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Background: Gestational diabetes (GDM) increases risk for type 2 diabetes seven fold. Women with a history of GDM should be screened for diabetes at 4-12 weeks postpartum and every 1-3 years thereafter. We aimed to characterize factors associated with diabetes screening by 12 weeks and 1 year postpartum in a cohort of low-income women with GDM. Methods: A retrospective cohort of 1078 women with GDM who delivered from 2010-2015 was generated by linking electronic health record data from 21 Missouri Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs) with Medicaid administrative claims. Screening rates for diabetes were calculated within 12 weeks and one year of delivery. Two multivariable logistic regression models were constructed to determine associations with recommended screening at these time points. Models were adjusted for age, race/ethnicity, comorbidities, prenatal care, previous birth, and distance from home to health center. Results: Median age was 28 years and 64% of women were racial and ethnic minorities (41% black non-Hispanic). Recommended postpartum screening occurred in 9.7% of women by 12 weeks and 18.9% by 1 year. At 12 weeks and 1 year postpartum, having a prenatal certified diabetes educator visit (12 weeks: aOR 1.9 95% CI 1.1-3.5; 1 year aOR 2.2 95% CI 1.3-3.5) and prior medication for GDM (12 weeks: aOR 2.5 95% CI 1.4-4.3; 1 year aOR 2.7 95% CI 1.7-4.2) were strongly associated with diabetes screening. At 1 year, living in an area with public transportation increased odds of screening two-fold (aOR 2.0 95% CI 1.1-3.8) and each additional encounter with the health system after delivery increased odds of screening by 16% (95% aOR 11-21%). Discussion: Multiple factors are associated with postpartum screening for diabetes in populations with limited resources. Future interventions to increase screening should focus on enhancing access to prenatal certified diabetes education and addressing barriers related to transportation and health system access. Disclosure C.J. Herrick: Stock/Shareholder; Spouse/Partner; Cardinal Health. Y. Yan: None. A. Trolard: None. B.P. Cooper: None. M. Keller: None. M.A. Olsen: Consultant; Self; Pfizer Inc. Research Support; Self; Merck & Co., Inc., Pfizer Inc., Sanofi Pasteur. Funding National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (1P30DK092950, UL1TR000448, KL2TR000450); National Center for Advancing Translational Science (KL2TR002346, UL1TR002345); Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R24HS19455); National Cancer Institute (KM1CA156708)

Supplemental material, STD880379 Supplemental Material for Undertreatment of chlamydia and gonorrhea among pregnant women in the emergency department by Eleanor P Bergquist, Anne Trolard, Anne S Kuhlmann, Travis Loux, Stephen Y Liang, Bradley P Stoner and Hilary Reno in International Journal of STD & AIDS

International audience; As there exists extended solid solutions between ferrous and magnesian silicates, experiments were conducted to check if ferrous and magnesian hydroxides can co-precipitate in a solid solution. Results show that no solid solution forms and instead Fe(II) and Mg(II) hydroxides precipitate separately with the same solubilities as pure components. However, in fougerite, F(III), Fe(II) and Mg(II) coexist in a brucitic type hydroxide, with an extended solid solution. This implies that fougerite formation results from Fe(III) precipitation, Fe(III) being surrounded by divalent Fe(II) and Mg(II) to comply with the exclusion rule: Fe(III) ions cannot be direct neighbours. Consequently, Fe(III)-Fe(II)-Mg(II) smectites cannot form by oxidation of a ferrous-magnesian brucitic layer, but by silication of fougerite. The impossibility of formation of a solid solution between Fe(II) hydroxide and Mg(II) hydroxide, while their electric charge and ionic radii are identical can be explained by the differences of electronegativities of the elements. Fe(II) and Mg(II) can dimerize separately in aqueous solution, but an heterodimer cannot form.

