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103. Climatic Ignition of Motivation

Author

Van de Vliert, Evert, Postmes, Tom T., Van Lange, Paul A. M., Elliot, Andrew J., and Social Psychology

Subjects
Poverty, cultural adaptations, media_common.quotation_subject, Creativity, Individualism, climato-economic, Geography, Habitat, Residence, Economic geography, wealth resources, Southern Hemisphere, media_common, climatic demands
Abstract

Climatic demands of cold winters and hot summers help explain why, whereas poverty and riches help explain how, inhabitants adapt culturally to their place of residence, their habitat. Motivational goals, behavioral means, and behavioral outcomes differ systematically in the following four types of habitats: threatening (demanding, poor); unthreatening (undemanding, poor); unchallenging (undemanding, rich); and challenging (demanding, rich). Perhaps most notably, there are stepwise increases in freedom, individualism, cooperation and creativity from threatening to unthreatening to unchallenging to challenging habitats. Geographically viewed, north-south differences dwarf east-west differences in climatic demands and wealth resources, and thus in climato-economic habitats. As a consequence, north-south differences also dwarf east-west differences in motives and behaviors. Because of their climato-economic habitats, compared to southerners, northerners manifest higher levels of freedom, individualism, cooperation and creativity in the northern hemisphere, but lower levels of freedom, individualism, cooperation and creativity in the southern hemisphere. This pattern of findings contributes to the burgeoning field of latitudinal psychology—the long-term ambition to map and understand spatial variations of psychological phenomena along the north-south rather than the east-west axis of the Earth.

Published
2019

106. Climatic Ignition of Motivation

Author

Elliot, Andrew J., Van de Vliert, Evert, Postmes, Tom T., Van Lange, Paul A. M., Elliot, Andrew J., Van de Vliert, Evert, Postmes, Tom T., and Van Lange, Paul A. M.

Abstract

Climatic demands of cold winters and hot summers help explain why, whereas poverty and riches help explain how, inhabitants adapt culturally to their place of residence, their habitat. Motivational goals, behavioral means, and behavioral outcomes differ systematically in the following four types of habitats: threatening (demanding, poor); unthreatening (undemanding, poor); unchallenging (undemanding, rich); and challenging (demanding, rich). Perhaps most notably, there are stepwise increases in freedom, individualism, cooperation and creativity from threatening to unthreatening to unchallenging to challenging habitats. Geographically viewed, north-south differences dwarf east-west differences in climatic demands and wealth resources, and thus in climato-economic habitats. As a consequence, north-south differences also dwarf east-west differences in motives and behaviors. Because of their climato-economic habitats, compared to southerners, northerners manifest higher levels of freedom, individualism, cooperation and creativity in the northern hemisphere, but lower levels of freedom, individualism, cooperation and creativity in the southern hemisphere. This pattern of findings contributes to the burgeoning field of latitudinal psychology—the long-term ambition to map and understand spatial variations of psychological phenomena along the north-south rather than the east-west axis of the Earth.

Published
2019

108. Calculating Hypocrites Effect: Moral judgments of word‐deed contradictory transgressions depend on targets' competence.

Author

Dong, Mengchen, van Prooijen, Jan‐Willem, and van Lange, Paul A. M.

Subjects
MORAL judgment, TRANSGRESSION (Ethics)
Abstract

People often say one thing while doing another, and are therefore criticized as hypocrites. Despite the widespread criticism of hypocrites, relatively less is known about factors that influence moral judgment of hypocrisy. In particular, why are some word‐deed inconsistencies condemned more harshly than others? The current research focuses on word‐deed inconsistency as a common manifestation of hypocrisy, and examines targets' competence as one important factor that influences moral judgment of hypocrisy. We propose and test a Calculating Hypocrites Effect that people perceive hypocrites as less moral than non‐hypocrites (i.e., who transgress with vs. without inconsistent claims), particularly when the targets are high rather than low on competence. Across four studies where competence was either measured (Study 1) or manipulated as expertise (Study 2), occupational status (Study 3) and skills (Study 4), we found support for the presumed Calculating Hypocrites Effect. When the targets were high (vs. low) on competence, people interpreted their misaligned words with deeds as more intentional (Study 2) and self‐interested (Study 4), which in turn accounted for their severity of moral judgment. Moreover, the Calculating Hypocrites Effect applied even when the targets were competent in domains unrelated to their hypocritical deeds (Study 3). We conclude that perception of competence is an important factor that determines when, and for whom, hypocrisy incurs moral outrage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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112. Political Ideology, Trust, and Cooperation

Author

Balliet, Daniel, Tybur, Joshua M., Wu, Junhui, Antonellis, Christian, and Van Lange, Paul A. M.

