct white margins in the mid-dorsal head plates (frontal, postfrontal, interparietal and interoccipital); whitish lateral stripe covering entire infranasal, and lower parts of supralabials and ocular, dorsal part of supralabials and ocular blackish; dorsum with seven black longitudinal stripes, which run along the middle of each dorsal scale row; vertebral stripe slightly thicker than paravetebral stripes; outermost interspaces bright yellow, medial interspaces yellow near the head and tail, fading into reddishbrown at midbody; terminal spine black; ventral surface of head, body and tail cream except for a soft dark longitudinal dotted line running along the middle of each ventral scale row, outermost thickest, two dark indistinct blotches on the anal plate, three longitudinal rows of dark indistinct blotches on the subcaudals, and a triangleshaped blotch formed by the fusion of the three longitudinal rows in the distal portion of the ventral surface of the tail, with the apex oriented caudally. Color of holotype in preservative: The pattern of longitudinal black stripes and other dark markings on the body remains unchanged, likewise the dark coloration of the head scales; the yellowish-white dot on rostral and infranasals changed to whitish cream; the yellow interspaces changed to cream, and the reddish-brown interspaces changed to sandy brown. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin septem = seven and lineata = striped and refers to the diagnostic pattern of seven longitudinal black stripes on the dorsum. Distribution and natural history:. So far only known from the type locality in the interandean part of the Equatorial Dry Forest (Figs. 3 and 8). The single specimen was collected on the end of April 2009 at 5: 30 pm under a stone on soft soil of a recently tilled grainfield (Fig. 3). Temperature on the soil under the stone was 25.9 ��C, air temperature was 23 ��C and air humidity was 57 %., Published as part of Koch, Claudia, Venegas, Pablo J. & B��hme, Wolfgang, 2015, Three new endemic species of Epictia Gray, 1845 (Serpentes: Leptotyphlopidae) from the dry forest of northwestern Peru, pp. 228-244 in Zootaxa 3964 (2) on pages 230-232, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3964.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/244441

Ameiva reticulata sp. nov. Figs. 1 –4, 5 (A–D) Holotype. CORBIDI 0 8816 (Figs. 1–2), an adult male collected on 31 July 2010 by A. García in the Valle Seco del Mantaro (12 ° 5 ' 26.916 ''S, 74 ° 41 ' 55.968 ''W, WGS 84) at 1411 m.a.s.l., District of Surcubamba, Province of Tayacaja, Region of Huancavelica, Peru. Paratypes. A total of 35 specimens, all from the Province of Tayacaja, Region of Huancavelica, Peru: one adult male (CORBIDI 1095) from Barropata (12 ° 17 ' 34.812 ''S, 74 ° 40 ' 58.826 ''W, WGS 84), at 1528 m.a.s.l., District of Surcubamba, collected on 28 April 2008 by C.Z. Landauro; one adult male (CORBIDI 9919) from Intivilca (12 ° 19 ' 51.4 ''S, 74 ° 37 ' 53.1 ''W, WGS 84) at 2238 m.a.s.l., District of Colcabamba, collected on 0 4 April 2011 by D. Amaya; one adult male (CORBIDI 9917) and three adult females (CORBIDI 9918, 9920, 9921) from Jatuspata (12 ° 15 ' 1.2 ''S, 74 ° 41 ' 33.6 ''W, WGS 84) at 2609 m.a.s.l., District of Surcubamba, collected on 0 7 April 2011 by D. Amaya; four adult males (CORBIDI 10084, 10086, 10090, 10092), four juvenile males (CORBIDI 10081, 10082, 10087, 10094), seven adult females (CORBIDI 10075, 10076, 10078, 10085, 10088, 10089, 10093) and five juvenile females (CORBIDI 10077, 10079, 10080, 10083, 10091), all from Valle Seco del Mantaro (12 ° 5 ' 43.073 ''S, 74 ° 42 ' 45.002 '' W, WGS 84) at 1180 m.a.s.l., District of Surcubamba, collected on 0 1 and 0 2 November 2011 by A. Urbay and C.Z. Landauro; one adult female (CORBIDI 13623) from Campamento Limonal (12 ° 14 ' 5.184 '' S, 74 ° 41 ' 52.100 '' W, WGS 84) at 1438 m.a.s.l., District of Surcubamba, collected on 31 August 2013 by A. Escóbar; eight specimens from Pichiu District of Colcabamba: one juvenile (CORBIDI 13622) at 1974 m.a.s.l. (12 ° 20 ' 9.890 '' S, 74 ° 39 ' 26.755 '' W, WGS 84), collected on 10 September 2013 by C.Z. Landauro; two juveniles (CORBIDI 13620, 13621) at 2003 m.a.s.l. (12 ° 19 ' 53.815 '' S, 74 ° 39 ' 6.943 '' W, WGS 84), collected on 11 September 2013 by C.Z. Landauro; one adult male (CORBIDI 13625) and one adult female (CORBIDI 13628) at 2169 m.a.s.l. (12 ° 19 ' 15.902 '' S, 74 ° 38 ' 51.498 '' W, WGS 84), collected on 14 September 2013 by A. Escóbar; one adult female (CORBIDI 13629) at 2169 m.a.s.l. (12 ° 19 ' 32.913 '' S, 74 ° 39 ' 5.017 '' W, WGS 84), collected on 15 September 2013 by A. Escóbar; one adult male (CORBIDI 13626) and one adult female (CORBIDI 13624) at 1868 m.a.s.l (12 ° 21 ' 48.634 '' S, 74 ° 37 ' 27.249 '' W, WGS 84), collected on 18 September 2013 by A. Escóbar. Diagnosis. A medium-sized Ameiva distinguished from all congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) maximum SVL in males 149 mm; (2) dorsal head scales smooth; (3) frontal single; (4) frontoparietal and parietal plates in contact with interparietals; (5) 17–24 (both sides) scales, usually in single row between supraoculars and supraciliaries; (6) 8–17 occipitals, usually subequal to first dorsal row; (7) 19–25 anterior gulars; (8) middle anterior gulars polygonal and usually distinctly enlarged; (9) patch of distinctly enlarged posterior gulars usually present; (10) 8–14 posterior gulars between antegular and gular folds; (11) enlarged mesoptychial scales subequal or larger than largest gulars; (12) postbrachials moderately to distinctly enlarged; (13) 181–237 scales between interparietals and base of tail; (14) 102–137 dorsal scales across midbody; (15) ventrals in 28–32 transverse rows, and in eight longitudinal rows; (16) in life, adult individuals with head, arms, dorsum and flanks pale brown or grayish brown, legs and tail bright green or turquoise, flanks with light green or turquoise ocelli; (17) throat in adults white; (18) dorsum finely reticulated without a pale vertebral stripe along dorsum; (19) in life, dorsum and arms of juveniles brown with an olive green tint, legs and tail turquoise, and flanks with pale yellow ocelli; (20) associated with interandean dry forest. Comparison with other species. Ameiva reticulata shares the characters described by Harvey et al. (2012) for the A. ameiva complex (e.g. A. ameiva, A. atrigularis, A. pantherina, and A. praesignis): frontal entire, its posterior suture usually contacting second supraocular or aligned with suture between second and third supraoculars; frontal ridge absent; interparietal entire; parietal series (including interparietal) composed of five relatively long plates; narial suture passes through nostril; first supralabial usually curved; first subocular usually separated from supralabials by anterior expansion of the second subocular; intertympanic crease present; pectoral sulcus absent; ventral scales in 10–12 longitudinal rows; plate-like antebrachials continuous with or narrowly separated from brachial scales; combined femoral and abdominal pores number 28–45; fifth toe reduced; complete row of scales separate supradigital and subdigital lamellae along postaxial edge of each toe; tip of snout of adult males never reddish; adults without dorsolateral and vertebral stripes, or vertebral stripe only apparent on posterior dorsum; flanks with pale ocelli. Within the Ameiva ameiva complex, A. reticulata most resembles A. ameiva, a species widely distributed throughout Amazonia (Ugueto & Harvey 2011), and differs from it as follows (characteristics of A. ameiva in parentheses): maximum SVL in males 149 mm (163 mm) and in females 129 mm (146 mm); frontal usually pentagonal (hexagonal or roughly pentagonal in some specimens); fourth supraocular separated from parietals by one or two rows of circumorbital scales (up to four rows of circumorbital scales); 17–24 scales laterally between supraoculars and supraciliaries laterally (19–31 scales); ventrals in eight longitudinal rows (ten longitudinal rows); 181–237, mean= 199.9 ± 36.52, dorsal scales along the middorsal line (209–287, mean = 252.6 ± 16.65); 102–137, mean = 123.4 ± 8.24 dorsal scales at midbody in a transverse row (135–175, mean = 154.3 ± 8.8); 19–25, mean = 22.27 ± 1.56 anterior gulars (18–32, mean = 25.6 ± 2.64); preanal shield with four rows of enlarged scales (5–7); in juveniles, dorsal surface brown or olive green with black reticulation and white pale ocelli on flanks (first third or half of dorsum green and rest brown, flanks dark brown without ocelli; Fig. 5 E); in adults, dorsal surface of body brown or greenish-brown with a soft black reticulation, flanks completely brown or brown fading into greenish or turquoise towards hind limbs and with ill-defined light ocelli, tail turquoise (first third or half of dorsum brown with dark brown flecks, dots or blotches and remaining part of dorsum and tail green; Fig. 5 F). From the other species of the Ameiva ameiva complex such as A. atrigularis, A. pantherina (both from Venezuela) and A. praesignis ( from Costa Rica, Panama and Colombia) (Ugueto & Harvey 2011), A. reticulata can be separated by having: a lower scale count with 181–237, mean = 252.6 dorsals along the middorsal line and 102– 137, mean = 123.4 dorsals across the midbody in a transverse row (263–361, mean = 309 and 134–179, mean = 151.3 in A. atrigularis; 291–343, mean = 311.3 and 137–163, mean = 147.4 in A. pantherina; and 237–348, mean = 289.3 and 111–157, mean = 133 in A. praesignis). Ameiva atrigularis and A. praesignis are longer than A. reticulata, with a maximum SVL in males of 186 mm and 243 mm, respectively (149 mm in A. reticulata). Further, throat coloration in adults is dark gray or black in A. atrigularis, dark gray in A. pantherina, cream or blue in A. praesignis (white in A. reticulata). Other species of the genus Ameiva that occur in Peru such as A. aggerescusans, A. concolor and A. nodam, are all restricted to the upper Marañón basin in northern Peru (Koch et al. 2013), and share a transversely divided frontal plate, while it is entire in A. reticulata. Description. In males maximum SVL is 149.1 mm (CORBIDI 9919) and maximum total length is 481.1 mm (CORBIDI 9919); in females maximum SVL is 129.1 mm (CORBIDI 10089) and maximum total length is 357.1 mm (CORBIDI 10089). Head pyramidal, 0.25–0.29 (0.27 ± 0.01, n = 16) times SVL in males; 0.23–0.30 (0.26 ± 0.016, n = 20) times SVL in females. Snout elongate, bluntly pointed; canthus rostralis distinct. Neck narrower than head and body. Body cylindrical. Limbs well developed; tibia 0.11–0.18 (0.15 ± 0.02, n = 16) times SVL in males; 0.12–0.16 (0.14 ± 0.01, n = 20) times SVL in females; foot 0.30–0.42 (0.37 ± 0.03, n = 16) times SVL in males; 0.28–0.41 (0.36 ± 0.03, n = 20) times SVL in females. Tail round in cross section, tapers toward tip, 1.93– 2.50 (2.26 ± 0.19, n = 11) times SVL in males; 1.76–2.40 (2.14 ± 0.24, n = 13) times SVL in females. Rostral pentagonal, slightly wider than high, visible from above, bordered posteriorly by nasals, which form a short medial suture. Each nasal divided by an oblique suture. Nostril in lower part of suture and anterior to it, directed lateroposteriorly, slightly taller than long. Frontonasal octagonal, in contact with nasals, loreal and prefrontals. Prefrontals paired, roughly pentagonal, with a very long medial suture about twice as long as that between nasals, laterally in contact with loreal, first supraocular and first supraciliar. Frontal pentagonal (rectangular in CORBIDI 10082, CORBIDI 10092), longer than wide and wider anteriorly, its sutures with prefrontals form a wide angle, slightly straight, its sutures with frontoparietals almost forming a straight line; frontal laterally in contact with first and second supraocular. Pair of trapezoidal frontoparietals (divided into two posteriorly in CORBIDI 9918, 1007677, 10080, 10084, 10087, 10094 and 10095 and with a small scale accessory between frontal and frontoparietals in CORBIDI 0 9919, 10090, 10082, 10087, 10089 and 10094), wider than long and with a long medial suture; frontoparietals laterally in contact with second and third supraocular, and small circumorbital scales bordering fourth up to middle portion of third supraocular or beginning of second supraocular. Interparietal irregularly hexagonal, higher than wide, often narrower (but sometimes slightly wider) than adjacent parietals; interparietal longitudinally divided; sutures with parietals slightly oblique and curved; interparietal bordered at each side by two large, irregular parietals divided by an oblique suture (parietals divided into two in CORBIDI 10078); outermost parietal oval in shape and larger than inner parietal. Parietal series composed of five scales including interparietal. Occipitals 8–17 (13.61 ± 2.25, n = 36), irregular and heterogeneous in size; occipitals usually subequal in size to first dorsal row, less often moderately to distinctly larger. Supraoculars four at each side. Circumorbital semicircles formed by 4–8 scales at each side, 9–15 (11.25 ± 1.46, n = 36) combining both sides, reaching middle, posterior and anterior portion of third and second supraocular (extending completely around supraoculars except first supraocular); only one scale row between third supraocular and prefrontals; fourth supraocular separated from parietals by one or two rows of circumorbital scales. Laterally, all supraoculars except first separated from supraciliaries by a single row of small rectangular scales; 17–24 (20.72 ± 1.59, n = 36) combining both sides. Supraciliaries five or seven (on one side), first highest, second longest. Loreal very large, trapezoidal and single, in contact with nasal, frontonasal, first supraciliary, first and second subocular, and third and fourth supralabial. Suboculars four; first subocular in preocular position, irregularly trapezoidal, longer than wide and slightly wider than second subocular; in contact with loreal, first supraciliary, small scales in ocular region, and second subocular; margin with loreal slightly curved or straight. Third subocular longest, all, except first, in contact with supralabials. Continuous keel from first subocular through entire length of third subocular. Postoculars small, approximately in one row of four or five irregularly trapezoidal scales. Palpebral disc opaque with enlarged scales on lower eyelid. Supralabials seven, sixth below center of eye. Row of enlarged supratemporals decreasing in size posteriad. Temporal region with polygonal scales, slightly smaller centrally than peripherally. External auditory meatus large, vertically oval, bordered by granular scales; anterior margin semicircular, posterior one straight. Tympanum recessed. All dorsal and lateral head scales juxtaposed and smooth. Symphysal anteriorly ellipsoid, its posterior sutures forming wide angles with infralabials and postsymphysal. Postsymphysal single and pentagonal; in contact with first and second infralabial, followed by five enlarged chinshields. First pair in ample medial contact, only the first in contact with infralabials. Remaining chinshields separated from infralabials by one row of sublabials. Medial chin scales moderately small, elongate, convex, smooth, juxtaposed, subhexagonal, in slightly oblique rows, all subequal in size. Infralabials six, fifth below center of eye followed to commissure of mouth by smaller scales. Gular region divided into two areas: anterior region with polygonal and flat scales in slightly oblique rows that usually remain subequal or rarely grade to larger scales medially, delimited posteriorly by a line uniting the lower margins of the ear openings; middle anterior gular scales usually small, rarely moderately enlarged, 19–25 (22.27 ± 1.56, n = 36) scales along midline of chin from anteriormost to posteriormost anterior gular. Posterior gular region covered by smaller polygonal scales in transverse rows; posteriormost median gulars usually forming medial patch of moderately enlarged scales, 8–14 (10.72 ± 1.64, n = 36) scales midventrally from anteriormost posterior gular to antegular fold. Mesoptychial scales moderately enlarged (larger or, less often, subequal to largest anterior gulars), in about one or two rows, hexagonal, flat, smooth, and juxtaposed. Scales on nape and sides of neck similar to dorsals. Dorsals and scales on flanks granular (slightly larger on dorsum than laterally), round, smooth, subimbricate, in approximately transverse rows; 181–237 (199.9 ± 36.52, n = 36) scales between occipitals and base of tail. Scales around midbody (excluding ventrals) 102–137 (123.47 ± 8.24, n = 36). Ventrals large, smooth, rectangular (wider than long), imbricate, in eight longitudinal (at midbody) and 28–32 (30.08 ± 0.93, n = 36) transverse rows; transition between ventrals and scales on flanks sharp. Preanal shield with four rows of enlarged scales; pattern of terminal scales of the preanal plate somewhat variable; often large median scale followed posteriorly by two subequal scales. Preanal plate surrounded anteriorly and laterally by smaller scales; posteriorly by much smaller scales. Femoral pores in continuous row along each thigh, 16–20 pores on each leg, 32–40 (35.88 ± 2.13, n = 36) pores combining both legs; each pore surrounded by four scales. Scales on base of tail trapezoidal, smaller than ventrals, longer than wide, mostly keeled (smooth on base of tail on ventral surface). Caudal scales imbricate, in transverse rows, continuous around tail. Distal caudals longer and narrower, distinctly keeled, in transverse and approximately longitudinal rows. Arms with rows of very large, smooth, slightly imbricate, trapezoidal antebrachial scales on anterodorsal aspect of forearms and similar but smaller brachial scales on upper arms that extend almost to shoulder. Brachial row distinctly enlarged with smaller accessory row bordering upper margin and grading into granules posteriorly. Antebrachials and brachials in contact or separated by smaller scales at elbow. Dorsoposterior, posterior, and ventral aspect of arms with scales similar to dorsals, but slightly larger, except for a group (approximately one or two rows) of postbrachial scales on posterior aspect of upper arms, which are slightly more irregular. Legs with large, smooth, imbricate scales on anterior and ventral aspects of thighs, and ventral aspects of shanks. One row of large, trapezoidal scales anteriorly on thigh, gradually becoming smaller and irregular toward pores. On ventral aspect of shanks, four rows of large scales, anterior two trapezoidal, posterior one rhomboidal, decreasing in size from anterior toward posterior row. Elsewhere on legs scales similar to dorsals. Subdigital lamellae transversely enlarged and single, moderately to distinctly tuberculate towards base. Tubercles most prominent under base of third toe, lamellae of outer toe continuing to heel. On palms, lamellae of inner finger continuing to wrist as large scales, increasing in size toward it; single large scale on postaxial side, following line of fifth finger, at short distance from wrist. Lamellae under fourth finger 14–17 (15.83 ± 0.69, n = 36), under fourth toe 27–36 (31.41 ± 1.79, n = 36). Data of holotype. SVL 136.5 mm; head length 36.9 mm; tibia length 19.7 mm; foot length 45.5 mm; hand length 13.35 mm; tail length 285 mm; supralabials 7 / 7; infralabials 6 / 6; supraoculars 4 / 4; circumorbitals 5 / 5 extending to mid third supraocular; 10 / 11 scales between supraorbital and supraciliary scales; parietals 5; occipitals 16; occipitals larger than first dorsal row; 22 anterior gulars; mid anterior gulars small; 14 posterior gulars, midposterior gulars moderately enlarged; mesoptychial scales smaller than largest anterior gulars; dorsals between occipitals and base of tail 185; 120 scales around midbody (excluding ventrals); 8 longitudinal ventral rows; 30 transverse ventral rows; femoral pores 18 / 18; four scales forming preanal plate; 16 lamellae under fourth finger on right hand; 31 lamellae under fourth toe on right foot. Color in preservative. Young specimens with dorsal surface of head and dorsal part of body uniformly brownish with medium-sized black spots at each side of vertebral region (most conspicuous towards sacrum). Sides of head uniformly brownish. Some specimens with almost half of vertebral region skyblue or turquoise. Dorsolateral surface black with regular turquoise spots, extending to base of tail. Upper limbs brownish with some small black scales. Hind limbs black with turquoise spots or turquoise with black spots. Throat pale, chest, ventral aspect of arms and most of abdomen semi pale (with a bluish tint). Ventral aspect of legs, posteriormost portion of abdomen, anal and subcaudal regions whitish with some dark scales. Adult males have a turquoise brown dorsum with black reticulation or flecks (Fig. 3; more visible in some females: Fig. 4); these markings remain conspicuous along dorsum from nape to base of tail. Flanks with small, regular, slightly scattered turquoise ocelli with distinct black margins more or less arranged in vertical rows; ocelli never extend onto dorsum. Top and sides

Duellman, William E., Barley, Anthony J., Venegas, Pablo J. (2014): Cryptic species diversity in marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca) in the Andes of northern Peru. Zootaxa 3768 (2): 159-177, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3768.2.4

Venegas, Pablo J., Echevarria, Lourdes Y., Alvarez, Silvana C. (2014): A new species of spiny-tailed iguanid lizard (Iguania: Stenocercus) from northwestern Peru. Zootaxa 3753 (1): 47-58, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3753.1.4

Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Lehr, 1995). (Figs. 1���2) Eleutherodactylus luscombei ��� Duellman and Mendelson, 1995, Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 55: 354. Holotype: MHNURP 120 (W.E. Duellman 59957), by original designation. Type locality: "study zone at 1.5 km N Teniente Lopez, (02�� 35 ��� 39.6 ��� S, 76 �� 06��� 55.0��� W, 312 m), Provincia Loreto, Departamento Loreto, Peru ". Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) luscombei ��� Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 227. Pristimantis luscombei ��� Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl., 104: Table 2. Pristimantis luscombei ��� Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 128. Pristimantis luscombei ��� Duellman and Lehr, 2009, Nature und Tier Verlag: 190. Pristimantis luscombei ��� Ortega-Andrade and Valencia, 2010, Herpetology Notes, 3: 251���256. Pristimantis achuar ���New synonymy, Elmer and Cannatella, 2008, Zootaxa, 1784: 13. Holotype: QCAZ 25463, by original designation. Type locality: "Kapawi Jungle Lodge, Pastaza province, Ecuador (S 02�� 32.32 ���, W 76 �� 51.50 ���, altitude 239 m)". Remarks. A list of diagnostic characters, character variation, distribution and comparison with similar species in the Amazon basin for Pristimantis luscombei are provided by Elmer and Cannatella (2008) as P. achuar. Overall, P. luscombei is most similar to P. kichwarum, but is clearly distinguished form the latter by lacking a dark canthal stripe and by a blunter snout. Moreover, P. luscombei is slightly smaller in size (Elmer & Cannatella 2008). This species is known from several localities along the upper Amazon Basin in Morona Santiago and Pastaza provinces in Ecuador (17 localities), and Amazonas and Loreto Departments in Peru (28 localities). Except for the record of this species in Distrito R��o Santiago, Quebrada Kampankis (CORBIDI 11393, S 4.04308, W 77.54119, 1212 m a.s.l.), all localities correspond to lowland evergreen forest at elevations between 100 and 800 m a.s.l (Fig. 4). This area covers 437,500 km 2 along the northern part of the upper Amazon Basin. Lynch (1980 b) reported this species as P. ockendeni morph B (Elmer & Cannatella 2008), from a series collected by B. Malkin at Cusime, R��o Cusime, Morona Santiago province, southeastern Ecuador. We reviewed specimens studied by Lynch (1980 b) and additional material collected in a nearby locality from Ashuara village on r��o Macuma, Morona Santiago province. Among the 64 specimens studied, 74 % correspond to P. luscombei, whereas the rest are P. ki c hw ar u m (Appendix III). Furthermore, L��pez-Rojas et al. (2013) reported P. luscombei (as P. achuar) for western Brazil., Published as part of Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio & Venegas, Pablo J., 2014, A new synonym for Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson 1995) and the description of a new species of Pristimantis from the upper Amazon basin (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), pp. 31-57 in Zootaxa 3895 (1) on pages 34-35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3895.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/287609, {"references":["Duellman, W. E. & Mendelson, J. (1995) Amphibians and reptiles from northern Departamento Loreto, Peru: Taxonomy and biogeography. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55, 329 - 376.","Lynch, J. & Duellman, W. E. (1997) Frogs of Genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae) in Western Ecuador: Systematic, ecology and biogeography. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Special Publication N ° 23, Lawrence, Kansas, 236 pp.","Heinicke, M. P., Duellman, W. E. & Hedges, B. (2007) Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. PNAS, 104, 10092 - 10097. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0611051104","Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 2008, 1 - 182.","Duellman, W. E. & Lehr, E. (2009) Terrestrial breeding frogs (Strabomantidae) in Peru. Nature und Tier Verlag, Munster, Germany, 382 pp.","Ortega-Andrade, H. M. & Valencia, J. (2010) First country records of Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson) and Syncope tridactyla (Duellman and Mendelson) in eastern lowlands of Ecuador (Amphibia: Anura: Strabomantidae, Microhylidae). Herpetology Notes, 3, 251 - 256.","Elmer, K. & Cannatella, D. (2008) Three new species of leaflitter frogs from the upper Amazon forests: cryptic diversity within Pristimantis \" ockendeni \" (Anura: Strabomantidae) in Ecuador. Zootaxa, 1784, 11 - 38.","Lynch, J. (1980 b) A taxonomic and distributional synopsis of the Amazonian frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus. American Museum Novitates, 2696, 1 - 24.","Lopez-Rojas, J. J., Ramalho, W. P., da Silveira Suscuarana, M. & de Souza, M. B. (2013) Three new records of Pristimantis (Amphibia: Anura: Craugastoridae) for Brazil and a comment of the advertisement call of Pristimantis orcus. Check List, 9, 1548 - 1551."]}