International audience; Analysis of long-term data of groundwater levels is required to provide an insight into the reaction of groundwater resources to climate variability, land use changes, human activities and consumption. In recent decades the increasing use of groundwater and natural extremes had resulted in lowering of its level in large parts of the world. In addition, it has been increasingly threatened in quantity and quality. For maintaining sustainability of groundwater resources, it is important to understand aquifer storage change in long-term. Many studies had showed under different conditions how groundwater levels change with time. This review presents long-term variations of aquifer quantity worldwide. It shows three aspects: main factors that impact groundwater level variations, applied methods to evaluate these variations and the situation of groundwater.

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Fougerite (IMA 203-057), from green rust (GR) group, is difficult to quantify due to its reactivity and its small concentration in soils and sediments. Chemical extractions with citrate-bicarbonate (CB) reagent, in kinetic mode, can be used for a pre-diagnosis. Performed by steps (0, 1, 6, 48, 168 and 504 h), the proposed protocol was applied on samples from Gleysol of Fougère’s forest with mineralogical controls by Mössbauer and XRD (X-ray diffraction) after each step of extraction. In less than 6 h, the first fraction extracted is composed of 70% Si, 80% Al, 23% Fe and 80% Mg of total element extractable by CB and is ascribed to the “indefinable mineral mixture Si-Al-Fe” named by Tamm. Between 6 and 168 h, the second fraction extracted is composed of Fe and Mg with a constant mole ratio Fe/Mg equal to 10 and is ascribed to the fougerite-GR phase. Analysis of XRD pattern and of Mössbauer spectra confirms: (i) all the other mineral phases containing Al, Mg, Si were not dissolved by CB after 6 h, (ii) the CB treatment extracts fougerite-GR completely. The residual fraction is composed of components not dissolved by CB extraction. Thus, the selectivity of CB can be used to quantitatively estimate the presence of fougerite-GRs in soils and sediments.

Facing global changes and the challenge of food security, scientists are being questioned by decision-makers and stakeholders on the sustainability of agro-systems. The main difficulty in dealing with this question is to obtain enough data over long periods of time. Monitoring slow drifts and weak noises is needed to forecast tipping points that can jeopardize the present steady state. High-resolution datations by radiocarbon coupled with detailed palynological determinations in sediments, historical archives on yields and crop quality, and high-frequency field in situ measurements give information on climatic changes from multi-secular to seasonal and hourly time scales. In the long term, climatic forcing dominates agriculture performance, at that time only organic agriculture, with oscillations between prosperity and misery driven by climate and intermediated by civilization flourishing and collapsing; in the medium term, in modern agriculture, irrigation provides a provisional buffering effect on yield and crop quality despite present warming; in the short term, either under non-fertilized forested ecosystem or intensive rice cropping, the same patterns are evidenced and point to the importance of soil microflora shifting from aerobiosis to anaerobiosis. In all cases, geochemistry offers appropriate tools to decipher the climate-soil-agriculture complex interplay.

Green rusts, fougerite and porto-oxyhydroxides: a reevaluation of their relationships on the basis of a consistent set of thermodynamic data for iron.. Goldschmidt 2017