Subjects
right-wing authoritarianism, political ideology, cooperation, in-group favoritism, trust, Articles, social dominance orientation
Abstract

Theories suggest that political ideology relates to cooperation, with conservatives being more likely to pursue selfish outcomes, and liberals more likely to pursue egalitarian outcomes. In study 1, we examine how political ideology and political party affiliation (Republican vs. Democrat) predict cooperation with a partner who self-identifies as Republican or Democrat in two samples before (n = 362) and after (n = 366) the 2012 US presidential election. Liberals show slightly more concern for their partners’ outcomes compared to conservatives (study 1), and in study 2 this relation is supported by a meta-analysis (r = .15). However, in study 1, political ideology did not relate to cooperation in general. Both Republicans and Democrats extend more cooperation to their in-group relative to the out-group, and this is explained by expectations of cooperation from in-group versus out-group members. We discuss the relation between political ideology and cooperation within and between groups.

Published
2016

116. Causal attribution of choice behavior in three N-Person Prisoner's Dilemmas

Author

Van Lange, Paul A. M., Liebrand, Wim B. G., and Kuhlman, D. Michael

Subjects
Cooperativeness -- Research, Attribution (Social psychology) -- Research, Prisoner's dilemma game -- Usage, Choice (Psychology) -- Research, Psychology and mental health, Sociology and social work
Published
1990

121. Social mindfulness: Prosocial the active way

Author

Van Doesum, Niels J., primary, de Vries, Reinout E., additional, Blokland, Arjan A. J., additional, Hill, Jessica M., additional, Kuhlman, David M., additional, Stivers, Adam W., additional, Tybur, Joshua M., additional, and Van Lange, Paul A. M., additional

Published
2019
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123. Culture, Status, and Hypocrisy: High-Status People Who Don’t Practice What They Preach Are Viewed as Worse in the United States Than China

Author

Dong, Mengchen, van Prooijen, Jan-Willem, Wu, Song, and van Lange, Paul A. M.

Abstract

Status holders across societies often take moral initiatives to navigate group practices toward collective goods; however, little is known about how different societies (e.g., the United States vs. China) evaluate high- (vs. low-) status holders’ transgressions of preached morals. Two preregistered studies (total N= 1,374) examined how status information (occupational rank in Study 1 and social prestige in Study 2) influences moral judgments of norm violations, as a function of word–deed contradiction and cultural independence/interdependence. Both studies revealed that high- (vs. low-) status targets’ word–deed contradictions (vs. noncontradictions) were condemned more harshly in the United States but not China. Mediation analyses suggested that Americans attributed more, but Chinese attributed less, selfish motives to higher status targets’ word–deed contradictions. Cultural in(ter)dependence influences not only whom to confer status as norm enforcers but also whom to (not) blame as norm violators.

Published
2022
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125. Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