Gastrotheca aratia new species Holotype: KU 212067, adult female, from 8 km (by road) NW of Cutervo, 6 ˚ 14 '00"S, 78 ˚ 51 ' 24 "W, 2560 m, Provincia Cutervo, Departamento Cajamarca, Peru, collected by J. J. Wiens on 27 February 1989. Paratypes: KU 212055 and KU 212057, adult males, from vicinity of Cutervo, 6 ˚ 22 '01"S, 78 ˚ 51 '00"W, 2620 m, Provincia Cutervo, Departamento Cajamarca, Peru, collected by F. M. Cuadros and J. J Wiens on 26 February 1989; KU 212060,and KU 212062 ��� 66, adult males, collected by J. J. Wiens on 28 February 1989. Referred specimens: KU 212056 and KU 212058 ��� 59, juveniles; MUSM 6188 ��� 72, adult males, and MUSM 6194 ��� 95, juveniles all from vicinity of Cutervo, 2620 m, Departamento Cajamarca, Peru, collected by M. E. Morrison and J. J. Wiens on 26���28 February 1989 l MCZ 5328 ��� 30, adult males, from Querocotillo, 6 ˚ 16 ' 26 "S, 79 ˚02' 16 "W, 2875 m, Provincia Cutervo, Departamento Cajamarca, Peru, collected by G. K. Noble in 1916. Diagnosis. A moderately large species���SVL 42.8���55.7 mm (x = 48.1 �� 4.6, n = 8 males), 56.8 (n = 1 female)���with (1) tibia length 40���51 % SVL, about same length as foot; (2) interorbital distance slightly less than width of upper eyelid; (3) skin on dorsum granular, smooth to slightly pustular, not co-ossified with skull, lacking transverse ridges; (4) supraciliary processes absent; (5) heel lacking calcar or tubercle; (6) tympanic annulus smooth; (7) Finger I shorter than II with discs slightly wider than digits; (8) fingers unwebbed; (9) webbing extending maximally to penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV and nearly to penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe V; (10) dorsum green or brown with darker paravertebral marks and inverted V-shaped mark posterior to sacrum; (11) head markings consisting of dark canthal stripe and pale labial stripe; (12) pale dorsolateral stripe usually present; (13) flanks and anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs lacking dark markings; (14) venter cream with dark flecks or spots; (15) brood pouch single, dorsal. Gastrotheca aratia most closely resembles four other species in northern Peru. In contrast to the much larger G. monticola, G. aratia lacks a pale supracloacal stripe (67 % of the adults examined) and black spots on the flanks and anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs (88 % of the adults examined) (Table 1; Fig. 3). The slightly smaller G. aguaruna��� SVL 41.6���46.8 mm (x = 45.1 �� 2.17, n = 6 males), 49.4���50.8 (x = 50.1, n = 3 females)��� differs by having dark marks in the groin, green vocal sac, tarsal fold extending full length of tarsus, and webbing extending only to the antepenultimate subarticular tubercle on Toe IV. Gastrotheca dysprosita differs from G. aratia by having a green dorsum with a narrow, yellow middorsal stripe and green flanks with small yellow spots; furthermore G. dysprosita lacks a dark canthal stripe and pale labial stripe and has a granular tympanic annulus. Gastrotheca lateonota differs from G. a r at i a by having a truncate snout in profile, smooth skin on the dorsum, and a nearly uniform grayish brown venter. Six other species of Gastrotheca in the Andes in northern Peru include G. peruana, G. phalarosa, and G. phelloderma, all of which have strongly pustular skin on the dorsum. In G. ossilaginis, the skin on the skull is co-ossified with the underlying dermal bones. Additionally, G. abdita, differs by having an acuminate snout in dorsal view, and G. galeata that differs from all the rest by having a spatulate labium; the latter two also produce eggs that undergo direct development. Description of holotype. Adult female; body robust; SVL 56.8 mm; head slightly wider than long; snout rounded in dorsal view and bluntly rounded in profile, extending slightly beyond margin of lower lip; canthus rostralis acutely rounded in section; loreal region barely concave; lips rounded; top of head flat; interorbital distance 85 % of width of upper eyelid; internarial area flat; nostrils not protuberant at terminus of canthus rostralis posterior to level of anterior margin of lower jaw; diameter of eye slightly greater than its distance from nostril; tympanum round, separated from eye by distance about equal to length of tympanum; tympanic annulus distinct, smooth; supratympanic fold weak, extending from posterior corner of orbit to point posterior to tympanum. Arm robust; row of ulnar tubercles absent; hand moderately large; fingers short, unwebbed; discs moderately large, rounded, width of disc on Finger III equal to half length of tympanum; relative lengths of fingers I II 2 ��� 2 III 2��� 3 IV 3 ��� 1 V; subarticular tubercles small, rounded; supernumerary tubercles absent. Skin on dorsum and flanks graular; skin on throat, belly, and ventral surfaces of thighs granular, on other surfaces of smooth; cloacal tubercles and folds absent; pouch opening puckered; pouch filled with eggs. Dentigerous processes of the vomers inclined posteromedially, narrowly separated medially, between round choanae, bearing six teeth each. Coloration in preservative: The dorsum of the head, body, and limbs are dark gray. The flanks are dark brown. A dark brown canthal stripe is present; a white labial stripe borders the entire margin of the upper lip and extends posteriorly to the base of the forelimb. The posterior surfaces of the thighs are gray with faintly darker irregular markings. all ventral surfaces are dull tan with scattered small gray spots on the chest and belly. Color in life: The dorsum is green with faint darker green paravertebral marks originating on the upper eyelids and becoming indistinct on the anterior part of the body (Fig. 6 A). A narrow brown canthal stripe and a distinct white labial stripe are present. The postorbital region and the flanks are mottled green and tan. The iris is a silvery bronze with fine black flecks and reticulations. Measurements (in mm): SVL 56.8, tibia length 25.4, foot length 25.1, head length 18.8, head width 19.5 interorbital distance 5.3, eyelid width 6.3, internarial distance 3.4, eye���nostril 5.0, eye diameter 6.9, tympanum diameter 4.4, orbit���jaw 2.6, nostril���jaw 4.1, thumb length 10.7, third finger length 18.0, width of disc on third finger 2.2. Variation. There is little variation in size and proportions of the eight male paratypes (Table 2). The head width is slightly greater than the head length, except in KU 212062 in which the ratio is 1.12. Likewise, in all specimens the interorbital distance is 0.83���0.98 % (x = 0.91 %) and the width of the upper eyelid, and the diameter of the tympanum is 0.55���0.76 % (x = 0.65 %) of the diameter of the eye. Males have 4���5 (x = 4.8) teeth on each vomerine process; vocal slits extend posterolaterally from the base of the tongue. Calling males have unpigmented nuptial excrescences. In preservative, the dorsum is brown to pale gray with darker gray or brown markings consisting of broad paravertebral marks extending from the eyelids to the sacrum and a narrower V-shaped postsacral mark with the apex anteriorly. The dorsal surfaces of the limbs vary from no definite markings to transverse bars nearly as wide as the interspaces and as many as two on the forearm, four on the thigh, three on the shank, and two on the tarsus. A white labial stripe and dark brown canthal stripe and broad postorbital bar are present; in some specimens the postorbital bar extends to the middle of the flank. Three individuals have a narrow cream dorsolateral stripe extending from the margin of the upper eyelid to the groin. Two specimens have a discontinuous supracloacal white stripe. The venter is creamy tan with or without small dark brown flecks on the chest; the vocal sac in calling males is brown. Color in life was obtained from a single color photograph of an adult male (KU 212055) that shows a tan dorsum with brown markings (Fig. 6 B). A narrow pale cream dorsolateral stripe is barely evident, but the white labial stripe is evident. The iris is pale bronze with fine black reticulations. Distribution and ecology: Gastrotheca aratia is known from elevations of 2560���2875 m in the northern part of the Cordillera Occidental of the Andes in northwestern Peru (Fig. 5). The type locality, Cutervo is in the valley of the R��o Chatano, a tributary of the R��o Chamaya, which flows eastward into the R��o Mara����n. Much of the terrain in the immediate vicinity of Cutervo is cultivated. The holotype was turned up in a plowed field by day. Three males were calling from low bushes during a rain at night, and two young individuals were found in a cistern at night. All other specimens were extracted from terrestrial spiny bromeliads by day. Other anurans found in the vicinity of Cutervo include Hyloxalus elachyhistus, H. pulcherrimus, and Telmatobius latirostris. Three faded specimens (MCZ 5328 ��� 30) are from Querocotillo, a village northwest of Cutervo. Life history: A brooding female contains a large number of small eggs in the brood pouch. This indicates that eggs hatch as tadpoles that complete their development in ponds. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Latin noun aratio, meaning plowed field. All specimens were found in, or at the edge of, plowed fields. Remarks. Gastrotheca aratia seems to be surviving in cultivated areas, but possible use of herbicides or chemical fertilizers would endanger the species. Thus, G. aratia should be categorized as Vulnerable., Published as part of Duellman, William E., Barley, Anthony J. & Venegas, Pablo J., 2014, Cryptic species diversity in marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca) in the Andes of northern Peru, pp. 159-177 in Zootaxa 3768 (2) on pages 170-172, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/227977

Redefinition of Gastrotheca monticola As shown in the phylogenetic analysis, topotypic Gastrotheca monticola are in the same clade as those from Pomacochas, from where a large series is available for the following redefinition; however, there is considerable variation in dorsal coloration (Fig. 2). Also, the analysis shows that specimens from Ecuador are distinct; for these the name Gastrotheca lojana Parker is available. This species is being redefined by Carvajal-Endara et al. (in prep.) and, except for the sequence data, is not included herein. Diagnosis. A moderately large species���SVL 49.0��� 55.7 mm (x = 51.7 �� 2.62, n = 11 males), 48.0��� 66.3 mm (x = 58.4 �� 5.11, n = 16 females)���with (1) tibia length 47���55 % SVL, about same length as foot; (2) interorbital distance much greater than width of upper eyelid; (3) skin on dorsum shagreen to finely granular, not co-ossified with skull, lacking transverse ridges; (4) supraciliary processes absent; (5) heel lacking calcar or tubercle; (6) tympanic annulus smooth; (7) Finger I slightly shorter than II with discs slightly wider than digits; (8) fingers unwebbed; (9) webbing extending maximally to penultimate subarticular tubercle on Toes IV and V; (10) dorsum green or brown with darker middorsal mark extending to sacrum or paravertebral marks usually connected in occipital region; (11) head markings consisting of dark canthal stripe and pale labial stripe; (12) pale dorsolateral stripe usually absent; (13) flanks and anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs with dark markings; (14) venter cream with dark spots; (15) brood pouch single, dorsal. Gastrotheca monticola most closely resembles four other species in northern Peru. Gastrotheca aratia lacks black spots on the flanks and anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs (Table 1); the nuptial excrescences are unpigmented. Additionally, the following phenotypic characters (although partially overlapping) can help distinguishing these species. Specimens of G. aratia usually lack a pale supracloacal stripe (absent in 67 % of specimens studied) and are smaller (SVLs of males = 42.8���55.7 mm). Gastrotheca aguaruna differs by being much smaller (SVLs of males = 41.6���46.8 mm) than G. monticola and also by lacking a pale supracloacal stripe and black spots on the flanks and anterior and posterior surfaces of the thighs, and by having a green vocal sac. Gastrotheca dysprosita is like G. monticola in having a bluntly rounded snout in profile but differs from G. monticola by having a green dorsum with a narrow, diffuse, yellow middorsal stripe and green flanks with small yellow spots; furthermore, G. dysprosita has coarsely granular skin on the dorsum and a granular tympanic annulus and lacks a dark canthal stripe and pale labial stripe (Fig. 2). Gastrotheca lateonota is like G. monticola in size and most proportions, but G. lateonota differs from G. monticola by having a truncate snout in profile, smooth skin on the dorsum, and a nearly uniform grayish brown venter. Six other species of Gastrotheca inhabit the Andes in northern Peru. Of these, G. peruana, G. phalarosa, and G. phelloderma have pustular skin on the dorsum. In G. ossilaginis the skin on the head is co-ossified with the underlying bones of the skull. Gastrotheca abdita differs by having an acuminate snout in dorsal view, and G. galeata differs by having a spatulate labium; the latter two species also produce eggs that undergo direct development. Gastrotheca monticola also is similar to G. litonedis Duellman and Hillis and G. lojana Parker in southern Ecuador; both of these species differ from G. monticola by having Fingers I and II equal in length, whereas Finger I is shorter than Finger II in G. monticola. Furthermore, G. litonedis has smooth skin on the dorsum and a uniformly pale grayish brown venter, in contrast to shagreen to granular skin on the dorsum and a cream venter with dark spots in G. monticola. Distribution and ecology. Gastrotheca monticola, as recognized here, is known from elevations of 1900��� 1960 m in the vicinity of the type locality in the valley of the R��o Huancabamba, which flows southward into the R��o Chamaya, a tributary of the R��o Mara����n. The species occurs at Ayabaca (2700 m) northwest of the type locality. Its range extends southeastward to several localities at elevations of 2360���3235 m in the northern part of the Cordillera Central in Departamento Amazonas. Individuals have been found in arboreal bromeliads by day; the species thrives in anthropogenic conditions, as was evident of individuals found at night on trees within the village of Pomacochas., Published as part of Duellman, William E., Barley, Anthony J. & Venegas, Pablo J., 2014, Cryptic species diversity in marsupial frogs (Anura: Hemiphractidae: Gastrotheca) in the Andes of northern Peru, pp. 159-177 in Zootaxa 3768 (2) on pages 162-164, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3768.2.4, http://zenodo.org/record/227977

Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio, Venegas, Pablo J. (2014): A new synonym for Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson 1995) and the description of a new species of Pristimantis from the upper Amazon basin (Amphibia: Craugastoridae). Zootaxa 3895 (1): 31-57, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3895.1.2

Stenocercus arndti sp. nov. (Figs. 1���4) Proposed standard English name: La Granja whorltail lizard Proposed standard Spanish name: Cap��n de La Granja Holotype. CORBIDI 0 1680 (Figs. 1���3), an adult male from Quebrada Checos (6 �� 21��12.63 ���� S, 79 ��06��41.15 ���� W), at 1997 m elevation, La Granja District, Chota Province, Cajamarca Region, Peru, collected by P.J. Venegas on 22 August 2008. Paratypes. CORBIDI 0 1681 and 0 1685, an adult male and adult female, respectively, collected with the holotype; CORBIDI 0 1682 and 0 1688, adult males; CORBIDI 0 1692, adult female; CORBIDI 0 1686, 0 1687, and 0 1690, subadult males; CORBIDI 0 1683 and 0 1689, subadult females; CORBIDI 0 1691, a juvenile male; CORBIDI 0 1684, a hatchling, all from Quebrada La Iraca, (6 �� 22��09.9���� S, 79 ��08��04.61���� W), at 2213 m elevation, La Granja District, Chota Province, Cajamarca Region, Peru, collected by P.J. Venegas on 9 August 2008. Referred specimens (photo vouchers). Two adult females from Ka��aris (6 ��03��26.18 ���� S, 79 �� 16��00.35���� W), at 2318 m elevation, Ferre��afe Province, Lambayeque Region, Peru, captured and released by P. J. Venegas on 25 May 2007. Diagnosis. Stenocercus arndti differs from all other species of Stenocercus, except for S. bolivarensis Castro & Ayala 1982, S. carrion Parker 1934, S. chlorostictus Cadle 1991, S. crassicaudatus Tschudi 1845, S. empetrus Fritts 1972, S. eunetopsis Calde 1991, S. simonsii Boulenger 1885, and S. torquatus Boulenger 1885, in having granular scales on the posterior surface of the thighs, two caudal whorls per autotomic segment, mucronate caudal scales, and a distinct longitudinal row of enlarged vertebral scales. However, the new species is easily distinguished from these species in having a bold black transverse band at midbody that extends ventrolaterally in adult males. Furthermore, S. carrioni, S. chlorostichus and S. euneptopsis differ from S. arndti (in parentheses) in having the dorsal scales of the neck keeled and imbricate (slightly keeled and subimbricate) and the dorsal scales of the trunk keeled (feebly keeled). Additionally, S. carrioni and S. euneptopsis have fewer scales at midbody (66���96, x = 82.43 �� 8.13 in S. carrioni and 60���80, x = 70.62 �� 5.38 in S. euneptopsis, versus 85���100, x = 91.54 �� 6.32 in the new species), and S. chlorostichus has a strong sexual dichromatism, with the dorsal background color green in males and brown in females (males and females gray or brown). Stenocercus empetrus differs from S. arndti in having a venter of yellowish-orange with black reticulations (white, pale gray, or pale orange without reticulations), caudal scales without strongly projected mucrons (strongly projected mucrons present), and attaining a larger size, with a maximum SVL= 103 mm in males and 90 mm in females (maximum SVL= 90 mm in males and 77 mm in females). Stenocercus simonsii differs from S. arndti in having the dorsal scales of the neck almost coarsely granular, while in the new species these scales are slightly keeled and subimbricate. Stenocercus crassicaudatus and S. torquatus differ from the new species in having the dorsal scales of the neck granular (slightly keeled and subimbricate) and more scales around the midbody (97���121, x = 108.87 �� 5.99 in S. crassicaudatus and 102���137, x = 116.96 �� 8.21 in S. torquatus, versus 85���100, x = 91.54 �� 6.32 in S. arndti). Moreover, S. torquatus differs from S. arndti in having a black antehumeral collar complete middorsally in adult males (incomplete), as well as two transverse bands anterior to the antehumeral collar (absent), and the ability to change color between emerald green and dark brown or gray (unable to change color). Stenocercus bolivarensis has strongly keeled and imbricate lateral body scales (Torres-Carvajal 2007 b), which are smooth in the new species, and fewer scales around the midbody (67���82, x = 73.08 �� 4.63 in S. bolivarensis, versus 85���100, x = 91.54 �� 6.32 in S. arndti). Characterization. (1) Maximum total length in males 90 mm (n = 7); (2) maximum total length in females 77 mm (n = 3); (3) vertebrals 74���94; (4) paravertebrals 87���108; (5) scales around midbody 85���100; (6) supraoculars 5���7; (7) internasals 3���4; (8) postrostrals 4; (9) loreals 2; (10) gulars 49���60; (11) lamellae on Finger IV 22���28; (12) lamellae on Toe IV 23���30; (13) posthumeral mite pocket present as one or more vertical folds or ridges [Type 1 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)]; (14) postfemoral mite pocket present as a distinct pocket slightly depth with a posteroventrally oriented slit-like opening [Type 2 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)]; (15) parietal eye absent; (16) occipital scales small, smooth, juxtaposed; (17) projecting angulate temporals absent; (18) enlarged supraoculars occupying most of supraocular region in one row absent; (19) scales on frontonasal region smooth, juxtaposed; (20) preauricular fringe absent; (21) antegular, antehumeral, gular, longitudinal, oblique, postauricular, supraauricular, and transverse antegular neck folds present; (22) lateral nuchals slightly smaller than dorsal nuchals; (23) posterior gulars smooth, imbricate, apical pit absent; (24) lateral body scales smaller than dorsal body scales; (25) vertebrals same size as dorsals, forming inconspicuous longitudinal row between fore- and hind-limbs; (26) dorsolateral crests absent; (27) ventrals smooth, imbricate; (28) scales on posterior surfaces of thighs granular; (29) prefemoral fold present; (30) inguinal groove present; (31) preanals not projected; (32) tail not compressed laterally in adult males; (33) tail length 53���64 % of total length; (34) two caudal whorls per autotomic segment; (35) caudals spinose; (36) dark stripe that extends anterodorsally from subocular region to supraciliaries absent; (37) color pattern of gular region in adult females with clear marks, similar to ventral color pattern; (38) color pattern of gular region in adult males with clear marks; (39) black blotch on ventral surface of neck in adult males absent; (40) dark midventral stripe in adult males absent; (41) black patches on ventral surface of thighs in adult males absent; (42) background color of dorsum grey or brown; (43) postxiphisternal inscriptional ribs not in contact midventrally (Pattern 2 B and 4 A of Torres-Carvajal 2004). Description of the holotype. Male (Figs. 1���3); SVL 79 mm; TL 101 mm; maximum head width 15.3 mm; head length 18.9 mm; head height 11.5 mm; scales on parietal and occipital regions small, slightly wrinkled, juxtaposed (Fig. 2); parietal eye not visible; supraoculars in five rows, smooth, with the lateral most three rows less than half the size of the medial adjacent rows; distinct circumorbitals present; canthals two; anterior-most canthal in contact with nasal; internasals four; postrostrals four, approximately as wide as long; supralabials seven; infralabials six; loreals three; lorilabials in one row; preocular divided into four scales, the two dorsals in contact with posterior canthal; lateral temporals granular; gulars in 49 rows between tympanic openings; all gulars cycloid, smooth, imbricate, apical pit absent; second infralabial in contact with the second and third sublabials; first pair of postmentals in contact medially; mental separated from the infralabials by the first pair of postmentals; dorsal and lateral scales of neck granular; lateral scales of body conspicuously smaller than dorsals, but not granular, slightly imbricate; scales around midbody 88; vertebrals enlarged, keeled, imbricate, in 74 rows, forming distinct vertebral row; paravertebrals adjacent to vertebral row slightly enlarged, keeled, and imbricate; paravertebrals 92; ventrals smooth, imbricate, more than twice the size of dorsals; preauricular fringe absent; antegular, antehumeral, gular, longitudinal, oblique, postauricular, supra-auricular, and transverse antegular neck folds present; ventrolateral and prefemoral folds present; dorsal scales of fore limbs imbricate, smooth; dorsal scales of hind limbs imbricate, keeled, mucronate; ventral humeral scales smooth and imbricate, about one third the size of the dorsal humeral scales; ventral scales of forearms and hind limbs imbricate, smooth; palmars and plantars imbricate, keeled; lamellae on Finger IV 26; lamellae on Toe IV 26; tail rounded; caudals strongly keeled, mucronate, imbricate; basal subcaudals smooth, imbricate; posthumeral mite pocket present as one or more vertical folds [Type 1 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)]; postfemoral mite pocket present as a distinct pocket slightly depth with a posteroventrally oriented slit-like opening [Type 2 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)]. Color in life of holotype (Fig. 3): head dorsal surface green, loreal region and snout bright green, temporal region and sides of head behind the eyes brown with white spots, thin dark brown temporal and two postocular stripes present; dorsum brown with several pale green spots, diffuse dark brown bands, and a bold black transversal band at midbody that extends ventrolaterally and is incomplete middorsally; black antehumeral collar present, incomplete middorsally; flanks brown with several white spots on sides of neck and pale green flecks on sides of trunk; tail brown; arms greenish brown and legs brown, both with dark brown flecks; throat greenish-white with diffuse brown spots, chest and belly white with brown borders and gray flecks; ventral surface of thighs and cloacal region cream. Variation. Measurements, scutellation, and other morphological characters of Stenocercus arndti are presented in Table 1. Loreals 1���5; supralabials 6���7; infralabials 5���7; second infralabials not in contact with third sublabials in 58 % of specimens; first pair of postmentals not in contact medially in 25 % of specimens. In two dissected specimens the postxiphisternal pairs of inscriptional ribs were two in one specimen (both pairs long), and in the other specimen (the first and second pair were long and the third pair short) (Pattern 2 B and 4 A of Torres-Carvajal 2004). CHARACTERS n = 13 Scales around midbody 85���100 (91.54 �� 6.32) Vertebrals 74���94 (83.23 �� 6.77) Paravertebrals 87���108 (100.23 �� 5.83) Gulars 49���60 (52.92 �� 3.65) Supraoculars 5���7 (6) Internasals 3���4 (4) Subdigitals Finger IV 22���28 (24.15 �� 2.03) Subdigitals Toe IV 23���30 (25.54 �� 1.94) Tail length/total length 0.53���0.64 (0.58 �� 0.08) Maximum SVL males 90 Maximum SVL females 77 Sexual dimorphism is evident in adult individuals. Males differ from females in having a conspicuous anthehumeral black collar and a bold black transversal band at midbody, whereas females only have several diffuse dark brown short transversal bands along the back. The other two collected adult males (CORBIDI 01681- 82 and 01688) and one subadult male (CORBIDI 01690) differ from the holotype only by having the head completely brown and the throat brown with white spots (Fig. 4: A & B). Subadult males (CORBIDI 01686- 87) and a juvenile male (CORBIDI 01691) differ from the aforementioned males in having the diagnostic mark on the dorsum dark brown, while is conspicuous black in adult males. In life, the adult female (CORBIDI 01692; Fig. 4: C & D) has a gray dorsum, while in the other collected females the dorsum was brown as in the males (Fig. 4: E & G). The throat of females was gray with white spots (CORBIDI 01692; Fig. 4 D), yellowish-green with gray spots (CORBIDI 01685; Fig. 4 F), or yellow with white spots (CORBIDI 01689; Fig. 4 H). The two referred specimens, two adult females from Ka��aris (Fig. 4: I���L), differ from the adult females from the type locality only in having the throat and chest yellow without white or gray spots on the throat (Fig. 4: J & L). Subadult females and the single hatchling collected have the transverse bands on the dorsum more evident than in the adult female, especially the anthehumeral black collar. Natural history observations. The habitat at the type locality and in the vicinity of Ka��aris are croplands with scattered large boulders and bushes. Croplands are embedded in a matrix of shorter-stature and drier forest. However, the forest has been almost removed and only some small patches of secondary forest remain close to ravines. All individuals of Stenocercus arndti were observed active on sunny days at between 10:00 and 15:00 h basking on large rocks, fallen tree trunks, and fences of rock or wood. Stenocercus arndti is sympatric with S. huancabambae and S. stigmosus in Quebrada La Iraca, and with only S. huancabambae in Quebrada Checos. Other sympatric species of squamate reptiles collected with the new species in the type locality were Chironius monticola, Dipsas peruana, Epictia teaguei, Liophis taeniurus, Micrurus peruvianus, and Pholidobolus sp. In the vicinity of Ka��aris, S. arndti was found sympatric only with Pholidobolus sp. Distribution. Stenocercus arndti is known only from two adjacent localities close to La Granja village in the interandean valley of the R��o Chotano and from one locality in the vicinity of Ka��aris village in the interandean valley of the R��o Huancabamba on the Amazonian slope of the northern portion of the Cordillera Occidental in northwestern Peru (Fig. 5). It occurs at elevations from 1997���2318 m in the regions of Cajamarca and Lambayeque. The type locality lies within the Yungas (500���2300 m) ecoregions according to Brack (1986) and Pe��aherrera del ��guila (1989). Etymology. The specific name is a patronym for Dr. Rudolf G. Arndt of Pomona, New Jersey, USA, in recognition of his financial support for the improvement of the herpetological collection of CORBIDI through the BIOPAT-Programme., Published as part of Venegas, Pablo J., Echevarria, Lourdes Y. & Alvarez, Silvana C., 2014, A new species of spiny-tailed iguanid lizard (Iguania: Stenocercus) from northwestern Peru, pp. 47-58 in Zootaxa 3753 (1) on pages 48-56, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3753.1.4, http://zenodo.org/record/285378, {"references":["Cadle, J. E. (1991) Systematics of lizards of the genus Stenocercus (Iguania: Tropiduridae) from northern Peru: new species and comments on relationships and distribution patterns. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 143, 1 - 96.","Fritts, T. H. (1972) New species of lizards of the genus Stenocercus from Peru (Sauria: Iguanidae). Occasional Papers of the Museum of Natural History, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, 10, 1 - 21","Torres-Carvajal, O. (2004) The abdominal skeleton of tropidurid lizards (Squamata: Tropiduridae). Herpetologica, 60, 75 - 83.","Brack, A. (1986) Las Ecoregiones del Peru. Boletin de Lima, 44, 57 - 70.","Penaherrera del Aguila, C. (1989) Atlas del Peru. Instituto Geografico Nacional, Lima, Peru."]}

