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105. Thermal Management of the Li-Ion Batteries to Improve the Performance of the Electric Vehicles Applications

Author

Behi, Hamidreza, Gandoman, Foad H., Karimi, Danial, Hosen, MD Sazzad, Behi, Mohammadreza, Jaguemont, Joris, Van Mierlo, Joeri, Berecibar, Maitane, Behi, Hamidreza, Gandoman, Foad H., Karimi, Danial, Hosen, MD Sazzad, Behi, Mohammadreza, Jaguemont, Joris, Van Mierlo, Joeri, and Berecibar, Maitane

Abstract

In recent decades, clean energy has been introduced as an alternative energy source. In this respect, the automobile sector, one of the world’s most prominent industries, has significantly contributed to the problem. Lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries are among the most acceptable power sources for the automobile sector. Li-ion batteries benefit from high energy storage density, high cycle lifetime, and minimal self-discharge. Despite this, Li-ion batteries generate a significant amount of heat during the charge/discharge process due to chemical reactions and ohmic resistance. At the same time, Li-ion battery lifespan, efficiency, and safety are all influenced by temperature and temperature uniformity, which has become a significant factor affecting Li-ion battery performance. According to the studies, the suitable operating temperature for Li-ion batteries is slightly from about 25 to 40 °C, with a maximum temperature variance of less than 5 °C between cells and modules. Consequently, designing a capable battery thermal management system (BTMS) has become a fundamental challenge in the automotive industry to control and remove the generated heat by the cells from the safety and reliability evaluation. In addition, investigating the different thermal management systems (TMSs), their advantages, and disadvantages are critical in the automotive study. Therefore, a variation of active, passive, and hybrid cooling systems have been developed during the past decade to reach the heat-dissipation necessity for Li-ion batteries. The following chapter presents a comprehensive review of different cooling methods for battery thermal management at the cell, module, and pack levels. The chapter is organised as follows. Section 4.2 represents the objective of the research. Section 4.3 presents electric vehicle (EV) trend. Section 4.4, presents the different TMSs of the Li-ion batteries. The lifetime performance of Li-ion batteries is described in Section 4.5. The fundamental aspects, QC 20230630Part of ISBN 9781119801078 9781119801047

Published
2022
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114. Optimization and Analysis of Electric Vehicle Operation with Fast-Charging Technologies

Author

Al-Saadi, Mohammed, Berecibar, Maitane, Van, Mierlo Joeri, Mathes, Manuel, Käsgen, Johannes, Robert, Koffrie, Mayrock, Matthias, Publica, Electrical Engineering and Power Electronics, and Electromobility research centre

Subjects
TA1001-1280, electric vehicle, battery system, EBs, E-truck, TK1-9971, Transportation engineering, depot charging, opportunity charging, Automotive Engineering, electric vehicles, medium-duty electric vehicles, heavy-duty electric vehicles, fast-charging, Electrical engineering. Electronics. Nuclear engineering
Abstract

This work presents three demos, which include Electric Buses (EBs) from four various brands with lengths of 12 m and 18 m and an Electric Truck (E-truck) for refuse collection. The technical operation of these EVs were analyzed to implement further operational cost optimization on the demo vehicles. The Electric Vehicles (EVs) were tested against superfast-charging solutions based on Pantograph (Type A & Type B) on the route lines (and depots) and based on Combined Charging System Type 2 (CCS2, Combo2) from various brands to validate the interoperability among several vendors and support further EV integration with more affordable solutions. The optimization includes the calculation of the EBs’ consumption at various seasons and under various operating conditions in order to use optimum battery system design, heating system, optimum EB fleet operation and size and to find the charging solutions properly. The results showed that the EB consumption increases in some cases by 64.5% in wintertime due to heating systems, and the consumption in urban areas is more than that on the route lines outside cities. In the E-truck demo, where the electric heater was replaced with a heat-pump to optimize the energy consumption, it was found that the consumption of the heat-pump is about half of the electric heater under certain operating conditions. Under strict EB schedule, Pantograph charging solutions with power ratings of 300–600 kW have been adopted to charge the batteries of the EBs within 4–10 min. In order to minimize the cumulative costs of energy, (pantograph) charging infrastructure depreciation and battery degradation, as well as depot charging (at the bus operator’s depot), was adopted with a power level of 50–350 kW based on CCS2 and pantograph.