Author

Klein, Richard A., primary, Vianello, Michelangelo, additional, Hasselman, Fred, additional, Adams, Byron G., additional, Adams, Reginald B., additional, Alper, Sinan, additional, Aveyard, Mark, additional, Axt, Jordan R., additional, Babalola, Mayowa T., additional, Bahník, Štěpán, additional, Batra, Rishtee, additional, Berkics, Mihály, additional, Bernstein, Michael J., additional, Berry, Daniel R., additional, Bialobrzeska, Olga, additional, Binan, Evans Dami, additional, Bocian, Konrad, additional, Brandt, Mark J., additional, Busching, Robert, additional, Rédei, Anna Cabak, additional, Cai, Huajian, additional, Cambier, Fanny, additional, Cantarero, Katarzyna, additional, Carmichael, Cheryl L., additional, Ceric, Francisco, additional, Chandler, Jesse, additional, Chang, Jen-Ho, additional, Chatard, Armand, additional, Chen, Eva E., additional, Cheong, Winnee, additional, Cicero, David C., additional, Coen, Sharon, additional, Coleman, Jennifer A., additional, Collisson, Brian, additional, Conway, Morgan A., additional, Corker, Katherine S., additional, Curran, Paul G., additional, Cushman, Fiery, additional, Dagona, Zubairu K., additional, Dalgar, Ilker, additional, Dalla Rosa, Anna, additional, Davis, William E., additional, de Bruijn, Maaike, additional, De Schutter, Leander, additional, Devos, Thierry, additional, de Vries, Marieke, additional, Doğulu, Canay, additional, Dozo, Nerisa, additional, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, additional, Dunham, Yarrow, additional, Durrheim, Kevin, additional, Ebersole, Charles R., additional, Edlund, John E., additional, Eller, Anja, additional, English, Alexander Scott, additional, Finck, Carolyn, additional, Frankowska, Natalia, additional, Freyre, Miguel-Ángel, additional, Friedman, Mike, additional, Galliani, Elisa Maria, additional, Gandi, Joshua C., additional, Ghoshal, Tanuka, additional, Giessner, Steffen R., additional, Gill, Tripat, additional, Gnambs, Timo, additional, Gómez, Ángel, additional, González, Roberto, additional, Graham, Jesse, additional, Grahe, Jon E., additional, Grahek, Ivan, additional, Green, Eva G. T., additional, Hai, Kakul, additional, Haigh, Matthew, additional, Haines, Elizabeth L., additional, Hall, Michael P., additional, Heffernan, Marie E., additional, Hicks, Joshua A., additional, Houdek, Petr, additional, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., additional, Huynh, Ho Phi, additional, IJzerman, Hans, additional, Inbar, Yoel, additional, Innes-Ker, Åse H., additional, Jiménez-Leal, William, additional, John, Melissa-Sue, additional, Joy-Gaba, Jennifer A., additional, Kamiloğlu, Roza G., additional, Kappes, Heather Barry, additional, Karabati, Serdar, additional, Karick, Haruna, additional, Keller, Victor N., additional, Kende, Anna, additional, Kervyn, Nicolas, additional, Knežević, Goran, additional, Kovacs, Carrie, additional, Krueger, Lacy E., additional, Kurapov, German, additional, Kurtz, Jamie, additional, Lakens, Daniël, additional, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., additional, Levitan, Carmel A., additional, Lewis, Neil A., additional, Lins, Samuel, additional, Lipsey, Nikolette P., additional, Losee, Joy E., additional, Maassen, Esther, additional, Maitner, Angela T., additional, Malingumu, Winfrida, additional, Mallett, Robyn K., additional, Marotta, Satia A., additional, Međedović, Janko, additional, Mena-Pacheco, Fernando, additional, Milfont, Taciano L., additional, Morris, Wendy L., additional, Murphy, Sean C., additional, Myachykov, Andriy, additional, Neave, Nick, additional, Neijenhuijs, Koen, additional, Nelson, Anthony J., additional, Neto, Félix, additional, Lee Nichols, Austin, additional, Ocampo, Aaron, additional, O’Donnell, Susan L., additional, Oikawa, Haruka, additional, Oikawa, Masanori, additional, Ong, Elsie, additional, Orosz, Gábor, additional, Osowiecka, Malgorzata, additional, Packard, Grant, additional, Pérez-Sánchez, Rolando, additional, Petrović, Boban, additional, Pilati, Ronaldo, additional, Pinter, Brad, additional, Podesta, Lysandra, additional, Pogge, Gabrielle, additional, Pollmann, Monique M. H., additional, Rutchick, Abraham M., additional, Saavedra, Patricio, additional, Saeri, Alexander K., additional, Salomon, Erika, additional, Schmidt, Kathleen, additional, Schönbrodt, Felix D., additional, Sekerdej, Maciej B., additional, Sirlopú, David, additional, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., additional, Smith, Michael A., additional, Smith-Castro, Vanessa, additional, Smolders, Karin C. H. J., additional, Sobkow, Agata, additional, Sowden, Walter, additional, Spachtholz, Philipp, additional, Srivastava, Manini, additional, Steiner, Troy G., additional, Stouten, Jeroen, additional, Street, Chris N. H., additional, Sundfelt, Oskar K., additional, Szeto, Stephanie, additional, Szumowska, Ewa, additional, Tang, Andrew C. W., additional, Tanzer, Norbert, additional, Tear, Morgan J., additional, Theriault, Jordan, additional, Thomae, Manuela, additional, Torres, David, additional, Traczyk, Jakub, additional, Tybur, Joshua M., additional, Ujhelyi, Adrienn, additional, van Aert, Robbie C. M., additional, van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., additional, van der Hulst, Marije, additional, van Lange, Paul A. M., additional, van ’t Veer, Anna Elisabeth, additional, Vásquez- Echeverría, Alejandro, additional, Ann Vaughn, Leigh, additional, Vázquez, Alexandra, additional, Vega, Luis Diego, additional, Verniers, Catherine, additional, Verschoor, Mark, additional, Voermans, Ingrid P. J., additional, Vranka, Marek A., additional, Welch, Cheryl, additional, Wichman, Aaron L., additional, Williams, Lisa A., additional, Wood, Michael, additional, Woodzicka, Julie A., additional, Wronska, Marta K., additional, Young, Liane, additional, Zelenski, John M., additional, Zhijia, Zeng, additional, and Nosek, Brian A., additional