Pristimantis miktos sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 5) Eleutherodactylus luscombei ���In part. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull., 55: 354. Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) luscombei ��� Lynch and Duellman, 1997, Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. Spec. Publ., 23: 227. Pristimantis luscombei ��� Heinicke, Duellman, and Hedges, 2007, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, Suppl., 104: Table 2. Pristimantis luscombei ��� Hedges, Duellman, and Heinicke, 2008, Zootaxa, 1737: 128. Pristimantis luscombei ��� Duellman and Lehr, 2009, Nature und Tier Verlag: 190. Pristimantis luscombei ��� Ortega-Andrade and Valencia, 2010, Herpetology Notes, 3: 251���256. Holotype: QCAZ 53531, an adult female collected on 25 June 2012 at Juyuintza, S 2.110, W 76.190, 200 m altitude, by H. Mauricio Ortega-Andrade, Pastaza Province, Ecuador. Paratypes: ECUADOR: Orellana: Obe oriental, S 1.1, W 75.87, 212 m, collected by H. M. Ortega-Andrade on 22 August 2005, specimens DHMECN 3365 ��� 66; Parque Nacional Yasun��, S 0.99, W 76.25, 270 m, collected by J. Valencia, specimens FHGO 5252 ��� 54. Pastaza: Bufeo, S 2.19, W 76.79, 311 m, collected by H. M. Ortega-Andrade on 5 June 2007, specimen DHMECN 4448; Juyuintza, S 2.11, W 76.19, 192 m, collected by H. M. Ortega-Andrade and F. Timias on 25 June 2012, specimens QCAZ 53528 ��� 30; Lorocachi, S 1.63, W 75.97, 195 m, collected by O. Torres-Carvajal, M.C. Ter��n, X. Cisneros on 20 February 1996, specimen QCAZ 10131. PERU: Loreto: Andoas, S 2.35111, W 75.81622, 182 m, collected by V. Duran on 1 March 2008, specimens CORBIDI 4653, 4934, 4941, 4946, 4952, 4962, 5043; Curaray Paiche, Lote 66, S 2.01836, W 74.96976, 179 m, collected by G. Gagliardi, specimen GGU 663; Curaray Paiche, Lote 67, S 1.49719, W 75.39673, 190 m, collected by G. Gagliardi, specimen GGU 476, 508, 511, 536; Iquitos, S 3.75, W 73.25, 94 m, collected by L. N. Cotlow, specimen MZUNAP 989; Jibarito, S 2.73691, W 76.03007, 211 m, collected by G. Ch��vez on 12 September 2008, specimen CORBIDI 6562; Jibarito, S 2.73565, W 76.03178, 211 m, collected by G. Ch��vez on 14 July 2009, specimen CORBIDI 6588; Nanay, Lote 123, S 3.20457, W 74.71207, 154 m, collected by G. Gagliardi, specimens GGU 807-808; San Jacinto, S 2.33083, W 75.86369, 169 m, collected by A. Delgado on 1 September 2008, specimen CORBIDI 1183; 1202; Shiviyacu, S 2.48187, W 76.08565, 218 m, collected by A. Delgado on 7 July 2009, specimens CORBIDI 6429 - 30. Diagnosis. The new species is placed in the genus Pristimantis following our phylogenetic analyses (see above). Pristimantis luscombei is characterized by: (1) skin of dorsum shagreen with or without scattered low tubercles in females; males with dorsum shagreen with scattered tubercles or pustules, and a X-shaped scapular fold (sensu Duellman & Lehr 2009); dorsolateral folds absent; skin of belly areolate; discoidal fold barely evident; (2) tympanic annulus and membrane visible on skin, round, its length about two-thirds length of eye; (3) snout short, sub-acuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; lips not flared, canthus rostralis weakly concave in dorsal view, rounded in cross-section; (4) upper eyelid about 80 % of inter-orbital distance, bearing one small non-conical tubercle; (5) dentigerous processes of vomer narrow, oblique, bearing 2���3 small teeth; (6) males lack vocal slits, vocal sac; white nuptial excrescences are present on thumb; (7) fingers large and slender, first shorter than second; discs on outer fingers expanded, bluntly rounded, about 1.5 x the width of digit proximal to pad; supernumerary tubercles large, rounded; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) forearm in females bearing a single low, non-conical ulnar tubercle; males bearing two or three small non-conical tubercles; (10) heel bearing a single sub-conical tubercle; outer border of tarsus shagreen in females, bearing three or four small sub-conical tubercles in males; inner border of tarsus smooth; (11) two metatarsal tubercles; inner elliptical, about 5 x the outer tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles absent or barely visible; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; discs equal in size or slightly smaller than those on fingers; Toe V longer than Toe III; (13) in life, dorsum reddish���brown with some greenish orange stains in scapular region, with or without pale yellowish spots; snout with yellowish white reticulated blotches, upper lips with dark brown diagonal stripes; cream interorbital stripe or stains in some males. Groin yellowish-tan; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs uniform brown. The belly is cream with minute brown flecks or brown mottling. Iris deep orange, finely reticulated with black. In preservation, all brown areas turn into dark brown to metallic green, with cream tubercles and dermal ridges. Dorsal surfaces of thighs with dark brown transversal stripes; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs uniform brown. Snout cream, reticulated. Belly cream with minute brown flecks; (14) SVL in adult males 19.0�� 1.1 (17.7���21.3 mm); females with 27.9 �� 1.3 mm (26.7���29.2 mm). Differences with other species of Pristimantis in the upper Amazon Basin that have brownish dorsum and a differentiated tympanum are listed in Table 1. The new species is most similar to P. altamnis (Elmer & Cannatella 2008), P. d e l i us (Duellman & Mendelson 1995), P. l i br a r i us (Flores & Vigle 1994), P. luscombei (Duellman & Mendelson 1995), P. kichwarum (Elmer & Cannatella 2008), P. matidiktyo (Ortega-Andrade & Valencia 2012) and P. ockendeni (Boulenger 1912), being differentiated from all these species by having a deep orange iris, finely reticulated with black, easily distinguished in living specimens. In preserved specimens, the new species can be differentiated from P. luscombei, P. altamnis and P. kichwarum by lacking a thin W-shaped dermal ridge on scapular region. Also, from P. ki chw ar um by having a dark black canthal stripe, and by smaller size of P. miktos (females 23.6 �� 1.2 mm and males 17.9 �� 1.1 mm in P. k i ch w a r u m vs. females 28.6 �� 0.9 mm and males 19 �� 1.1 mm in P. m i k t os). Pristimantis altamnis is similar in size to P. m i k t os, but lacks ulnar tubercles and bears a weak tarsal fold. The skin texture is smooth in P. librarius and P. ockendeni, in contrast with the shagreen with scattered tubercles or pustules in the new species. Furthermore, both species have dorsal color pattern that includes inverted brown chevrons, in contrast with the reddish brown with or without pale yellowish spots or blotches in P. miktos. Also, P. ockendeni lacks tubercles on eyelids (present in the new species). Pristimantis miktos resembles P. delius and P. matidiktyo in having a shagreen dorsum, but it can be distinguished from those two species by lacking a tarsal fold and a by having a black canthal stripe. Furthermore, females of P. deli us commonly have a stripped dorsal pattern. Pristimantis miktos has tubercles or pustules on dorsum, which are absent in P. matidiktyo. Furthermore, the latter species presents a characteristic bicolored iris that is yellowish silver and is heavily reticulated with black and has a median dark reddish stripe. Other Pristimantis in the Upper Amazon Basin differ from the new species by lacking a differentiated tympanum (P. m a r t i a e, P. carvalhoi, P. quaquaversus, P. imitatrix, P. croceoinguinis, P. acuminatus, P. tantanti and P. academicus), by having contrasting colors in groin and hidden surfaces of limbs (P. diadematus, P. lythrodes, P. orcus, P. altamazonicus, P. divnae and P. eurydactylus), by having a greenish dorsum in life (P. pseudoacuminatus, and P. paululus), by having enlarged conical tubercles on eyelids (P. orphonolaimus) or by having a yellow interorbital bar and dorsolateral stripes (P. aureolineatus). Description of holotype (Fig. 5). Body slender; head wider than body; slightly longer than wide, about 40 % of SVL; snout short, sub-acuminate in dorsal view, rounded in profile; distance from nostril to corner of eye slightly shorter than diameter of eye; canthus rostralis weakly concave in dorsal view, rounded in cross-section; lips not flared; internarial area not depressed, nostrils slightly protuberant, directed anterolaterally, situated about threequarters the distance from the eyes to the tip of the snout; interorbital area flat, IOD 37 % of head width; eye large, protuberant, its diameter is about 2.5 x depth of lip below eye and about 32 % of head length; upper eyelid about 80 % of inter-orbital distance; bearing a single, small non-conical tubercle; no interocular fold; cranial crests, absent. Tympanic annulus and membrane visible on skin; prostrictal tubercles, low, barely visible in preservative; choana small, triangular, not concealed by the palatal shelf of maxillary arc; dentigerous processes of vomer narrow, oblique, bearing 2���3 small teeth, positioned posterior to level of choanae; tongue elliptical, posterior border notched, not adherent to the floor of the mouth in about 30 % of its length. Skin on dorsum shagreen with low granulated tubercles on flanks; no occipital ridges or dorsolateral folds; ventral surfaces of belly, chest, throat and thighs areolate; discoidal folds barely visible; no thoracic fold. Forearm slender; fingers large and slender, all with oval (broader than long) pads, Fingers III-IV with large pads, all fingers with large discs; pad on Finger III about 1.5 x wider than narrowest portion of penultimate phalanx; disc on Finger I distinctive smaller than those on other fingers; relative length of Fingers I Measurements (in mm) of holotype. Specimen QCAZ 53531 is an adult female with following measurements: SVL= 26.7; HL= 10.72; HW= 9.79; ED= 3.72; IOD= 3.63; EN= 3.1; TD= 1.16; TL= 12.62; FoL= 17.1. Proportions: HL/SVL= 0.4; HW/HL= 0.91; TL/SVL= 0.47; FoL/SVL= 0.64; EN/HL= 0.29; ED/HL= 0.35; IOD/ HW= 0.37. Variation. Measurements are listed on Table 2. Sexual dimorphism is evident in this species, males being smaller (19 �� 1.1 mm; 17.7���21.3 mm) than females (28.6 �� 0.9 mm; 27.9���29.2 mm). Furthermore males often have a more tuberculated dorsum, tarsus and heel, having a thick X-shaped dermal fold on scapular region (e.g. DHMECN 3365, QCAZ 53528, Fig. 6), and a pale yellow color in groin, compared with the shagreen dorsum and Measurements Pristimantis luscombei Pristimantis miktos sp. n��v. Females (N = 7) Males(N = 4) Females(N = 4) Males (N = 8) creamy tan groin in juveniles and females. Some specimens may present yellow dots on dorsum (e.g. QCAZ 53528, 53529), but the proportional occurrence of this variation is in about 6 % of the total specimens reviewed. In five paratypes, (CORBIDI 1202, 4941, 6562, 6588) the ventral coloration is paler (creamy white) with few scattered brown flecks or mottling; specimens CORBIDI 4946 and 6429 have the top of the snout and sides of the head pale brown and barely reticulated, differentiated from the well-defined cream reticulation on the snout of the other specimens. Coloration in life (Figs. 5, 6). The dorsal sides of the body are dark brown to tan with dark blotches and/or yellow spots, and with faint, dark transverse bars on the hind limbs. During the day the coloration turns darker. The dorsum in juveniles tends to be reddish brown. The snout has reticulated white blotches, and there are no canthal or postorbital stripes, but lips are barred with dark brown stripes below the eyes. A cream interorbital stripe is present in some males. The groin is pale yellow with the anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs uniform brown. The belly is cream, densely stippled with brown flecks. The iris is deep orange, finely reticulated and bordered around with black. Coloration in preservative. Dorsum dark brown to metallic green (e.g. DHMECN 4448), with cream tubercles and dermal ridges in males. Dorsal surfaces of thighs with dark brown transversal stripes; anterior and posterior surfaces of thighs uniform brown. Snout and interorbital stripe reticulated, pale cream. Belly cream with brown flecks. Darker coloration in preserved specimens could depend of the time in which each specimen was prepared as voucher. Etymology. The specific name is derived from the Greek word ��� miktos ��� (���mixed together, blended���) and refers to the fact that this species was mixed with the type specimens of another one. Natural history and distribution. Pristimantis miktos is known from five scattered localities along the Amazonian evergreen lowlands of Ecuador, in Orellana and Pastaza Provinces, and seven localities from Loreto Department in northern Peru, at elevations between 195 and 300 m a.s.l. The distribution area covers 44,196.7 km 2 in the upper Amazon basin (Fig. 4). This rare species is a forest inhabitant that can be found perching at night on leaves (0.3��� 1.5 m) such as those of heliconia or other low plants of terra firme forest. The mating call and reproductive behavior are unknown., Published as part of Ortega-Andrade, H. Mauricio & Venegas, Pablo J., 2014, A new synonym for Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson 1995) and the description of a new species of Pristimantis from the upper Amazon basin (Amphibia: Craugastoridae), pp. 31-57 in Zootaxa 3895 (1) on pages 35-45, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3895.1.2, http://zenodo.org/record/287609, {"references":["Lynch, J. & Duellman, W. E. (1997) Frogs of Genus Eleutherodactylus (Leptodactylidae) in Western Ecuador: Systematic, ecology and biogeography. The University of Kansas Museum of Natural History. Special Publication N ° 23, Lawrence, Kansas, 236 pp.","Heinicke, M. P., Duellman, W. E. & Hedges, B. (2007) Major Caribbean and Central American frog faunas originated by ancient oceanic dispersal. PNAS, 104, 10092 - 10097. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1073 / pnas. 0611051104","Hedges, S. B., Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 2008, 1 - 182.","Duellman, W. E. & Lehr, E. (2009) Terrestrial breeding frogs (Strabomantidae) in Peru. Nature und Tier Verlag, Munster, Germany, 382 pp.","Ortega-Andrade, H. M. & Valencia, J. (2010) First country records of Pristimantis luscombei (Duellman and Mendelson) and Syncope tridactyla (Duellman and Mendelson) in eastern lowlands of Ecuador (Amphibia: Anura: Strabomantidae, Microhylidae). Herpetology Notes, 3, 251 - 256.","Elmer, K. & Cannatella, D. (2008) Three new species of leaflitter frogs from the upper Amazon forests: cryptic diversity within Pristimantis \" ockendeni \" (Anura: Strabomantidae) in Ecuador. Zootaxa, 1784, 11 - 38.","Duellman, W. E. & Mendelson, J. (1995) Amphibians and reptiles from northern Departamento Loreto, Peru: Taxonomy and biogeography. The University of Kansas Science Bulletin, 55, 329 - 376.","Flores, G. & Vigle, G. O. (1994) A new Species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Lowland Rainforest of Amazonian Ecuador, with notes on the Eleutherodactylus frater Assembly. Journal of Herpetology, 28, 416 - 424. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.2307 / 1564952","Ortega-Andrade, H. M. & Valencia, J. H. (2012) A new species of the Pristimantis frater Group (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Eastern Evergreen Lowland Forests of Ecuador. Herpetologica, 68, 244 - 255. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1655 / HERPETOLOGICA-D- 10 - 00066.1","Boulenger, G. A. (1912) Description of new Batrachians from the Andes of South America, preserved in the Brithish Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 8, 185 - 191. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1080 / 00222931208693215"]}

