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Dairy buffalo has an integral role in the sustenance of economics due to its substantial contribution in milk and meat industry, however, the reproduction in this species is challenging. During the last decade, our laboratory conducted a series of experiments to encapsulate the solutions of the problems through optimizing pre- and post-insemination interventions in dairy buffaloes. In an unique study, we proposed that timing of ovulation with reference to the onset of standing heat during spontaneous estrus is delayed, and subsequently re-framed the traditional AM-PM rule (AI after 12 h of standing heat) to AM-AM or PM-PM (AI after 24 h of standing heat) to achieve the optimum fertility using frozen thawed semen in dairy buffaloes. Pregnancy per AI (P/AI) varied substantially either via injecting single shot of prostaglandin (PG) F2α to perform AI at detected estrus or applying standard ovsynch protocol for timed AI (TAI) in buffaloes. However, estrus response, and P/AI remained similar either with used or new controlled internal drug release device in dairy buffaloes. Additionally, the incorporation of estradiol benzoate in progesterone (P4) based protocol resulted in controlled emergence of follicular wave and increased the estrus intensity in buffaloes. Thereafter, we fine-tuned P4-based protocols to optimize the ovulation window for TAI either using GnRH or human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) or equine chorionic gonadotropin that ultimately improved the fertility in dairy buffaloes. Although, these hormonal interventions resulted in decent fertility, yet it was consistently being compromised due to early or late embryonic losses in dairy buffaloes. Administration of hCG or GnRH on d 7 or 23 or 25 post AI has been proved beneficial to enhance the embryonic survival in buffaloes. Recently, resynchronization program as an aggressive reproductive management approach has been tested that served as a dual-purpose tool to increase overall herd fertility and reduce embryonic losses at commercial buffalo farm operations. Taken together, we concluded that the solutions to the problems of reproductive function are now clearly available with acceptable fertility, however, their application to the small holder buffalo farming remains challenging.

The aim of this research was determining the factors of growth in the textile and food sector of Pakistan. The research study analyzed data from the financial statements of textile and food sector companies of Pakistan for the period 2013-17. A fixed effect regression model was used for regression analysis after the conformation of (Hausman, 1970) specification test. The results of the study indicated that there was a significant and positive impact of profitability and negative impact of leverage on firm growth in textiles as well as the food sector of Pakistan. The results also indicated that firm growth was not significantly affected by innovation, liquidity or solvency. Growth of assets was used to measure firm growth. The findings of the study are applicable to textile as well as food sector companies in Pakistan. This research study suggested that management and policymakers in the textile as well as in the food sector of Pakistan should consider profitability as a driving factor for enhancing growth in both sectors. A small number of research studies could be found for the driving factors of growth especially in the textile as well as for the food sector of Pakistan. The present research study contributed to the existing literature by providing fresh evidence from Pakistan as a developing market. It allows the research community to explore the differences and similarities for the driving factors of growth in both sectors of Pakistan.

The objective of this study was to determine if there are differences in luteal size (LS), progesterone (P4), and luteal blood flow (LBF) between pregnant and non-pregnant Bos indicus dairy cows during the first three weeks after insemination, and whether these parameters are related to each other. Lactating cows (n = 13) of mixed parity with a body weight of 430 ± 18 kg (mean ± SD), showing regular estrous cycle were used in the study. All cows were artificially inseminated and were classified as pregnant (embryonic heartbeat on day 30; n = 8) or non-pregnant (inter-estrus interval 17 to 21 days, n = 5). In order to compare the LS and LBF after artificial insemination, B-mode and color Doppler ultrasonography of ovaries were performed on days 4, 5, 6, 7 (first week), 8, 10, 12, 14, (second week), and 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21 (third week) in pregnant and non-pregnant cows. Results revealed that the mean LBF was consistently higher (P < 0.05) during days 7 through 21 in pregnant cows than in non-pregnant cows. The mean LS was higher (P < 0.05) on days 6 and 7, and from day 17 onwards, and the mean concentration of P4 was higher (P < 0.05) on days 19, 20, and 21 in pregnant cows. In conclusion, LBF is a more sensitive parameter than LS and P4 for detection of differences in luteal function between pregnant and non-pregnant Bos indicus dairy cows during the first three weeks after AI.

ObjectiveMitotane is used for the treatment of adrenocortical carcinoma. High oral daily doses of typically 1–6 g are required to attain therapeutic concentrations. The drug has a narrow therapeutic index and patient management is difficult because of a high volume of distribution, very long elimination half-life and drug interaction through induction of metabolizing enzymes. The present evaluation aimed at the development of a population pharmacokinetic model of mitotane to facilitate therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM).MethodsAppropriate dosing information, plasma concentrations (1137 data points) and covariates were available from TDM of 76 adrenocortical carcinoma patients treated with mitotane. Using nonlinear mixed-effects modeling, a simple structural model was first developed, with subsequent introduction of metabolic autoinduction. Covariate data were analyzed to improve overall model predictability. Simulations were performed to assess the attainment of therapeutic concentrations with clinical dosing schedules.ResultsA one-compartment pharmacokinetic model with first order absorption was found suitable to describe the data, with an estimated central volume of distribution of 6086 L related to a high interindividual variability of 81.5%. Increase in clearance of mitotane during treatment could be modeled by a linear enzyme autoinduction process. BMI was found to have an influence upon disposition kinetics of mitotane. Model simulations favor a high-dose regimen to rapidly attain therapeutic concentrations, with the first TDM suggested on day 16 of treatment to avoid systemic toxicity.ConclusionThe proposed model describes mitotane pharmacokinetics and can be used to facilitate therapy by predicting plasma concentrations.

