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INTRODUCTION Brain tumors are a unique and heterogeneous group of tumors with which face a variety of specialties, mostly oncologists, neurologists and neurosurgeons. Due to their specific location all brain tumors are malignant, regardless of their malignant potential, because any expansion process within the skull, increased intracranial pressure and destruction of surrounding structures, which can cause neurological, quantitative disturbances of consciousness or death. GOAL The goal of this study was to record neoplastic processes of the central nervous system in patients of Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University in the twenty-year period (January 1st 1990-December 31st 2009). The study was partly retrospective and partly prospective determined by three time periods. MATERIAL AND METHODS We reviewed medical records and documentation of patients treated at Neurology Clinic, which has 102 beds. All patients' data were collected using a specially designed questionnaire for this study. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The number of secondary tumor process for the period 2000-2005 is greater than in the period 1990-1999, while in the period 2000-2009 is increasing (17.2%-30.3%). The male-female ratio is 52:48. During the first two monitoring period there were statistically significantly more men, and in the last monitoring period there were more women. The mean patient's age was 60 years. The most common symptom was hemiparesis for all observed periods evaluated with standard diagnostic tests: CT and MRI. CONCLUSION We can conclude that CNS neoplasms in patients of Neurology Clinic, Clinical Center of Sarajevo University are present in the twenty-year period with total of 1.47%, and showed a decrease of 2.7% (1990-1999) to 0.47% for the period 2006-2009.

In 3 groups of patients with neoplasms plasma antioxidant activity was measured by the yield of TBA-reactive products generated in lecithin-Fe2+ model system. Patients with laryngeal, tongue, oropharyngeal, oral, and laryngopharyngeal tumors showed lower plasma antioxidant activity compared to patients with breast, lung, and bronchial cancer (p

We studied adhesive properties and physiological activity in vivo of cells from Lewis lung carcinoma and its metastases. These cells differed in tumorogenic activity and metastatic potential in the syngeneic system. In vivo non-metastasizing cells are characterized by a lower content of surface lectins to tetrasaccharides SiaLex [Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3) GlcNAcβ] and SiaLea [Neu5Acα2-3Galβ1-3(Fucα1-4)GlcNAcβ] and trisaccharide HSO3Lex [HSO32-3Galβ1-4(Fucα1-3)GlcNAcβ] compared to cells forming metastases in the syngeneic system. Metastatic cells with low tumorogenic activity weakly expressed lectins to disaccharide ligands 6-SiaLac [Neu5Acα2-6Galβ1-4Glc], 6-HSO3LacNAc, and A-di [GalNAcα 1-3Galβ] and trisaccharides H-type 1 [Fucα1-2Galβ1-3GlcNAc and Lex [Fucα1-3(Galβ 1-4)GlcNAc] compared to cells that initiated tumor formation in the syngeneic system (similarly to transplanted tumors). We hypothesized that cell receptors to these carbohydrate determinates are involved in the development and growth of primary tumors, while lectins to SiaLex, SiaLea, and HSO3Lex play a role in the progress of tumor process and metastasizing.

The results of studies of linear dichroism values of different types of biological tissues (human prostate, esophageal epithelial human muscle tissue in rats) both healthy and infected tumor at different stages of development are shown here. The significant differences in magnitude of linear dichroism and its spectral dependence in the spectral range λ = 330 - 750 nm both among the objects of study, and between biotissues: healthy (or affected by benign tumors) and cancer patients are established. It is researched that in all cases in biological tissues (prostate gland, esophagus, human muscle tissue in rats) with cancer the linear dichroism arises, the value of which depends on the type of tissue and time of the tumor process. As for healthy tissues linear dichroism is absent, the results may have diagnostic value for detecting and assessing the degree of development of cancer.

