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The MEDWAVES (MEDiterranean out flow WAter and Vulnerable EcosystemS) cruise targeted areas under the potential influence of the MOW within the Mediterranean and Atlantic realms. These include seamounts where Cold-water corals (CWCs) have been reported but that are still poorly known, and which may act as essential “stepping stones” connecting fauna of seamounts in the Mediterranean with those of the continental shelf of Portugal, the Azores and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. During MEDWAVES sampling has been conducted in two of the case studies of ATLAS: Case study 7 (Gulf of Cádiz-Strait of Gibraltar-Alboran Sea) and Case study 8 (Azores). The initially targeted areas in the Atlantic were: the Gazul Mud volcano, in the Gulf of Cádiz (GoC) area, included in the case study 7, and the Atlantic seamounts Ormonde (Portuguese shelf) and Formigas (by Azores), both part of the case study 8. In the Mediterranean the targeted areas were The Guadiaro submarine canyon and the Seco de los Olivos (also known as Chella Bank) seamount. Unfortunately it was not possible to sample in Guadiaro due to time constraints originated by adverse meteorological conditions which obligate us to reduce the time at sea focusing only in 4 of the 5 initially planned areas. MEDWAVES was structured in two legs; the first leg took place from the 21st September (departure from Cádiz harbour in Spain) to the 13th October 2016 (arrival in Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal took place the 8th of October due to the meteorological conditions that obligated to conclude the first leg earlier as planned). during the Leg 1 sampling was carried out in Gazul, Ormonde and Formigas. The second leg started the 14th October (departure from Ponta Delgada) and finished the 26th October (arrival in Málaga harbour, Spain). MEDWAVES had a total of 30 effective sampling days, being 6 days not operative due to the adverse meteorological conditions experienced during the first leg which forced us to stay in Ponta Delgada from the 08th to the 13th October. During MEDWAVES the daily routine followed a similar scheme, depending of course on the weather and sea conditions. The main activity during the day, starting early in the morning (around 08:00 AM, once the night activities were finished), was the ROV deployment. Generally a single ROV dive of around 8 hours was performed, however in several occasions two dives were carried out in the same day (see General station list, Appendix II). After the ROV (and sometimes between two dives) the Box Corer and/or Van Veen Grab and/or Multicore was deployed. After these activities, during the night CTD-Rosette deployments and MB was conducted. Accordingly to this schema the scientific personnel worked in the day or in the night watch. A total of 215 sampling stations have been covered in MEDWAVES, using the following sampling gears: Multibeam echosounder, CTD-Rosette, LADCP, Box Corer, Van Veen Grab, Multicorer and a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). Table 1 sumamrised the number of sampling stations conducted with each gear in each sampling zone. Additionally MB surveys have been conducted during the transits between areas.

The MEDWAVES (MEDiterranean out flow WAter and Vulnerable EcosystemS) cruise targeted areas under the potential influence of the MOW within the Mediterranean and Atlantic realms. These include seamounts where Cold-water corals (CWCs) have been reported but that are still poorly known, and which may act as essential “stepping stones” connecting fauna of seamounts in the Mediterranean with those of the continental shelf of Portugal, the Azores and the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. During MEDWAVES sampling has been conducted in two of the case studies of ATLAS: Case study 7 (Gulf of Cádiz-Strait of Gibraltar-Alboran Sea) and Case study 8 (Azores). The initially targeted areas in the Atlantic were: the Gazul Mud volcano, in the Gulf of Cádiz (GoC) area, included in the case study 7, and the Atlantic seamounts Ormonde (Portuguese shelf) and Formigas (by Azores), both part of the case study 8. In the Mediterranean the targeted areas were The