Many works show that green rusts are more complex synthetic compounds than previously considered and that their composition extends towards oxyhydroxides, by an oxolation process incompatible with the “true” green rust structure. This work aims to reevaluate structural formulas of GRs and to separate true GRs from “protooxyhydroxides” ; It is proposed to consider as “true” GRs those compounds in which sheets consist of a brucitic layer, with an ideal structural formula [FeII 1−xFeIII x (OH)2]+x [A* nH2O]−x where 1/4 ≤ x ≤ 1/3. For compounds in which 1/3 ≤ x ≤ 1, the mineral undergoes a progressive oxolation. The excess positive charge is neutralized locally so that the global sheet charge remains constant, namely 1/3 with a different structural formula [FeII 1−xFeIII x (OH)7/3−xOx−1/3] 1/3 [A*nH2O]−1/3 . These latter compounds are not Green Rusts, as they are not hydroxides, but intermediate products between true GRs and oxyhydroxides, we propose to refer to as proto- oxyhydroxides. The final product of the partial oxolation is lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) for x between 2/3 and 1. The implications on pathways of formation of Fe oxides are then drawn.; De nombreux travaux montrent que les rouilles vertes sont des composés synthétiques plus complexes que précédemment et que leur composition s'étend vers les oxyhydroxydes, par un processus d'oxolation incompatible avec la structure de rouille verte "vraie". Ce travail a pour objectif de réévaluer les formules structurales des GR et de distinguer entre les vraies GR et les "protoxyhydroxydes"; Il est proposé de considérer comme "vraies" GR les composés dans lesquels les feuillets sont constitués d'une couche brucite, avec une formule structurale idéale [FeII 1−x FeIII x (OH)2]+x [A* nH2O]−x où 1/4 ≤ x ≤ 1/3. Pour les composés où 1/3 ≤ x ≤ 1, le minéral subit une oxolation progressive. La charge positive en excès est neutralisée localement de sorte que la charge globale du feuillet reste constante, c'est-à-dire 1/3 avec [FeII 1−x FeIII x (OH)7/3−x Ox−1/3] 1/3 [A*nH2O]−1/3. Ces derniers composés ne sont pas des Rouilles puisqu'ils ne sont pas des hydroxydes, mais des produits intermédiaires entre les vrais GR et les oxyhydroxydes, que nous proposons de désigner sous le nom de protoxyhydroxydes. Le produit final de l'oxolation partielle est la lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) pour x entre 2/3 et 1. Les implications sur les voies de formation des oxydes de Fe sont ensuite établies.

International audience; Rice is cultivated as staple for over half of the World's population. In Camargue (South of France) rice fields have been established on very young soils developed from historic fluvial deposits of the Rhône River. The comparison of clay mineralogy in a paddy field cultivated for 60 years and in a control shows a significant increase of the clay crystallinity in the paddy field soil, which implies a decrease of their solubility. In the paddy soils, phytoliths, poorly crystallized clays, such as smectite and to a lesser extent kaolinite, are progressively dissolved to supply Si for rice requirements. The sustainability of the crop system requires the clearing of silica exportations.

Fougerite (IMA 2003-057) is a layered double hydroxysalt, the natural mineral of green rusts (GRs) and has been observed as a major iron phase in hydromorphic soils and several reductic environments. Its general formula is [Fe1−x 2+ Mgy 2+ Fex 3+(OH)2+2 y ]x+[(x)OH−,mH2O]x− where x=Fe3+/Fetot.. Natural GRs in the environment are difficult to study due to their reactivity and their small concentration. Chemical extractions with citrate-bicarbonate (CB), and mineralogical controls by XRD and Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) were performed at different times of contact (0, 1, 6, 48, 168 and 504 h). This protocol was applied on soil samples taken in a reductic horizon at 80 cm depth of the Gleysol where fougerite was originally characterized. Kinetic extraction of Si by CB reached slowly 1.8% of absolute total concentration in the soil after 504 h. Al extracted by CB increased quickly to 9.4% until 6 h and then gradually until 48 h to reach 12% and stayed constant until 504 h. Fe and Mg increased quickly respectively to 23% and 56% after 6 h and then gradually and linearly to 97% and 69%. Kinetic extractions by CB reveal two distinct mineral compartments: - a first mineral form of Si-Al with Fe and Mg as minors; - then fougerite with a very nice congruence with Mg, showing that fougerite contains about 10% of Mg. After 168 h, CB extraction on the initial sample did not affect significantly any of the main peaks of the XRD patterns. MS on initial soil sample before CB treatment showed characteristic hyperfine interaction parameters of fougerite- GR, with x=Fe3+/Fetot. mole ratio of 0.43. After 6 and 48 h of CB extraction, x mole ratios were respectively 0.406 and 0.346. After 168 and 504 h of CB treatments, spectra did not show any peak. This disappearance of fougerite-GR, attested by MS, and the dynamics of iron extraction by CB in kinetics proved the selectivity of CB procedure to dissolve fougerite. (Texte intégral)