The growth of LS-lymphosarcoma in CBA mice was accompanied by a decrease in the content of the major extracellular inhibitor cystatin C in the tumor, plasma and, to a lesser extent, in tissued not involved in tumor process (liver and spleen). Cyclophosphamide in a dose of 50 mg/kg prolonged the life-span of animals and decreased tumor size by 80%. Cathepsin B and L activities in the tumor tissue increased by 3 and 7 times, respectively. Cystatin C content in the tumor tissue, spleen, and plasma also increased. Cystatin C assay in tumor tissue and plasma helps to predict the rate of tumor growth and to evaluate the efficiency of antitumor therapy.

Accelerated bone marrow cell death and activation of the sympathoadrenal system were observed during aging of highly leukemic 2-7-month-old AKR/JY mice compared to that in (CBA/CaLacxAKR/JY)F1 strain. Close correlation was revealed between activity of the sympathoadrenal system and necrotic and apoptotic forms of cell death. This can promote tumor process, because maximum changes in hemopoietic cells occur during advanced stage of the disease.

The content of calmodulin in chondrosarcomas was notably lower in patients with early relapses or generalized tumor process in comparison with patients without postoperation relapses. The mean level of calmodulin in chondrosarcomas virtually did not depend on patient's sex and age and tumor location in bones. There was a tendency to an inverse correlation between calmodulin level in chondrosarcoma and the degree of tumor differentiation. The highest level of calmodulin was detected in the cytosolic fraction of chondrosarcomas containing no estrogen and androgen receptors.

A study of a malignant disease in rabbits has been made with reference to the presence or absence of a filterable virus, Virus III, in the tumor. The results are analyzed from the standpoint of certain characteristic features of the tumor process in order to determine any differences in degrees of malignancy. It was found that a more severe disease developed in the series in which the virus-bearing tumor was used than in the series in which the tumor was free of the virus, although the differences were not very marked and were not entirely constant. The influence of Virus III as a factor affecting malignancy has been discussed from the standpoint of its possible effect upon (α) the tumor cells and (b) the host reaction. It has been suggested that the greater malignancy of the pathological process usually induced by the virus-bearing tumor is attributable to a change in the response of the host to the tumor, which change is of the nature of a decreased resistance associated with the reaction of the host to the virus infection.

Cytogenetic analysis of blood lymphocytes of a patient with prolymphocytic lymphosarcoma performed by the method of G-differential chromosome staining before the beginning of specific antitumor therapy revealed 5 metaphases (of 50 metaphases studied) with the following unknown aberration: 46,XY, t(13;17)(q22;p13). This aberration is supposed to be associated with the development of tumor process.

Objective – to assess the clinical and prognostic values of the cystostomy in patients with prostate cancer after hormonal or combined (ADT + radiation therapy) treatment. Materials and methods. In the study included 185 prostate cancer patients with cystostomy. In all cases patients was treat hormonal or ADT + radiation. The dependence of frequency cystostomy from baseline characteristics of the tumor was assessed. The effect of cystostomy also were compared with survival rates in patients depending on the tumor process. Results. It was found that the frequency cystostomy in patients with prostate cancer significantly increases with the volume of the prostate, and the clinical tumor category, Gleason score do not have significant effect on the frequency of cystostomy. The enhancement of overall survivance in patients with generalized prostate cancer was founded in case of cystostomy removed. There was no significant differences in overall survivance rates in patients with localized and locally advanced prostate cancer after hormonal and hormonoradiation treatment.

Sarcomas in the head and neck are rare, and account for approximately 5-15% of all sarcomas in adults, is less than 1% of all neoplasms of the head and neck. Due to anatomical and physiological features of the structure of the nasopharynx, surgical treatment of tumors of this localization is associated with a number of technical difficulties, the high risk of non-radical removal of the tumor, it was therefore necessary for adequate surgical access. The article describes video-assisted access for removal of tumors of the nasopharynx with good visualization of the tumor process simultaneously after laryngectomy with the formation of pharyngotomy, providing the opportunity to monitor the postoperative area of the nasopharynx and early detection of continued tumor growth in patients with soft tissue sarcoma of the nasopharynx and combined lesions of the larynx.