Stenocercus chinchaoensis sp. nov. (Figs. 1–5) Proposed standard English name: Chinchao whorltail lizard Proposed standard Spanish name: capón de Chinchao Holotype. CORBIDI 0 9024 (Figs. 1, 2), an adult male from Dos Aguas (9 ° 48´30 ´´ S, 75 ° 49´59.1 ´´ W), 1879 m, Distrito de Chinchao, Provincia de Huánuco, Región de Huánuco, Perú, collected by K. García-Burneo on 17 March 2011. Paratypes. CORBIDI 0 9023 and 0 9025, two adult males from Rinconada (9 ° 48´50.1 ´´ S 75 ° 47´18.2 ´´ W), 1766 m, Distrito de Chaglla, Provincia de Pachitea, Región de Huánuco, Peru, collected by K. García-Burneo on 29 March 2011; CORBIDI 09320- 22, an adult female, adult male, and juvenile female, respectively, collected from the same area as the holotype by P. J. Venegas and V. Duran on 8 July 2011. Diagnosis. Stenocercus chinchaoensis is distinguished from other species of Stenocercus (except S. boettgeri, S. haenschi, S. humeralis, and S. varius) by having granular scales on the posterior surface of the thighs, enlarged vertebrals, three caudal whorls per autotomic segment, a medially complete antegular fold, non-spinose caudals, and by males lacking a black transverse band on the ventral surface of the neck. In life, Stenocercus chinchaoensis is distinguished from these species by lacking yellow or pale green spots on the dorsum (Fig. 3), with the exception of S. haenschi, and with the ability to change colors between green or water green and grey. Furthermore, S. chinchaoensis has more scales around the midbody (104–107, x = 105.66) than S. boettgeri (79–104, x = 88.61), S. haenschi (57–64, x = 60.50), and S. varius (74–88, x = 82.35) (Torres-Carvajal 2007 b); S. chinchaoensis has lateral and dorsal nuchals similar in size (lateral nuchals less than half the size of dorsal nuchals in S. boettgeri, S. haenschi, and S. varius); S. chinchaoensis has the dorsal scales of the neck granular (keeled and imbricate in S. boettgeri, S. haenschi, and S. varius). In addition, males and females of S. boettgeri are larger (maximum SVL = 108 and 94 mm, respectively) than S. chinchaoensis (maximum SVL= 86 mm in males and 71 mm in females). Although S. chinchaoensis is similar in scutellation to S. humeralis, the new species can be easily distinguished from the latter by having the scales in the frontonasal region nearly equal in size to the scales in the occipitoparietal region, while in S. humeralis the scales on the frontonasal region are twice or three times longer than the scales on the occipitoparietal region. Another useful character to distinguish between S. humeralis and the new species is the type of postfemoral mite pocket: present in S. chinchaoensis as one or more vertical folds or ridges [Type 1 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)], but present as a slitlike opening in S. humeralis [Type 2 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)]. Finally, S. humeralis differs in coloration from the new species by presenting black spots on the gular region in both males and females, however, the spots are diffuse gray or white in the new species. Characterization. (1) Maximum total length in males 86 mm (n= 4); (2) maximum total length in females 71 mm (n = 2); (3) vertebrals 79–90; (4) paravertebrals 117–139; (5) scales around midbody 104–107; (6) supraoculars 6; (7) internasals 4; (8) postrostrals 6; (9) loreals 3–5; (10) gulars 43–50; (11) lamellae on Finger IV 23–30; (12) lamellae on Toe IV 32 –34; (13) posthumeral mite pocket present as one or more vertical folds or ridges [Type 1 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)]; (14) postfemoral mite pocket present as one or more vertical folds or ridges [Type 1 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)]; (15) parietal eye absent; (16) occipital scales small, smooth, juxtaposed; (17) projecting angulate temporal absent; (18) enlarged supraoculars occupying most of supraocular region in one row absent; (19) scales on frontonasal region juxtaposed; (20) preauricular fringe short; (21) antegular, antehumeral, gular, longitudinal, oblique, postauricular, supra-auricular, and transverse antegular neck folds present; (22) lateral and dorsal nuchals similar in size; (23) posterior gulars cycloid, smooth, slightly inbricate, not notched; (24) lateral scales reduced in size, approximately half the size of dorsal body scales; (25) vertebrals slightly enlarged, forming inconspicuous longitudinal row between fore and hind limbs; (26) dorsolateral crests absent; (27) ventrals smooth, imbricate; (28) scales on posterior surfaces of thighs granular; (29) prefemoral fold present; (30) inguinal groove present; (31) preanals not projected; (32) tail not strongly compressed laterally in adult males; (33) tail length 61–64 % of total length; (34) three caudal whorls per autotomic segment; (35) caudals not spinose; (36) dark stripe extending anterodorsally from subocular region to supraciliaries absent; (37) color pattern of gular region in adult females with dark gray flecks and white spots, similar to ventral color pattern; (38) color pattern of gular region in adult males with gray flecks and white spots, similar to ventral color pattern; (39) black blotch on ventral surface of neck in adult males absent; (40) dark midventral stripe in adult males absent; (41) black patches on ventral surface of thighs in adult males absent; (42) background color of dorsum grey, turquoise or green; (43) postxiphisternal inscriptional ribs not in contact midventrally (Pattern 1 A, 1 B, and 2 C of Torres-Carvajal 2004). Description of holotype. Male (Figs. 1–2); SVL 73.2 mm; TL 130 mm; maximum head width 14.8 mm; head length 19.7 mm; head height 10.7 mm; posterior dorsal head scales small, smooth, juxtaposed; parietal eye not visible; supraoculars in six rows, smooth, slightly imbricate, with the most lateral three rows less than half the size of the medial adjacent rows; distinct circumorbitals absent; canthals two; internasals four; postrostrals six, approximately as wide as long; supralabials five; infralabials six; loreals three; lorilabials in one row; preocular divided into three scales, the dorsal-most in contact with posterior canthal; lateral temporals granular; gulars in 49 rows between tympanic openings; all gulars cycloid, smooth, slightly imbricate, not notched; second infralabial in contact with first two sublabials; first pair of postmentals in contact medially; mental without contact with first pair of infralabials but in contact with first pair of postmentals; dorsal and lateral scales of neck granular; dorsal scales of body imbricate, slightly keeled, becoming gradually granular toward flanks; scales around midbody 106; vertebrals enlarged, slightly keeled, imbricate, in 90 rows, forming distinct vertebral row; paravertebrals adjacent to vertebral row slightly enlarged, slightly keeled, and imbricate; paravertebrals 139; ventrals smooth, imbricate, more than twice the size of dorsals; preauricular fringe short, composed of three enlarged, posteriorly projected granular scales; antegular, antehumeral, gular, longitudinal, oblique, postauricular, supra-auricular, and transverse antegular neck folds present; ventrolateral and prefemoral folds present; dorsal scales of fore limbs imbricate, keeled; dorsal scales of hind limbs imbricate, strongly keeled, not mucronate; ventral humeral scales granular; ventral scales of forearms and hind limbs imbricate, smooth; palmars and plantars imbricate, keeled; lamellae on Finger IV 28; lamellae on Toe IV 33; tail rounded; caudals strongly keeled, slightly mucronate, imbricate dorsally; basal subcaudals smooth, imbricate; posthumeral mite pocket present as one or more vertical folds or ridges [Type 1 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)]; postfemoral mite pocket present as one or more vertical folds or ridges [Type 1 of Torres-Carvajal (2007 b)]. Color in life of holotype (based on digital photograph): Head and dorsum grey with a bold black mantle on the vertebral line becoming a zig-zag bold stripe from midbody to the base of tail; black antehumeral collar present; thin black postocular stripe present; venter white with pale gray spots in the throat. Variation. Measurements, scutellation, and other morphological characters of Stenocercus chinchaoensis are presented in Table 1. Loreals 3–5; supralabials 5–6; infralabials 5–6; second infralabials not in contact with third sublabials in all specimens; first pair of postmentals not in contact medially in 50 % of specimens. In three dissected specimens the postxiphisternal pairs of inscriptional ribs were two in two specimens (one with two long pairs and the second specimen with the first pair long and the second pair short) and three in one specimen (the first pair long and the two following pairs short) (Pattern 1 A, 1 B, and 2 C of Torres-Carvajal 2004, respectively). An adult male CORBIDI 0 9321 (Fig. 4) had the following coloration in life: head greenish brown with a thin black postocular stripe present; dorsum green, but mostly covered by wide transverse bold black marks arranged longitudinally over vertebral line; black antehumeral collar present; first third of tail sky blue; flanks and limbs green with scattered black flecks; throat white with pale grey spots; chest and belly white; ventral surface of thighs, pelvic region, vent, and base of tail brownish cream. This individual changed its coloration immediately after it was caught, replacing the green coloration by grey tones (Fig. 4 A). An adult female CORBIDI 0 9320 (Fig. 3 A–B) had the same dorsal color as the males, but with a grayish green tail dorsally. However, it had a diffuse middorsal black mantle with a pale vertebral stripe and tranverse black bars on the tail, and the flanks and dorsal surface of the limbs were sprinkled by dark and light flecks. After the change of coloration, the head of this individual turned green (Fig. 3 A). A juvenile female CORBIDI 0 9322 (Fig. 3 C–D) had a dorsal pattern of middorsal transverse bold black marks arranged longitudinally over the vertebral line and transverse black bars on the tail. Both sexes of Stenocercus chinchaoensis have the ability to change their dorsal background color from green or water green to grey. This ability was reported previously only in S. torquatus (Torres-Carvajal et al. 2005). Color change was observed immediately after capture, suggesting that it occurs as a response to stress as occurs in S. torquatus according to Torres-Carvajal et al. (2005). The green or water green coloration matches the color of the mosses than cover the tree trunks where the individuals were found (Fig. 5). Natural history. In a field trip to the type locality by PJV and VD, six individuals of Stenocercus chinchaoensis were observed active on sunny days between 1000 and 1400 h. Of these, three were found basking on house walls from 2–4 m above the ground, and three were basking on broad tree trunks between approximately 1–8 m above ground. These observations suggest that this species is mainly arboreal. The habitats at the type locality on both sides of the Huallaga River (villages of Dos Aguas and Rinconada) contain second-growth vegetation, coffee and citric plantations, and cattle pasture. S. chinchaoensis is sympatric with S. cupreus; S. prionotus occurs allopatrically at lower elevations (900 m) in the same region. Other sympatric species of squamate reptiles collected with S. chinchaoensis were Bothriopsis chloromelas, Dipsas peruana, Liophis janaleeae, Micrurus annellatus, and Philodryas sp. One adult female (CORBIDI 0 9320, SVL = 71mm) collected on 8 July contained two oviductal eggs, in the right oviduct, and four follicles. Distribution. Stenocercus chinchaoensis is known only from two adjacent localities (Dos Aguas and Rinconada) in the upper valley of the Río Huallaga on the Amazonian slope of the Andes in central Peru (Fig. 6). It occurs at elevations of 1700–1900 m in the Región Huánuco. The type locality lies within the Yungas (500–2300 m) ecoregion according to Brack (1986) and Peñaherrera del Águila (1989). Etymology. The specific name refers to the District of Chinchao in which the type locality is situated.

Venegas, Pablo J., Duran, Vilma, Garcia-Burneo, Karla (2013): A new species of arboreal iguanid lizard, genus Stenocercus (Squamata: Iguania), from central Peru. Zootaxa 3609 (3): 291-301, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3609.3.3

Ameiva concolor Ruthven 1924 Figs. 8���9 Ameiva bifrontata concolor Ruthven, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. 155: 3���6. ��� Terra typica: Paipoy, Rio Crisnejas, 24 km from Mara����n (elevation 1067 m), province of Cajamarca, Peru. ��� 1924 Ameiva bifrontata concolor��� Burt & Burt, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 61: 227���395. ��� 1931 Ameiva bifrontata concolor��� Peters & Donoso-Barros, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. & London: 20. ��� 1970 Ameiva bifrontata concolor��� Peters & Donoso-Barros, Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington D.C. & London: 20. ��� 1986 Ameiva concolor��� Harvey et al., Zootaxa, 3459: 1���156. ��� 2012 Diagnosis. A medium-sized Ameiva that can be distinguished from all other mainland congeners by the following combination of characters: (1) maximum known SVL of 128 mm; (2) lacking longitudinal ridge on frontal scale; (3) frontal plate divided in two subequal scales; (4) postnasals separated from prefrontals by frontonasals; (5) parietal scales usually 5; (6) median gular scales scarcely enlarged; (7) enlarged median mesoptychial scales slightly larger than largest gulars; (8) gulars posterior to the interauricular crease smaller than anterior gulars; (9) nasal suture passes centrally through nostril; (10) rostral projecting beyond the nasal suture and contacting postnasal; (11) supranasals not contacting supralabials; (12) circumorbital semicircle occasionally extending to frontal suture; (13) 31���33 enlarged ventral scales between gular and vent; (14) 10���12 longitudinal rows of ventral plates, outermost often distinctly smaller; (15) 80���93 DOM; (16) 174���196 DL; (17) postbrachials not or hardly dilated; (18) 34���41 LFT; (19) 29���35 SCF; (20) 10���21 FP; (21) vertebral region in most specimens with a trace of a pale vertebral streak. Description and variation. Maximum known SVL in males 128 mm, maximum total length in males 404 mm (Holotype, UMMZ 59192); maximum SVL in females 85.8 mm, maximum total length in females 295.8 mm (ZFMK 91788). HL 0.26���0.32 (0.28 �� 0.02, n = 10) times SVL in both sexes; HH 0.11���0.14 (0.13 �� 0.1 n = 11) times SVL; HW 0.08���0.14 (0.11 �� 0.02, n = 10) times SVL; SL 0.59���0.80 (0.69 �� 0.08, n = 9) times the HL; ED 0.19���0.31 (0.24 �� 0.04, n = 9) times the HL; DSN 0.10���0.18 (0.13 �� 0.02, n = 9) times the HL; DNE 0.29���0.36 (0.31 �� 0.02, n = 9) times the HL; DEE 0.20���0.30 (0.23 �� 0.03, n = 9) times the HL. Tail round in cross section, tapering toward the tip; 2.25���2.67 (2.46 �� 0.16, n = 6) times SVL. Body cylindrical, AGL 0.40���0.54 (0.48 �� 0.04, n = 11) times SVL. Limbs well developed, FLL 0.33���0.44 (0.37 �� 0.04, n = 10) times SVL, HLL 0.63���0.87 (0.72 �� 0.02, n = 10) times SVL, TIL 0.15���0.21 (0.18 �� 0.02, n = 10) times SVL, foot 0.37���0.44 (0.4 �� 0.03, n = 10) times SVL. Snout elongate, bluntly pointed; canthus rostralis distinct. Rostral in posterior part acute-angled and bordered by supranasals, in anterior part laterally stretched, projecting beyond the nasal suture and in short contact with postnasal; about as wide as high; smooth, except for a short posterolateral suture; visible from above. Supranasals almost triangular, in short medial contact, not contacting supralabials, bordered posteriorly by rhomboidal or oval frontonasal. Postnasal almost triangular, in short contact with rostral and frontonasal and in broad contact with loreal and first and second supralabials, in some specimens even in short contact with third supralabial. Oblique nasal suture passing centrally through oval nostril. Prefrontals paired and roughly pentagonal, with a medial suture longer than that between supranasals; laterally in contact with loreal and first supraocular and in some specimens in short contact with first supraciliary. Frontal plate divided transversely in two subequal scales, the suture between both scales forming a straight line; anterior frontal pentagonal, laterally in contact with first and second supraoculars, distinctly larger than posterior frontal; posterior frontal almost quadrate or rectangular, laterally in contact with second and third supraoculars. Pair of trapezoidal or irregular pentagonal frontoparietals, longer than wide and with long medial suture, fused in one specimen (ZFMK 91790); laterally separated from third supraocular by small circumorbital scales. Parietal series composed of 3���5 scales, mostly 5 including interparietal; interparietal more or less rectangular or irregularly pentagonal, higher than wide in most specimens, as wide or slightly wider than adjacent parietals, sutures with parietals straight or slightly oblique; lateral parietals irregularly shaped divided by oblique suture. Supraoculars 3���5 (mostly four) at each side, second and third largest. Circumorbital semicircle formed by 14���20 scales at left side, 29���37 scales combining both sides, bordering fourth up to middle or anterior portion of third supraoculars, occasionally extending to frontal suture and thus contacting second supraocular and separating third supraocular from frontoparietals; bordering posterior edge of last or last two supraoculars, and separating them from parietals by 2���4 rows of circumorbital scales. Laterally, all except first supraocular entirely separated from supraciliaries by a single, occasionally double row of small scales; 21���28 combining both sides. Supraciliaries 6���10 (on one side, mostly seven), first highest, middle longest, remaining ones subequal, anterior supraciliaries normally longer than those in posterior part. Loreal very large, single, in contact with postnasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, first supraciliary, all preoculars, first subocular, third and fourth supralabials and occasionally in narrow contact with second and fifth supralabial and first supraocular. Preoculars 1���2, if two, first one much smaller; second almost similar in size or slightly larger than first supraciliary, but distinctly smaller than suboculars. Suboculars three, all in contact with supralabials, normally longer than wide, second subocular longest. A curved keel reaching from preocular through first and second subocular. Postoculars 3���5. Enlarged supralabials 5���8 (mostly seven) to below center of eye; followed to commissure of mouth by 4���9 small scales. Supratemporals almost not distinguishable from surrounding scales. Temporal region with polygonal or rounded scales, smaller and almost granular centrally. External auditory meatus large, more or less round, bordered by granular scales. Tympanum recessed. All dorsal and lateral head scales juxtaposed and smooth. Mental anteriorly ellipsoid, posteriorly straight, bordered by first infralabials and postmental. Postmental single and pentagonal, in contact with first and second infralabials, followed by 7���8 pairs of enlarged chinshields. First pair (and in few specimens also second pair) in contact with infralabials and in broad medial contact. Remaining chinshields separated from infralabials by one row of small scales, and separated medially by scales of anterior gular region. Medial chin scales moderately small, slightly convex, smooth, juxtaposed, oval or polygonal, all subequal in size. Enlarged infralabials 5���7 (mostly six) to below center of eye; followed to commissure by 4���8 smaller scales. Gular region divided into two areas: anterior region with round or polygonal and flat scales in slightly oblique rows that usually remain subequal in size, delimited posteriorly by line uniting lower margin of ear openings. Posterior gular region covered by smaller polygonal or round scales in transverse rows. Mesoptychial scales slightly enlarged, in about two indistinct rows, polygonal or hexagonal, flat, smooth, and juxtaposed. Scales on nape and sides of neck slightly smaller than dorsals. Dorsals and scales on flanks granular, round, smooth, juxtaposed; slightly larger in vertebral region; 174���196 (188 �� 6.88, n = 11) DL; 80���93 (84 �� 4.69, n = 10) DOM. Ventrals large, smooth, rectangular, wider than long, in 10���12 longitudinal and 31���33 (32 �� 0.89, n = 11) transverse rows, outermost ventrals nearly as wide as those of the adjacent row or distinctly smaller; transition between ventrals and scales on flanks sharp. Preanal shield centrally with several enlarged scales, surrounded anteriorly and laterally by smaller scales; posteriorly by much smaller scales. FP 10���21 (16 �� 4.45, n = 6), in males in a continuous row along each thigh, with short gap medially; not visible in female and juvenile specimens. Each pore surrounded by four scales. Dorsal scales on tail slightly imbricate, rectangular, smaller than subcaudals, longer than wide, with a slightly oblique keel; in transverse and oblique rows, continuous with subcaudals around tail (except first few rows); 29���35 (31 �� 2.31, n = 10) SCF. Subcaudals rectangular; smaller than ventrals; wider than long close to base, longer than wide in most parts of the tail; smooth, mostly juxtaposed. Forelimbs with row of very large, smooth, slightly imbricate, almost rectangular (distinctly wider than long) antebrachial scales on anterodorsal aspect of forearms and similar but smaller brachial scales on upper arms that extend almost to insertion of forelimbs. Antebrachials and brachials usually separated by smaller scales at elbow. Dorsoposterior, posterior, and ventral aspect of arms granular, equal in size to dorsals, except for two rows of rhomboidal scales directly adjacent to antebrachials and some moderately enlarged irregular, hexagonal scales adjacent to brachials. Legs with large, smooth, imbricate scales on anterior and ventral aspects of thighs, and ventral aspect of shanks. Ventral scales on thigh, gradually becoming smaller and irregular toward pores. On ventral aspect of shanks enlarged scales arranged in two to three rows, anterior largest, dilated, and more or less trapezoidal, posterior one or two rhomboidal, decreasing in size from anterior toward posterior row. Tibiotarsal spurs not distinguishable from other scales in most specimens. Elsewhere on hindlimbs scales similar to dorsals. Supradigital scales dilated, single and smooth. 17���20 (19 �� 0.97, n = 10) LFF; 34���41 (37 �� 2.34, n = 11) LFT. Lamellae of hand transversely enlarged, convex, and single, moderately to distinctly tubercular towards base. Lamellae of outer and inner fingers continuing to wrist and only separated by few granules, tubercular and increasing in size towards it. Lamellae of toes mostly single sometimes paired; becoming distinctly tubercular towards base of second, third and fourth toe; continuing to heel on outer toe. Coloration: No conspicuous difference in color pattern between males, females and juveniles present. In life, color on dorsum, head and dorsal surface of limbs light to moderately brown or brownish-olive; dorsum and head with or without some small dark spots; vertebral region in most specimens with a trace of a pale vertebral streak; sides of body brownish or bluish-gray and heavily mottled with tiny dark-brown or black spots, that are often merged together, resulting in dark body sides, with in most specimens a smooth transition from the lighter vertebral region; rostral cream-colored; sides of head light reddish-brown or brownish-olive, supralabials sometimes darkly edged; tail dorsally reddish-brown or moderately brown, lightening towards tip; head and body ventrally pale yellow, cream-white or grayish-white; plates of 3 outer longitudinal rows of ventrals darkly-grayish edged, some ventrals of the outermost row even almost completely dark gray; limbs and tail ventrally cream-white; tubercular lamellae of hands and feet accentuated with brown. In preservative, the general dorsal color is mainly grayish-brown or dark brownish-black; sides of the body are bluish���gray; the tail is grayish in anterior part fading posteriad into beige; head, body, limbs and tail ventrally pale yellowish, cream-white or grayish-white; edging of outer ventrals bluish-gray. Distribution and natural history. This species is endemic to the dry forest of the Canyons of the Crisnejas and Mara����n River in the Northern Peruvian Andes (Fig. 3) from the type locality Paipoy, Region of Cajamarca, 24 km from the Mara����n (1067 m, Ruthven 1924) to P��as (Laguna), Province of Tayabamba, Region of La Libertad (1720 m, Fig. 10). In addition to the locations from where we collected voucher specimens of A. concolor, we sighted this species in Vijus, Province of Pataz, Region of La Libertad, but did not collect voucher specimens. Ameiva concolor was found during daytime moving hectically on the ground in low vegetation. In P��as, the habitat was interspersed with big stones and rocks underneath which they quickly sheltered when being scared. During night time individuals were found sleeping under stones. Air temperature during the active hours of this species was between 39.3 ��C and 41.4 ��C and substrate temperature of the ground was between 33.9 ��C and 41.2 ��C. Similar to the other two Ameiva species described herein, this species was also found in the same microhabitat as Microlophus stolzmanni. Niche comparisons. The first two axes (PC 1 and PC 2) of the PCA-env explain together 91.86 % of the variation among the 19 bioclimatic variables in the analysis of A. aggerecusans versus A. concolor, 80.41 % in the analysis of A. aggerecusans versus A. nodam and 84.59 % in the analysis of A. concolor versus A. nodam. Correlation circles illustrating the contribution of each of the 19 bioclimatic variables to each PC are shown in Figure 11. For all three analysis the variables ���annual mean temperature��� (BIO 1), ���temperature annual range��� (BIO 7), ���mean temperature of the wettest quarter��� (BIO 8), ���mean temperature of the warmest quarter��� (BIO 10), ���mean temperature of the coldest quarter��� (BIO 11), ���annual precipitation��� (BIO 12), ���precipitation of the wettest month��� (BIO 13), and ���max temperature of warmest month��� (BIO 5) correlated negatively to PC 1, whereas ���temperature seasonality��� (BIO 4), ���mean temperature of the driest quarter��� (BIO 9), and ���min temperature of coldest month��� (BIO 6) correlated positively to PC 1. A. nodam seems to use the greatest environmental space of the three species and A. concolor the smallest but this observation may be related with a higher number of species records in A. nodam. There are a small differences in the climatic niches of A. aggerecusans and A. concolor in temperature related variables (BIO 1, BIO 7, BIO 8, BIO 10, BIO 11) and precipitation related variables (BIO 12, BIO 13) with A. aggerecusans occupying slightly warmer and wetter regions than A. concolor (Fig. 11 A). The differences in PC 2 between the niches of A. aggerecusans and A. concolor are only marginal. The climatic niche of A. aggerecusans is nested within the niche of A. nodam but there is a shift in the highest density of occurrences driven by precipitation and climatic seasonality (BIO 14, BIO 15, BIO 16, BIO 18, BIO 19, see appendix II for a detailed description of the variables) with A. nodam occupying more humid regions with a higher climatic seasonality (Fig. 11 B). The differences in PC 1 between the niches of A. aggerecusans and A. concolor are only marginal. The climatic niches of A. concolor and A. nodam differ in temperature related variables (BIO 1, BIO 7, BIO 8, BIO 10, BIO 11) and in precipitation related variables (BIO 12, BIO 13) with A. nodam occupying warmer and wetter regions than A. concolor (Fig. 11 C). The differences in PC 2 between the climatic niches of A. concolor and A. nodam are only marginal. Pairwise comparison revealed low niche overlap values of D = 0.034 for A. aggerecusans versus A. concolor, D = 0.026 for A. aggerecusans versus A. nodam and D = 0.008 for A. concolor versus A. nodam. The hypothesis of niche equivalency was rejected for the three lineage pairs, due to significant differences between the niches of the sister taxa (niche equivalency test: P = 0.02). The results of the niche similarity are shown in Table 1 and were significant in one of the paired comparisons. *significance value of p, Published as part of Koch, Claudia, Venegas, Pablo J., R��dder, Dennis, Flecks, Morris & B��hme, Wolfgang, 2013, Two new endemic species of Ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from the dry forest of northwestern Peru and additional information on Ameiva concolor Ruthven, 1924, pp. 263-295 in Zootaxa 3745 (2) on pages 280-284, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/247483