Many works show that green rusts are more complex synthetic compounds than previously considered and that their composition extends towards oxyhydroxides, by an oxolation process incompatible with the “true” green rust structure. This work aims to reevaluate structural formulas of GRs and to separate true GRs from “protooxyhydroxides” ; It is proposed to consider as “true” GRs those compounds in which sheets consist of a brucitic layer, with an ideal structural formula [FeII 1−xFeIII x (OH)2]+x [A* nH2O]−x where 1/4 ≤ x ≤ 1/3. For compounds in which 1/3 ≤ x ≤ 1, the mineral undergoes a progressive oxolation. The excess positive charge is neutralized locally so that the global sheet charge remains constant, namely 1/3 with a different structural formula [FeII 1−xFeIII x (OH)7/3−xOx−1/3] 1/3 [A*nH2O]−1/3 . These latter compounds are not Green Rusts, as they are not hydroxides, but intermediate products between true GRs and oxyhydroxides, we propose to refer to as proto- oxyhydroxides. The final product of the partial oxolation is lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) for x between 2/3 and 1. The implications on pathways of formation of Fe oxides are then drawn., De nombreux travaux montrent que les rouilles vertes sont des composés synthétiques plus complexes que précédemment et que leur composition s'étend vers les oxyhydroxydes, par un processus d'oxolation incompatible avec la structure de rouille verte "vraie". Ce travail a pour objectif de réévaluer les formules structurales des GR et de distinguer entre les vraies GR et les "protoxyhydroxydes"; Il est proposé de considérer comme "vraies" GR les composés dans lesquels les feuillets sont constitués d'une couche brucite, avec une formule structurale idéale [FeII 1−x FeIII x (OH)2]+x [A* nH2O]−x où 1/4 ≤ x ≤ 1/3. Pour les composés où 1/3 ≤ x ≤ 1, le minéral subit une oxolation progressive. La charge positive en excès est neutralisée localement de sorte que la charge globale du feuillet reste constante, c'est-à-dire 1/3 avec [FeII 1−x FeIII x (OH)7/3−x Ox−1/3] 1/3 [A*nH2O]−1/3. Ces derniers composés ne sont pas des Rouilles puisqu'ils ne sont pas des hydroxydes, mais des produits intermédiaires entre les vrais GR et les oxyhydroxydes, que nous proposons de désigner sous le nom de protoxyhydroxydes. Le produit final de l'oxolation partielle est la lepidocrocite (γ-FeOOH) pour x entre 2/3 et 1. Les implications sur les voies de formation des oxydes de Fe sont ensuite établies.

Quels freins s'opposent à l'intégration des caractéristiques des sols dans les modes de gestion des sols urbains ?. Journée Mondiale des Sols

Since Horton in 1965, many authors have sought to aggregate different variables characterizing the state of water into a single value called Water Quality Index ( W Q I ). This index is intended to facilitate the operational management of water resources and their allocation for different uses. Detailed and operational description of the main W Q I calculations are here reviewed. The review contains: (1) an historical analysis of the evolution of W Q I calculation methods by looking both at the choice of variables, the methods of weighting and aggregating these variables into a final single value, (2) an illustration of the contradictions observed in the final result when, on the same database, the W Q I is calculated by different methods, (3) the significant progress possible via fuzzy logic to define a W Q I adapted to specific water use.

International audience; Changes in climate and land use affect water resources and agricultural production. It is important to document these changes and to provide prospective scenarios for improving knowledge and tools that will help stakeholders to anticipate their impacts and propose adaptations. The recharge of the aquifer in the Crau plain mainly depends on the irrigation, in excess, of grassland producing high quality hay. The sustainability of this system is challenged by possible decreases in water availability from the Durance River, the main water source for irrigation, and the decrease in irrigated grassland surfaces. We implemented a modelling system combining the STICS crop model, used in a distributed mode, and the MODFLOW aquifer model for analysing the evolution of hay production, aquifer recharge and water level in the aquifer. The modelling system was implemented for several scenarios concerning climate and land use evolutions, as well as water availability for irrigation, in a close future (2025-2035). The main results showed that the level of the aquifer is seriously threatened by a decrease in irrigation level, either because of a reduction of irrigated grassland surfaces, or because of a limitation of water availability for irrigation. Conversely, the hay production (in term of quantitative yield) would be enhanced by the increase in temperature, even in situation of reduction of irrigation.