В обзоре приведены данные о строении молекул клеточной адгезии кадгеринов, их роли в развитии организма и при прогрессировании злокачественной опухоли. Описаны кадгерины, которые, как считают, играют наиболее важную роль в развитии опухолевого процесса: Е-, Р-, N-кадгерин, относящиеся к классическим кадгеринам I типа, а также VE-кадгерин, относящийся к кадгеринам II типа. Особое значение уделено сигнальным механизмам с участием кадгеринов и ассоциированных с кадгеринами молекул, реализующимся в организме в норме и при опухолевой трансформации клеток. Ключевые слова: кадгерины, рак молочной железы, сигнальные пути, канцерогенез. The review gives data on the structure of cadherin cell adhesion molecules, their role in the body’s development and malignant tumor progression. It describes cadherins that are considered to play the most important role in the development of a tumor process: E-, P-, and N-cadherins that belong to type I classical cadhedrins and VE-cadhedrin that does to type II cadherins. Particular emphasis is placed on the signal mechanisms with involvement of cadherins and cadherin-related molecules, which are realized in the body in health and in tumor transformation of cells.

Infrared laser radiation of low intensity in exposition dose of 25-35 mJicm2 does not cause progress the tumor process. Moreover, disturbing the blood flow in the tumor due to changing synthesis of norepinephrine and histamine this radiation contributes to the damage of the tumor tissue accompanied by the beginning of adaptation reaction in the organism.© (2005) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

The issues of early diagnosis and effective treatment of malignant neoplasms are of vital importance for the Urals region which in 1950-1960 became the site of several radiation incidents with the resultant overexposures of dozens of thousands of residents who have manifested increased risks of leukemia and solid cancer incidence. The present study has demonstrated the efficacy of the method of laser-correlation spectrometry (LCS) of blood plasma and serum for early diagnosis of malignant neoplasms and prediction of relapses of tumor following radical treatment. The LCS method is characterized by a sufficiently high diagnostic sensitivity in relation to malignant tumors. It has been established that LC spectra obtained for patients with malignant neoplasms differ significantly from those for patients with non-cancer pathology of the same sites. The LCS methodology has manifested a sufficiently high prognostic sensitivity (76.6%) in relation to complete regression after radical treatment and progression (78.0%) of the tumor process. A positive prognostic criterion of the course of a malignant neoplasm after radical treatment in patients without relapse and metastases is a statistically significant (p

New methods for analyzing clinical data for oncological patients are developed. These data are considered as observed variables of the mathematical tumor model. The connection between a mortality index and individual dynamics of the observed data is discussed. This approach allows the clinically unexpressed part of the tumor process to be observed, and it also allows the process to be examined during treatment. >

e13027 Background: Metastases in the brain is a rare complication of the tumor process in patients (pts) with ovarian cancer. About 1–2% of all pts with ovarian cancer develop BM, leading to a poor prognosis and a median survival of 18 years with ECOG performanse status (PS) of 0–2. From November 2005 to January 2014, 10 pts with ovarian cancer and BM were enrolled in this study. 7 pts (70%) had extracranial lesions. We studied the effectiveness of various treatment regimens: 5 pts received paclitaxel + carboplatin, 2 pts received topotecan, 3 pts received cyclophosphan + carboplatin, until radiologically-verified progressive disease. The primary endpoints were objec...

e20580 Background: Multifactorial etiology of tumor process, the demand for effective methods of treatment, diagnosis and prognosis of complications, as well as important role of personal features ...