Ameiva aggerecusans sp. nov. Figs. 5���6 Diagnosis and comparison. This comparatively small Ameiva is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) maximum known SVL of 99.3 mm; (2) lacking longitudinal ridge on frontal scale; (3) frontal plate divided in two subequal scales; (4) postnasals separated from prefrontals by frontonasals; (5) parietal scales 5���7; (6) median gular scales not enlarged; (7) enlarged median mesoptychial scales slightly larger than largest gulars; (8) gulars posterior to the interauricular crease smaller than anterior gulars; (9) nasal suture passes through the superior half or centrally through nostril; (10) rostral not contacting or in short contact with postnasal; (11) supranasals not contacting or in short contact with supralabials; (12) scales of circumorbital semicircle not extending to anterior margin of third supraocular; (13) 30���33 enlarged ventral scales between gular and vent; (14) 10���12 longitudinal rows of ventral plates, outermost often distinctly smaller; (15) 73���92 DOM; (16) 144���198 DL; (17) postbrachials not or hardly dilated; (18) 31���39 LFT; (19) 26���32 SCF; (20) 12���22 FP; (21) cream-colored vertebral stripe present in most females and juvenile specimens. Ameiva aggerecusans sp. nov. can be differentiated from all other mainland congeners except for A. bifrontata, A. concolor and A. nodam sp. nov. by having a transversely divided frontal plate. From A. bifrontata and A. nodam sp. nov. this species can be distinguished by lacking distinctly dilated postbrachials. It resembles A. concolor but has a lower maximum SVL and a distinctly more defined cream-colored vertebral stripe on the dorsum. Holotype. An adult male (ZFMK 85024, Figs. 5, 6 A) from Balsas, Province of Chachapoyas, Region of Amazonas, Peru (06�� 49 ��� 11.6 ������S, 78 ��00��� 12.2 ������W, 1000 m above sea level), collected on 0 8 July 2005 by P. Venegas and C. Koch. Description of holotype: An adult male with a SVL of 99.3 mm. Head 0.28 times SVL, 2.32 times longer than wide, 0.9 times as wide as high. Snout elongate, bluntly pointed; canthus rostralis distinct. Neck only slightly narrower than head, and body. Body cylindrical. Limbs well developed, forelimbs 0.36 times SVL, hindlimbs 0.71 times SVL, tibia 0.21 times SVL. Tail slightly pentagonal in cross section, tapering toward the tip; 2.11 times SVL. Rostral in posterior part acute-angled and bordered by supranasals, as wide as high; smooth, with a little suture on each side posterolaterally; visible from above. Supranasals almost triangular, in short medial contact, and in short contact with first supralabials, bordered posteriorly by hexagonal frontonasal. Postnasal almost trapezoid, not contacting rostral, in median contact with frontonasal and in broad contact with loreal and first and second supralabial. Oblique nasal suture passing through the superior half of the oval nostril. Prefrontals paired and roughly pentagonal, medial suture about twice as long as that between supranasals; laterally in contact with loreal, first supraocular and first supraciliary. Frontal plate divided in two subequal scales, the suture between both scales forming a straight line; anterior frontal pentagonal, laterally in contact with first and second supraoculars, larger than posterior frontal; posterior frontal almost squarish, laterally in contact with second and third supraoculars. Paired frontoparietals, slightly longer than wide and with long medial suture; laterally in contact with third supraocular, and small circumorbital scales bordering posterior part of third and fourth supraocular. Interparietal almost squarish, wider than adjacent parietals, sutures with parietals straight; interparietal bordered at each side by two irregular parietals divided by an oblique suture; outermost parietals slightly larger than inner parietals; parietal series composed of 5 scales including interparietal. Supraoculars four at each side. Circumorbital semicircle formed by 14 scales on each side, bordering inner edge of third supraocular and posterior edge of fourth supraocular, separating the latter from frontoparietals; fourth supraocular separated from parietals by two rows of circumorbital scales. Laterally, second and third supraocular separated from supraciliaries by a single row of small scales; 21 combining both sides. Supraciliaries seven (on left side), first highest, fourth longest, remaining ones shorter and subequal. Loreal very large, single, in contact with postnasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, first supraciliary, second preocular, first subocular, and third and fourth supralabials. Preoculars two; first granular, second distinctly larger, but explicitly smaller than suboculars. Suboculars three, first one almost squarish, second and third longer than wide, all in contact with supralabials, second subocular longest. A curved keel reaching from first through second subocular. Postoculars small, in two rows, first consisting of five and second of four scales. Enlarged supralabials eight, fifth below center of eye, third largest; followed to commissure of mouth by seven small scales. An indistinct row of seven slightly enlarged supratemporals. Temporal region with polygonal scales, slightly smaller centrally. External auditory meatus large, vertically oval, bordered by granular scales, anterior margin semicircular, posterior one straight. Tympanum recessed. All dorsal and lateral head scales juxtaposed and smooth. Mental anteriorly rounded, posteriorly straight, bordered by first infralabials and postmental. Postmental single and pentagonal, in contact with first and second infralabials, and followed by eight pairs of enlarged chinshields. First pair in broad medial contact and in contact with infralabials. Second pair of chinshields separated from infralabials by one row of small, almost granular scales, and third pair of chinshields separated by two of those granular scale rows. Remaining chinshields separated from infralabials by one or two larger scales, almost equal in size than posterior chinshields and separated medially by scales of anterior gular region. Medial chin scales moderately small, convex, smooth, juxtaposed, oval or polygonal, in slightly oblique rows, all subequal in size. Enlarged infralabials eight, fifth and sixth below center of eye; followed to commissure by 6 smaller scales. Gular region divided into two areas: anterior region with round or polygonal, juxtaposed, smooth and flat scales in slightly oblique rows, subequal in size, delimited posteriorly by line uniting lower margin of ear openings. Posterior gular region covered by smaller polygonal or round scales in transverse rows. Mesoptychial scales moderately enlarged, slightly larger than anterior gular scales, in about three rows, polygonal or hexagonal, flat, smooth, and juxtaposed. Scales on nape and sides of neck similar in size to dorsals. Dorsals and scales on flanks granular, small, round, smooth, slightly larger in vertebral region; 188 DL; 88 DOM. Ventrals large, smooth, rectangular, wider than long, in 10 longitudinal and 32 transverse rows; transition between ventrals and scales on flanks sharp. Preanal shield with three distinctly enlarged scales. Preanal plate surrounded anteriorly and laterally by smaller scales; posteriorly by much smaller scales. 19 FP in a continuous row along each thigh, first pair of pores medially separated by five scales. Each pore surrounded by four scales, anterior one distinctly larger than posterior ones. Scales on tail dorsally rectangular, smaller than subcaudals, longer than wide, slightly keeled in anterior part, stronger keeled in posterior part, slightly imbricate; arranged in transverse and nearly longitudinal rows, continuous with subcaudals around tail (except first few rows incomplete ventrally); 28 SCF. In medial verticile caudals longer and narrower than in anterior and posterior part of tail. Subcaudals rectangular, smaller than ventrals, wider than long close to base, longer than wide in posterior part of the tail, smooth, mostly juxtaposed. Forelimbs with row of very large, smooth, juxtaposed or slightly imbricate, almost rectangular (distinctly wider than long) antebrachial scales on anterodorsal aspect of forearms and similar but smaller brachial scales on upper arms that extend almost to insertion of forelimbs. Antebrachials and brachials separated by smaller scales at elbow. Dorsoposterior, posterior, and ventral aspect of arms with small almost granular scales, almost equal in size than dorsals, except for scales directly adjacent to brachials and antebrachials, which are slightly to moderately enlarged and irregular. Legs with large, smooth, imbricate scales on anterior and ventral aspects of thighs, and ventral aspect of shanks. Row of large, almost rectangular scales anteriorly on thigh, gradually becoming smaller and irregular toward pores. On ventral aspect of shanks, two rows of very large scales, anterior larger and more or less trapezoidal. Tibiotarsal spurs form a cluster of three rows, each existing of about 4���5 sharply mucronate scales which are positioned along the postaxial edge of the distal end of the shank. Elsewhere on hindlimbs scales granular and slightly smaller than dorsals. Subdigital lamellae of toes transversely enlarged and single, moderately to distinctly tuberculate towards base. Lamellae of outer toe continuing to heel. On palms lamellae of outer and inner fingers continuing to wrist and only separated by few granules, tubercular and increasing in size towards it. Supradigital scales dilated, single and smooth. 18 LFF; 35 LFT. Measurements of holotype (in mm). SVL 99.3; HL 28.43 HH 13.5; HW 12.2; SL 16.3; ED 6.6; DSN 3.0; DNE 8.9; DEE 7.1; TL 209.5; AGL 45; BHM 15.8; BWM 19.6; FLL 36.7; HLL 70.5; TIL 21.1. Coloration of holotype: In life (Fig. 6 A), the dorsal surface of the head and body of the male holotype is reddish-brown and mottled with small frayed dark-brown spots of various sizes, less mottled and slightly lighter colored towards the cloacal region. The sides of the head are cream-colored with some dark dots in the temporal region. The granules on the eyelids are white to grayish-white. Head ventrally white to grayish-white. Body laterally and outermost row of ventral grayish mottled with frayed blackish spots of various sizes. Other ventrals yellowish-white to pale yellow in thoracal region. Forelimbs dorsally striking greenish-yellow (Fig. 6 E), ventrally pale yellow. Hindlimbs and tail dorsally pale brown, ventrally off-white. In preservative, the ground color is dorsally light to moderately brown and grayish on flanks, mottled with blackish spots. Sides of the head are gray-brownish. Ventrals pale gray to yellowish-white. Forelimbs dorsally greenish-gray. Hindlimbs and tail dorsally grayish intermixed with some brownish parts. Pattern and coloration of remaining body parts as in life. Variation. Paratypes (20): Two adult males (ZFMK 85010, 85013), two subadult males (ZFMK 85009, 85011) and an adult female (ZFMK 85012) with the same data as the holotype; an adult male (ROM 16453), an adult female (ROM 16326) and a juvenile (ROM 16459) from Balsas, Province of Chachapoyas, Region of Amazonas, Peru, collected 27 June 1986 by L.D. Wilson; two adult males (CORBIDI 0 5765, ZFMK 90860), an adult female (CORBIDI 05764) and a juvenile (ZFMK 90859) from Balsas, Province of Chachapoyas, Region of Amazonas, Peru (06�� 49 ��� 11.6 ������S, 78 ��00��� 12.2 ������W, 1000 m above sea level), collected on 19 April 2009 by A. Garcia Bravo and C. Koch; three adult males (KU 134829, 134830, 134832), an adult female (KU 134831) and a juvenile (KU 134833) from Balsas, Province of Chachapoyas, Region of Amazonas, Peru, collected on 29 April 1970 by T.H. Fritts; an adult male (ZFMK 90858) from Chacanto, Province of Celendin, Region of Cajamarca (06�� 50 ' 41.5 ���S, 078��01��� 50.8 ���W, 852 m a.s.l.), collected on 16 April 2009 by A. Garcia Bravo and C. Koch; an adult female (ZFMK 90861) and a juvenile (CORBIDI 05766) from Zapatalgo, Province of Utcubamba, Region of Amazonas (06��04'S, 78 �� 29 'W, 1011���1029 m a.s.l.), collected on 0 7 December 2008 by A. Garcia Bravo and C. Koch. Description of paratypes: Maximum SVL in male paratypes 92.6 mm, maximum total length in male paratypes 327.6 mm (both ROM 16453); maximum SVL in female paratypes 71.2 mm, maximum total length in female paratypes 242.2 mm (both KU 134831). Shape of head, body, limbs as in holotype. HL 0.24���0.29 (0.28 �� 0.01, n = 20) times SVL in both sexes; HH 0.11���0.14 (0.13 �� 0.01, n = 12) times SVL; HW 0.11���0.13 (0.12 �� 0.01, n = 21) times SVL; SL 0.57���0.69 (0.63 �� 0.04, n = 12) times the HL; ED 0.23���0.36 (0.27 �� 0.04, n = 12) times the HL; DSN 0.10���0.18 (0.12 �� 0.02, n = 12) times the HL; DNE 0.27���0.35 (0.31 �� 0.02, n = 12) times the HL; DEE 0.20���0.26 (0.23 �� 0.02, n = 12) times the HL; TL 1.62���2.68 (2.30 �� 0.30, n = 18) times SVL; AGL 0.40���0.48 (0.44 �� 0.03, n = 12) times SVL; FLL 0.33���0.41 (0.37 �� 0.02, n = 12) times SVL, HLL 0.56���0.82 (0.73 �� 0.06, n = 12) times SVL, TIL 0.18���0.23 (0.2 �� 0.02, n = 12) times SVL; foot 0.36���0.43 (0.4 �� 0.02, n = 12) times SVL. Arrangement, shape and surface of scales as in holotype except for the following variations: Rostral in posterior part right- to acute-angled, in most specimens in anterior part laterally stretched, projecting beyond the nasal suture and in small contact with postnasal, in few specimens not projecting beyond the nasal suture and not contacting postnasals. Supranasals in short contact with first supralabial or not contacting supralabials. Postnasal trapezoid or almost triangular, in short contact with rostral or not contacting rostral, in contact with first and second supralabials and in some specimens also third supralabial. Oblique nasal suture passing through the superior half or centrally through nostril. Medial suture of prefrontals slightly longer or up to twice as long as medial suture between supranasals. Posterior frontal almost squarish or slightly pentagonal. Interparietal squarish, almost rectangular or irregularly pentagonal, as high or higher than wide; outermost parietals slightly smaller or larger than inner parietals; parietal series composed of 5���7 scales, mostly five, including interparietal. Supraoculars 3���5 (mostly four) at each side, the latter normally much smaller than the others. Circumorbital semicircle formed by 8��� 16 scales at left side, 16���31 scales combining both sides, bordering fourth up to middle or anterior portion of third supraoculars, occasionally extending to frontal suture and thus contacting second or even first supraocular and separating third supraocular from frontoparietals entirely (most specimens) or by parts; bordering posterior edge of last or last two supraoculars, and separating them from parietals by 2���4 rows of circumorbital scales. Laterally, second and third supraocular separated from supraciliaries by a single, occasionally double row of small scales; 22���28 combining both sides. Supraciliaries six or seven, anterior ones normally longer than those in posterior part. Loreal contacting third and fourth supralabials and occasionally in narrow contact with second and fifth supralabial and/or first supraocular, and first and/or second prefrontal. Preoculars 1���2. Postoculars in indistinct two rows, first consisting of 4���7 and second of 3���5 scales. Enlarged supralabials 5���7, fifth or sixth below center of eye; followed to commissure of mouth by 5���10 small scales. Row of slightly enlarged supratemporals distinguishable in most specimens, consisting of 4���9 scales decreasing in size posteriad. Temporal region with polygonal or rounded, slightly convex scales. External auditory meatus slightly oval or almost round. Postmental followed by 7���8 pairs of enlarged chinshields. First pair and in few specimens also second pair in contact with infralabials. Enlarged infralabials five or six (seven in one specimen), fifth or sixth below center of eye; followed to commissure by 6���10 smaller scales. Scales on nape and sides of neck similar in size or slightly smaller than dorsals. 144���198 (175 �� 14.60, n = 13) DL. 73���92 (85 �� 6.03, n = 13) DOM. Ventrals in 10���12 longitudinal and in 30���33 (32 �� 0.98, n = 21) transverse rows, outermost ventrals nearly as wide as those of the adjacent row or distinctly smaller. Preanal shield with 2���3 rows of enlarged scales. 12���22 (20 �� 2.16, n = 19) FP; not or only hardly visible in some female and juvenile specimens. Tail round or slightly pentagonal in cross section; 26���32 (29 �� 1.94, n = 13) SCF. Postbrachials not or hardly dilated. 1���2 rows of slightly to moderately enlarged irregular, hexagonal scales adjacent to brachials. On ventral aspect of shanks, two (occasionally three) rows of enlarged scales, anterior largest, dilated, and more or less trapezoidal, posterior one (or two) rhomboidal, decreasing in size from anterior toward posterior row. Tibiotarsal spurs form a cluster of 2���3 rows of about 3���6 sharply mucronate scales. Subdigital lamellae of toes mostly single, sometimes paired on inner toes. 16���20 (18 �� 1.00, n = 21) LFF; 31���39 (34 �� 1.87, n = 21) LFT. Color variation: In life, juveniles (Fig. 6 D) show a dark brown dorsal ground color on head, body and limbs; a light cream-colored or vanilla-colored vertebral stripe, 4���15 scales in width, extending from behind the head to the base of the tail or less, very striking in anterior part and fading towards posterior part in most specimens; rostral, supralabials and infralabials light yellowish-brown; lower eye granules, suboculars and lower temporals creamwhite; lateral body parts between armpit and groin cream-colored; tail dorsally reddish-brown or medium brown, lightening towards tip; venter cream-white or grayish-white, limbs and tail ventrally cream-white; tubercular lamellae of hands and feet accentuated with brown. Males dorsally reddish-brown or grayish-brown with or without a trace of a white to cream-colored vertebral stripe in anterior part, normally not reaching base of tail; sides brownish-gray or bluish-gray; dorsum of head and body and lateral body parts with or without mottling of tiny, indistinct black spots of various sizes; most specimens with a dark, fringed dorsolateral stripe, which begins faintly and discontinuously behind the eye and almost extends to the insertion of the hindlimbs, being broadest at midbody; dorsal coloration of the tail as in juveniles; head ventrally cream-white, immaculate; venter and ventral surface of limbs and tail immaculate, cream-white to pale yellow, especially frontlegs can show a yellow dorsal and ventral coloration in some males; tubercular lamellae of hands and feet as in juveniles. Females have a grayishbrown to bluish-gray or dark brown dorsal ground color, on body and limbs, head usually brown or grayish-brown; dorsum with (Fig. 6 B) or without a light vertebral stripe, with or without a dark, fringed dorsolateral stripe; lateral body parts between armpit and groin maybe bright cream-colored, dirty gray or whitish; tail dorsally as in juveniles and males; venter, limbs and tail ventrally as in juveniles as well as ventral parts of hands and feet. In pres, Published as part of Koch, Claudia, Venegas, Pablo J., R��dder, Dennis, Flecks, Morris & B��hme, Wolfgang, 2013, Two new endemic species of Ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from the dry forest of northwestern Peru and additional information on Ameiva concolor Ruthven, 1924, pp. 263-295 in Zootaxa 3745 (2) on pages 274-280, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/247483

Koch, Claudia, Venegas, Pablo J., Rödder, Dennis, Flecks, Morris, Böhme, Wolfgang (2013): Two new endemic species of Ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from the dry forest of northwestern Peru and additional information on Ameiva concolor Ruthven, 1924. Zootaxa 3745 (2): 263-295, DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.6