Graphical abstract, The emergence of SARS-CoV-2, and the ensuing global pandemic, has resulted in an unprecedented response to identify therapies that can limit uncontrolled inflammation observed in patients with moderate to severe COVID-19. The immune pathology behind COVID-19 is complex and involves the activation and interaction of multiple systems including, but not limited to, complement, inflammasomes, endothelial as well as innate and adaptive immune cells to bring about a convoluted profile of inflammation, coagulation and tissue damage. To date, therapeutic approaches have focussed on inhibition of coagulation, untargeted immune suppression and/or cytokine-directed blocking agents. Regardless of recently achieved improvements in individual patient outcomes and survival rates, improved and focussed approaches targeting individual systems involved is needed to further improve prognosis and wellbeing. This review summarizes the current understanding of molecular and cellular systems involved in the pathophysiology of COVID-19, and their contribution to pathogen clearance and damage to then discuss possible therapeutic options involving immunomodulatory drug delivery systems as well as summarising the complex interplay between them.

This research study aims to investigate the potential inner factors of the lending rate in the commercial banking sector of Pakistan. For this purpose, seven bank-specific explanatory variables (capital adequacy, management efficiency, liquidity, asset quality, investment to asset, loan to asset and deposit to asset ratios) were selected to determine their impact on lending behavior. Panel data techniques were emplyed on secondary data collected from the annual financial reports from a sample of ninteen major commercial banks over a period of 2007 to 2014. For the purpose of analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation and panel data techniques for regression analysis such as the fixed effect regression models were considered after conforming to the Hausman specification (1978) test. The findings of this study revealed that only four out of seven explanatory variables (ratio of investment to total assets, deposit to asset, loan to asset and liquidity ratio) have a significant relationship with lending rate. Two of the significant determinants (liquidity ratio and investment to asset ratio) are positively correlated while the remaining two significant explanatory variables (loan to asset ratio and deposit to asset ratio) are found negatively correlated with lending rate. The findings of the study are applicable to the banking sector of Pakistan. The current study ignored the use of macro factors like GDP and inflation, etc. which could be used in future research.

Objectives Internet- and mobile phone-based psychological interventions have the potential to overcome many of the barriers associated with accessing traditional face-to-face therapy. Self-injurious thoughts and behaviors (STB) are prevalent global health problems that may benefit from Internet- and mobile-based interventions. We provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of studies evaluating mobile- and Internet-based interventions for STB, including nonsuicidal self-injury (NSSI). Methods Online databases (PsycINFO, Web of Science, Medline) were searched up to March 2019 for single-arm and controlled trials of Internet- or mobile-based interventions for STB. The potential for bias was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Results Twenty-two eligible trials were identified. The research was limited by a lack of controlled designs and small samples. Evidence supports the acceptability of interventions. There is preliminary evidence that these interventions are associated with a decline in STB. A meta-analysis suggested a positive treatment effect on suicidal ideation when compared to treatment as usual, but not when trials with active controls were also considered. Conclusions Overall, Internet- and mobile-based interventions show promise and further controlled trials are warranted, focusing on behavioral outcomes (NSSI, suicidal behavior). This review was preregistered with PROSPERO (CRD42017074065).

Use of crumb rubber to replace fine aggregates has opened up new avenues to explore the trends to develop more robust and eco-friendly construction material (Rubcrete) when compared to conventional concrete. Research trends indicate an increase in toughness in concrete with the use of crumb rubber, and the addition of polypropylene fibres counters the development of microcracks. The brittle nature of concrete can be explained with respect to the fracture energy required to open unit area of the crack surface. The paper highlights the results of experiments carried out to ascertain the significance of polypropylene fibres on the fracture energy of M40 grade rubcrete. Using a notched three-point bending beam (3PBB) specimen based on RILEM TC 50 FMC, cracks in rubcrete are subjected to fracture under Mode I loading. Variation in the fracture energy was studied for the polypropylene fibre-reinforced rubcrete with the addition of fibres up to 0.3% of total volume of the mix starting from 0.1% with an increment of 0.1%. Analysis of results for toughness and energy absorption characteristics showed that the specimens reinforced with polypropylene fibres have lesser brittle behaviour than that of conventional concrete specimens and optimum results were obtained for the addition of 0.3% polypropylene fibres.

Colorectal cancer remains a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Half of all patients develop liver metastases, presenting unique challenges for their treatment. The shortcomings of conventional chemotherapy has encouraged the use of nanomedicines; the application of nanotechnology in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. In spite of technological improvements in nanotechnology, the complexity of biological systems hinders the prospect of nanomedicines being applied in cancer therapy at the present time. This review highlights current biological barriers and discusses aspects of tumor biology together with the physicochemical features of the nanocarrier, that need to be considered in order to develop effective nanotherapeutics for colorectal cancer patients with liver metastases. It becomes clear that incorporating an interdisciplinary approach when developing nanomedicines should assure appropriate disease‐driven design and that this will form a critical step in improving their clinical translation. This article is characterized under: Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Oncologic Disease, A fundamental understanding of the tumor biology and its physiological features is necessary for the design and development of effective nanomedicines to target cancers.