Published
2018
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131. Many Labs 2: Investigating Variation in Replicability Across Samples and Settings

Author

Klein, Richard A., Vianello, Michelangelo, Hasselman, Fred, Adams, Byron G., Adams, Reginald B., Alper, Sinan, Aveyard, Mark, Axt, Jordan R., Babalola, Mayowa T., Bahník, Štěpán, Batra, Rishtee, Berkics, Mihály, Bernstein, Michael J., Berry, Daniel R., Bialobrzeska, Olga, Binan, Evans Dami, Bocian, Konrad, Brandt, Mark J., Busching, Robert, Rédei, Anna Cabak, Cai, Huajian, Cambier, Fanny, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Ceric, Francisco, Chandler, Jesse, Chang, Jen-Ho, Chatard, Armand, Chen, Eva E., Cheong, Winnee, Cicero, David C., Coen, Sharon, Coleman, Jennifer A., Collisson, Brian, Conway, Morgan A., Corker, Katherine S., Curran, Paul G., Cushman, Fiery, Dagona, Zubairu K., Dalgar, Ilker, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Davis, William E., de Bruijn, Maaike, De Schutter, Leander, Devos, Thierry, de Vries, Marieke, Doğulu, Canay, Dozo, Nerisa, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, Dunham, Yarrow, Durrheim, Kevin, Ebersole, Charles R., Edlund, John E., Eller, Anja, English, Alexander Scott, Finck, Carolyn, Frankowska, Natalia, Freyre, Miguel-ángel, Friedman, Mike, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gandi, Joshua C., Ghoshal, Tanuka, Giessner, Steffen R., Gill, Tripat, Gnambs, Timo, Gómez, Ángel, González, Roberto, Graham, Jesse, Grahe, Jon E., Grahek, Ivan, Green, Eva G.T., Hai, Kakul, Haigh, Matthew, Haines, Elizabeth L., Hall, Michael P., Heffernan, Marie E., Hicks, Joshua A., Houdek, Petr, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Huynh, Ho Phi, Ijzerman, Hans, Inbar, Yoel, Innes-ker, Åse H., Jiménez-leal, William, John, Melissa-sue, Joy-gaba, Jennifer A., Kamiloğlu, Roza G., Kappes, Heather Barry, Karabati, Serdar, Karick, Haruna, Keller, Victor N., Kende, Anna, Kervyn, Nicolas, Knežević, Goran, Kovacs, Carrie, Krueger, Lacy E., Kurapov, German, Kurtz, Jamie, Lakens, Daniël, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Neil A., Lins, Samuel, Lipsey, Nikolette P., Losee, Joy E., Maassen, Esther, Maitner, Angela T., Malingumu, Winfrida, Mallett, Robyn K., Marotta, Satia A., Međedović, Janko, Mena-pacheco, Fernando, Milfont, Taciano L., Morris, Wendy L., Murphy, Sean C., Myachykov, Andriy, Neave, Nick, Neijenhuijs, Koen, Nelson, Anthony J., Neto, Félix, Lee Nichols, Austin, Ocampo, Aaron, O’donnell, Susan L., Oikawa, Haruka, Oikawa, Masanori, Ong, Elsie, Orosz, Gábor, Osowiecka, Malgorzata, Packard, Grant, Pérez-sánchez, Rolando, Petrović, Boban, Pilati, Ronaldo, Pinter, Brad, Podesta, Lysandra, Pogge, Gabrielle, Pollmann, Monique M. H., Rutchick, Abraham M., Saavedra, Patricio, Saeri, Alexander K., Salomon, Erika, Schmidt, Kathleen, Schönbrodt, Felix D., Sekerdej, Maciej B., Sirlopú, David, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., Smith, Michael A., Smith-castro, Vanessa, Smolders, Karin C.H.J., Sobkow, Agata, Sowden, Walter, Spachtholz, Philipp, Srivastava, Manini, Steiner, Troy G., Stouten, Jeroen, Street, Chris N.H., Sundfelt, Oskar K., Szeto, Stephanie, Szumowska, Ewa, Tang, Andrew C.W., Tanzer, Norbert, Tear, Morgan J., Theriault, Jordan, Thomae, Manuela, Torres, David, Traczyk, Jakub, Tybur, Joshua M., Ujhelyi, Adrienn, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., Van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Der Hulst, Marije, Van Lange, Paul A. M., Van ’t Veer, Anna Elisabeth, Vásquez- Echeverría, Alejandro, Ann Vaughn, Leigh, Vázquez, Alexandra, Vega, Luis Diego, Verniers, Catherine, Verschoor, Mark, Voermans, Ingrid