Guadiaro submarine canyon and the Seco de los Olivos (also known as Chella Bank) seamount. Unfortunately it was not possible to sample in Guadiaro due to time constraints originated by adverse meteorological conditions which obligate us to reduce the time at sea focusing only in 4 of the 5 initially planned areas. MEDWAVES was structured in two legs; the first leg took place from the 21st September (departure from Cádiz harbour in Spain) to the 13th October 2016 (arrival in Ponta Delgada, São Miguel, Azores, Portugal took place the 8th of October due to the meteorological conditions that obligated to conclude the first leg earlier as planned). during the Leg 1 sampling was carried out in Gazul, Ormonde and Formigas. The second leg started the 14th October (departure from Ponta Delgada) and finished the 26th October (arrival in Málaga harbour, Spain). MEDWAVES had a total of 30 effective sampling days, being 6 days not operative due to the adverse meteorological conditions experienced during the first leg which forced us to stay in Ponta Delgada from the 08th to the 13th October. During MEDWAVES the daily routine followed a similar scheme, depending of course on the weather and sea conditions. The main activity during the day, starting early in the morning (around 08:00 AM, once the night activities were finished), was the ROV deployment. Generally a single ROV dive of around 8 hours was performed, however in several occasions two dives were carried out in the same day (see General station list, Appendix II). After the ROV (and sometimes between two dives) the Box Corer and/or Van Veen Grab and/or Multicore was deployed. After these activities, during the night CTD-Rosette deployments and MB was conducted. Accordingly to this schema the scientific personnel worked in the day or in the night watch. A total of 215 sampling stations have been covered in MEDWAVES, using the following sampling gears: Multibeam echosounder, CTD-Rosette, LADCP, Box Corer, Van Veen Grab, Multicorer and a Remotely Operated Vehicle (ROV). Table 1 sumamrised the number of sampling stations conducted with each gear in each sampling zone. Additionally MB surveys have been conducted during the transits between areas.

IX Reunião do Quaternário Ibérico, Mudanças em sistemas ambientais e sua expressão temporal : IX Reunión del Cuaternario Ibérico, Cambios en sistemas ambientales y sus escalas temporales, Grupo de Trabalho Português para o Estudo do Quaternário (GTPEQ) - Asociación Española para el Estudio del Cuaternario (AEQUA),19-23 October 2017, Faro, Portugal.-- 2 pages, [EN] Multibeam bathymetry and high-resolution seismic data obtained during the RIGEL1116 oceanographic survey, have allowed to study the morphology of the Algeciras submarine canyon (NE Strait of Gibraltar). Three sectors (headwall, middle and distal) have been defined by dominant processes responsible for their formation and evolution. In the headwall sector, the general presence of scars around the canyon head and along its steep wall are cover in the seafloor by sediments reworked and redistributed by contouritic processes. Erosive processes are dominant in the middle sector especially in the incisive gullies (eastern flank) and crescent-shaped bedforms along the distal sector (thalweg and E wall) indicating sediment reworking caused probably by the interaction of the Mediterranean water mass, [PO] A batimetria multifeixe e os dados de sísmica com alta resolução adquiridos na expedição oceanográfica RIGEL1116, permitem o estudo da morfologia submarina do Canhãode Algeciras (NE do Estreito de Gibraltar). Foram definidos trêssetores (proximal, médioe distal) com base nos processos dominantes dasua formação e evolução. Há umapresença geralde cicatrizes erosivas em volta da cabeceira e ao longo da paredelateral do canhão, mas os processos coutouriticos retrabalham e redistribuem os sedimentos nesta área. Os processos erosivos são dominantes no setor mediano, especialmente nas ravinas incisivas (flanco leste) enquanto queformas crescentes de acamadamento ao longo do setor distal (talvegue e E muro) indicam retrabalhamento dos sedimentos, provavelmente causado pela interação da Massa de Água Mediterrânea