Aim To improve the results of the treatment of patients with locally spread oral cavity tumors, spreading onto neighboring anatomic structures, including skull base. Materials and methods We proposed the variant of combined treatment of patients with head and neck tumors, including expanded operations, intraoperative radiotherapy and reconstruction-at-once in the case of primary and recurrent tumors after surgical, radiation, combined, complex treatment, just as their repeated coalition. We accumulated experience of 55 patients’ treatment, for whom block resections were conducted, together with intraoperative radiotherapy in radiation doze 15 Gray (52 patients) and in radiation doze 25 Gray in the conditions of gas hypoxia (three patients). For all the patients the spread of tumor process corresponded to T4 symbol. In 32 cases for reconstruction-at-once we used the method of microsurgical tissue autotransplantation, in 23 observations locally-relocated flaps were used. Results The complications appeared in 41.2% of cases, the complications predominated in the group of patients with intracranial expansion of a tumor. Total survival rate was for 3 years – 23.3 ± 6.3%; for 5 years – 14.8 ± 7.0%. At the same time, there was observed reliable difference in the survival rate of patients with recurrent and primary tumors. 3 year survival rate with recurrent tumors was 15.6 ± 2.3%; with primary tumors – 39.7 ± 1.7%; 5 year survival rate – 10.41 ± 5% and 23.8 ± 1.4% correspondingly.

In 20 patients with stomach cancer the total and effective concentrations of blood albumin were measured using a fluorescent probe and albumin binding reserve was calculated. These parameters in two groups of patients (with local and disseminated process) differed significantly. Evaluation of the effective concentration and albumin binding reserve in cancer patients gives additional valuable information about patient's status. The effective concentration of albumin below 30 g/liter and albumin binding reserve below 70% can be regarded as a prognostically unfavorable sign indicating more extensive dissemination of the tumor process.

The paper examines the biological reasoning of the Gompertz model for tumor growth: the increase and loss rates of the tumor volume are both proportional to the volume itself. The statement is proved mathematically. The theoretical foundation is therefore established, this ensures the application of the Gompertz model as an effective aid for the understanding of the experimental and clinical tumor process.

1-Out of 1531 autopsies at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, recorded in the Section of Pathology of «Instituto OSWALDO CRUZ», we found three cases of primary carcinoma of the lung, which gives the incidence of 0,195 per cent. They were not associated with tuberculos's and anthracos's was not marked. 2-The gross and microscopical features indicate that they are in reality primary cancers of the larger bronchi arising probably, from the bronchial lining epithelium. There is a striking similarity both macro and microscopical in Cases I and II, where the structure is that of cylindrical cell alveolar carcinoma. Mucus formation was never a prominent feature in these tumors. As in HENRICI's case they apparently invade the lung along the alveolar wall in more or less considerable extension retaining the alveolar septa as stroma. In case III the structure is that of squamous cell carcinoma, and the tumor mass, usually ulcerating, lies in the immediate vicinity of the bronchi, the extension to the lung tissue being not widespread. 3-Cases IV and V are tumors of the lower and median portion of the trachéa, squamous cell carcinoma in structure, which form marked contrast with the tumors originating in the larger bronchi: the tumor process never invades the lung parenchyma by continuous extension. In Case V extension to the mediastinal lymph-nodes is observed, and a tumor of the size of an orange is found in the anterior mediastinum: that tumor mass and the upper lobe of the right lung were only adherent by fibrous tissue of inflammatory origin and the tumor did not extend into the lung tissue.

Consecutive weekly observations on the lymphocyte and monocyte counts of the peripheral blood were made on 5 groups of normal rabbits, a total of 45 animals, during a period of 20 months from October, 1927 to July, 1929. Individual groups were examined 8 to 35 weeks. The results are analyzed on the basis of the mean group values of each week. In the case of the 4 groups followed 13 to 35 weeks, there was a general tendency for the lymphocyte mean values to become increased; with the group observed 8 weeks, the level of mean values showed little change. The general trend of the monocyte mean values was also in the direction of higher levels but it was less pronounced than that of the lymphocytes. The period of greatest irregularity in the mean values of the lymphocytes was in the late winter and spring months of both years. With the monocytes, periods of fluctuating values occurred in the fall of 1927, the spring and early summer of 1928, and in the late winter, spring, and early summer of 1929. There was a certain degree of parallelism in the case of two groups examined during the same months with respect to the direction and time of occurrence of a change in the level of lymphocyte and monocyte mean values. The general levels of lymphocyte and monocyte mean values in the groups examined during 1927–28 were higher than in the groups of 1928–29. The results based upon the trends of mean group values obtained from consecutive weekly observations showed no evidence of a consistent numerical relationship between lymphocytes and monocytes.