Ameiva nodam sp. nov. Figs. 1���2 Cnemidophorus divisus Fischer, Verhandlungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen Verein in Hamburg 3: 78���103. ��� 1879 (the original description refers to a Venezuelan taxon described by Fischer as C. divisus) Ameiva bifrontata divisa��� Ruthven, Occasional Papers of the Museum of Zoology, University of Michigan (155): 1���6. ��� 1924 Ameiva bifrontata divisa��� Burt & Burt, Bulletin American Museum of Natural History, 61: 227���395. ��� 1931 Ameiva bifrontata divisa��� Burt & Burt, Transactions of the Academy of Science of Saint Louis 28 (i): v��� 108. ��� 1933 Diagnosis and comparison. This comparatively small Ameiva is diagnosed by the following combination of characters: (1) maximum known SVL of 101mm; (2) lacking longitudinal ridge on frontal scale; (3) frontal plate divided in two subequal scales; (4) postnasals separated from prefrontals by frontonasals; (5) parietal scales usually five; (6) median gular scales not enlarged; (7) enlarged median mesoptychial scales slightly larger than largest gulars; (8) gulars posterior to the interauricular crease smaller than anterior gulars; (9) nasal suture passes centrally through nostril; (10) rostral contacting postnasals; (11) supranasals not contacting supralabials; (12) scales of circumorbital semicircle not extending to anterior margin of third supraocular; (13) 28���33 enlarged ventral scales between gular and vent; (14) 10 longitudinal rows of ventral plates, outermost often distinctly smaller; (15) 86���113 DOM; (16) 165���216 DL; (17) postbrachials dilated; (18) 25���35 LFT; (19) 27���32 SCF; (20) 10���19 FP; (21) five longitudinal yellows stripes on dorsum distinct in juveniles and females, less distinct in most males. Ameiva nodam sp. nov. can be distinguished from all other described mainland congeners except for A. bifrontata and A. concolor by having a transversely divided frontal plate. From the latter two it differs in the color pattern and from A. concolor also by having the postbrachials dilated. Especially due to the color pattern of female specimens with five longitudinal yellow dorsal stripes on a brown ground color the new species resembles Medopheos edracanthus, a teiid species that was just recently split of the genus Ameiva and is now considered as being monotypic. It differs from this species by having the frontal plate divided, by lacking preanal spurs and by having 10 instead of 8 longitudinal rows of enlarged ventral scales. Holotype. An adult male (CORBIDI 1870, Figs. 1 A���F, 2 A,B) from Bellavista, Province of Ja��n, Region of Cajamarca, Peru (05�� 38 ��� 15.6 ������S, 78 �� 37 ��� 59.2 ������W, 390���440 m above sea level), collected 0 9 May 2008 by P. Venegas and C. Koch. Description of holotype: A large adult male with a SVL of 101 mm. Head 0.25 times SVL, 2.95 times longer than wide, 0.64 times as wide as high. Snout elongate, bluntly pointed; canthus rostralis distinct. Neck only slightly narrower than head, and body. Body cylindrical. Limbs well developed, forelimbs 0.3 times SVL, hindlimbs 0.58 times SVL, tibia 0.12 times SVL. Tail round in cross section, tapering toward the tip; 2.08 times SVL. Rostral in posterior part right-angled and bordered by supranasals, in anterior part laterally stretched and bordering supranasals; wider than high; smooth, without sutures; visible from above. Supranasals almost triangular, in short medial contact, not contacting supralabials, bordered posteriorly by hexagonal frontonasal. Postnasal almost triangular, in short contact with rostral and frontonasal and in broad contact with loreal and first and second supralabial. Oblique nasal suture passing centrally through oval nostril. Prefrontals paired and roughly pentagonal, with a short medial suture slightly longer than that between supranasals; laterally in contact with loreal, first supraocular and first supraciliary. Frontal plate divided in two subequal scales, the suture between both scales forming a straight line; anterior frontal pentagonal, laterally in contact with first and second supraoculars, distinctly larger than posterior frontal; posterior frontal pentagonal, laterally in contact with second and third supraoculars. Pair of pentagonal frontoparietals, longer than wide and with long medial suture; laterally in contact with third supraocular, and small circumorbital scales bordering posterior part of third supraocular. Interparietal pentagonal, higher than wide, slightly narrower than adjacent parietals, sutures with parietals straight; interparietal bordered at each side by two irregular parietals divided by oblique suture; outermost parietals slightly smaller than inner parietals; parietal series composed of five scales including interparietal. Supraoculars three at each side. Circumorbital semicircle formed by 12 scales at left side, 22 scales combining both sides, bordering posterior edge of third supraocular and separating it from frontoparietals by two thirds; third supraocular separated from parietals by two rows of circumorbital scales. Laterally, second and third supraocular separated from supraciliaries by a single row of small scales; 19 combining both sides. Supraciliaries seven (on one side), first highest, second longest, remaining ones shorter and subequal. Loreal very large, single, in contact with postnasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, first supraciliary, all three preoculars, first subocular, and second, third and fourth (narrowly) supralabials. Preoculars three, first and third very small and granular; second preocular larger, but distinctly smaller than suboculars. Suboculars three, all longer than wide and in contact with supralabials, first and third subocular almost equal in size, second subocular longest. A keel reaching from first through second subocular. Postoculars small, in two rows, first consisting of six and second of five scales. Enlarged supralabials seven, fifth below center of eye, second and third largest; followed to commissure of mouth by five small scales. No enlarged supratemporals distinguishable. Temporal region with polygonal or rounded scales, slightly smaller centrally. External auditory meatus large, vertically oval, bordered by granular scales, anterior margin semicircular, posterior one straight. Tympanum recessed. All dorsal and lateral head scales juxtaposed and smooth. Mental anteriorly ellipsoid, posteriorly straight, bordered by first infralabials and postmental. Postmental single and pentagonal, in contact with first and second infralabials, followed by six pairs of enlarged chinshields. First pair in broad medial contact and in contact with infralabials. Remaining chinshields separated from infralabials by one row of small, almost granular scales. Medial chin scales moderately small, convex, smooth, juxtaposed, oval or polygonal, in slightly oblique rows, all subequal in size. Enlarged infralabials six, fifth below center of eye; followed to commissure by six smaller scales. Gular region divided into two areas: anterior region with round or polygonal and flat scales in slightly oblique rows that usually remain subequal or rarely grade to slightly larger scales medially, delimited posteriorly by line uniting lower margin of ear openings. Posterior gular region covered by smaller polygonal or round scales in transverse rows. Mesoptychial scales moderately enlarged, slightly larger than anterior gular scales, in about three rows, hexagonal, flat, smooth, and juxtaposed. Scales on nape and sides of neck similar in size to dorsals. Dorsals and scales on flanks granular (slightly larger on dorsum than laterally), round, smooth, juxtaposed; 194 DL; 93 DOM. Ventrals large, smooth, rectangular, wider than long, in 10 longitudinal and 31 transverse rows; transition between ventrals and scales on flanks sharp. Preanal shield with three rows of enlarged scales. Preanal plate surrounded anteriorly and laterally by smaller scales; posteriorly by much smaller scales. 18 FP in continuous row along each thigh, with short gap medially. Each pore surrounded by four scales. Scales on tail dorsally rectangular, smaller than subcaudals, longer than wide, distinctly keeled, slightly imbricate; in transverse and approximately longitudinal rows, continuous with subcaudals around tail (except first few rows incomplete ventrally); 27 SCF. Distally caudals longer and narrower. Subcaudals rectangular, smaller than ventrals, wider than long, smooth, mostly juxtaposed. Forelimbs with row of very large, smooth, slightly imbricate, almost rectangular (distinctly wider than long) antebrachial scales on anterodorsal aspect of forearms and similar but smaller brachial scales on upper arms that extend almost to insertion of forelimbs. Antebrachials and brachials separated by smaller scales at elbow. Dorsoposterior, posterior, and ventral aspect of arms granular, slightly larger than dorsals, except for scales directly adjacent to brachials and antebrachials, which are slightly to moderately enlarged and irregular. Legs with large, smooth, imbricate scales on anterior and ventral aspects of thighs, and ventral aspect of shanks. Row of large, almost rectangular scales anteriorly on thigh, gradually becoming smaller and irregular toward pores. On ventral aspect of shanks, three rows of very large scales, anterior two more or less trapezoidal, posterior one rhomboidal, decreasing in size from anterior toward posterior row. Tibiotarsal spurs form a cluster of two rows, one of about four, and the other of about five sharply mucronate scales which are positioned along the postaxial edge of the distal end of the shank. Elsewhere on hindlimbs scales similar to dorsals. Subdigital lamellae transversely enlarged and single, moderately to distinctly tuberculate towards base. Lamellae of outer toe continuing to heel. On palms, lamellae of outer and inner fingers continuing to wrist only separated by few granules, tubercular and increasing in size towards it. 17 LFF; 32 LFT. Measurements of holotype (in mm). SVL 101; HL 25.4; HH 13.4; HW 8.6; SL 10.5; ED 5.3; DSN 2.5; DNE 8.1; DEE 7.7; TL 210; AGL 45; BHM 13.6; BWM 17.3; FLL 30; HLL 59; TIL 12.2. Coloration of holotype: In life (Fig. 2 A), the dorsal surface of the head of the male holotype is grayish-brown. The sides of the head are gray. The granules on the eyelids are white to grayish-white. Suboculars and adjacent supralabials are lighter gray than the scales in temporal region, anterior supralabials, postnasal and loreal. Supraciliaries grayish-green. Head ventrally white to grayish-white. Dorsal surface of body reddish-brown; five yellow stripes 2���3 scales in width in anterior part and 4���5 scales in width in posterior part, extending from the head to the base of the tail, one vertebral stripe beginning behind the interparietal, a dorsolateral stripe on each side beginning in the supraciliary region, and a lateral stripe beginning in the anterior upper edge of the ear opening (and being interrupted by the opening); in the posterior part the vertebral stripe is bordered on both sides by an irregular dark blackish-brown line, starting from behind the insertion of the forelimbs, very soft in the beginning and becoming up to four scales in width in direction of the base of the tail; ground color interspaces irregularly intermixed with some blackish-brown granules. Lateral body parts between armpit and groin gray with eleven small turquoise dots (4���6 granules big) arranged in a dotted line. Outermost ventrals gray, first three outer rows of ventrals with an irregular pattern of turquoise dots distinctly larger than the turquoise dots of the lateral row. Central rows of ventrals white. Forelimbs grayish-brown dorsoposterior region and brownish-gray in anteroventral region. Hindlimbs grayish-brown in dorsoposterior region, intermixed with some small dark and larger pale white spots; brownish-gray in anteroventral region. Tail brown with dark spots in anterior third, a lateral dark stripe extends from behind the hind limbs over the first sixth of the tail, adjacent and below to it is a white stripe of almost the same length. Subcaudals white. In preservative (Fig. 2 B), the general dorsal color is mainly brown or grayish-brown; five dorsal stripes are gray to grayish-brown; interspaces between dorsolateral and lateral stripes are dark brown; dots between armpit and groin are pale blue. Remaining body parts are of the same pattern and coloration as in life. Variation. Paratypes (59): An adult male (CORBIDI 1869) and an adult female (CORBIDI 1873) with the same data as the holotype; An adult female (CORBIDI 5762) from Bellavista, Province of Ja��n, Region of Cajamarca (05�� 31 ���S, 078�� 31 ���W, 390���444 m above sea level), collected 30 March 2009 by E. Hoyos Granda and C. Koch; an adult male (MCZ 18134) and three adult females (MCZ 18135 ��� 7) from the same region, collected 1916 by G.K. Noble. A Male and a juvenile (ZFMK 88732 ��� 33) from Gotas de Agua, Province of Ja��n, Region of Cajamarca (05�� 42 ��� 28.2 ������S, 78 �� 47 ��� 18.4 ������W, 719 m above sea level), collected 0 5 June 2008 by A. Garcia Bravo and C. Koch; an adult male (CORBIDI 1910) from almost the same region (05�� 41 ��� 17.7 ������S, 78 �� 46 ���02.0������W, 717 m above sea level) collected 0 5 July 2008 by W.A. Garcia Bravo, J. Novoa Cova and C. Koch. An adult male (ZFMK 88734) from Pucar�� Province of Ja��n, Region of Cajamarca (06��01��� 51.2 ������ S, 79 ��07��� 32.5 ������ W, 1054 m above sea level), collected 10 July 2008 by W.A. Garcia Bravo, J. Novoa Cova and C. Koch; an adult female and a juvenile (ZFMK 90862, CORBIDI 5761) from almost the same region (06��03��� S, 79 ��05��� W, 970 m above sea level), collected 26 March 2009 by E. Hoyos Granda and C. Koch. An adult female (CORBIDI 5763) and a juvenile (ZFMK 90863) from Perico, Province of Ja��n, Region of Cajamarca (05�� 20 ��� 30.7 ������S, 78 �� 47 ��� 52.1 ������W, 490 m above sea level), collected 0 5 April 2009 by E. Hoyos Granda and C. Koch; an adult male (BM 1924.11.19.10), an adult female (BM 1924.11.19.11) and a juvenile (BM 1924.11.19.12) from the same region, collected 1924 collector not further determined; an adult male (MCZ 18132), two adult females (MCZ 18130 ��� 31), a juvenile (MCZ 18133) and an undefined adult specimen (ZMB 29752) from the same region, collected 1916 by G.K. Noble. A juvenile (KU 209520) from Fonda Atapaca (near Rio Chinchipe, East of San Ignacio, 450 m), Province of San Ignacio, Region of Cajamarca, collected on 4 October 1986 by CRS. Five adult males (KU 134835 ���8, 134841), six adult females (KU 134839 ���40, 134842��� 5) and a juvenile (KU 134834) from 7 km North of Ja��n, Province of Ja��n, Region of Cajamarca (730 m above sea level), collected 5 May 1970 by T.H. Fritts. An adult male (ROM 16273) from 52 km North of Ja��n, Province of Ja��n, Region of Cajamarca, collected 7 July 1986 by L.D. Wilson. An adult male (MHNG 2260.19), an adult female (MHNG 2260.18) and an subadult female (MHNG 2260.17) and two juveniles (MHNG 2260.16, 2260.20) from Ja��n, Province of Ja��n, Region of Cajamarca, collection date and collector not further determined. An adult female (ZFMK 90864) from Puerto Malleta, Province of Cutervo, Region of Cajamarca (06��03��� 57.1 ������S, 78 �� 36 ��� 21.1 ������W, 509 m above sea level), collected 12 December 2009 by A. Garcia Bravo and C. Koch. Four males (CORBIDI 1874, 1900, 1902, ZFMK 88735), one subadult female (CORBIDI 1898) and six juveniles (CORBIDI 1786, 1833, 1853, 1872, 1905, ZFMK 88736) from Bagua Chica, Province of Bagua, Region of Amazonas (05�� 38 ���06.9������S, 78 �� 32 ��� 27.7 ������W, 500 m above sea level), collected 20 July 2008 by J. Novoa Cova and C. Koch. Three adult males (CORBIDI 5769, ZFMK 90865 ��� 66) and two adult females (CORBIDI 5767 ��� 68) from Cumba, Province of Cumba, Region of Amazonas (05�� 56 ��� 14.6 ������S, 78 �� 39 ��� 50.4 ������W, 465 m above sea level), collected 16���18 December 2009 by A. Garcia Bravo and C. Koch. Description of paratypes: Maximum SVL in male paratypes 88.3 mm (KU 134837), maximum total length in male paratypes 280.7 mm (KU 134838); maximum SVL in female paratypes 78 mm, maximum total length in female paratypes 244 mm (both CORBIDI 05762). Shape of head, body, limbs and tail as in holotype. HL 0.25��� 0.29 (0.27 �� 0.01, n = 15) times SVL in males; 0.24���0.28 (0.26 �� 0.01, n = 13) times SVL in females; HH 0.11��� 0.14 (0.13 �� 0.01, n = 16) times SVL in both sexes; HW 0.09���0.13 (0.11 �� 0.01, n = 21) times SVL in males, 0.09��� 0.13 (0.11 �� 0.01, n = 18) times SVL in females; SL 0.62���0.68 (0.66 �� 0.02, n = 10) times the HL; ED 0.20���0.28 (0.26 �� 0.02, n = 10) times the HL; DSN 0.08���0.13 (0.12 �� 0.02, n = 10) times the HL; DNE 0.26���0.31 (0.29 �� 0.02, n = 10) times the HL; DEE 0.22���0.26 (0.24 �� 0.02, n = 10) times the HL; TL 1.34���2.48 (1.87 �� 0.39, n = 13) times SVL in males; 1.42���2.9 (1.95 �� 0.39, n = 13) times SVL in females; AGL 0.38���0.52 (0.42 �� 0.04, n = 16) times SVL; FLL 0.33���0.38 (0.35 �� 0.01, n = 10) times SVL; HLL 0.66���0.72 (0.69 �� 0.02 n = 10) times SVL; TIL 0.17���0.2 (0.19 �� 0.01, n = 10) times SVL; foot 0.35���0.41 (0.38 �� 0.02, n = 10) times SVL. Arrangement, shape and surface of scales as in holotype except for the following variations: Rostral in posterior part right-angled or nearly so. Frontonasal pentagonal or hexagonal. Prefrontals laterally contacting first supraciliary in most specimens, separated from it by the first supraocular and/or the loreal in some specimens. Median suture of prefrontals as short or slightly longer than that between supranalsals. Frontoparietals, posteriorly contacting interparietal and adjacent parietals in most specimens, some individuals with a small medial scale between the posterior suture of the frontoparietals and the interparietal. Interparietal subequal, with or without a short medial suture in anterior part; slightly narrower or slightly wider than adjacent parietals, sutures with parietals slightly oblique or straight; outermost parietals subequal or slightly smaller (rarely larger) to inner parietals. Parietal series normally composed of 5 (4 in one specimen: ZFMK 90862) scales including interparietal. Supraoculars three or four at each side, fourth much smaller than others, third supraocular largest. Circumorbital semicircle formed by 4���14 scales at left side, 8���27 scales combining both sides, bordering posterior edge of fourth (if present) and third supraocular and separating it from frontoparietals by more than half, not extending to anterior margin of third supraocular. Last supraocular separated from parietals by 2���4 rows of circumorbital scales. Laterally, all supraoculars except first separated from supraciliaries by a single or double row of small scales; 21��� 34 combining both sides. Supraciliaries 5���7 (on one side). Loreal very large, single, in contact with postnasal, frontonasal, prefrontal, first supraciliary, prefrontals, Published as part of Koch, Claudia, Venegas, Pablo J., R��dder, Dennis, Flecks, Morris & B��hme, Wolfgang, 2013, Two new endemic species of Ameiva (Squamata: Teiidae) from the dry forest of northwestern Peru and additional information on Ameiva concolor Ruthven, 1924, pp. 263-295 in Zootaxa 3745 (2) on pages 267-274, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.3745.2.6, http://zenodo.org/record/247483

Pristimantis stipa new species Figs. 1 (C & D), 6 (A–D), 7 Holotype: CORBIDI 0 2833, an adult female, from Cañaris, Provincia de Ferreñafe, Región Lambayeque, Perú (6 ˚ 7 ' 14.4 " S, 79 ˚ 18 ' 4.43 " W; 3596 m.a.s.l.) obtained on 16 June 2007 by Pablo J. Venegas. Paratypes: CORBIDI 02834– 37, four adult males, collected with the holotype by Pablo J. Venegas. Diagnosis. This member of the Pristimantis (Pristimantis) orestes Group has: (1) skin on dorsum areolate; that on flanks and venter coarsely areolate; discoidal fold only present as a prominent thoracic fold; dorsolateral fold prominent, discontinuous; (2) tympanic annulus present, weakly defined; tympanic membrane distinct; (3) snout bluntly rounded in dorsal view and in lateral view; (4) upper eyelid tubercles absent; upper eyelid nearly as wide as, or equal to IOD; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, narrowly separated; (6) vocal slits absent; spinous nuptial pads absent; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers narrow, rounded, without marginal grooves; (8) lateral fringes on fingers absent; (9) ulnar tubercles present, coalesced into a low fold; (10) heel and outer edge of tarsus lacking tubercles; inner tarsal fold present; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, elevated, elliptical, twice as large as lower oval outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface areolate; (12) lateral fringes on toes and webbing absent; Toe V slightly shorter than Toe III; toe discs narrow, rounded, without marginal grooves; (13) dorsum entirely brown without markings; groin, posterior surface of thigh, and concealed surfaces of shank and foot dark brown with or without white marks; ventral surfaces dark brown with white spots or mottling; (14) SVL in adult males 15.6–24.4 mm (x = 18.8; n = 4), in one adults female 35.1 mm. Pristimantis stipa differs from all other species of Pristimantis, including the 15 species currently assigned to the P. o re s t e s Group, except P. s i m o n s i i, by the following combination of characters: dorsum areolate; discs on fingers and toes narrow without discernable marginal grooves; and ulnar tubercles coalesced into low fold. However, it is easily distinguished from P. s i m o n s i i by having dentigerous processes of vomers prominent (absent in P. simonsii); tympanic annulus and membrane distinct (absent); and Toe V slightly shorter than Toe III (Toes III and V about equal in length). In lacking well-defined marginal grooves on the discs on the fingers and toes, P. stipa can be confused with Phrynopus. The only species of Phrynopus known from the Cordillera Occidental is P. thompsoni from farther south in Región La Libertad. This species of Phrynopus differs from Pristimantis stipa by having longitudinal rows of pustules on the dorsum, tympanic annulus and membrane absent, Fingers I and II equal in length, and venter tan with brown spots. Description of the holotype. Adult female with robust body; head narrow, not as wide than body, wider than long; head width 37.6 % of SVL; head length 30.4 % of SVL; snout short lacking terminal tubercle, bluntly rounded in dorsal and lateral views; eye–nostril distance 69.2 % of eye diameter; nostrils rounded, directed dorsolaterally; canthus rostralis straight in dorsal view, slightly curved in profile; loreal region concave; lips rounded; upper eyelid lacking tubercles; upper eyelid width 96.7 % of IOD; tympanic annulus present, weakly defined, with the posterodorsal margin obscured by supratympanic fold, tympanum diameter 35.8 % of eye diameter, tympanum–eye distance about 1.5 times tympanum diameter; one enlarged postrictal tubercle on left side and two different-sized postrictal tubercles on right side. Choanae small, ovoid, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxilla; dentigerous processes of vomers prominent, oblique, narrowly separated, situated posteromedial to choanae, each bearing three teeth; tongue twice as long as wide, notched behind, free posteriorly for two thirds of its length. Skin on dorsum areolate; dorsolateral fold prominent, fleshy, and discontinuous; skin on flanks, ventral surfaces of thighs, belly, chest, and throat coarsely areolate; discoidal fold only present as prominent thoracic fold; cloacal sheath short; cloacal region tuberculate. Ulnar tubercles coalesced into low fold; palmar tubercles fleshy, elevated, outer palmar tubercle bifid, approximately twice size of ovoid, thenar tubercle; distal subarticular tubercles weakly defined, except proximally, round in ventral and lateral views; supernumerary tubercle sat bases of Fingers II and III distinct; fingers lacking lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on fingers narrow with rounded tips; pads on fingers lacking circumferential grooves (Fig. 1 C). Hind limbs slender, tibia length 34.1 % of SVL; foot length 39.6 % of SVL; upper surfaces of hind limbs areolate; posterior and ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; heel lacking tubercles; outer surface of tarsus lacking tubercles; short inner tarsal fold present; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, elliptical, twice size of low, oval outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface areolate; subarticular tubercles well defined, round in ventral and lateral views; toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; discs on toes narrow with rounded tips, like those on fingers; toes lacking circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes: 1 5 Measurements of the holotype (in mm): SVL 35.1; tibia length 12.0; foot length 13.9; head length 10.7; head width 13.2; eye diameter 3.9; tympanum diameter 1.4; interorbital distance 3.1; upper eyelid width 3.0; internarial distance 2.9; eye–nostril distance 2.7. Color of holotype in life: The dorsum was brown (Fig. 6 A); the groin, posterior and anterior surface of thighs, concealed surface of shanks and dorsal surface of feet were blackish brown with irregular dirty white blotches, and the venter dark brown with white spots (Fig. 6 B). The iris was grayish white with brown mottling. Color of holotype in preservative (Fig. 7): In ethanol, the coloration is as described above, except that the blackish brown is brown, and the dirty white blotches are white; iris greenish is gray with a fine brown mottling. Variation. The morphology and coloration of the paratypes are identical to the holotype (Fig. 6: C & D). Males are smaller than females, lack vocal slits, and have white nuptial pads on the dorsal and medial surfaces of thumb. The mottling on the throats of males is brownish cream (Fig. 6 D). See Table 1 for measurements and proportions of the type series. Distribution and natural history. Pristimantis stipa is known only from the type locality in a humid puna above tree line, at an elevation of 3596 m.a.s.l., on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Occidental in northwestern Peru (Fig. 5). There it occurs syntopically with P. mariaelenae. Etymology. The specific name is a noun in apposition. It is the generic name of the feather grass (Pooideae) that is common at the type locality and in most areas above tree line and below snow line in Peru. Remarks. The type locality, Cañaris, has been poorly explored herpetologically. It is located in the northeastern corner of the Región Lambayeque at the right margin of the Río Huancabamba (2500–3800 m.a.s.l.). The general landscape is a humid puna with scattered patches of elfin forest and cloud forest partially cleared for cattle ranching and cropland. The destruction of the natural habitats in Cañaris by the local people has been continuous since the 1970 s; however, the general area is currently under new human pressure because of mineral exploration. Other surveys by the senior author in Cañaris and the nearby locality of Incahuasi recorded more species of strabomantid frogs, including Lynchius sp., P. chimu, P. petrobardus, P. phoxocephalus, and three species of Prisitmantis. Inasmuch as the unidentified species of strabomantids might be new species, probably all of the recorded species, except for P. phoxocephalus, are restricted to the northern portion of the Cordillera Occidental in Peru. It is well known that most members of the Pristimantis orestes Group have limited distributional ranges (Lehr 2007). Although some large patches of cloud forest still remain, the humid puna is strongly overgrazed by cattle and is frequently burned (Fig. 8); a high probability of future mining activity is a significant new potential threat.

Pristimantis mariaelenae new species Figs. 1 (A & B), 2 (A���F), 3, 4 (A���L) Holotype: CORBIDI 0 2824, an adult female, from Ca��aris, Provincia de Ferre��afe, Regi��n Lambayeque, Per�� (6 ˚ 7 ' 14.4 " S, 79 ˚ 18 ' 4.43 " W; 3596 m.a.s.l.) obtained on 16 June 2007 by Pablo J. Venegas. Paratypes: CORBIDI 02827��� 28, two adult females; CORBIDI 0 2823, 02825��� 26, 0 2829, 0 2831, five adult males; CORBIDI 0 2830 and 0 2832, two juveniles, collected with the holotype by Pablo J. Venegas. Diagnosis. A member of the Pristimantis (Pristimantis) orestes Group following the definition of Pristimantis and the Pristimantis orestes Group and their placement in Strabomantidae as arranged by Hedges et al. (2008) and followed by Duellman & Lehr (2009), having the following combination of characters: (1) skin on dorsum shagreen with scattered small tubercles; flanks tuberculate; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold indistinct, evident as thoracic fold; dorsolateral fold weak or evident; (2) tympanic membrane and tympanic annulus present, distinct; (3) snout rounded in dorsal and lateral views; (4) upper eyelid bearing small, low, round tubercles; upper eyelid width slightly narrower than IOD; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers low, indistinct, separated, concealed by palatal mucosa; (6) vocal slits and spinous nuptial pads present; (7) Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on outer fingers barely expanded, rounded to weakly truncate; (8) fingers lacking lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles present, coalesced into a low fold; (10) heel and outer edge of tarsus bearing small tubercles; inner tarsal fold present; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, elliptical, two times larger than the lower, oval outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface areolate; (12) toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing absent; Toe V slightly longer than Toe III; toe discs barely expanded, round, weakly truncate, nearly as large as those on fingers; (13) dorsum entirely reddish ochre, brown or reddish brown with or without markings, such as interorbital bar or longitudinal dark stripes (especially in males); groin, posterior surface of thigh, concealed surface of shank, and dorsal surface of foot colored like dorsum but with white blotches; ventral surfaces pearly white, cream, or orange-ochre with dark brown or black scattered blotches; (14) SVL 16.0��� 19.4 mm (x = 17.9; n = 5) in adults males, 23.7���27.8 mm in adult females (x = 25.5; n = 3). From the fifteen previously known species of the Pristimantis orestes Group (i.e., P. atrabracus, P. chimu, P. cordovae, P. corrugatus, P. melanogaster, P. orestes, P. pataikos, P. pinguis, P. seorsus, P. simonbolivari, P. simonsii, P. stictoboubonus, P. vetriguttatus, P. vidua; sensu Hedges et al. 2008 and P. b a m b u assigned to the group by Arteaga-Navarro & Guayasamin 2011), P. m a r i a e l e n a e is easily distinguished from P. atrabracus, P. melanogaster, P. pataikos, P. pinguis, and P. stictoboubonus by having tubercles on the upper eyelid, heel, and outer edge of the tarsus (absent in the aforementioned species). Furthermore, P. atrabracus differs by having the ventral surfaces of hind limbs black, whereas in P. m a r i a e l e n a e these are pearly white, cream, or orange-ochre; Pristimantis melanogaster differs by having the skin on dorsum nearly pustular (shagreen with scattered small tubercles in the new species), venter coarsely areolate (areolate), vocal slits and nuptial pads absent (present), and the groin (in life) with contrasting bright yellow spots (with white blotches); P. pataikos differs by having the skin of the dorsum smooth (shagreen with scattered small tubercles), venter coarsely areolate (areolate), and tympanum indistinct (distinct); P. stictoboubonus differs by males lacking vocal slits and nuptial excrescences (present), and fingers and toes bearing broad lateral fringes (lacking lateral fringes); P. pinguis differs by having the venter coarsely areolate (areolate), snout acutely rounded in dorsal view (rounded), dentigerous processes of vomers oblique, prominent, narrowly separated (low, indistinct, separated, concealed by palatal mucosa), and venter (in preservative) tan with brown flecks or reticulation (cream with scattered, brown blotches or dots). Pristimantis mariaelenae can be easily distinguished from P. s i m o n s i i and P. s t i p a sp.nov. by having discs barely expanded well defined by circumferential grooves, dorsum shagreen with scattered small tubercles, and venter areolate, whereas in the last two species, the discs are narrow lacking circumferential grooves, dorsum areolate, and venter coarsely areolate. Moreover, P. m a riaelenae differs from P. simonsii (characters in parenthesis), by having the tympanic annulus and tympanic membrane distinct (absent) and from P. stipa by having the ventral surfaces pearly white, cream, or orange-ochre with dark brown or black scattered blotches (dark brown with white spots or mottling). Pristimantis mariaelenae can be distinguished from P. corrugatus and P. ventriguttatus by having discs barely expanded and fingers lacking lateral fringes (discs broadly expanded and fingers bearing lateral fringes in the two last species). Additionally, P. m a r i a e l - enae differs from P. corrugatus by having the skin on dorsum shagreen with scattered small tubercles (shagreen with irregular longitudinal ridges), and low tubercles on the upper eyelid (prominent). Pristimantis ventriguttatus differs from the new species by having the snout acutely rounded in dorsal view (rounded in P. mariaelenae), toes webbed basally (basal web absent), and the venter (in preservative) brown with tan blotches or dots (venter cream with brown blotches). Pristimantis mariaelenae differs from P. c h i m u and P. seorsus by having discs barely expanded and lacking cranial crests (discs narrow and cranial crests present). Pristimantis mariaelenae differs from P. c o rd o v a e by having the snout rounded in dorsal view lacking rostral tubercle or papillae (snout slightly pointed bearing small rostral papillae), and discs round (emarginate). In addition, P. m a r i a e l e n a e can be distinguished from P. cordovae (in life) by having groin, posterior surface of thighs, and concealed surface of shanks brown or reddish brown with white blotches (brown with orange spots), and venter pearly white, cream, or orange-ochre with dark brown or black scattered blotches (ventral surface tan with small gray spots). Pristimantis bambu differs from P. mariaelenae by having the snout acuminate in dorsal view and lacking heel or tarsal tubercles (snout rounded and heel and tarsus bearing tubercles in P. m a r i a e l e n a e). Pristimantis mariaeleneae differs P. o re s t e s, P. simonbolivari, and P. v i d u a by having dorsolateral folds weak or evident (absent in the three last species). Furthermore, P. o re s t e s and P. simonbolivari can be distinguished from P. m a r i a e l e n a e by having (in life) the groin and concealed surfaces of the shanks black with white spots, whereas in the new species these surfaces are reddish ochre, brown or reddish brown with white blotches. Pristimantis vidua differs from P. mariaelenae (characters in parenthesis) by having indistinct tubercles on the eyelids (distinct), narrows discs on fingers and toes (barely expanded), and heel tubercles absent (present). Apart of Pristimantis orestes and P. simonbolivari (compared above) only three other species of Pristimantis in the Andes of Peru and Ecuador have contrasting white blotches in the groin (i.e. P. caeruleonotus, P. phalaroinguinis, and P. leucorrhinus). These three species differ from P. mariaelenae by having broadly expanded discs on fingers and toes. Lynchius flavomaculatus, known from southern Ecuador and extreme northern Peru, also has pale spots (cream or pale yellow in life) in the groin and on the hidden surfaces of the thighs, but it differs from P. m a riaelenae by having smooth skin on the dorsum and venter, Finger I longer than Finger II, and cranial crests. Description of the holotype. Adult female with robust body; head narrow, not as wide as body, wider than long; head width 36.6 % of SVL; head length 32 % of SVL; snout short, lacking terminal tubercle, rounded in dorsal view, rounded in lateral view; eye���nostril distance 77.4 % of eye diameter; nostrils rounded, directed dorsolaterally; canthus rostralis curved in dorsal view, straight in profile; loreal region concave; lips rounded; upper eyelid bearing low diffuse tubercles; upper eyelid width 75.8 % of IOD; tympanic annulus present, distinct, with posterodorsal and posteroventral margins obscured by supratympanic fold; tympanic membrane present, distinct; tympanum diameter 58 % of eye diameter, tympanum���eye distance 120 % of tympanum diameter; one enlarged postrictal tubercle. Choanae small, ovoid, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxilla; dentigerous processes of vomers low, indistinct, broadly separated, concealed by palatal mucosa, situated posteromedial to choanae; each vomer bearing two distinct teeth; tongue twice as long as wide, notched behind, free posteriorly for two thirds of its length. Skin on dorsum shagreen with small tubercles, most dense posteriorly; dorsolateral fold weak, discontinuous posteriorly; skin on flanks tuberculate; skin on, belly, chest, throat, and ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; discoidal fold indistinct, evident only as thoracic fold; cloacal sheath short; skin in cloacal region tuberculate. Ulnar tubercles coalesced into low fold; palmar tubercles slightly elevated, outer palmar tubercle bifid, approximately twice size of ovoid, thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles well defined, round in ventral view and round in lateral view; supernumerary tubercle at base of fingers present; fingers lacking lateral fringes; Finger I shorter than Finger II; discs on Fingers I and II narrow, barely expanded on Fingers III and IV; discs round weakly truncate; ventral pads on fingers well defined by circumferential grooves on all fingers (Fig. 1 A). Hind limbs slender, tibia length 37.4 % of SVL; foot length 39.5 % of SVL; upper surfaces of hind limbs tuberculate; posterior and ventral surfaces of thighs areolate; heel bearing one low tubercle; outer surface of tarsus bearing low tubercles; short inner tarsal fold present; inner metatarsal tubercle prominent, elliptical, rounded, three times size of low, oval, rounded outer metatarsal tubercle; plantar surface areolate; subarticular tubercles well defined, round in ventral view and subconical in lateral view; toes lacking lateral fringes; webbing between toes absent; discs nearly as large as those on fingers, most prominent on Toe IV; discs round, barely expanded, weakly truncate; Toes III, IV, and V having ventral pads well defined by circumferential grooves, less distinct on Toes I and II; relative lengths of toes: 1 5 TABLA 1. Variation of measurements (in mm) and proportions of the type series of Pristimantis mariaelenae and P. stipa. See text for abbreviations. Pristimantis mariaelenae Pristimantis stipa Variation. Males are smaller than females, and the sexes differ slightly in some proportions (Table 1). Males have vocal slits and tan nuptial pads on the dorsal and medial surfaces of the thumb. In respect to coloration and skin texture, Pristimantis mariaelenae is highly variable: CORBIDI 0 2828 (Fig. 2: C & D), an adult female, has a reddish brown dorsum in contrast to nearly black flanks and a well defined dorsolateral fold; CORBIDI 0 2827 (Fig. 2: E & F), an adult female, has the same coloration as the holotype except for an orange-ochre dot medially in the scapular region, but the ventral surfaces are orange-ochre instead of pearly white. The adult male paratypes COR- BIDI 02825��� 26 & 29 are identical to the holotype, except for a cream middorsal stripe in the CORBIDI 0 2826 (Fig. 4: A & B) and the presence of dorsal longitudinal folds in the paratype 0 2825. Four male paratypes exhibit the major variation in color and skin texture. Adult specimen CORBIDI 0 2823 (Fig. 4: C���E) has a dark brown dorsum with a greenish interorbital stripe and dorsolateral stripes, a thin yellow middorsal stripe, a red blotch on the anterior surface of thighs and axilla, a wrinkled dorsum, and a well defined dorsolateral fold; adult specimen CORBIDI 0 2831 (Fig. 4: F & G) has a brown dorsum with a dark brown middorsal stripe and well defined longitudinal folds; two juvenile males CORBIDI 0 2830 (Fig. 4: H���J) and 0 2832 (Fig. 4: K & L) have a distinct tuberculate dorsum and distinct sinusoidal ridges. Furthermore, these juveniles, CORBIDI 0 2830 and 0 2832, have a greenish dorsum. Distribution and ecology. Pristimantis mariaelenae is known only from the type locality in a humid puna above tree line, at an elevation of 3596 m.a.s.l., on the eastern slope of the Cordillera Occidental in northwestern Peru. The type locality is a grassy region dominated by bunch grass (Stipa) with associated small bushes (Baccharis sp.), and some scattered small patches of elfin forest (Fig. 5). All specimens were in the bases of bunch grass and also under rocks near small streams by day. Etymology. The specific name is a patronym for Maria Elena Venegas formerly from Lima, Peru, mother of the senior author. The new species is dedicated to Maria Elena for her continuous support of PJV���s love of nature., Published as part of Venegas, Pablo J. & Duellman, William E., 2012, Two syntopic new species of the Pristimantis orestes Group (Anura: Strabomantidae) from northwestern Peru, pp. 47-59 in Zootaxa 3249 on pages 48-55, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.280558, {"references":["Hedges, B. S., Duellman, W. E. & Heinicke, M. P. (2008) New World direct-developing frogs (Anura: Terrarana): Molecular phylogeny, classification, biogeography, and conservation. Zootaxa, 1737, 1 - 182.","Duellman, W. E. & Lehr, E. (2009) Terrestrial-breeding frogs (Strabomantidae) in Peru. Munster, Germany: Nature und Tier Verlag, 382 pp.","Arteaga-Navarro, A. F. & Guayasamin, J. M. (2011) A new frog of the genus Pristimantis (Amphibia: Strabomantidae) from the high Andes of southeastern Ecuador, discovered using morphological and molecular data. Zootaxa, 2876, 17 - 29."]}