Seagrass beds are experiencing a sharp decline worldwide and, unfortunately, a continued decrease is expected, mainly due to anthropogenic influence, with negative repercussions for coastal biodiversity. One of these declining seagrasses is Zostera marina L. which is the most widespread in the northern hemisphere (North America, Europe and Asia). One of the most recent observed cases of eelgrass decline occurred in the Special Area of Conservation “Acantilados de Maro - Cerro Gordo” (southern Spain) between 2005 and 2007. These eelgrass beds were probably the deepest ones (5–18 m depth) in Europe and supported a highly diverse associated fauna (Rueda et al., 2009). Different methods have been designed for evaluating ecological integrity or condition status of coastal waters. In general, there is an increasing interest in developing assessment tools for different physicochemical or biological elements of the ecosystems. Taking this into account, what might be the characteristics of a good ecological indicator? In Europe, and within the Water Framework Directive (Directive 2008/56/EC), biological elements are limited to composition, abundance (and biomass) of phytoplankton, other aquatic flora, benthic invertebrate fauna, and fishes. The data used to quantify these biological elements describe distributions/gradients, ratios, biodiversity indices and classification schemes. Environmental science must complement the structural ecosystem properties through an approach towards the ecosystem function and dynamics. In this way, trophic webs constitute probably an appropriate type of measurement of the ecosystem function. Molluscs constitute ca. 25% of the benthos and their dynamics have been shown to reflect the dynamics of the whole community. Therefore, we analyzed the changes in the molluscan taxocoenosis associated with the regression of a Zostera marina bed from the SAC of Acantilados de Maro - Cerro Gordo from 2005 to 2009. We analyzed changes in biotic variables: species richness, abundance, diversity index, biotic indexes and trophic diversity of the molluscan assemblage, and abiotic variables: grain size and percentage of organic matter in sediment. The aim was to check which of these indicators expressed better the environmental changes caused by the regression of the eelgrass bed. Species richness was the best indicator for showing loss of species and the Trophic Index (Danovaro et al., 2004) was the indicator that better expressed the drastic change of the assemblage, with a strong reduction of the trophic groups. Regarding biotic indexes, AMBI, MAMBI and MEDOCC, the absence of eutrophication makes these indicators less accurate to reflect the environmental change caused by the loss of the eelgrass bed. In fact, the best descriptor for this event would be the integrity of seafloor, because the regression of the eelgrass bed changes completely the bottom landscape. The loss of seagrasses and its effects are going to be one of the important topics in future scientific studies due to this continuous declining trend, so tools allowing us to anticipate this threat are becoming essential. In southern Spain, protection of seagrasses is urgently needed for preserving not only the beds but also the diverse communities associated with them.

Mateo-Ramírez A, Urra J, Rueda J, Marina, Bañares-España E, García Raso E. (2016) Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in its westernmost biogeographical limit (northwestern Alboran Sea): Meadows characterisation, phenology and flowering events. Front. Mar, Sci. Conference Abstract: XIX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies. doi: 10.3389/conf.FMARS.2016.05.00055 Posidonia oceanica is a Mediterranean endemic seagrass species that forms meadows covering ca. 2.5–4.5 millions of hectares, representing ca.25 % of the infralittoral and shallow circalittoral (down to 50m) bottoms of the Mediterranean. This seagrass is considered a habitat-engineer species and provides an elevated number of ecosystem services. In addition the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD, 2008/56/EC) includes seagrass like elements to evaluate the “Good Environmental Status” of the European coasts. Information about their phenological characteristic and structure