Background: Stroke with mortality rate up to 25% is a fatal clinical syndrome. Most common risk factors are Hypertension, smoking, family history of stroke and diabetes mellitus. The objective was to study the pattern of brain strokes, areas and vascular territories of brain affected as per computerized tomography scan (CT scan) findings and risk factors in stroke patients admitted in Allied hospitals of Rawalpindi Medical University, Rawalpindi Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in Allied hospitals of Rawalpindi Medical College (RMC), Rawalpindi from September 2016 to February 2017 after taking ethical approval from Institutional Research Forum (IRF). All diagnosed cases of Stroke (Ischemic stroke or Hemorrhagic stroke) on the basis of Computerized Tomography Scan (CT-Scan) or Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) admitted to Medical Units of Allied Hospitals of RMC were included in the study irrespective of their age and gender. A Structured Questionnaire designed according to the objectives of this study was used for data collection. SPSS (Version-22) for windows was used for analysis through frequencies, percentages and cross tabulations. Result: Out of 200 diagnosed cases of stroke 115 (57.5%) were males and 85 (42.5%) were females. Mean age of patients was 53.73 years. Regarding the types of stroke, predominance of ischemic stroke 121 (60.5%) was seen as compared to hemorrhagic stroke which constitutes of 73 (36.5%) of the cases and the remaining 6 (3%) were the cases where both types of stroke were diagnosed based on CT scan reports. Male predominance 66 (54.54%) was seen in Ischemic stroke as well as in Hemorrhagic stroke 48(65.75%) as compared to females (Ischemic stroke 55 (45.50%) and Hemorrhagic stroke 25 (34.24%).Most common vascular territory involved in all types of stroke was of middle cerebral artery 115 (57.5%). Among Hemorrhagic stroke subarachnoid hemorrhage 49 (67.1%) was the most common site. In our study most common potential risk factors were Hypertension 115 (57.5%), Smoking 91 (45.5%), Family history of stroke 60 (33 %) and Diabetes 55 (27.5%). Conclusion: Most commonly ischemic stroke, with overall male predominance was seen in our study. Hypertension, smoking and diabetes were the most common modifiable risk factors. Vascular territory of Middle cerebral artery and subarachnoid area were most commonly involved regions of brain in stroke. More than 63 % of patients were above the age of 45 years.

The objectives of the study were to determine the dose-dependent effects of active immunization against inhibin α-subunit (AIINHA) on ovarian dynamics, concentrations of progesterone (P4), pregnancy rate (PR), embryonic and fetal losses (EFL), and prolificacy during the non-breeding season when there was imposing of a progestin-based treatment regimen to induce estrus in Beetal goats. Goats (n = 30) were randomly assigned into following groups: 1) saline (G-CON-0 mg; n = 10), 2) small dose (G-AIINHA-0.5 mg; n = 10), and 3) large dose (G-AIINHA-1 mg; n = 10). The primary administration of inhibin immunogen was administered at Day -48, followed by another administration at Day -20, and subsequently there was induction of estrus using a progestin based treatment regimen that included a single administration of progestin-containing sponge and PGF2α at Day -8. The sponge was removed, and GnRH was administered at Day -3 followed by breeding (Day 0) at standing estrus. Results indicated mean diameter of the follicles, size of pre-ovulatory follicles and corpora lutea, and post-breeding P4 concentrations were greater (P 0.05) among groups, whereas prolificacy rate was greater (P = 0.04) in goat does of the G-AIINHA-0.5 than G-CON-0 groups. The data from this study indicate G-AIINHA-0.5 is the recommended dose of inhibin immunogen to enhance the reproductive performance during non-breeding season in Beetal goats when estrus is induced using a progestin-based treatment regimen.

The crude ethanolic extract of Chrozophora prostrata (Cp.Cr) was tested using in vivo and ex vivo assays for its possible bronchodilatory effects in order to validate its medicinal use in respiratory disorders, like asthma and cough. Cp.Cr exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of carbachol (CCh)-induced bronchospasm in anesthetized rats, similar to aminophylline. When tested on guinea-pig tracheal preparations, Cp.Cr caused relaxation of both CCh (1 μM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions with comparable potencies, similar to papaverine, a dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterse (PDE) and Ca+2 influx. Pre-treatment of the tracheal tissues with Cp.Cr resulted in potentiation of the inhibitory effect of isoprenaline on CCh-induced contractions, like that caused by papaverine indicative of PDE inhibitory activity, which was confirmed when Cp.Cr concentration dependently (1 and 3 mg/mL) increased intracellular cAMP levels of the tracheal preparations, like papaverine. Cp.Cr shifted concentrationresponse curves of Ca+2 constructed in guinea-pig tracheal preparation towards right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to both verapamil and papaverine. These data indicate bronchodilator activity of Chrozophora prostrata mediated possibly through dual inhibition of PDE and Ca+2 influx, thus, showing therapeutic potential in asthma with effect enhancing and side-effect neutralizing potential Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Making information invulnerable is one of the most critical issues of today’s era where information is being sent from one source to another destination with expeditious rates. In this research article, linear canonical transform (LCT) along with Lorenz differential equation is subjected for the process of double image encryption for its inherent characteristics which implies the diffusion and confusion of current era. In the contemplated method standard color images; Lena and Pepper of size 256 × 256 are used. Image scrambling, LCT of first order and second order along with Lorenz system are adapted as the steps on encryption process. The reverse process of defined encryption scheme is endorsed for the reformation of the original plain images separately from the single encrypted image. For quality assessment of the encryption scheme; different security and statistical analysis are performed and histograms of all the images are analyzed. As a result, statistical assessments recommended that our contemplated scheme is legitimate for the security of digital images.