Summary1. Lymphoid tumor development in irradiated C57BL mice was inhibited specifically by isologous marrow: homologous marrow, including F1 hybrid marrow, was incapable of inhibiting the tumor process in C57BL mice after sublethal radiation exposures. 2. F1 (C57BL x BALB) hybrid mice were protected against radiation-induced lymphomas by compatible marrow. The protection was essentially equal, whether the marrow injected was from F1 hybrid or from either parental strain. The similarity between these results and those previously reported with respect to marrow-mediated thymic weight regeneration is discussed. Since host immune reactions to incompatible cells are not abolished at these radiation dose levels, it is inferred that these effects of marrow injection require persistent presence of viable marrow cells. 3. A number of lymphomas were tested for transplantability into various strains. Of those tested, none arising in C57BL mice injected with homologous marrow were found to be other than C57BL tumors...

The dominant factor determining treatment policy, when considering radiotherapy of a neoplastic disorder, is the biologic nature of the tumor process in relation to its spatial configuration. This is also the important factor determining curative tumor dose. With the exception of very small tumors and certain important radiosensitive conditions, it is the effect on normal tissues which defines the limits of irradiation and which effectively determines the prescription of dosage. The relationship between dose and volume is basic to this discussion and is considered with particular reference to the integrity of mesenchyme. When comparing the radiosensitivities of tumor and host tissues, it is important to compare like with like. The ultimate effect on a tumor is measured functionally, in terms of suppressing the only function by which the tumour is recognized--its capacity for indefinite proliferation--and reflected in 5- and 10-year cure rates. The effects on normal tissues should therefore be similarly measured in dynamic terms of the final functional state rather than on any transient structural appearance. These features are considered in relation to three different clinical situations: certain radiosensitive tumors, accessible primary tumors of limited sensitivity, and large tumors situated deeply. It is emphasized that curative treatment requires careful clinical appraisal of all the relevant features in each individual patient. The state of both tumor and host reaction may change significantly during the period of treatment and there is no alternative to continuous clinical observation using all the ancillary aids available.

IRRADIATION remains the chief resource in the treatment of Hodgkin's disease. Surgery is worth considering only in the earliest stages of those rare cases in which the apparent first focus of the disease is limited to an accessible group of lymph nodes. Even in such cases, early additional treatment of the affected zone and contiguous lymph node areas by irradiation seems imperative. All the attempts to prove various theories of the cause of Hodgkin's disease and to devise, based on those theories, more or less specific methods of constitutional treatment, have failed to produce results sufficiently impressive to lead to abandonment of radiation therapy. That fact stands as the best proof of the actual lack of general value of any of these proposed constitutional methods. However, the search for etiology and a possible specific constitutional remedy should be pursued, for there is much about Hodgkin's disease that forbids its classification strictly as a tumor process, and that indicates that it begins, a...

Gliomatosis cerebri is a rare condition characterized by diffuse overgrowth of large portions of the brain and spinal cord by glial cells in varying stages of differentiation. The tumor process is primarily an infiltrative, rather than a destructive one. Hence, pre-operative diagnosis by traditional imaging studies, including computed tomography (CT), has been difficult. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), with its unique sensitivity for cerebral pathology, is an ideal modality for demonstrating this lesion. We present three cases of gliomatosis cerebri in which high-field MRI clearly delineates the extent of the pathologic process.