International audience; In a context of increased land and natural resources scarcity, the possibilities for local authorities and stakeholders of anticipating evolutions or testing the impact of envisaged developments through scenario simulation are new challenges. PRECOS's approach integrates data pertaining to the fields of water and soil resources, agronomy, urbanization, land use and infrastructure etc. It is complemented by a socio-economic and regulatory analysis of the territory illustrating its constraints and stakes. A modular architecture articulates modeling software and spatial and temporal representations tools. It produces indicators in three core domains: soil degradation, water and soil resources and agricultural production. As a territory representative of numerous situations of the Mediterranean Basin (urban pressures, overconsumption of spaces, degradation of the milieus), a demonstration in the Crau's area (Southeast of France) has allowed to validate a prototype of the approach and to test its feasibility in a real life situation. Results on the Crau area have shown that, since the beginning of the 16th century, irrigated grasslands are the cornerstones of the anthropic-system, illustrating how successfully men's multi secular efforts have maintained a balance between environment and local development. But today the ecosystem services are jeopardized firstly by urban sprawl and secondly by climate change. Pre-diagnosis in regions of Emilia-Romagna (Italy) and Valencia (Spain) show that local end-users and policy-makers are interested by this approach. The modularity of indicator calculations and the availability of geodatabases indicate that PRECOS may be up scaled in other socio-economic contexts. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Global changes have to be taken into account to reach the objective of good water status, laid down by the European Water Framework Directive (2000/60/CE). The 2016-2021 master plan for water development and management of the Rhone-Mediterranean basin (SDAGE Rhône-Méditerranée) set the climate change adaptation as a new basic orientation of the water policy. For the local managers of water resources, this policy is difficult to implement because of a deficit of knowledge and methods. The Crau aquifer (550 km2) supplies water for 300,000 inhabitants, for major economic sectors and for agriculture. 70% of the aquifer recharge depend on irrigated grasslands (14,000 ha) with water derived from the Durance River. Located in coastal area, the south part of aquifer is sensitive to saltwater intrusions, which are mainly controlled by recharge conditions. But at medium term these recharge conditions could be affected by global changes, e.g. the decrease of water availability from the Durance River and the decrease of irrigated grassland surfaces due to urban sprawl. The local public manager of the Crau aquifer (SYMCRAU) has defined with the stakeholders an action plan ("contrat de nappe de la Crau") to anticipate global changes and propose adaptation solutions. Collaborations with research institutes have been developed to study global changes processes and better forecast their local impacts. A numerical model of surface drainages and groundwater flows allows quantifying the sensitivity of the resource to global changes. Special protection areas were identified to protect future of drinking water supply. Additional studies are scheduled to assess the impact of recharge decrease on saltwater intrusions and on wetland ecosystems. A project is planned to define the conditions for a sustainable adaption of irrigation practices to global changes. This program provides knowledge and methods to adjust policy to local challenges and to support stakeholders in its implementation.

Parametrization of crop model using a regional agronomical database: rice in camargue with STICS . International Crop Modelling Symposium

New samples were collected in the three major Saharan aquifers namely, the “Continental Intercalaire” (CI), the “Complexe Terminal” (CT) and the Phreatic aquifer (Phr) and completed with unpublished more ancient chemical and isotopic data. Instead of classical Debye-Hückel extended law, Specific Interaction Theory (SIT) model, recently incorporated in Phreeqc 3.0 was used. Inverse modeling of hydro chemical data constrained by isotopic data was used here to quantitatively assess the influence of geochemical processes: at depth, the dissolution of salts from the geological formations during upward leakage without evaporation explains the tran sitions from CI to CT and to a first pole of Phr (pole I); near the surface, the dissolution of salts from sebkhas by rainwater explains another pole of Phr (pole II). In every case, secondary precipitation of calcite occurs during dissolution. All Phr waters result from the mixing of these two poles together with calcite precipitation and ion exchange processes. These processes are quantitatively assessed by Phreeqc model. Globally, gypsum dissolution and calcite precipitation were found to act as a carbon sink.