Introduction Amoxicillin (AMO) is the most consumed of the aminopenicillins. It is not regularly detected in water in-line for the lack of a standardized, sensitive and selective monitoring system that meets required limits. However, wastewater treatment plants cannot remove all antibiotics and thus release them into the environment, either without modification, or as metabolites [1]. This among others increases the risk of introducing antibiotic resistance, thus posing a serious threat to public health. Analytical method have been used as the detection techniques include mass spectrometry, chromatography or their combination. However, they suffer from some limitations mainly relating to sample preparation and stability [2]. Hence, it is necessary to design sensors for straightforward screening measurements. For this purpose, molecular imprinting is a technique to design robust receptor materials for any given analyte, thus mimicking natural recognition. The reusability of imprinted materials has a crucial role in developing applications that are reliable, economical and sustainable [3]. Experimental To synthesize MIP thin films against AMO, we utilized methacrylic acid (MAA) as the functional monomer, and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EGDMA) as the cross-linker and thermally pre-polymerized them at 60 °C for 30 minutes. Then, we deposited them on quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) electrodes by spin coating and hardened overnight. The non-imprinted (NIP) sample was prepared in the same manner without template. QCM measurements served to characterize AMO MIP films according to their sensitivity and selectivity, respectively. Results and Conclusion Figure 1 shows the results of sensitivity assessment at three different AMO concentrations. It clearly reveals concentration-dependent sensor signals of the system. Evidently, the MIP yield substantially higher frequency shifts at all concentrations than the corresponding NIP. For instance, at 1000ppm AMO concentration the MIP exhibits a frequency shift of -540 Hz while NIP signal reaches only around -90 Hz. Thus, frequency shifts on MIP-coated electrodes against NIP-coated ones reveals more than five times higher sensitivity, which is strongly indicative of successful imprinting and thus the incorporation of AMO molecules into recognition sites. Additionally, sensor signals are fully reversible and reproducible. Furthermore, selectivity is a key issue for any sensor: Figure 2 shows the outcome of selectivity studies toward PenicillinV (PenV) and PenicillinG (PenG), which demonstrate selectivity factors of around 1.3 each. This is even more remarkable given how similar the molecular structures of those three compounds are: they differ by an amino-group and hydroxyl-group; howover the core-structures are totally identical. Finally, sensor characteristics reveal limit of detection at 15ppm. Acknowledgement Authors gratefully acknowledge funding of this work by the Austrian Research Promotion Agency (FFG) through project AquaNOSE (Grant agreement no. 864893). References [1] A.G.Ayankojo, J.Reut, A.Öpik, A.Furchner, V.Syritski, Hybrid molecularly imprinted polymer for amoxicillin detection, Biosensors and Bioelectronics 118 (2018) 102–107. doi:10.1016/j.bios.2018.07.042. [2] P.T.Phuong-Hoa, S.Managaki, N.Nakada, H.Takada, A.Shimizu, D.Hong-Anh, P. Hung-Viet, S.Suzuki, Antibiotic contamination and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments of northern Vietnam, Science of The Total Environment 409 (2011) 2894-2901. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.04.030. [3] W.Cuypers, P.A.Lieberzeit, Combining Two Selection Principles: Sensor Arrays Based on Both Biomimetic Recognition and Chemometrics, Frontiers in Chemistry 6 (2018) 268-278. doi:10.3389/fchem.2018.00268. Figure 1

In present study, different foliar treatments were applied on peanut to check their ameliorative effect on Fe deficiency. In hydroponics experiments, foliar applications of FeSO4, Fe-EDTA, sequestrene and ferric chloride were applied to check their effect on Fe deficiency chlorosis in two varieties of peanut already screened as BARI-2000 (Fe deficiency tolerant) and BARD-699 (Fe deficiency sensitive). Sequestrene proved to be more effective in increasing the growth of plant. Photosynthetic rate increased up to 58 and 70% in BARI-2000 and BARD-699 respectively as compared to control with foliar application of sequestrene. Similarly higher active Fe concentration was recorded in both genotypes. Up to 14 and 41% increase in active Fe concentration was observed. Various morpho physiological parameters including root length, shoot length, root fresh weight, root dry weight, shoot fresh and shoot dry weights, SPAD values, photosynthetic and transpiration rates showed that BARD-699 was more responsive to foliar applications, while foliar application of sequestrene can be used in correcting Fe deficiency in both genotypes. Active Fe was significantly correlated with different morphological parameters in both genotypes. The results of presense experiment suggested that foliar applications were helpful in correction Fe deficiency in peanut and growth can be enhanced.

Now a days HVDC Transmission System are being used due to its advantage over HVAC Transmission systems based on several features like minor Transmission losses, efficient control of Electric power flow, stability and very economical for long Transmission lines. Transmission Line having length of several kilometers and located in open environment for this fault occurring chances are very high as compared other part of power system. These faults have several effects, its necessary to detect and classified these faults within very short time for safe operation of power system. This paper presents the solution of fault detection and classification of overhead HVDC Transmission lines by applying Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Faults in HVDC Transmission line of several types have been created using MATLAB/Simulink. The current signals of HVDC Transmission Lines are attained from Current Transformer and Scope block in work space, and then decompose by means of DWT to obtain the details coefficients up to three levels. Furthermore, Norm of detail coefficient at 3rd level is calculated. To detect and Classification the faults on HVDC Transmission lines Value of Norm are compared with threshold values of the system. The proposed approach has been successfully tested for various types of faults at different line location.

Biofilm is a complex community of single or different types of microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi, protozoa) attached to a surface and stick to each other through production of extracellular matrix. Salmonella typhi forms biofilm on cholesterol gallstones resulting in carrier state. Once formed, biofilm is difficult to treat. To date cholecystectomy is the only cure for this condition. Manuka honey is known to have tremendous antibiofilm activity against various organisms. S. typhi biofilm was grown in vitro on clinical samples of human cholesterol gallstones by Gallstone tube assay method for 12 days. Biofilm mass was quantified on day 1, 5, 7, 9 and 12 by crystal violet assay and was also examined by scanning electron microscope. Three concentrations w/v of Manuka honey (40%, 60% and 80%) were used, each one at 24, 48 and 72 hours. The most effective concentration (80% w/v) was repeated on two sets of gallstones. Biofilm mass was re quantified by crystal violet assay and was examined by scanning electron microscope. S. typhi formed uniform biofilm on cholesterol gallstone surface. The optical density measurements exhibited a rising pattern with time thereby indicating an increase in biofilm mass. It was 0.2 on day 1 and 0.9 on day 12. With 80% w/v Manuka honey, biofilm mass decreased most effectively with 0.5 OD after 72 hours. Biofilm formation by S, typhi on gallstones is surface specific and bile dependant. Either increasing the duration (beyond 72 hours) of the effective concentration (80% w/v) of honey or increasing the concentration (above 80%) of honey for a specific duration (72 hour) may cause complete disruption of the S. typhi biofilm on gallstone. S. typhi forms biofilm on cholesterol gallstones surface in vitro and it can be visualized by scanning electron microscopy. Biofilm mass can be quantified using crystal violet assay. Among various concentrations 80% Manuka honey for 72 hours is most effective in disrupting S. typhi biofilm on gallstones in vitro as evident from crystal violet assay.