P. J., Vranka, Marek A., Welch, Cheryl, Wichman, Aaron L., Williams, Lisa A., Wood, Michael, Woodzicka, Julie A., Wronska, Marta K., Young, Liane, Zelenski, John M., Zhijia, Zeng, Nosek, Brian A., Klein, Richard A., Vianello, Michelangelo, Hasselman, Fred, Adams, Byron G., Adams, Reginald B., Alper, Sinan, Aveyard, Mark, Axt, Jordan R., Babalola, Mayowa T., Bahník, Štěpán, Batra, Rishtee, Berkics, Mihály, Bernstein, Michael J., Berry, Daniel R., Bialobrzeska, Olga, Binan, Evans Dami, Bocian, Konrad, Brandt, Mark J., Busching, Robert, Rédei, Anna Cabak, Cai, Huajian, Cambier, Fanny, Cantarero, Katarzyna, Carmichael, Cheryl L., Ceric, Francisco, Chandler, Jesse, Chang, Jen-Ho, Chatard, Armand, Chen, Eva E., Cheong, Winnee, Cicero, David C., Coen, Sharon, Coleman, Jennifer A., Collisson, Brian, Conway, Morgan A., Corker, Katherine S., Curran, Paul G., Cushman, Fiery, Dagona, Zubairu K., Dalgar, Ilker, Dalla Rosa, Anna, Davis, William E., de Bruijn, Maaike, De Schutter, Leander, Devos, Thierry, de Vries, Marieke, Doğulu, Canay, Dozo, Nerisa, Dukes, Kristin Nicole, Dunham, Yarrow, Durrheim, Kevin, Ebersole, Charles R., Edlund, John E., Eller, Anja, English, Alexander Scott, Finck, Carolyn, Frankowska, Natalia, Freyre, Miguel-ángel, Friedman, Mike, Galliani, Elisa Maria, Gandi, Joshua C., Ghoshal, Tanuka, Giessner, Steffen R., Gill, Tripat, Gnambs, Timo, Gómez, Ángel, González, Roberto, Graham, Jesse, Grahe, Jon E., Grahek, Ivan, Green, Eva G.T., Hai, Kakul, Haigh, Matthew, Haines, Elizabeth L., Hall, Michael P., Heffernan, Marie E., Hicks, Joshua A., Houdek, Petr, Huntsinger, Jeffrey R., Huynh, Ho Phi, Ijzerman, Hans, Inbar, Yoel, Innes-ker, Åse H., Jiménez-leal, William, John, Melissa-sue, Joy-gaba, Jennifer A., Kamiloğlu, Roza G., Kappes, Heather Barry, Karabati, Serdar, Karick, Haruna, Keller, Victor N., Kende, Anna, Kervyn, Nicolas, Knežević, Goran, Kovacs, Carrie, Krueger, Lacy E., Kurapov, German, Kurtz, Jamie, Lakens, Daniël, Lazarević, Ljiljana B., Levitan, Carmel A., Lewis, Neil A., Lins, Samuel, Lipsey, Nikolette P., Losee, Joy E., Maassen, Esther, Maitner, Angela T., Malingumu, Winfrida, Mallett, Robyn K., Marotta, Satia A., Međedović, Janko, Mena-pacheco, Fernando, Milfont, Taciano L., Morris, Wendy L., Murphy, Sean C., Myachykov, Andriy, Neave, Nick, Neijenhuijs, Koen, Nelson, Anthony J., Neto, Félix, Lee Nichols, Austin, Ocampo, Aaron, O’donnell, Susan L., Oikawa, Haruka, Oikawa, Masanori, Ong, Elsie, Orosz, Gábor, Osowiecka, Malgorzata, Packard, Grant, Pérez-sánchez, Rolando, Petrović, Boban, Pilati, Ronaldo, Pinter, Brad, Podesta, Lysandra, Pogge, Gabrielle, Pollmann, Monique M. H., Rutchick, Abraham M., Saavedra, Patricio, Saeri, Alexander K., Salomon, Erika, Schmidt, Kathleen, Schönbrodt, Felix D., Sekerdej, Maciej B., Sirlopú, David, Skorinko, Jeanine L. M., Smith, Michael A., Smith-castro, Vanessa, Smolders, Karin C.H.J., Sobkow, Agata, Sowden, Walter, Spachtholz, Philipp, Srivastava, Manini, Steiner, Troy G., Stouten, Jeroen, Street, Chris N.H., Sundfelt, Oskar K., Szeto, Stephanie, Szumowska, Ewa, Tang, Andrew C.W., Tanzer, Norbert, Tear, Morgan J., Theriault, Jordan, Thomae, Manuela, Torres, David, Traczyk, Jakub, Tybur, Joshua M., Ujhelyi, Adrienn, Van Aert, Robbie C. M., Van Assen, Marcel A. L. M., Van Der Hulst, Marije, Van Lange, Paul A. M., Van ’t Veer, Anna Elisabeth, Vásquez- Echeverría, Alejandro, Ann Vaughn, Leigh, Vázquez, Alexandra, Vega, Luis Diego, Verniers, Catherine, Verschoor, Mark, Voermans, Ingrid P. J., Vranka, Marek A., Welch, Cheryl, Wichman, Aaron L., Williams, Lisa A., Wood, Michael, Woodzicka, Julie A., Wronska, Marta K., Young, Liane, Zelenski, John M., Zhijia, Zeng, and Nosek, Brian A.