of the meadows is needed for indicator estimations in order to establish their conservation status. The studied meadows are located in the westernmost limit of the P. oceanica distribution (North-western Alboran Sea) in the vecinity of the Strait of Gibraltar, an Atlantic-Mediterranean water transition area. Four sites were selected from East to West: Paraje Natural de Acantilados de Maro-Cerro Gordo (hereafter Maro), Special Area of Conservation “Calahonda” (hereafter Calahonda), Site of Community Importance Estepona (hereafter Estepona) and Punta Chullera (hereafter Chullera) where P. oceanica present their westernmost meadows. Phenological data were recorded from mid November to mid December in P. oceanica patches located at 2 – 3 m depth. At each site three types of patches (patch area 2 m2, large patches) were sampled. At each patch and site, 3 quadrants of 45 x 45 cm were sampled for shoot and inflorescences density measurements. In each quadrant, 10 random shoots were sampled for shoot morphology (shoot height and number of leaves). Shoot and inflorescences densities were standardized to squared meters. All the studied P. oceanica meadows develop on rocks and they present a fragmented structure with a coverage ranging between ca. 45% in Calahonda and Estepona and ca. 31% in Maro. The meadows of Chullera are reduced to a few small - medium patches with areas ranging between 0.5-1.5 m2 (Fig. 1). The meadows of Chullera and Estepona presented similar values of shoot density (ca. 752 – 662 shoots m-2, respectively) and leaf height (ca. 25 cm). Similarly, the Calahonda and Maro meadows also showed similar values of shoot density (ca. 510 – 550 shoots m-2, respectively) but displaying lower values than those of sites located closer to the Strait of Gibraltar. Regarding patch sizes and leaf height, the longest leaves (ca. 25 cm) were found in medium and large patches, but the number of leaves per shoot were higher in the small and the medium size patches (ca. 6.3 leaves per shoot). Flowering was only detected at the Calahonda meadows with maximum values of ca. 330 inflorescences m-2 (115.2 ± 98.2 inflorescences m-2, n= 9; mean ± SD) (Fig.1). Inflorescence density was not significant different among patches of different sizes. In the Alboran Sea and unlike the studied meadows, extensive beds of P. oceanica occur at the National Park of Cabo de Gata (northeastern Alboran Sea), but from east to west (Strait of Gibraltar), meadows are gradually fragmenting and their depth range decrease from 30m to 2m depth between Cabo de Gata and Chullera, respectively. Probably, the Atlantic influence and the characteristic oceanographic conditions of the Alboran Sea (i.e., higher turbidity, higher water turbulence) represent a developmental limiting factor for P. oceanica at higher depths. Similarities between the meadows located closer to Strait of Gibraltar (Chullera and Estepona) were detected as well as between those more distant (Calahonda and Maro). The first ones showed higher values of shoot densities and leaf heights than the formers, which could be relating to the higher hydrodynamic exposure found at Chullera and Estepona meadows. Regarding flowering events, sexual reproduction in P. oceanica is not common in different locations of the Mediterranean Sea. The available information seems to indicate that flowering represent an irregular event and it is related to high seawater temperature. In fact, the flowering episodes that occurred in Calahonda in November 2015, match with the warmest year ever recorded. This is the third flowering event registered in these meadows located close to the westernmost distributional limit of P. oceanica (Málaga, Alboran Sea), which could indicates that these meadows presents a healthy status. Furthermore, the absence of significant differences in relation to inflorescence density between patches of different sizes may be indicating that the fragmentation does not necessarily influence on the flowering of this seagrass species. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