A two way, randomized cross-over bioequivalence study was conducted to analyse the rate and extent of absorption of atorvastatin after a single dose of 80 mg atorvastatin as atorvastatin calcium tablets. The study was carried out using healthy male volunteers (N = 24). A high performance liquid chromatography method was employed to determine the level of drug in human plasma. It was concluded that the test and the reference drug exhibited comparable values of pharmacokinetic parameters. It was also concluded that since there was no significant difference between the rate and extent of absorption of the drug from the test and the reference formulations: these two formulations could thus be declared bioequivalent.

This paper explores the relationship between electricity consumption, employment rate, Inflation and economic growth in the developing countries. This study incorporates the data of 5 developing countries namely Pakistan, China, India, South Africa and Malaysia over the period 1990 to 2012 and analysis has been made by employing the method of random Generalized Least Square (GLS) model. Hausman specification test and random effect model is used in this paper. The result reveals that Electricity consumption is highly significant in developing countries. The insignificant relationship find between inflation and electricity consumption during this time span (1990-2012) means inflation has no direct impact on economic growth of developing countries. So this study proves that employment rate and electricity consumption are the main variables that shows the positive impact and inflation has no direct impact on economic growth of developing countries. Developing Governments should adopt different policies namely sustainable electricity

The demand of electrical power energy has grown exponentially in recent times and to meet this demand electrical power system network needs more sophistication and consequently more complexity. Transmission lines, expanded over several kilometers, are the backbone of the electrical power system which acts as interconnection between power houses and electricity consumers. Transmission lines are mostly located in the open and therefore, environmental effects can result in fault occurrences. The ability to detect and diagnose the faults can help greatly in the protection of transmission line. This paper presents modern solution of fault detection and diagnosis of overhead transmission lines by implementing Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT). Faults in transmission line of various categories have been created using MATLAB/Simulink. The current signals of each phase are obtained from sending end, and then decompose using DWT to obtain the details coefficients up to five levels. Furthermore, normalized values are calculated from the norm of detail coefficients. In order to detect and diagnose the faults on transmission lines normalized values of each phase are compared with threshold values of the system. The proposed approach has been successfully tested for various categories of faults at different operating conditions.

A recent flow cytometry-based in vivo mutagenicity assay involves the hemizygous phosphatidylinositol class A (Pig-a) gene. Pig-a forms the catalytic subunit of N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase required for glycophosphatidylinositol (GPI) anchor biosynthesis. Mutations in Pig-a prevent GPI-anchor synthesis resulting in loss of cell-surface GPI-linked proteins. The aim of the current study was to develop and validate an in vitro Pig-a assay in L5178Y mouse lymphoma cells. Ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS)-treated cells (186.24-558.72 µg/ml; 24 h) were used for method development and antibodies against GPI-linked CD90.2 and stably expressed CD45 were used to determine GPI-status by flow cytometry. Antibody concentration and incubation times were optimised (0.18 µg/ml, 30 min, 4 °C) and Zombie Violet™ (viability marker; 0.5%, 30 min, RT) was included. The optimum phenotypic expression period was 8 days. The low background mutation frequency of GPI-deficiency [GPI(-)] in L5178Y cells (0.1%) constitutes a rare event, thus flow cytometry acquisition parameters were optimised; 104 cells were measured at medium flow rate to ensure a CV ≤ 30%. Spiking known numbers of GPI(-) cells into a wild-type population gave high correlation between measured and spiked numbers (R2 0.999). We applied the in vitro Pig-a assay to a selection of well-validated genotoxic and non-genotoxic compounds. EMS, N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea and 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide dose dependently increased numbers of GPI(-) cells, while etoposide, mitomycin C, and a bacterial-specific mutagen did not. Cycloheximide and sodium chloride were negative. Sanger sequencing revealed Pig-a mutations in the GPI(-) clones. In conclusion, this in vitro Pig-a assay could complement the in vivo version, and follow up weak Ames positives and late-stage human metabolites or impurities.

The objective of the present study was to determine the effect of resynchronization on Day 23 with either GnRH or P4 (controlled internal drug release device containing progesterone; CIDR) on pregnancy rate, cumulative pregnancy, and embryonic and fetal losses in CIDR-GnRH synchronized Nili-Ravi buffaloes. Buffaloes (n = 181) of mixed parity, lactating, 181 ± 73 days postpartum, a body condition score (BCS) of 3.2 ± 0.5 (scale of 1-5), and 450-600 kg weight were subjected to synchronization and resynchronization. All buffaloes received CIDR on Day -9.5. In addition, GnRH was injected 36 h after CIDR removal, and timed artificial insemination (TAI) was performed 18 h later (Day 0). On Day 23, buffaloes were randomly assigned to receive one of the following treatments: 1) CON (n = 63), 2) P4 (n = 55), and 3) GnRH (n = 63) for resynchronization (2nd AI). Pregnancy rate, and embryonic and fetal losses were monitored by serial ultrasonography on Days 30, 45, 60, and 90 after synchronization (1st TAI), respectively. The pregnancy rate in GnRH-treated buffaloes remained significantly and consistently higher (P 0.05) than in the CON group at Days 30, 45, 60, and 90 after 1st TAI. Based on the pregnancy diagnosis, on Day 30 post 1st TAI, buffaloes that remained non-pregnant in the CON, P4, and GnRH groups received: 1) Artificial insemination on detected estrus (AIDE; n = 37), 2) CIDR-GnRH protocol (CIDR; n = 27), and 3) Ovsynch protocol (OVS; n = 23), respectively. The pregnancy rate in resynchronized buffaloes did not differ (P 0.05) between the OVS and CIDR groups; whereas the, cumulative pregnancy rate in GnRH + OVS buffaloes (81%) after 1st and 2