Abstract

We conducted preregistered replications of 28 classic and contemporary published findings, with protocols that were peer reviewed in advance, to examine variation in effect magnitudes across samples and settings. Each protocol was administered to approximately half of 125 samples that comprised 15,305 participants from 36 countries and territories. Using the conventional criterion of statistical significance (p < .05), we found that 15 (54%) of the replications provided evidence of a statistically significant effect in the same direction as the original finding. With a strict significance criterion (p < .0001), 14 (50%) of the replications still provided such evidence, a reflection of the extremely high-powered design. Seven (25%) of the replications yielded effect sizes larger than the original ones, and 21 (75%) yielded effect sizes smaller than the original ones. The median comparable Cohen’s ds were 0.60 for the original findings and 0.15 for the replications. The effect sizes were small (< 0.20) in 16 of the replications (57%), and 9 effects (32%) were in the direction opposite the direction of the original effect. Across settings, the Q statistic indicated significant heterogeneity in 11 (39%) of the replication effects, and most of those were among the findings with the largest overall effect sizes; only 1 effect that was near zero in the aggregate showed significant heterogeneity according to this measure. Only 1 effect had a tau value greater than .20, an indication of moderate heterogeneity. Eight others had tau values near or slightly above .10, an indication of slight heterogeneity. Moderation tests indicated that very little heterogeneity was attributable to the order in which the tasks were performed or whether the tasks were administered in lab versus online. Exploratory comparisons revealed little heterogeneity between Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultures and less WEIRD cultures (i.e., cultures with relati

Published
2018

133. Taking Stock of Reality: Biased Perceptions of the Costs of Romantic Partners’ Sacrifices

Author

Visserman, Mariko L., Righetti, Francesca, Muise, Amy, Impett, Emily A., Joel, Samantha, and Van Lange, Paul A. M.

Abstract

When romantic partners sacrifice their own self-interest to benefit the relationship, the sacrificer or recipient may—for various reasons—be biased in how they perceive the costs that the sacrificer incurs. In Study 1, romantic couples (N= 125) rated their own and their partner’s costs after a conversation about a sacrifice in the laboratory, followed by extensive experience sampling in their natural environment. In Study 2, a preregistered experiment, individuals (N= 775) imagined a scenario in which they, their partner, or an unknown person sacrificed and rated the associated costs and benefits. Both studies demonstrated a consistent discrepancy between perceptions of own and partner sacrifice, driven primarily by people underestimating their own sacrifice costs and overestimating the benefits (Study 2). Results across studies showed that this underestimation bias helps people to feel better and feel more satisfied in the relationship when giving up their own goals and preferences for the relationship.