Published
2022

128. Effects of Structural Substituents on the Electrochemical Decomposition of Carbonyl Derivatives and Formation of the Solid–Electrolyte Interphase in Lithium-Ion Batteries

Author

Beheshti, S. Hamidreza, primary, Javanbakht, Mehran, additional, Omidvar, Hamid, additional, Behi, Hamidreza, additional, Zhu, Xinhua, additional, Mamme, Mesfin Haile, additional, Hubin, Annick, additional, Van Mierlo, Joeri, additional, and Berecibar, Maitane, additional

Published
2021
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139. Life cycle assessment of electrification of heavy-duty vehicle

Author

Syed, Anas, Van Mierlo, Joeri, Messagie, Maarten, and Mobility, Logistics and Automotive Technology Research Centre

Subjects
LCA, heavy-duty bus, hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs)
Abstract

Heavy-duty vehicles significantly contribute to the total greenhouse gas emissions of the transportation sector. Electrification of heavy-duty drivetrains is one of the technological solutions to decarbonize. However, the total costs of electric and conventional heavy-duty vehicles remain a big hurdle. The European H2020 project ORCA, partnered with several research institutes, original equipment manufacturers (OEM) and vehicle manufacturers, is addressing the cost issue by optimally downsizing the key components such as engine, battery, electric motor, etc and also by increasing the efficiency of the powertrain. The design optimization would render the electrified heavy-duty vehicle to become cost competitive to the conventional counterparts. This paper aims to study how this optimally downsized electrified heavy-duty vehicle performs environmentally from a life cycle perspective. Vehicles will operate in a dual mode which is conventional and hybrid mode outside of the described zero-emission zone and in battery mode inside the zero-emission zone. Therefore, in the operational stage, the emissions will come from both the tank-to-wheel part, the tailpipe emissions, as well as from the well-to-tank part, the electricity to charge the battery and the production of the diesel that is consumed. In the total lifecycle of the heavy-duty vehicle, the plug-in hybrid bus emits 13% less greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) compared to diesel bus when charged with the current EU electricity mix. Further reduction of lifetime GHG emission can be done if energy production is less carbon intensive.

Published
2021

144. List of Contributors

Author

Alcorn, Raymond, primary, Barbosa Cortez, Luis A., additional, Bennaceur, Kamel, additional, Boak, Jeremy, additional, Boswell, Ray, additional, Brito Cruz, Carlos H., additional, Brooks, Adria E., additional, Chakrabarti, Debanjan, additional, Chenmin, He, additional, Collett, Timothy S., additional, Dallimore, Scott, additional, de Klerk, Arno, additional, DiPippo, Ronald, additional, May, Eric F., additional, Garniati, Leuserina, additional, Gill, Matthew, additional, Goodwin, Anthony R.H., additional, Gray, Murray R., additional, Grisham, Larry R., additional, Gualous, Hamid, additional, McCay, Mary Helen, additional, Holuszko, Maria E., additional, Hudon, Kate, additional, Infield, David, additional, Jackson, Jerry, additional, Jiang, Kejun, additional, Kallio, Tanja, additional, Letcher, Trevor M., additional, Marsh, Kenneth N., additional, Killingtveit, Ånund, additional, Kruijsen, Joanneke, additional, Kumar, Pushpendra, additional, Lee, Sung-Rock, additional, Livens, Francis, additional, Mahapatra, Manoj K., additional, Mastalerz, Maria, additional, Souza, Glaucia Mendes, additional, Omar, Noshin, additional, Owen, Alan, additional, Peakman, Aiden, additional, Pirolli, Laurent, additional, Pitz-Paal, Robert, additional, Prasad, Vinay, additional, Renner, Joel L., additional, Salminen, Justin, additional, Senthamaraikkannan, Gouthami, additional, Singh, Prabhakar, additional, Vallero, Daniel A., additional, Van Mierlo, Joeri, additional, Van den Bossche, Peter, additional, Wagner, Léonard, additional, Yamamoto, Koji, additional, and Zerpa, Nestor, additional

Published
2014
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146. Contributors

Author

Al Sakka, Monzer, primary, Benmayza, Aadil, additional, Bernhart, Wolfgang, additional, Borthomieu, Yannick, additional, Brecher, Aviva, additional, Burke, Andrew, additional, Dallaire, Aimée, additional, Dell’Era, Alessandro, additional, Dubé, Joel, additional, Dunn, Jennifer B., additional, Eberle, Ulrich, additional, Fang, Weifeng, additional, Friel, Daniel D., additional, Gaines, Linda L., additional, Gallagher, Kevin G., additional, Galoustov, Karen, additional, Gualous, Hamid, additional, Guerfi, Abdelbast, additional, Horie, Hideaki, additional, Hudak, Nicholas S., additional, Iba, Hideki, additional, Jeevarajan, Judith, additional, Julien, Christian M., additional, Maher, Kenza, additional, Matthé, Roland, additional, Mauger, Alain, additional, Mizuno, Fuminori, additional, Nelson, Paul A., additional, Nishi, Yoshio, additional, Omar, Noshin, additional, Orecchini, Fabio, additional, Prakash, Jai, additional, Ramadass, Premanand, additional, Ramanathan, Mayandi, additional, Rohr, Lukas, additional, Samba, Ahmadou, additional, Santiangeli, Adriano, additional, Van den Bossche, Peter, additional, Van Mierlo, Joeri, additional, Vetter, Matthias, additional, Vezzini, Andrea, additional, Warner, John, additional, Weil, Marcel, additional, Yada, Chihiro, additional, Yamaki, Jun-ichi, additional, Yazami, Rachid, additional, Yoshino, Akira, additional, Zaghib, Karim, additional, Zhang, Zhengming (John), additional, and Ziemann, Saskia, additional

Published
2014
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