Enterobacter cloacae is not a primary human pathogen but has obtained an important role as a nosocomial pathogen. Acquiring this property of metallo-β-lactamases (MBL) producers, the pathogen becomes very virulent for the susceptible neonates and leaves little choice of antibiotics for its management. Blood samples (n=103) were collected in peadriatic blood culture bottles from suspected neonates aseptically. The samples were processed in BACTEC 9120. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed using Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method according to CLSI 2009. Carbapenems resistant E. cloacae were further analyzed for the detection of carbapenamase as per CLSI guidelines and MBL production by double disc potentiation method. Of 103 blood cultures specimens, 71 were declared positive by BACTEC 9120 and 91 isolates were recovered. Among these isolates, E. cloacae (n=12) were found to be carbapenems resistant and 10 out of these were carbapenamase and MBL producers. All MBL producing pathogens were pan-drug resistant. The spread of MBL among E. cloacae is an emerging threat particularly in hospitalized neonates. Key words: Enterobacter cloacae, metallo-β-lactamases (MBL), antimicrobial resistance.

Acinetobacter baumannii is an opportunistic Gram negative coccobacillus that can grow easily in moist as well as dry conditions. During the last decade, A. baumannii emerged as one of the most resistant opportunistic pathogens responsible for nosocomial infections including ventilator associated pneumonia. The bug remains an important and difficult to treat pathogen whose pan-drug resistant nature has created a serious challenge. This has restricted the choice of treatment modalities. Currently, it appears as if all the available antibiotics are failing against this pathogen while single antibiotic therapy is certainly not working anymore. Thus, there is a strong need, thus, to explore new regimens to combat this resistant organism. A wide range of various combinations of drugs should therefore be tested for their synergistic activity against this pathogen. This study was aimed to find some effective combinations against extensively drug resistant (XDR) A. baumannii by combining various antibacterials. The microdilution checkerboard titration method was used for this purpose and fractional inhibitory concentrations (FICs) were calculated. In-vitro synergy was found in polymyxin B-colistin (n = 3; 15%) and polymyxin B-rifampin (n = 3; 15%) combinations. Only additive effect was noted with polymyxin B-doxycycline (n = 12; 60%), polymyxin B-rifampin (n = 11; 55%), and polymyxin B-colistin (n = 13; 65%). However, antagonism was detected in the polymyxin B-rifampin combination in one of the 20 strains evaluated for the purpose. Polymyxin B in combination with rifampin and colistin may be exploited against XDR A. baumannii. Synergy between polymyxin B and colistin have been demonstrated in only 15% of strains, this fully warrants the testing of more combinations. Key words: Acinetobacter baumannii, extensively drug resistant, fractional inhibitory concentration.

Assisted reproductive technologies have modernized the dairy industry for the rapid multiplication of superior genetic traits. However, the exploitation of genetics through in vitro embryo production in farm animals has been struggling during the last 3 decades. The presence or absence of a corpus luteum (CL) on ovaries from which cumulus-oocyte complexes were recovered has been shown to affect the quality of oocytes and in vitro embryo production outcome in Bos taurus cows. Similar information is lacking in Bos indicus cows. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of presence or absence of a CL on recovery rate, quality, and in vitro developmental competence of oocytes in Bos indicus dairy cows. This study was conducted from December 2017 to April 2018. The ovaries were harvested from a local abattoir (Bos indicus; 5- to 8-year-old cows having mixed parity with clinically normal reproductive tracts). These ovaries (n=750) were divided into 2 groups [(1) CYCLIC (n=318) and (2) ACYCLIC (n=432)] based on the presence or absence of mature CL having follicles on either left or right ovaries of slaughtered cows. Blood samples from the jugular vein were collected at slaughter. Serum concentrations of progesterone of CYCLIC and ACYCLIC cows were measured using radioimmunoassay. Mean number of recovered oocytes per ovary and serum concentration of progesterone were compared using PROC TTEST model. However, quality, maturation, cleavage, 8-cell, 16-cell, and morula rates were analysed by PROC FREQ model of Chi-squared. All the data was analysed using SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA). Results revealed that the mean serum concentrations of progesterone (4.21±0.4v. 0.5±0.2ng mL−1; P

This study reviews the role of different financial theories such as, trade off theory, pecking order theory and free cash flow theory in the decision making of corporate cash management practices. The review also shed a light on the ground breaking study of Modigliani and Miller (1958) in the field of corporate financial behavior. Majority of the literature depicts the prominence of trade off theory and pecking order theory in the cash management practices of firms. However, some empirical and theoretical studies also described the significance of free cash flow theory. Because, the managers desires to hold the distinctive power in the firm’s financial and investment policies through holding higher cash level. Most importantly, based on the previous empirical findings, this study warrants the need to empirically extent the significance of financial theories in the future at sector level.

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to study brand credibility, customer loyalty and the impact of religious orientation in the Pakistani setting.Design/methodology/approach – In a study of 263 respondents, exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were conducted in order to check the fit of the data and the presence of common method variance. Correlation and hierarchical regression analysis was performed to evaluate the hypothesized relationships between the variables.Findings – Significant and positive relationships were observed between trustworthiness and brand credibility, perceived quality and brand credibility, brand credibility and customer loyalty, religious orientation and customer loyalty. Brand credibility was also found to mediate the relationship between trustworthiness, perceived quality and customer loyalty. Religious orientation was observed to moderate the relationship between trustworthiness and brand credibility.Originality/value – The paper evaluates brand credibility and custom...