Mateo-Ramirez A, Urra J, Rueda J, Marina, Banares-Espana E, Garcia Raso E. (2016) Posidonia oceanica (L.) Delile in its westernmost biogeographical limit (northwestern Alboran Sea): Meadows characterisation, phenology and flowering events. Front. Mar, Sci. Conference Abstract: XIX Iberian Symposium on Marine Biology Studies. doi: 10.3389/conf.FMARS.2016.05.00055

The composition and structure of sublittoral faunal assemblages inhabiting soft bottoms (15–72 m depth) within the Marine Protected Area ‘Acantilados y Fondos Marinos de Calahonda-Castell de Ferro’ in southern Spain (North Alboran Sea, Mediterranean) have been studied in relation to sediment and water column variables. Three assemblages were identified and corresponded to mixed bottom, unstable bottom and coastal detritic bottom assemblages, based on Pe´re`s & Picard’s (1964) benthic classification. A total of 14,318 individuals were collected and 218 species identified, molluscs being the best represented group (141 species). Species richness displayed significant differences with depth and transect, with the highest values observed in the medium to very fine sand and muddy bottoms with bioclasts located at the shallowest sampling stations. The presence of some rare and poorly known invertebrates that are scarce in other areas of the Mediterranean Sea is remarkable, such as the crustacean decapods Bythocaris cosmetops and Pagurus mbizi, Atlantic species with no records in the Mediterranean Sea, and the bathyal molluscs Poromya granulata and Alvania testae, collected at shallow depths. The spatial distribution of faunal assemblages was mainly related to depth and percentage of gravel and clay according to the canonical correspondence analysis. The geographic location of the area, the heterogeneity of soft bottoms and the presence of upwellings in the area may favour the high biodiversity found in the studied soft bottoms. This study increases the scarce knowledge of the circalittoral fauna of sedimentary habitats of the Alboran Sea, providing a baseline for the management of this interesting SCI and for the EU Marine Strategy Framework Directive., SI

Se ha estudiado el impacto que las dragas mecanizadas ocasionan sobre la comunidad bentónica-demersal en la pesquería de Donax trunculus (coquina), Chamelea gallina (chirla) y Callista chione (concha fina). Para ello se han analizado las muestras de descarte de 143 lances, procedentes de 45 mareas comerciales, entre febrero y julio de 2013, en los caladeros habituales donde opera la flota artesanal con dragas mecanizadas de los puertos de Caleta de Vélez, Fuengirola y La Línea de la Concepción. Se ha definido el impacto como el daño que se produce sobre los ejemplares capturados durante las operaciones de pesca y su manipulación, estableciéndose un rango de daño potencial en base a literatura científica consultada: (1) “sin daño”, individuos sin signos de daño físico y con alta probabilidad de supervivencia; (2) “daño intermedio”, individuos que presentan daños en ciertas partes que pueden ser regenerados tras su liberación (ej. Asteroideos u Ofiuroideos sin un brazo, pérdida de apéndices en decápodos, etc.); y (3) “daño severo”, ejemplares con daños que le impiden sobrevivir tras su liberación (ej. peces, rotura de charnela en bivalvos, decápodos con muy pocos apéndices, etc.). Tras el análisis de las muestras, los ejemplares descartados “sin daño” representan el 83,8% del total de individuos del descarte de coquina, el 80,6% del descarte de chirla y el 67,5% del de concha fina. Los individuos descartados con “daño intermedio” son el 6% para coquina y chirla y el 16,9% para concha fina, mientras que los considerados con “daño severo” representan el 10,48% para coquina, el 13,4% para chirla y el 15,5% para concha fina. Las especies más sensibles al impacto de la pesquería son los peces (ej. Lithognathus mormyrus, Ophidion rochei, Raja asterias, Microchirus boscanion), equinodermos con exoesqueleto de tipo frágil o que puedan autotomizarse (ej. Echinocardium cf. mediterraneaum, Holothuria sp., Luidia atlantidea, Ophiura ophiura), organismos vermiformes delicados como son los anélidos poliquetos (ej. Marphysa sp., Nephtys sp.) o sipuncúlidos (Sipunculus nudus), crustáceos decápodos (ej. Derilambrus angulifrons, Liocarcinus vernalis, Atelecyclus undecimdentatus) y moluscos de concha frágil, fundamentalmente bivalvos (ej. Ensis minor, Pharus