Se ha efectuado un estudio de 81 casos de carcinoma primitivo y metastásico del pulmón, observados en un año y medio, de los cuales corresponden 20 a carcinoma broncogénico y 61 a diferentes variedades de tumores metastásicos pulmonares. De estos hemos presentado solamente uno o dos casos de cada una de las diferentes variedades radiológicas de carcinoma primitivo del pulmón. También se ha presentado tres casos de lesiones inflamatorias o benignas, que simulaban un proceso tumoral y por último dos casos de coexistencia de lesión inflamatoria y carcinomatosa. Creemos haber presentado suficientes datos objetivos para demostrar que el radiólogo interpretando las diferentes imágenes densas pulmonares, de aspecto tumoral, no puede, ni debe hacer un diagnóstico etiológico, por la radiografía simple desde que no existe criterio patonogmónico de lesiÂn neoplásica pulmonar, pero por otro lado creo también que es obligación del radiólogo ayudar y orientar al clínico, haciendo una o varias presunciones diagnósticas, sin temor a equivocarse, ya que el clínico con la ayuda de los demás exámenes auxiliares, se formará el criterio diagnóstico definitivo y creo que, procediendo en esta forma, ya hemos cumplido nuestro papel de valioso y eficáz colaborador del clínico., Has completed a study of 81 cases of early and metastatic lung carcinoma, seen in a year and a half, of which 20 correspond to bronchogenic carcinoma and 61 different varieties of pulmonary metastatic tumors. Of these we have presented only one or two cases of each of the different varieties radiological primary carcinoma of the lung. It also has three cases of inflammatory or benign lesions simulating a tumor process and finally two cases of coexistence of inflammatory and carcinomatous injury. We have presented sufficient objective data to demonstrate that the radiologist interpreting images dense different lung, tumor-like, can or should not do an etiologic diagnosis, plain radiographs since there is no criterion lesiÂn patonogmónico neoplastic lung, but on the other hand I also believe that it is the duty of the radiologist to help and guide the clinician, making one or several diagnostic assumptions, without equivocation, as the clinician with the help of other ancillary tests, definitive diagnostic criteria will form and I think, proceeding in this way, we have fulfilled our role as collaborator valuable and effective clinician.

A total of 181 prostatic cancer patients under radiation monotherapy were tested for the therapeutic effect of pelvic lymphadenectomy (PLA). Sixty-seven belonging to the pN0 category formed a highly selective group and presented a 89% rate of 7-year survival. Localized radiation therapy with pelvic irradiation (81 patients) with conventional exclusion of lymphogenic macrometastases in the probable presence of micrometastases produced equally good results. Extended pelvic irradiation in cases of conventionally verified regional lymphogenic macrometastases remained without therapeutic effect. The combination of PLA with pelvic irradiation, when regional metastases have already occurred (23 patients), may be suited for localizing the tumor process, since the survival rates showed no significant difference compared to those of the pN0 group. For that reason and also because of the difficulty in determining the N category accurately by conventional methods, it is recommended to perform PLA prior to radiation monotherapy.

During the last two years the Huntington Cancer Research Fund has been, in part, devoted to the study of a tumor which occurs naturally in dogs. This tumor, under the name of "infectious lymphosarcoma," has been the subject of investigation and observation at other laboratories during recent years, and because of its ease of transplantation it affords a splendid opportunity to study experimentally the tumor process in a large animal. Nearly all the opinions in regard to the nature of the growth support the belief that it is a neoplasm, and the term infectious has been applied to it, because the tumor occurs naturally on the genital organs and may be transmitted by coitus. The process has been called by a few pathologists, notably Bashford, an infectious granuloma, comparable in many respects to syphilis. Very early in our study of the growth we realized the necessity of having additional information

We describe a case in which a nodular fasciitis tumor process caused vascular impairment in the right femoral region, two weeks after a coronary angiography in which the right femoral artery had been punctured. Nodular fasciitis is a benign tumor of fibrous origin and has been associated with antecedent trauma. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) due to a nodular fasciitis tumor process has never been reported previously.