Extended spectrum beta lactamase (ESBL) producing members of the family Enterobacteriaceae are a major health problem in the hospitals and community. These enzymes confer bacterial resistance to penicillins, first, second and third generation cephalosporins and aztreonam. The prevalence of ESBLs varies from organism to organism and is increasing day by day. The study was designed to test typhoidal salmonellae for production of ESBL. One hundred and fifty eight (158) isolates of typhoidal salmonellae; Salmonella Typhi (n=126), Salmonella Paratyphi A (n=26) and Salmonella Paratyphi B (n=6) were collected from different hospitals of Lahore and Gujranwala. The isolates were identified morphologically, biochemically (API-20E) and serologically (BD Difco, USA). ESBL production has been tested by three methods; CLSI screening method, double disk diffusion synergistic method and CLSI phenotypic confirmatory method. CLSI screening method detected twenty two (22) strains as ESBL producers. However, when tested by the CLSI confirmatory method and by disk diffusion synergistic method, none proved to be ESBL producer. Based on our study, we concluded that the extended spectrum beta lactamase enzyme does not exist in tested clinical isolates of typhoidal salmonellae, however the isolates suspected to be ESBL by phenotypic methods must be subjected further for molecular analysis. Key words: ESBL, typhoidal salmonellae, isolate.

The crude ethanolic extract of Chrozophora prostrata (Cp.Cr) was tested using in vivo and ex vivo assays for its possible bronchodilatory effects in order to validate its medicinal use in respiratory disorders, like asthma and cough. Cp.Cr exhibited dose-dependent inhibition of carbachol (CCh)-induced bronchospasm in anesthetized rats, similar to aminophylline. When tested on guinea-pig tracheal preparations, Cp.Cr caused relaxation of both CCh (1 μM) and high K(+) (80 mM)-induced contractions with comparable potencies, similar to papaverine, a dual inhibitor of phosphodiesterse (PDE) and Ca(+2) influx. Pre-treatment of the tracheal tissues with Cp.Cr resulted in potentiation of the inhibitory effect of isoprenaline on CCh-induced contractions, like that caused by papaverine indicative of PDE inhibitory activity, which was confirmed when Cp.Cr concentration dependently (1 and 3 mg/mL) increased intracellular cAMP levels of the tracheal preparations, like papaverine. Cp.Cr shifted concentrationresponse curves of Ca(+2) constructed in guinea-pig tracheal preparation towards right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to both verapamil and papaverine. These data indicate bronchodilator activity of Chrozophora prostrata mediated possibly through dual inhibition of PDE and Ca(+2) influx, thus, showing therapeutic potential in asthma with effect enhancing and side-effect neutralizing potential Copyright © 2016 John WileySons, Ltd.

To the best of our knowledge, Non-O1 Vibrio cholerae (NOVC) bacteremia has never been documented in Pakistan. This case report is the first reported case of bacteremia in an infant due to NOVC in Pakistan. A neonate was admitted to a hospital with fever and no history of diarrhea. The isolate was identified biochemically and serologically and was sensitive to all the drugs tested as per CLSI 2014 guidelines.

Lead is a non-essential element reduced plant growth and development that may cause multifarious disturbance in physiological, biochemical and structural integrity of plants. SA is an efficient signal molecule induces systemic resistance responses that control local defense reactions in plants. To evaluate the effect of SA on photosynthetic activity of Pb affected plants therefore a pot experiment was conducted on barley genotype Juo- 93 and Juo- 87 in the Old Botanical Garden, University Of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan. Three treatment levels (0, 100 and 200 µM) of lead sulphate (PbSO4) were applied in thrice replication with or without SA (0.5 mM) along half strength of Hoagland’s solution till the termination of experiment. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design. During course of study growth and pigments modulations were recorded. The result indicated that growth parameters such as root and shoot length, leaf area, fresh weight of shoot and root, dry weight of shoot and root were reduced under lead toxicity. Pb stress damaged the photosynthetic pigments such as Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, total chlorophyll and carotenoids but chlorophyll a/b was increased under Pb stress whereas exogenous application of SA alleviated the negative effect of lead toxicity. Juo- 93 showed more tolerance to Pb toxicity as compared to Juo-87.

Background. Tuberculosis (TB) is a chronic bacterial disease. Mycobacterium tuberculosis, being the leading member of the MTB complex, is the main cause of tuberculosis worldwide. Tuberculosis is managed with combination of drugs: streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin, ethambutol, and pyrazinamide. Over the recent past years resistance against first line antituberculous drugs has emerged rapidly throughout the world resulting in MDR strains. The new threat in the management of MDR-TB is the development of resistance against second line drugs: aminoglycosides, polypeptides, fluoroquinolones, and thioamides. Multidrug resistant (MDR) and extensively drug resistant TB (XDR) strains have become a major concern to control TB particularly in the developing countries. The need of the hour is to look for new modalities having antimycobacterial activity. Honey has been well known for its antibacterial activity. We intended to explore its antimycobacterial activity against MDR-TB. Objective. The objective of this study was to determine whether Pakistani Beri honey has any antimycobacterial activity. Method. The study was conducted in the Department of Microbiology, University of Health Sciences, Lahore. Clinical isolates (n=21) of MDR-MTB were evaluated for their susceptibility to Beri honey. The isolates were provided, courtesy of Pakistan Medical Research Council. These isolates were identified by MTBc ID test (Becton & Dickinson) and further tested for their antimycobacterial activity using Beri honey. The honey was tested at the following concentrations (v/v): 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, and 5% in MGIT 960. Growth controls were also inoculated with each isolate (growth control has no concentration of honey, only containing growth of isolate). Results. MDR-TB isolates (n=21) were tested; 3 (14%) isolates were susceptible at 1% v/v honey, while at 2% v/v of honey 18 (86%) isolates were found to be susceptible. All the 21 isolates (n=21) were susceptible at 3% v/v of honey. Conclusion. The present study clearly demonstrates that Pakistani Beri honey possesses significant antimycobacterial activity in vitro. The antimycobacterial activity of Pakistani Beri honey may, therefore, be exploited in an appropriate mouse model.