legumen, Tellina spp., Mactra spp.). Para muchas de las especies descartadas se desconoce su supervivencia tras el descarte en relación al tipo de daño, siendo interesante la realización de estudios experimentales para este tipo de invertebrados y en diferentes estaciones (invierno vs. verano). No obstante, debido a la alta dominancia de los bivalvos con concha resistente, los ejemplares con “daño intermedio” y “daño severo” representan porcentajes bajos con respecto al total. Además, todos los ejemplares descartados son devueltos a la misma zona de captura (mismo tipo de hábitat y comunidad bentónica) en un corto periodo de tiempo (

La diversidad de especies es, de forma general, mayor en fondos con cobertura vegetal (p.e. fanerógamas marinas, algas fotófilas) que en fondos blandos sin vegetación, por lo que una pérdida parcial de pradera debería traer consigo una pérdida de diversidad. Sin embargo, el efecto de la fragmentación del hábitat dependerá de varios factores, incluyendo el número y tamaño de los parches, la distancia entre ellos y los tipos de hábitats próximos. En este trabajo se ha analizado este último aspecto y para ello se escogieron dos zonas, situadas dentro del Lugar de Interés Comunitario Calahonda (ES6170030), localizado en el litoral de la provincia de Málaga (mar de Alborán). Estas zonas se caracterizan por presentar un mosaico de hábitats (desde ahora "biotopos") formado por praderas fragmentadas de Posidonia oceánica (Linnaeus) Delile, 1813 y Cymodocea nodosa (Ucria) Ascherson, 1870, así como fondos de rocas infralitorales cubiertos de algas fotófilas (Stypocaulon scoparium (Linnaeus) Kützing, 1843 principalmente) y fondos de arenas finas y medias. Él muestreo se realizó de manera estacional (5 réplicas por hábitat y estación del año), mediante buceo con escafandra autónoma y con el uso de una aspiradora submarina. Se ha analizado (1) la composición y estructura de las poblaciones de decápodos a partir de una serie de índices ecológicos (p.e. diversidad de Shannon-Wiener, equirrepartición, beta diversidad-β de Whittaker, índice de Jacarkd); (2) la preferencia e importancia que cada biotopo tienen para las especies más características, analizando la evolución estacional de las abundancias y de las tallas (se distinguieron dos grupos: juveniles-pequeñas tallas y adultos-tallas grandes), y (3) si la fragmentación tiene un efecto negativo sobre la biodiversidad. La hipótesis de partida es que se conservaría la estructura de las poblaciones de decápodos de los fondos con cobertura vegetal estudiados, como consecuencia de la conexión entre los diferentes biotopos. De hecho para la mayoría de las especies de decápodos, su hábitat (general) no es más que la suma de diferentes biotopos. En total se han capturado 4769 individuos pertenecientes a 48 especies y 21 familias. Las especies dominantes fueron, Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761), Hippolyte leptocerus (Heller, 1863), Athanas nitescens (Leach, 1813 [in Leach, 1813-1814]), Pisidia longimana (Risso, 1816) y Sirpus zariquieyi Gordon, 1953, representando más del 50% del total de individuos capturados en el conjunto de biotopos. Se ha comprobado que ciertas especies tienen preferencia por determinados biotopos. Por ejemplo S. zariquieyi y Achaeus gracilis (Costa, 1839) están asociadas principalmente a algas; H. leptocerus a C. nodosa y P. longimana a P. oceanica. Los altos valores de equirrepartición y la similitud de los valores de βw entre biotopos muestran una elevada conexión entre ellos. De hecho el 50% de las especies están presentes en más de dos biotopos. Por otro lado algunas especies utilizan con mayor o menor intensidad (reflejado en los valores de abundancias) uno u otro según la estación del año, utilizándolos como “nursery”, refugio, lugar de puesta y/o alimentación. Los biotopos que mostraron las mayores abundancias de individuos y especies fueron P. oceanica y el sedimento presente bajo las algas, especialmente durante los meses de otoño e invierno. Las comunidades de algas fotófilas presentes en estos fondos actúan como conectores entre los diferentes rodales, compensando la falta de conexión debida a la fragmentación, proporcionando refugio y alimento a especies comunes.