Dendropsophus frosti sp. nov. (Figs. 3���4) Dendropsophus koechlini, Fig. 6 H���Von May and Venegas (2010). Holotype. ANDES-A 1025 (field number JMP 1986), an adult male from Km 11 on the road from Leticia to Tarapac�� (04�� 06' 24.2 " S, 69 �� 56 ' 57.4 " W; 103 m. a.s.l.), Departamento Amazonas, Colombia (Fig. 3), collected on December 28, 2009 by Santiago Castroviejo-Fisher, Jos�� M. Padial, Bj��rn Rogel, and Linn Fenna Groeneveld. Paratypes. ANDES-A 1024 (field number JMP 2014) an adult male, same data as the holotype; ANDES- A 1026 and ANDES-A 1027 (field number AJC 3586 ��� 5 respectively) adult female and male with same data as the holotype but collected on December 9, 2011 by Justin Touchon. CORBIDI 05882���05883 (males), CORBIDI 0 5884 (female), from Peru: Loreto, Provincia de Maynas, Piedras (between the community of Nueva Vida and San Pablo de Totolla) (02.79278�� S, 72.91750 �� W; 150 m) collected on October 25, 2009 by Pablo J. Venegas. Diagnosis. We assigned the new species to the genus Dendropsophus on the basis of our phylogenetic results (Fig. 2) and the overall similarity with other species of the genus (Fig. 1). We could not evaluate the two putative synapomorphies of the genus suggested by Faivovich et al. (2005). Dendropsophus frosti sp. nov. is a mediumsized member of the Dendropsophus parviceps group (sensu our phylogenetic results), (SVL 21.1 ���23.0 mm in adult males, 25.9���28.8 mm in a single female), diagnosed by the following combination of traits: slender body, head wider than body; snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views; nostrils slightly protuberant; large prominent eyes (EL/HW= 0.4); palpebral membrane bearing brownish pigmentation on its border; small tympanum (TYD / DF 3 = 1.1); moderately developed axillary membrane; bifid distal subarticular tubercles on finger IV; prepollex concealed by skin, attached to finger I; nuptial excrescences not visible under a magnifying stereoscope in adult males; hands webbing formula I 2 �� ��� 2 �� II 2 ����� 2 �� III 2 +��� 2 IV, feet webbing formula I 2 ����� 2 II 1 +��� 2 + III 1���2 + IV 2 +��� 1 �� V; no inner tarsal fold, tarsal tubercles absent; heel and calcar tubercles absent; cloacal opening covered by a cloacal sheath on its dorsal third; in life, dorsal surfaces presenting plain light brown coloration, ventral surfaces pale yellow, thighs and internal region of foot (through fingers III and IV) dark brown; lateral surfaces of body and head dark brown, darker in groin region; fingers I and II, and the tip of finger III pale, iris copper. In alcohol, dorsal surfaces pale brown; venter creamy white; iris gray. Comparison to other species. Dendropsophus frosti sp. nov. differs from all other members of Dendropsophus by at least the combination of the following traits: plain light brown dorsal coloration, contrasting with dark brown flanks; fingers III and IV dark brown; fingers I and II and tip of finger II pale, and copper iris in life (Fig. 3). It specifically differs from species of the D. parviceps group (sensu Faivovich et al. 2005) as follows: from D. allenorum, D. giesleri, D. koechlini, D. microps Peters 1872, D. parviceps, D. pauiniensis, D. ruschii Weygoldt and Peixoto 1987, and D. timbeba by having a plain ventral coloration; from D. grandisonae by having a pale venter instead of gray. D. grandisonae also differs from the new species by presenting dorsal surfaces of the arms white and a more developed patagium. Dendropsohus frosti sp. nov. differs from D. bokermanni, D. pauiniensis, and D. subocularis Dunn 1934 by having ventral surfaces granular; from D. allenorum, D. giesleri, D. microps, D. pauiniensis, and D. ruschii by lacking any kind of tubercles, spiculae or warts on dorsum. The absence of blotches, spots or bars on surfaces of thighs and groin differentiates D. frosti sp. nov. from D. bokermanni, D. brevifrons, D. luteoocellatus, D. microps, D. pauiniensis, D. timbeba, and D. subocularis. The new species also differs from all the species in the D. parviceps group, except D. giesleri, D. grandisonae, and D. timbeba, by lacking suborbital bars. Females of D. brevifrons present a broad dorsolateral light stripe, which is absent in females of D. frosti sp. nov. Description of holotype. Adult male, SVL 22.8 mm; body slender; head wider than body, slightly wider than long, HW/HL 1.1, widest below eyes; snout truncate in dorsal and lateral views; canthus rostralis present, curved; loreal region flat; lips thin; nostrils slightly protuberant, directed anterolaterally. Interorbital area flat; eyes large (EL/HW= 0.4) and protuberant; palpebral membrane translucent, with brown pigmentation on its border. Tympanum small (TYD /DF 3 = 1.1), distinct, directed laterally. Tympanic annulus and membrane evident, supratympanic fold absent. Forearm slender, not hypertrophied, bearing a slight axillary membrane; fingers short, bearing round discs; relative length of fingers I Measurements of holotype (in mm): SVL 22.8, HL 8.1, HW 8.8, ED 3.8, ELW 1.8, ES 2.9, TYD 1.4, DF 3 1.4, TL 12.3, THL 11.9, FL 9.9. Variation of type series. Type series is morphologically concurrent with the holotype, although the two females are larger than the males. Measurements of the type series are summarized in Table 1. The female COR- BIDI 0 5884 has four vomerine teeth per dentigerous process of vomer. At night the dorsal coloration of the Peruvian specimens is yellow in males and pale brown in females without a contrasting coloration in the flanks or thighs. By day, the dorsal coloration of males and females are brown, ventral surfaces pale yellow, thighs and internal region of foot (including toes IV and V) and shanks dark brown (nearly black); toes I-III pale; lateral surface of body and head dark brown, with darkest region on groin; fingers I and II, and the tip of fingers III pale, iris copper. In life, all Peruvian paratypes presented a pale vertical stripe in the rostrum extending posteriorly as a pale narrow stripe from the rostrum to the tympanum through the canthus rostralis and eyelids, fading from the posterior margin of the eyelid over the dorsal margin of the tympanum (Fig. 4). Coloration in preservative resembles that of coloration in life during daylight. The pale vertical stripe in the rostrum of the Peruvian specimens is also apparent in preservative. Distribution and ecology. The two localities are in terra firme Amazonian lowland forests close to large river channels (Fig. 5). Justin Touchon (pers. comm.) placed the amplectant pair ANDES-A 1026 ��� 7 in a semi-natural enclosure consisting of a 1m diameter pool, floating vegetation and emergent vegetation, and surrounded by a nylon mesh cage supported by PVC poles ~ 2m tall. A thin, black cloth to increase shade covered the cage. The pair was left in the cage overnight and laid a single clutch of 70 eggs, 80 cm above the surface of the water, attached to the PVC supports. Although only a single observation, this indicates that they can and will lay terrestrial eggs attached to a rigid surface (such as a tree trunk in nature). Of course, they may also lay clutches on leaves or other arboreal substrate under different conditions. Justin Touchon carefully removed 5 eggs from the jelly, photographed them on 5mm grid paper and measured their diameters in ImageJ. Average egg diameter was 1.9 mm (0.17 SD). The Peruvian locality is in an extensive complex of high terraces forest, at elevations of 90��� 170 m.a.s.l., close to the Algodoncillo River, which drains in the Algod��n River, of the Putumayo basin. Specimens were found at night perching on low vegetation around ponds in primary forest. Several males were calling and two amplectant pairs were observed in the Peruvian locality, but calls were not recorded. Other Dendrosophus species occurring in the same area at both localities were D. rhodopeplus, including in the same ponds where the new species was collected. Etymology. The name is a patronym for Darrel Frost���a well-known North American herpetologist��� in recognition of his contribution to amphibian systematics, his encouragement, and for sharing his ample knowledge with us., Published as part of Motta, Ana P., Castroviejo-Fisher, Santiago, Venegas, Pablo J., Orrico, Victor G. D. & Padial, Jos�� M., 2012, A new species of the Dendropsophus parviceps group from the western Amazon Basin (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), pp. 18-30 in Zootaxa 3249 on pages 22-25, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.211721, {"references":["von May, R. & Venegas, P. J. (2010) Amphibians and reptiles. In: Gilmore, M. P., Vriesendorp, C., Alverson, W. S., Del Campo, A., Von May, R., Lopez Wong, C. & Rios Ochoa, S. (Eds.). Peru-Maijuna. Rapid Biological Inventories 22. The Field Museum, Chicago. Appendix 4. pp. 190 - 197, 280 - 286.","Faivovich, J., Haddad, C. F. B., Garcia, P. C. A., Frost, D. R., Campbell, J. A. & Wheeler, W. C. (2005) Systematic review of the frog family Hylidae, with special reference to Hylinae: phylogenetic analysis and taxonomic revision. Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, 294, 1 - 240.","Peters, W. C. H. (1872) Uber eine Sammlung von Batrachiern aus Neu Freiburg in Brasilien. Monatsberichte der Koniglichen Preussische Akademie des Wissenschaften zu Berlin, 1872, 680 - 684.","Weygoldt, P. & Peixoto, O. L. (1987) Hyla ruschii n. sp., a new frog from the Atlantic Forest domain in the state of Espirito Santo, Brazil (Amphibia, Hylidae). Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment, 22, 237 - 247.","Dunn, E. R. (1934) Two new frogs from Darien. American Museum Novitates, 747, 1 - 2."]}

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T02:55:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-03-28 We describe Dendropsophus frosti sp. nov. from lowland terra firme rainforests of the headwaters of the Amazon River Basin in Colombia and Peru. The new species is known from only two localities, the type locality near Leticia (Departamento Amazonas, Colombia, 04° 06' 24.2 S, 69° 56' 57.4 W; 103 m.a.s.l.), and the paratopotypic locality, Piedras in the Putumayo basin (Departamento Loreto, Peru, 02.79278° S, 72.91750° W; 90-170 m.a.s.l.). Maximum likelihood and parsimony analyses of 2436 aligned base pairs of the 12S and 16S rRNA genes recovered the new species as a member of D. parviceps group and sister to D. brevifrons. The new species is most closely related to D. parviceps, D. brevifrons, and D. koechlini, and it can be readily distinguished from these and all other members of the D. parviceps group by, among other characters, its plain dorsal light brown coloration, copper iris, plain immaculate pale yellow to white venter coloration, lack of flash marks on groin and axillae, and absence of white spots on lips. Copyright © 2012 · Magnolia Press. Departamento de Biologia Animal Museu de Zoologia João Moojen Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Vila Gianetti 32, 36570-000, Viçosa, MG Department of Herpetology American Museum of Natural History, Central Park West at 79th Street, New York, NY, 10024-5192 División de Herpetología Centro de Ornitología y Biodiversidad (CORBIDI) Urb. Huertos de San Antonio, Santa Rita No 105 Of. 202, Surco, Lima Departamento de Zoologia I.B UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Av. 24-A, num 1515, Bela Vista, CEP: 13506-900 - Rio Claro, SP Departamento de Zoologia I.B UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista Júlio de Mesquita Filho, Av. 24-A, num 1515, Bela Vista, CEP: 13506-900 - Rio Claro, SP

Enyalioides rudolfarndti sp. nov. (Figs. 1���3) Proposed standard English name: throat-sliced wood lizard Proposed standard Spanish name: lagartija de palo de garganta cortada Holotype. CORBIDI 0 7209 (Figs. 1���2), an adult male from the Pan de Azucar trail near the Puesto de Control Huampal in the YCNP (10 �� 11��03���� S 75 �� 34��27 ���� W; WGS 84) at 1050 m.a.s.l., collected on 16.VIII. 2010, Provincia de Oxapampa, Regi��n de Pasco, Peru, by P. J. Venegas. Paratypes. CORBIDI 0 7210 and 0 7213, an adult female and a juvenile, respectively, collected with the holotype by P. J. Venegas, V. Duran, C. Z. Landauro, and L. Lujan. CORBIDI 0 7212, an adult male from the same location of the holotype but taken on 19.VIII. 2010 by P. J. Venegas. Diagnosis. Enyalioides rudolfarndti can be easily distinguished from other species of Enyalioides from the Amazon basin by the combination of the following characters: (1) scales posterior to the superciliaries enlarged (relative to adjacent scales), forming a well defined longitudinal row of distinctly raised scales across the lateral edge of the head in juveniles and adults of both sexes; (2) 30 or fewer longitudinal rows of dorsals in a transverse line between the dorsolateral crests at midbody; (3) a distinct orange round blotch on the antehumeral region in adult males; (4) ventral scales strongly keeled; (5) caudal scales heterogeneous in size on each autotomic segment. The orange round blotch on the antehumeral region in adult males of Enyalioides rudolfarndti is present also in some male individuals of E. palpebralis (Fig. 4). Furthermore, the new species also shares with E. palpebralis the presence of enlarged scales posterior to the superciliaries and the presence of strongly keeled ventral scales; however, the latter species can be easily distinguished from E. rudolfarndti by having a superciliary triangular flap that projects posterolaterally over each eye. In addition, E. palpebralis is the only species that has (most specimens) a discontinuous vertebral crest, having a small gap on the neck, and lacks femoral pores (Torres-Carvajal et al. 2011). Enyalioides cofanorum and E. microlepis share with the new species the presence of strongly keeled ventral scales and caudal scales of heterogeneous size on each autotomic segment. However, E. cofanorum differs from E. rudolfarndti (characters in parentheses) by having with more than 33 dorsal scales in a transverse line between the dorsolateral crests at midbody (30 or fewer) and scattered, projecting, large dorsal scales (absent). Enyalioides microlepis differs from E. rudolfarndti by having more than 40 dorsal scales in a transverse line between the dorsolateral crest at midbody (30 or fewer dorsal scales), and a low vertebral crest (high). In addition, adult males of E. cofanorum and E. microlepis have a black patch that covering the gular region (absent). Description of holotype. Male (Figs. 1���2); SVL= 116 mm; TL = 191 mm; maximum head width = 23.2 mm; head length = 31.6 mm; head height = 23 mm; dorsal head scales including parietal region multicarinate; scales on lateral edge of head just posterior to superciliaries enlarged, forming a well defined longitudinal row of 7 (left) or 6 (right) distinctly raised scales; temporal scales small, conical, juxtaposed, nearly homogeneous in size; 1 large, pretympanic conical scale in anterodorsal margin of the tympanum; superciliaries 17; canthals 4; postrostrals 4; left supralabials 13 if counted to a point right below middle of eye, and 16 if counted to commisure of mouth (13 and 16 on right side, respectively); rostral (2.92 �� 1.16 mm) about twice as wide as the adjacent supralabials; single longitudinal row of lorilabials between suboculars and supralabials at level of middle of the eye, longitudinal rows of lorilabials anterior to this point 2���3; loreal region broken into small, smooth, and juxtaposed scales; nasal at the level of supralabial IV; left infralabials 10 if counted to a point right below middle of eye, and 14 if counted to commisure of mouth (11 and 16 on right side, respectively); mental (2.77 �� 1.39 mm) wider and higher than the adjacent infralabials; postmentals 2; gulars ventrally projected; gular fold weakly defined, complete midventrally; neck with only 2 distinct oblique folds. Vertebral crest strongly projecting, decreasing in size posteriorly, with vertebrals on the neck at least four times higher than vertebrals between the hind limbs; crest bifurcates posteriorly at base of the tail and extends onto the tail for less than one-third of its length; flanks between forelimbs and hind limbs with dorsolateral and ventrolateral folds, as well as some oblique folds; scales on dorsolateral folds slightly larger than on the adjacent scales and forming a distinct row of raised scales; dorsal scales between dorsolateral fold and vertebral crest heterogeneous in size with small and large, strongly keeled, and imbricate scales; scales on flanks (i.e., ventral to dorsolateral fold) heterogeneous in size with some scales similar in size to dorsals surrounded by minute keeled scales, and some scattered enlarged scales with projecting keels that are two to three times larger than the adjacent scales on the near hind limb insertion; ventral scales imbricate, strongly keeled, rectangular, without a posterolateral mucron; ventrals more than twice the size of the dorsals. Limb scales keeled dorsally and ventrally; thigh scales homogeneous in size dorsally and heterogeneous in size posteriorly, with most scales less than half of the size of those scales on the anterior and ventral aspects; subdigitals on Finger IV 19; subdigitals on Toe IV 25; femoral pore on each side 1; tail compressed and gradually decreasing in height towards tip; caudal scales strongly keeled and imbricate, increasing in size posteriorly on lateral and dorsal aspects of each autotomic segment; ventral caudals larger than dorsal caudals, with individual autotomic segments being 3 scales long ventrally and 5 scales long dorsally. Color in life of holotype (Figs. 1���2): scales on dorsal and lateral surface of head, including labials, rostral, and mental, green; gulars greenish white; skin between gulars black; small dark gray and diffuse gular patch immediately anterior to gular fold; one big orange blotch on each side of the neck, extending posteriorly onto the antehumeral region and ventrally near the dark gular patch; dorsal background green; pale gray round blotches covering dorsolateral region from the neck to base of the tail; fine black reticulation on dorsal aspect of the body, limbs, flanks, and the proximal portion of the tail; ventrolateral region sky blue; ventral surface of body, limbs, and tail white; lateral borders of venter and ventral surface of thighs and shanks sky blue; the iris is gray with a fine brown radiation; pupil round with a white margin. Color in ethanol after 10 months of preservation: dorsal background pale turquoise, gulars grayish turquoise; antehumeral blotch yellow; reticulation on the dorsal aspect of body, limbs, and base of the tail dark gray; gray blotches on dorsolateral region absent; ventral surface of body, limbs, and tail dark cream. Variation. Meristic and morphometric characters of Enyalioides rudolfarndti are summarized in Table 1. In life, the single adult male paratype CORBIDI 0 7212 (Fig. 3 A���B) has the same background coloration as the holotype but has the dorsum, flanks, dorsal surface of limbs and tail covered by black flecks and not by a fine black reticulation as on the holotype. Characters Dorsal in transverse row between dorsolateral crests at midbody 27���30, 28.25 �� 1.5 Ventrals in transverse row at midbody 28���32, 30.25 �� 3.69 Vertebrals from occiput to base of tail 42���47, 45.5 �� 2.38 Gulars 33���36, 34.5 �� 1.29 Infralabials 11, 11 Supralabials 11���14, 12.5 �� 1.29 Canthals 3���4, 3.75 Superciliaries 14���18, 15.25 �� 1.89 Transverse rows of ventrals between fore and hind limb 35���38, 36.75 �� 1.5 Subdigitals fingers IV 19 ���23, 20 �� 2 Subdigitals toe IV 25���28, 26.5 �� 1.29 Femoral pores 1, 1 Head length/Head width 1.30���1.43, 1.35 �� 0.06 Fore limb length/SVL 0.43���0.56, 0.50 �� 0.05 Hind limb length/SVL 0.76���0.87, 0.80 �� 0.05 Tail length/Total length 0.60���1.49, 0.83 �� 0.44 In life, the single female paratype CORBIDI 0 7210 (Fig. 3 C���D) has the head mossy green with black markings including flecks on the dorsal surface of head; a narrow stripe posterior to the superciliaries extends along the lateral edge of the skull roof; a broad postocular stripe extends to the commisure of the mouth and the anterior border of the tympanum, and an infraorbital stripe is present between the eyes and the labials; the dorsal surface of the neck has a white blotch on each side behind the tympanum, followed by a longitudinal pale stripe that extends to the scapular region; the gular region is dark gray, darker on the gular fold, with dark brown spots; the dorsal background is mossy green with transverse diffuse black bars on the body, limbs, and tail; the ventral surface of the body, limbs and tail is grayish white with black spots in the lateral borders of the belly, ventral surface of the limbs, and the tail; iris gray with a brown reticulation. The vertebral crest and the enlarged and raised scales posterior to the superciliaries are high as in the males. In life, the juvenile paratype CORBIDI 0 7213 (Fig. 3 E���F) has the head copper with black flecks on the dorsal surface and a broad dark brown subocular stripe; the dorsal background is dark brown with copper transverse bars on the body, limbs, and tail; the belly is copper with scattered dark copper and brown spots; the ventral surfaces of the limbs and the tail are dark brown with copper spots; the gular region is copper and darker than the belly, with some white spots on the ventral border of the snout; the iris is reddish brown and the pupil is round with a golden margin. Distribution and natural history. Enyalioides rudolfarndti is known only from the type locality in the Regi��n de Pasco, at an elevation of 1050 m.a.s.l., on the upper Amazon basin of central Peru (Fig. 5). This new species inhabit the premontane forest of the R��o Huancabamba canyon that lies within the YCNP in the Pasco region (Fig. 6). All individuals of E. rudolfarndti were collected at night sleeping on horizontal stems of bushes up to 1.50 m above the ground. Sympatric species of reptiles collected with Enyalioides rudolfarndti were Cercosaura argulus, Clelia clelia, Dipsas catesbyi, D. indica, D. schunkii, Micrurus annellatus, Oxyrhopus melanogenys, and Stenocercus torquatus. Etymology. The specific name is a patronym for Dr. Rudolf G. Arndt of Pomona, New Jersey, USA, in recognition of his financial support for the improvement of the herpetological collection of CORBIDI through the BIOPAT-Programme. Remarks. Although Enyalioides rudolfarndti and a new species of Euspondylus are the only new species of reptile discovered in the Cordillera Yanachaga in the two last decades, the recent taxonomic work on amphibians and herpetological inventories in this region has resulted in the description of 27 new species of amphibians, of which 10 were discovered inside YCNP (Duellman et al. 2006; Lehr & Trueb 2007; Lehr et al. 2007; Chaparro et al. 2008; Boano et al. 2008; Duellman & Hedges 2008; Duellman & Chaparro 2008). The lack of new reptiles taxa discoveries in this region probably relates to an absence of taxonomic work in this group in general. Moreover, due to its complex topography, the Cordillera Yanachaga has not been adequately sampled and some areas, such as YCNP, have been only slightly explored. However, in a rapid biological inventory carried out in the northern portion of YCNP during August 2010, we collected the new lizard species described herein; a new species of gymnophthalmid lizard, genus Euspondylus (Chavez et al. 2011); two new species of strabomantid frogs, genus Phrynopus; and one new species of casqued tree frog, genus Osteocephalus, all of which are now being described. These findings highlight the importance of collecting in poorly explored areas of Peru, a country that awaits a large number of discoveries in herpetological terms., Published as part of Venegas, Pablo J., Duran, Vilma, Landauro, Caroll Z. & Lujan, Lesly, 2011, A distinctive new species of wood lizard (Hoplocercinae, Enyalioides) from the Yanachaga Chemillen National Park in central Peru, pp. 39-48 in Zootaxa 3109 on pages 40-45, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.207028, {"references":["Torres-Carvajal, O., Etheridge, R. & de Queiroz, K. (2011) A systematic revision of Neotropical lizards in the clade Hoplocercinae (Squamata: Iguania). Zootaxa, 2752, 1 - 44.","Duellman, W. E., Trueb, L. & Lehr, E. (2006) A new species of marsupial frog (Anura: Hylidae: Gastrotheca) from the Amazon slopes of the Cordillera Oriental in Peru. Copeia, 2006, 595 - 603.","Lehr, E. & Trueb, L. (2007) Diversity among New World microhylid frogs (Anura: Microhylidae): morphological and osteological comparisons between Nelsonophryne (Gunther 1901) and a new genus from Peru. Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 149, 583 - 609.","Boano, G., Mazzotti, S. & Sindaco, R. (2008) A new peculiar frog species of the genus Pristimantis from Yanachaga-Chemillen National Park, Peru. Zootaxa, 1674, 51 - 57.","Duellman, W. E. & Hedges, S. B. (2008) Two minute species of Phrynopus (Lissamphibia: Anura) from the Cordillera Oriental in Peru. Zootaxa, 1675, 59 - 66.","Duellman, W. E. & Chaparro, J. C. (2008) Two distinctive new species of Pristimantis (Anura: Strabomantidae) from the Cordillera Oriental with a distributional synopsis of strabomantids in Central Peru. Zootaxa, 1918, 13 - 25.","Chavez, G., Siu-Ting, K., Duran, V. & Venegas, P. J. (2011) Two new species of Andean gymnophthalmid lizards of the genus Euspondylus (Reptilia, Squamata) from central and southern Peru. Zookeys, 109, 1 - 17."]}