This study was undertaken to validate the medicinal use of Chrozophora prostrata in constipation. The crude extract of C prostrata produced laxative effect in mice at 100 and 300 mg/kg, similar to carbachol and castor oil. In spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum tissues, C. prostrata (0.01-3 mg/mL) exhibited atropine-sensitive spasmogenic effect, which was reproducible in guinea-pig ileum. Interestingly, at high concentrations, C. prostrata showed concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on rabbit jejunum, suggesting the presence of accompanied spasmolytic activity. When tested on induced contractions, C. prostrata completely relaxed low K+-induced contraction, while partially inhibited high K+, similar to cromakalim. Tetraethylammonium pretreatment abolished the relaxant effect of C. prostrata on low K+-induced contractions while glibenclamide caused partial inhibition, suggesting the involvement of some non-specific and ATP-dependent K+ channels. These data show that C. prostrata possesses laxative effect at low doses mediated through cholinergic action followed by the spasmolytic activity at high doses mediated possibly through K+ channel activation.

This study was undertaken to validate the medicinal use of Chrozophora prostrata in constipation. The crude extract of C. prostrata produced laxative effect in mice at 100 and 300 mg/kg, similar to carbachol and castor oil. In spontaneously contracting rabbit jejunum tissues, C. prostrata (0.01-3 mg/mL) exhibited atropine-sensitive spasmogenic effect, which was reproducible in guinea-pig ileum. Interestingly, at high concentrations, C. prostrata showed concentration-dependent inhibitory effect on rabbit jejunum, suggesting the presence of accompanied spasmolytic activity. When tested on induced contractions, C. prostrata completely relaxed low K+-induced contraction, while partially inhibited high K+, similar to cromakalim. Tetraethylammonium pretreatment abolished the relaxant effect of C. prostrata on low K+-induced contractions while glibenclamide caused partial inhibition, suggesting the involvement of some non-specific and ATP-dependent K+ channels. These data show that C. prostrata possesses laxative effect at low doses mediated through cholinergic action followed by the spasmolytic activity at high doses mediated possibly through K+ channel activation.

To compare Bactec MGIT 960 with LJ media in terms of time taken for the initial isolation of mycobacteria.A total of 100 AFB (acid fast bacillus) positive sputum samples were processed and inoculated in both the Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) media and mycobacterium growth indicator tube (MGIT) tubes.Of the 100 samples, positive growth was obtained from all the samples on both the MGIT and LJ media. In MGIT 53% samples grew in 4 days, 30% in 5 days and 17% in 6 days (Mean = 4.6 days) while on LJ media, 44% grew in 30 days, 20% in 35 days and 36% in 44 days (Mean = 37 days). Significant difference was observed between two systems with a p-value of less than 0.05.Bactec MGIT 960 is a much faster and efficient system for the initial isolation of mycobacteria.

Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) continues to be one of the commonest pathogens encountered in clinical as well as laboratory practice. It has become a major health problem worldwide. Newer antimicrobials/agents are urgently needed to combat this problem MRSA resistance to various anti-staphylococcal agents. In the back-drop of this difficult situation Nigella sativa commonly known as black seed (ethanolic extract) was aimed at to evaluate if it had any anti-staphylococcal activity.The extract was prepared by reflux extraction method. Disc diffusion and in agar dilution methods were performed to assess the antibacterial activity. Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 was used as the standard reference strain.All tested strains of MRSA were sensitive to N. sativa extract at a concentration of 4 mg/disc while the extract had an MIC range of 0.2-0.5 mg/ml.The results indicated that N. sativa has inhibitory effect on MRSA. This finding warrants necessity of further investigation of this product of folk medicine.

Diarrhoeal disease is a common cause of major public health concern in many parts of the world including Pakistan.Eighteen stool samples were received from Civil Hospital Mirpur Khas (Sindh). All the specimens were processed for culture and antimicrobial susceptibility according to Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) guidelines.Eight out of eighteen (44.4%) samples were positive for Vibrio cholerae. The isolates were gram negative rods, showed darting motility and were Oxidase positive. Contact with distilled water immobilized all these strains (Mdw). API 20NE was used for the biochemical identification and serological confirmation was done with 'difco' antisera. Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method was performed for their respective susceptibility to various antibiotics. All these isolates were confirmed to be Vibrio cholerae O1 Biotype El Tor Serotype Ogawa. The isolates were generally sensitive to majority of the antibiotics but resistant to nalidixic acid except one strain. Six out of eight isolates were resistant to co-trimoxazole.Cholera must be suspected in outbreaks of such kind of 'gastro'.

There is a rapidly expanding literature on the in vitro antiviral activity of drugs that may be repurposed for therapy or chemoprophylaxis against severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). However, this has not been accompanied by a comprehensive evaluation of the target plasma and lung concentrations of these drugs following approved dosing in humans. Accordingly, concentration 90% (EC90 ) values recalculated from in vitro anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity data was expressed as a ratio to the achievable maximum plasma concentration (Cmax ) at an approved dose in humans (Cmax /EC90 ratio). Only 14 of the 56 analyzed drugs achieved a Cmax /EC90 ratio above 1. A more in-depth assessment demonstrated that only nitazoxanide, nelfinavir, tipranavir (ritonavir-boosted), and sulfadoxine achieved plasma concentrations above their reported anti-SARS-CoV-2 activity across their entire approved dosing interval. An unbound lung to plasma tissue partition coefficient (Kp Ulung ) was also simulated to derive a lung Cmax /half-maximal effective concentration (EC50 ) as a better indicator of potential human efficacy. Hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine, mefloquine, atazanavir (ritonavir-boosted), tipranavir (ritonavir-boosted), ivermectin, azithromycin, and lopinavir (ritonavir-boosted) were all predicted to achieve lung concentrations over 10-fold higher than their reported EC50 . Nitazoxanide and sulfadoxine also exceeded their reported EC50 by 7.8-fold and 1.5-fold in lung, respectively. This analysis may be used to select potential candidates for further clinical testing, while deprioritizing compounds unlikely to attain target concentrations for antiviral activity. Future studies should focus on EC90 values and discuss findings in the context of achievable exposures in humans, especially within target compartments, such as the lungs, in order to maximize the potential for success of proposed human clinical trials.