Published
2021
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134. Repairing Trust Between Individuals and Groups: The Effectiveness of Apologies in Interpersonal and Intergroup Contexts.

Author

Folmer, Christopher P. Reinders, Wildschut, Tim, Haesevoets, Tessa, De keersmaecker, Jonas, Van Assche, Jasper, and Van Lange, Paul A. M.

Subjects
INTERPERSONAL relations, INGROUPS (Social groups), POLITICAL parties, MANNERS & customs, FORGIVENESS
Abstract

Transgressions and injustice are an inevitable part of social life, both in interactions between individuals and between groups. But whereas conflict between individuals typically impacts only few, conflict between groups can be harmful to many - as is illustrated by disputes between nations, political parties, and social groups. For this reason, it is crucial to understand how such transgressions can be restored. In interpersonal contexts, there is considerable evidence that apologies can restore transgressions and enable victims and perpetrators to reconcile. It is unknown, however, to what extent their remedial effectiveness may translate to conflicts between groups. The present research illuminates this question. In an experimental study (N = 272), we compared the effectiveness of apologies for restoring trust after transgressions between individuals or groups. Results revealed that both in interpersonal and intergroup contexts, apologies significantly increased trust. However, their impact was greater in interpersonal interactions (where they fully restored trust to its pre-transgression level) than in intergroup interactions (where they failed to fully restore trust). Furthermore, the effectiveness of apologies was shaped by their emotional content. In disputes between individuals, only apologies with secondary emotions fully restored trust. Conversely, in disputes between groups, neither apologies with primary emotions nor those with secondary emotions fully restored trust. This was explained by greater skepticism of apologies in intergroup contexts, particularly of apologies with secondary emotions. These findings underline that intergroup interactions are more competitive and distrusting than interpersonal interactions, and suggest that more extensive remedies may be required to reduce intergroup tensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2021
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135. Social mindfulness: Prosocial the active way.

Author

Van Doesum, Niels J., de Vries, Reinout E., Blokland, Arjan A. J., Hill, Jessica M., Kuhlman, David M., Stivers, Adam W., Tybur, Joshua M., and Van Lange, Paul A. M.

Subjects
COOPERATIVENESS, EMPATHY, ETHICS, HONESTY, NARCISSISM, PERSONALITY, SOCIAL skills, SOCIAL values, POSITIVE psychology, RANDOMIZED controlled trials, MINDFULNESS
Abstract

Prosociality is a central topic in positive psychology. An important but under-studied distinction can be made between active and reactive expressions. We suggest that the novel construct of social mindfulness represents active rather than reactive prosociality. Across four studies (N = 2,594), including a multi-wave representative sample spanning six years, social mindfulness is found to correlate with personality traits associated with prosocial and/or antisocial behavior. We find positive associations with empathy, social value orientation, and general prosocial behavior, and negative associations with moral disengagement and narcissism. Importantly, social mindfulness emerges as an active rather than a reactive characteristic that is more strongly related to HEXACO honesty-humility (active cooperation) than to HEXACO agreeableness (reactive cooperation). The association between social mindfulness and honesty-humility was found across measures six years apart. Given the well-established link between prosociality and well-being, emphasizing social mindfulness may be a good start to promote the latter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2020
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140. Cultural Universals and Cultural Differences in Meta-Norms about Peer Punishment

Author

Eriksson, Kimmo, Strimling, Pontus, Andersson, Per A., Aveyard, Mark, Brauer, Markus, Gritskov, Vladimir, Kiyonari, Toko, Kuhlman, David M., Maitner, Angela T., Manesi, Zoi, Molho, Catherine, Peperkoorn, Leonard S., Rizwan, Muhammad, Stivers, Adam W., Tian, Qirui, Van Lange, Paul A. M., Vartanova, Irina, Wu, Junhui, Yamagishi, Toshio, Eriksson, Kimmo, Strimling, Pontus, Andersson, Per A., Aveyard, Mark, Brauer, Markus, Gritskov, Vladimir, Kiyonari, Toko, Kuhlman, David M., Maitner, Angela T., Manesi, Zoi, Molho, Catherine, Peperkoorn, Leonard S., Rizwan, Muhammad, Stivers, Adam W., Tian, Qirui, Van Lange, Paul A. M., Vartanova, Irina, Wu, Junhui, and Yamagishi, Toshio