Resumen de poster Durante el proyecto LIFE+ INDEMARES Alborán (2011-2013), se tomaron diez muestras mediante arte de arrastre (bou de vara) en los fondos de cascajo profundo que aparecen entre 80 y 200 m en la plataforma insular de la isla de Alborán. Estos fondos están formados por restos calcáreos biógenos (bioclastos). En las muestras se han encontrado un total de 2.713 ejemplares vivos de moluscos pertenecientes a 147 especies (2 solenogastros, 2 poliplacóforos, 97 gasterópodos, 45 bivalvos, 1 cefalópodo). Los muestreos realizados han puesto de manifiesto la presencia de una alta riqueza de especies de invertebrados. En el caso de los moluscos, la riqueza específica de las muestras fue alta (entre 24 y 55 especies), mientras que las abundancias fueron entre moderadas y altas (entre 154 y 846 individuos), oscilando la diversidad de Shannon-Wiener (H’) entre 2,20 y 3,30. En las muestras estudiadas destaca la presencia de pocas especies comunes y de un elevado número de especies raras. Estas últimas pueden ser accidentales en estos fondos y comunes en otros hábitats próximos, pero otras, como Rugulina monterosatoi Aartsen y Bogi, 1987, Epitonium linctum (de Boury y Monterosato, 1890), Epitonium pseudonanum Bouchet y Warén, 1986, Strobiligera flammulata Bouchet y Warén, 1993, Cerithiopsis atalaya Watson, 1885, Cerithiopsis nofronii Amati, 1987 y Pseudobabylonella minima (Reeve, 1856), se consideran raras ya que no son frecuentes en ningún otro hábitat. La mayoría de las especies de moluscos encontradas en los fondos de cascajo de la isla de Alborán tienen una distribución atlántico-mediterránea, y están presentes normalmente en el Mediterráneo y en el Atlántico ibero-marroquí o más allá de esta zona. Se han encontrado dos especies de afinidad biogeográfica subtropical (costa occidental africana), cuya presencia es uno de los rasgos característicos del mar de Alborán: Mitrella pallaryi (Dautzenberg, 1891) y Nassarius denticulatus (A. Adams, 1852). Además, se ha recolectado viva una especie de reciente descripción, Trophonopsis alboranensis (Smriglio, Mariottini y Bonfitto, 1997), probablemente endémica de esta zona al no haberse encontrado fuera de la isla de Alborán. Los gasterópodos Anatoma aspera (Philippi, 1844), Xenophora crispa (König, 1825), Schilderia achatidea (Gray en G. B. Sowerby I, 1837), Trophonopsis alboranensis y Fusiturris similis (Bivona Ant. en Bivona And., 1838), así como los bivalvos Bathyarca pectunculoides (Scacchi, 1834), Similipecten similis (Laskey, 1811) y Parvamussium fenestratum (Forbes, 1844), entre otras especies, caracterizan el cascajo profundo en la plataforma de Alborán, y lo diferencian de los fondos coralígenos o de “maërl” adyacentes. Por su elevada diversidad y por ser un hábitat esencial para varias especies vulnerables (no sólo de moluscos), consideramos que los fondos de cascajo profundo deben ser incluidos en el Anexo I (Hábitats naturales de interés comunitario cuya conservación requiere la designación de zonas de especial conservación) de la Directiva 92/43/CEE de Hábitats, para lo cual se ha elaborado la correspondiente propuesta en el marco del proyecto LIFE+ INDEMARES. Universidad de Málaga. Campus de Excelencia Internacional Andalucía Tech.

Además de los autores especificados en el apartado correspondiente. Ha colaborado en la revisión del documento: Basterrachea, Natalia, como responsable de Facebook en España; el Equipo Jurídico y de Privacidad de TUENTI; Ruiz, Francisco, mánager Políticas Públicas y Asuntos Institucionales, Google España; Salmerón, María Angustias, Pediatra de la Unidad de Adolescencia Hospital Universitario La Paz de Madrid; Sánchez, Jesús María, Presidente de la Confederación Española de Asociaciones de Padres y Madres del Alumnado; Suárez-Quiñones, Juan Carlos, Subdelegado del Gobierno en León. Y por parte de INTECO han colaborado: Aldonza, María Soledad; Chinea, Jorge; García, Ruth; Gómez, Marcos; Pérez, Pablo; Ransán, Manuel; Santos, Ana. El año de publicación se ha extraído de la página de injuve (Instituto de la Juventud) La educación en aspectos de seguridad, privacidad, protección de los derechos de las personas, etc. es algo que se debe enseñar desde la infancia, ya que los menores acceden desde muy pequeños al mundo digital, las redes sociales, los teléfonos móviles, aplicaciones en