Duellman, William E., Lehr, Edgar, Venegas, Pablo J. (2006): Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Andes of northern Peru. Zootaxa 1285: 51-64, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173478

Eleutherodactylus stictoboubonus new species Holotype: MHNSM 24446, an adult female, from Quintecocha, Provincia de Mariscal C��ceres, Departamento de San Mart��n, Peru (06�� 51 ' 30 " S, 77 �� 42 '00" W, 3130 m a.s.l.) obtained on 21 November 2005 by Pablo J. Venegas. Paratypes: MHNSM 24445, a male collected with the holotype, and MHNSM 24447, a male, from Ullilen, (06�� 50 ' 32 " S, 77 �� 41 ' 50 " W, 3000 m a.s.l.), Provincia de Mariscal C��ceres, Departamento de San Mart��n, Peru collected on 30 November 2005 by Pablo J. Venegas. Diagnosis A member of the Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) orestes Group having (1) skin on dorsum shagreen lacking tubercles and ridges; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold not evident; dorsolateral folds absent; (2) tympanic membrane smooth; tympanic annulus distinct, round, its length slightly more than half length of eye; (3) snout short, rounded in dorsal view, curved anteroventrally in profile; lips rounded; (4) upper eyelid lacking tubercles, 64���73 % IOD; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers absent; (6) males lacking vocal slits and nuptial pads; (7) Finger I shorter than II; discs on outer fingers narrow; (8) fingers bearing broad lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles absent; (10) heel and outer edge of tarsus lacking tubercles; inner tarsal fold barely evident distally; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle broadly elevated, subtriangular, about 10 x subconical outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles present; (12) toes bearing broad lateral fringes; Toe V slightly longer than Toe III; discs about same size as those on fingers; (13) dorsum reddish tan with or without small, irregular brown markings; venter cream with brown flecks; groin white with dark brown markings; (14) SVL 20.0��� 21.5 mm in two males, 26.0 mm in one female. Among the 10 species currently placed in the Eleutherodactylus orestes Group (Duellman and Pramuk 1999; this paper), E. stictoboubonus is unique in having a large, white spot in the groin with dark brown markings therein and the anterior, posterior, and ventral surfaces of the thighs dark brown with distinct white spots (not small flecks). Four species in the group have uniformly colored groins���orange in E. corrugatus, gray in E. pataikos Duellman and Pramuk, a yellow suffusion or not in E. simonsii (Boulenger), and undifferentiated from the flank color in E. vidua Lynch. Yellow, pink, or white spots are present on the posterior surfaces of the thighs in E. melanogaster Duellman and Pramuk, E. orestes Lynch, and E. simonbolivari Wiens and Coloma, respectively, but in these species, the groin is black with white or yellow spots. Four other species of Eleutherodactylus in Peru and southern Ecuador that have a pale groin with dark markings are members of the Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus Group, in which the terminal digits are expanded and Toe V is much longer than Toe III. Of these four species, E. ventrimarmoratus (Boulenger) has dark brown marks on a white groin; E. lindae Duellman has black reticulations on a cream groin, and the other two species have mottled patterns in the groin���black and white in E. imitatrix Duellman and black and red (white in preservative) in E. altamazonicus Barbour and Dunn. Two other species are members of the Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus Group in which the skin on the venter is smooth and Finger I is longer than Finger II; in both of these species, the groin is cream, but black mottling is present in the groin of E. lymani Barbour and Noble and brown spots are present in the groin of E. malkini Lynch. Description of the holotype Adult female with robust body; head narrow, not as wide as body, wider than long; head width 35.8 % of SVL; head length 34.6 % of SVL, 96.8 % of head width; snout short, lacking terminal tubercle, rounded in dorsal view, curved anteroventrally in profile (Figs. 3 A, B); diameter of eye notably greater than eye���nostril distance; nostrils slightly protuberant laterally; canthus rostralis slightly curved in dorsal view, angular in section; loreal region concave; lips rounded; upper eyelid lacking tubercles; width of upper eyelid 69 % of IOD; tympanic annulus round, its posterodorsal part obscured by rounded supratympanic fold; diameter of tympanum 66.7 % that of eye, separated from eye by distance about two��thirds diameter of tympanum; postrictal tubercles absent. Choanae small, ovoid, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillae; vomers lacking visible dentigerous processes; tongue elongate, twice as long as wide, shallowly notched posteriorly, free behind for about half of its length. Skin on dorsal surfaces of head, body, and limbs, and on flanks finely shagreen, lacking tubercles and ridges; skin on throat, chest, belly, and ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; other ventral surfaces smooth; discoidal and thoracic folds not evident; cloacal sheath short; ornamentation in cloacal region absent. Ulnar tubercles absent; palmar tubercle low, shallowly bifid, about same size as elliptical thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles round, barely subconical in section; supernumerary tubercles small, low, round; fingers short, bearing broad lateral fringes (Fig. 3 C); Finger I shorter than Finger II; disc on Fingers I and II not expanded; those on Fingers III and IV barely expanded, round; ventral digital pads well defined by circumferential grooves, weakest on Finger I. Hind limbs moderately robust; tibia length 41.9 % of SVL; foot length 43.1 % of SVL; heel and outer edge of tarsus lacking tubercles; inner tarsal fold barely evident distally; inner metatarsal tubercle elevated, subtriangular, about 10 x subconical outer metatarsal tubercle; toes unwebbed, bearing broad lateral fringes (Fig. 3 D); discs on toes about as large as those on fingers; all toes having ventral pads well defined by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes 1 Va r i a t i o n There is no noticeable morphological variation among the individuals other than size. Measurements (in mm) of the two males (MHNSM 24445, 24447) are: SVL 20.0, 21.5; tibia length 8.7, 9.2; foot length 9.5, 9.3; head length 7.5, 7.8; head width 7.9, 8.2; IOD 2,6, 2.8; width of upper eyelid 1,7, 2.0; eye��nostril distance 1.6, 1.9; diameter of eye 2.5, 2.6; diameter of tympanum 1.0, 1.2. The proportions for the female holotype, followed by those of the two males are: tibia length/SVL 41.9, 43.5, 42.8; foot length/SVL 43.1, 45.5, 43.2; head length/SVL 34.6, 36.3, 36.3; head width/SVL 35.8, 39.5, 40.9; upper eyelid/ IOD 69.0, 65.4, 71.4; eye��nostril distance/eye 66.7, 64.0, 73.1; tympanum/eye 53.3, 40.0, 46.2. The coloration of the three specimens in preservative is similar, except that one male (MHNSM 24447) has a dark brown occipital mark continuous with a narrow middorsal brown mark. However, these marks are not evident in a color photograph of that specimen, which shows a reddish��tan dorsum becoming pale creamy gray on the flanks (Fig. 5). The canthal and postocular stripes are diffuse brown, and the upper lip is creamy gray. The iris is dull bronze with brown reticulations with a broad, median, horizontal reddish��brown stripe. Distribution and ecology Eleutherodactylus stictoboubonus is known from two localities at elevations of 3000 and 3130 m in the northern part of the Cordillera Central in northern Peru. All individuals were found at night in the ecotone of grassland with bushes (Baccharis) and very humid montane forest. Two individuals were on the bases of bunch grass, and the individual from Ullilen was on a rock. At both localities this species is sympatric with E. corrugatus. At Ullilen, other species of anurans include Colostethus sp., E wagteri, Gastrotheca ossilaginis, and Telmatobius atahualipai. At Quintecocha, Bufo arborescandens, E. bromeliaceus, E. schultei, G. ossilaginis, and T. atahualpai were found. Etymology The specific name is the Latinized combination of the Greek adjective, stiktos, meaning dappled or spotted and the Greek noun, boubon, meaning groin. The name refers to the spotted groin in this species., Published as part of Duellman, William E., Lehr, Edgar & Venegas, Pablo J., 2006, Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Andes of northern Peru, pp. 51-64 in Zootaxa 1285 on pages 58-62, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173478, {"references":["Duellman, W. E. & Pramuk, J. B. (1999) Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in the Andes of northern Peru. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum University of Kansas, 13, 1 - 78."]}

Eleutherodactylus corrugatus new species Holotype: MHNSM 28063, an adult female, from Ullilen, Provincia de Mariscal C��ceres, Departamento de San Mart��n, Peru (06�� 50 ' 49 " S, 77 �� 41 ' 40 " W, 3000 m a.s.l.) obtained on 30 November 2005 by Pablo J. Venegas. Paratypes: MHNSM 28062, 28064��� 67, two males, three females, and two juveniles, from Quintecocha (06�� 51 ' 30 " S, 77 �� 42 ' 00"W, 3130 m a.s.l.) obtained on 20���24 November 2005 by Pablo J. Venegas, an MHNSM 24444, 28068��� 69, one female and two juveniles, from Laguna El Plomo, (6 �� 51 '03.2" S, 77 �� 43 '00" W, 3300 m a.s.l.), Provincia de Mariscal C��ceres, Departamento de San Mart��n, Peru, obtained on 28 November 2005 by Pablo J. Venegas. Diagnosis A member of the Eleutherodactylus (Eleutherodactylus) orestes Group having (1) skin on dorsum shagreen to finely tuberculate with irregular longitudinal ridges; skin on venter areolate; discoidal fold not evident; dorsolateral folds absent; (2) tympanic membrane smooth; tympanic annulus distinct, round, its length slightly more than half that of eye; (3) snout short, rounded in dorsal view and profile, bearing low terminal tubercle; lips rounded; (4) upper eyelid bearing prominent conical tubercle, 60���75 % IOD; cranial crests absent; (5) dentigerous processes of vomers absent; (6) males having vocal slits and nonspinous nuptial pads; (7) Finger I shorter than II; discs on outer fingers expanded, elliptical, half again width of digit proximal to pad; (8) fingers bearing broad lateral fringes; (9) ulnar tubercles small, elongate; (10) heel bearing conical tubercle; outer edge of tarsus with low, diffuse tubercle; inner tarsal fold barely evident distally; (11) inner metatarsal tubercle broadly ovoid, about 6 x elongate outer metatarsal tubercle; supernumerary plantar tubercles present; (12) toes bearing broad lateral fringes; Toe V slightly longer than Toe III; discs slightly smaller than those on fingers; (13) dorsum reddish tan with brown markings; venter creamy orange with brown reticulations and flecks; groin pale orange; (14) SVL 19.5���19.8 mm in males, 25.8���26.2 mm in females. Among the 10 species assigned to the Eleutherodactylus orestes Group (Duellman & and Pramuk 1999; this paper), E. corrugatus is unique in having prominent, conical tubercles on the upper eyelids and heels, and by lacking contrasting markings in the groin. Four other species of Eleutherodactylus in northern Peru have prominent conical tubercles on the upper eyelids and heels; in all of these, Toe V is much longer than Toe III. Three of these species (E. galdi Jim��nez de la Espada, E. muscosus Duellman and Pramuk, and E. wiensi Duellman and Wild) are larger frogs (males to 33 mm and females to 36 mm SVL) that have large, truncate discs. Furthermore, E. galdi differs from E. corrugatus by having an acuminate snout, conical tubercles along the other edges of the forearm and foot, and cranial crests. In E. muscosus, there are two subconical tubercles on the posterior part of the upper eyelid, and the belly and ventral surfaces of the hind limbs are dark brown with creamy��white spots. Eleutherodactylus wiensi lacks a tympanic membrane, and only the ventral part of the tympanic annulus is visible. The fourth species, E. colodactylus Lynch, has short, stocky fingers and a yellow spot in the groin; it lacks vocal slits, a tympanic membrane, and tympanic annulus. The only other species in northern Peru that bear a tubercle on the snout are E. anemerus Duellman and Pramuk, and E. proserpens Lynch. Eleutherodactylus anemerus lacks tubercles on the upper eyelids and heels, and has a uniform orange��red dorsum; E. proserpens has an acuminate snout, prominent dentigerous processes of the vomers, and low, round tubercles on the upper eyelids, and lacks tubercles on the heels. Description of the holotype Adult female with robust body; head narrow, not as wide as body, wider than long; head width 38.9 % of SVL; head length 35.9 % of SVL, 92.2 % of head width; snout short with small terminal tubercle barely evident in lateral view; snout rounded in dorsal view, bluntly rounded in profile (Figs. 1 A and B); diameter of eye slightly greater than eyenostril distance; nostrils distinctly protuberant laterally; canthus rostralis curved in dorsal view, nearly angular in section; loreal region concave; lips rounded; upper eyelid bearing prominent, conical tubercle; width of upper eyelid 74 % of IOD; tympanic annulus round, its posterodorsal part obscured by laterally projecting supratympanic fold; diameter of tympanum 55.6 % of diameter of eye, separated from eye by distance slightly less than diameter of tympanum; two subconical postrictal tubercles. Choanae small, ovoid, not concealed by palatal shelf of maxillae; vomers lacking visible dentigerous processes; tongue cordiform, as wide as long, shallowly notched posteriorly, free behind for about half of its length. Skin on dorsum shagreen, becoming finely tuberculate laterally, with low irregular paravertebral and scapular ridges, longitudinally sinusoidal ridge on upper flank, and low ridges and subconical tubercles on limbs; skin on flanks finely tuberculate above, tubercles becoming larger ventrally; skin on throat, chest, belly, and ventral surfaces of thighs coarsely areolate; other ventral surfaces smooth; discoidal and thoracic folds not evident; cloacal sheath short; ornamentation in cloacal region absent. Single, low, elongate ulnar tubercle on each forearm; palmar tubercle elevated, bifid, about twice as large as elliptical thenar tubercle; subarticular tubercles prominent, round, and subconical in section; supernumerary tubercles low, round, about half size of subarticular tubercles; fingers short, bearing broad lateral fringes (Fig. 1 C); Finger I shorter than Finger II; disc on Finger I slightly expanded; those on Fingers II���IV expanded, elliptical, half again as wide as digit proximal to disc; ventral digital pads well defined by circumferential grooves, weakest on Finger I. Hind limbs moderately robust; tibia length 45.0% of SVL; foot length 45.4 % of SVL; heel bearing distinct conical tubercle; outer edge of tarsus with three, low, subconical tubercles; inner tarsal fold barely evident distally; inner metatarsal tubercle elevated, ovoid, about 6 x elongate outer metatarsal tubercle; toes unwebbed, bearing broad lateral fringes (Fig. 1 D); discs on toes about as large as those on fingers; all toes having ventral pads well defined by circumferential grooves; relative lengths of toes 1 Va r i a t i o n Conical tubercles are present on the eyelids and heels of all specimens, but those on the eyelid are not as well developed in juveniles as in adults. Also, a tubercle on the snout is not evident in the two juveniles (MHNSM 23066, 23068), one male (MHNSM 23069), and one female (MHNSM 23065). The degree of tuberculation and development of dermal ridges on the dorsum and flanks in two females (MHNSM 23062, 23065) and one male (MHNSM 23067) is equivalent to that in the female holotype, whereas the dorsal part of the flank is shagreen in two females (MHNSM 23064, 24444) and one male (MHNSM 23069). The skin on the dorsum is simply shagreen in the two juveniles. Males have vocal slits and weakly spinous, unpigmented nuptial pads on the dorsomedial surface of the base of Finger I. Males are smaller than females and have proportionately longer legs, narrower IODs, and smaller tympani. The ranges and means (in parentheses) of measurements (in mm) of five females are followed by the ranges of two males: SVL 24.3���26.2 (25.7), 19.5���19.8; tibia length 11.0��� 11.9 (11.5), 9.4���9.5; foot length 11.6 ���12.0 (11.8), 9.6���9.7; head length 8.9���9.8 (9.3), 6.5���6.8; head width 9.3���10.5 (9.9), 7.2; IOD 2.6���2.9 (2.8), 2.2���2.4; width of upper eyelid 1.8���2.2 (2.0), 1.5���1.6; eye���nostril distance 1.9���2.4 (2.2), 1.8���1.9; diameter of eye 2.4 ���3.0 (2.7), 2.2���2.3; diameter of tympanum 1.5���1.7 (1.6). The ranges of proportions (as percentages) in five females is followed by those of two males: tibia/SVL 43.5���46.1, 48.0��� 48.2; foot/SVL 44.8���47.7, 47.5���47.7; head length/SVL 34.0��� 39.1, 32.8���34.9; head width/SVL 36.0��� 40.2, 36.4���36.9; upper eyelid/IOD 69.2���75.9, 66.7���68.1; eye���nostril distance/eye 79.2���85.2, 81.8���82.6; tympanum/eye 55.6���66.7, 47.8 ���50.0. Two juveniles have SVLs of 13.0 and 16.0 mm. In preservative, only one specimen (a juvenile, MHNSM 23066) resembles the holotype in having a broad, pale transverse band on the head; this juvenile also has a brown venter with a median cream line. The other juvenile (MHNSM 23068) has dense brown pigment on the throat and belly. The dorsum in one male (MHNSM 23069) is tan with dark brown middorsal and dorsolateral stripes. In all specimens, the groin is pale tan to cream, and the posterior surfaces of the thighs are brown with varying amounts of cream mottling. Distribution and ecology Eleutherodactylus corrugatus is known from three localities at elevations of 3000���3300 m in the northern part of the Cordillera Central in northern Peru. All individuals were found on leaves of low bushes, 30���150 cm above ground at night. At Ullilen and Quintecocha the frogs were found in very humid montane forest, and at Laguna El Plomo individuals were in patches of elfin forest. Sympatric species at Ullilen include Colostethus sp., Eleutherodactylus wagteri Venegas, and Gastrotheca ossilaginis Duellman and Venegas. The other species found at Laguna de Quintecocha are Bufo arborescandens Duellman and Schulte, Centrolene lemniscatus Duellman and Schulte, Eleutherodactylus, bromeliaceus Lynch, E. rufioculis Duellman and Pramuk, E. schultei Duellman, E. stictoboubonus new species, Gastrotheca ossilaginis and Telmatbius atahualpai Wiens, whereas the latter was the only other species found at Laguna El Plomo. Etymology The specific epithet is a Latin adjective meaning wrinkled or ridged; the name alludes to the texture of the skin on the dorsal surfaces of this species., Published as part of Duellman, William E., Lehr, Edgar & Venegas, Pablo J., 2006, Two new species of Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) from the Andes of northern Peru, pp. 51-64 in Zootaxa 1285 on pages 52-57, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.173478, {"references":["Duellman, W. E. & Pramuk, J. B. (1999) Frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) in the Andes of northern Peru. Scientific Papers, Natural History Museum University of Kansas, 13, 1 - 78."]}