Abstract

Violators of cooperation norms may be informally punished by their peers. How such norm enforcement is judged by others can be regarded as a meta-norm (i.e., a second-order norm). We examined whether meta-norms about peer punishment vary across cultures by having students in eight countries judge animations in which an agent who over-harvested a common resource was punished either by a single peer or by the entire peer group. Whether the punishment was retributive or restorative varied between two studies, and findings were largely consistent across these two types of punishment. Across all countries, punishment was judged as more appropriate when implemented by the entire peer group than by an individual. Differences between countries were revealed in judgments of punishers vs. non-punishers. Specifically, appraisals of punishers were relatively negative in three Western countries and Japan, and more neutral in Pakistan, UAE, Russia, and China, consistent with the influence of individualism, power distance, and/or indulgence. Our studies constitute a first step in mapping how meta-norms vary around the globe, demonstrating both cultural universals and cultural differences.

Published
2017
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141. The neurobiology of trust and cooperation: the important role of emotions

Author

Van Lange, Paul A M, Rockenbach, Bettina, Yamagishi, Toshio, Van Lange, P A M ( Paul A M ), Rockenbach, B ( Bettina ), Yamagishi, T ( Toshio ), Engelmann, Jan B, Fehr, Ernst; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6325-7821, Van Lange, Paul A M, Rockenbach, Bettina, Yamagishi, Toshio, Van Lange, P A M ( Paul A M ), Rockenbach, B ( Bettina ), Yamagishi, T ( Toshio ), Engelmann, Jan B, and Fehr, Ernst; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6325-7821

Published
2017

142. Reacting to unexpected losses in an uncertain world: High approach individuals become even more risk-seeking

Author

Tan, Xiaoyue, Van Prooijen, Jan Willem, Proulx, Travis, Wu, Haizheng, Van Beest, Ilja, Van Lange, Paul A M, Tan, Xiaoyue, Van Prooijen, Jan Willem, Proulx, Travis, Wu, Haizheng, Van Beest, Ilja, and Van Lange, Paul A M

Abstract

Previous research has shown that people are risk-seeking in the face of losses. We propose that this risk-seeking orientation is a palliative approach response to deal with a discrepancy between people's desire to avoid losses versus the possibility of loss. An expectancy violation (which induces behavioral approach responses) would therefore strengthen people's risk-seeking in the context of losses. Two experiments (Study 1 and Study 2) which were conducted in the context of the Asian Disease Problem demonstrated that people high in trait behavioral approach (trait BA) were more risk-seeking following an expectancy violation (state BA) than in a control condition. As expected, this was only the case for decisions framed in terms of losses, but not in terms of gains (Study 1). Taken together, our findings highlight the interacting motivational influences of situation-induced state behavioral approach and trait behavioral approach in understanding risky decision-making in the face of losses.

Published
2017
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144. Cultural Universals and Cultural Differences in Meta-Norms about Peer Punishment

Author

Eriksson, Kimmo, primary, Strimling, Pontus, additional, Andersson, Per A., additional, Aveyard, Mark, additional, Brauer, Markus, additional, Gritskov, Vladimir, additional, Kiyonari, Toko, additional, Kuhlman, David M., additional, Maitner, Angela T., additional, Manesi, Zoi, additional, Molho, Catherine, additional, Peperkoorn, Leonard S., additional, Rizwan, Muhammad, additional, Stivers, Adam W., additional, Tian, Qirui, additional, Van Lange, Paul A. M., additional, Vartanova, Irina, additional, Wu, Junhui, additional, and Yamagishi, Toshio, additional

Published
2017
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150. Men View Their Ex-Partners More Favorably Than Women Do

Author

Athenstaedt, Ursula, Brohmer, Hilmar, Simpson, Jeffry A., Müller, Sandra, Schindling, Nina, Bacik, Adam, and Van Lange, Paul A. M.

Abstract

Our research deals with the question how people look back at their ex-partners—those with whom they were once romantically involved? Such views are important because they may shape our views of current relationships or new (potential) partners. Across three studies (total N= 876), we find that men hold more positive attitudes towards their female ex-partners than women do towards their male ex-partners. Gender-related variables provide further insight into this phenomenon. Ex-partner attitudes correlated positively with more permissive sexual attitudes and the amount of social support that individuals perceived from their ex-partners (both higher in men), whereas the ex-partner attitudes correlated negatively with attributions of greater responsibility for the breakup to ex-partner or relationship itself (both higher in women). Both men and women reported more positive ex-partner attitudes if they were single or had lower breakup acceptance.

Published
2020
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