smartphones, etc. La labor de los padres y educadores es primordial en la prevención de los riesgos. Su labor debe de ser la de enseñar y guiar a sus hijos/alumnos cuando comienzan su andadura por Internet. Sin embargo, en ocasiones son los propios padres los que desconocen los peligros reales a los que se pueden estar enfrentando sus hijos, cómo prevenirlos y educar a los menores para que no se vean afectados por los mismos o conocer los pasos a dar en el caso de haber sido víctima de alguno de ellos. Por ese motivo, hay dos riesgos que siempre han existido: el acoso escolar llevado entre alumnos o el acoso por parte de un adulto a un menor con fin sexual, que se han "adaptado" a las nuevas tecnologías bajo los nombres de cuberbullying o grooming. En la guía se muestran tanto aspectos educativos y preventivos, como de actuación ante este tipo de situaciones tanto con el acosador, como con el acosado. ESP

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The fauna of molluscs associated with deep subtidal Zostera marina beds (12-16 m) in southern Spain (Alboran Sea) has been characterised in terms of micro-habitat preference, feeding guilds and biogeographical affinity. The species list (162 taxa) is based on sampling completed before the strong eelgrass decline experienced in 2005-2006, using different methods (small Agassiz trawl covering 222 m2 and quadrates covering 0.06 m2) and different temporal scales (months, day/night). Dominant epifaunal species are Jujubinus striatus, Rissoa spp. and Smaragdia viridis in the leaf stratum and Nassarius pygmaeus, Bittium reticulatum and Calliostoma planatum on the sediment. Nevertheless, the infauna dominated the epifauna in terms of number of individuals, including mainly bivalves (Tellina distorta, T. fabula, Dosinia lupinus). The epifauna of both the sediment and leaf strata included high numbers of species, probably due to the soft transition between vegetated and unvegetated areas. The dominant feeding guilds were deposit feeders, filter feeders and peryphiton grazers, but ectoparasites (eulimids), seagrass grazers (Smaragdia viridis) and an egg feeder (Mitrella minor) also occurred, unlike in other eelgrass beds of Europe. The molluscan fauna of these Z. marina beds is essentially derived from the local fauna, which includes many widely distributed species along European coasts, with a low representation of strictly Mediterranean or strictly Atlantic species. This fauna is richer than that found in other eelgrass beds of Europe, and deserves important attention for conservation., La fauna de moluscos asociada a praderas infralitorales profundas de Zostera marina (12-16 m) del sur de España (mar de Alborán) ha sido caracterizada en relación a su micro-hábitat preferente, grupo trófico y distribución biogeográfica. El listado faunístico (162 especies) se obtuvo antes de la fuerte regresión sufrida entre los años 2005 y 2006, usando diferentes métodos (pequeño patín de Agassiz que muestreaba 222 m2 y cuadrantes que muestreaban 0.06 m2) y escalas temporales (meses, día/noche). Las especies dominantes asociadas al estrato foliar son Jujubinus striatus, Rissoa spp. y Smaragdia viridis y al sedimento son Nassarius pygmaeus, Calliostoma planatum y Bittium reticulatum, entre otras. No obstante, la endofauna domina a la epifauna, incluyendo principalmente bivalvos como Tellina distorta, T. fabula y Dosinia lupinus. La epifauna asociada al sedimento y al estrato foliar tiene una gran riqueza de especies, probablemente debido a la suave transición entre zonas cubiertas y no cubiertas. Los grupos tróficos dominantes fueron los depositívoros, filtradores o ramoneadores, pero ectoparásitos (eulímidos) y consumidores de fanerógamas marinas (Smaragdia viridis) o de puestas (Mitrella minor) también estuvieron presentes al contrario que en otras praderas de Z. marina de Europa. La fauna de moluscos asociados a Z. marina proviene del gran grupo de especies presentes en la zona, e incluye fundamentalmente especies de amplia distribución a lo largo de las costas europeas, con una baja representación de especies estrictamente Mediterráneas o Atlánticas. Esta fauna es más rica que la encontrada en otras praderas de Z. marina de Europa, lo cual reclama medidas eficientes para una mejor conservación medioambiental de este tipo de hábitat.