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Résumé. — Après les travaux de Macquart (1834), Keilin (1912), Pierre (1924) et plus récemment de Thomas et Vaillant (1977), la faune des Trichocerides de France ne semblait comporter que 7 espèces sur les 25 signalées en Europe. Les auteurs présentent ici la phénologie de 11 espèces capturées dans le seul département du Puy-de-Dôme (Massif central français). Quatre de ces espèces sont nouvelles pour la faune de France : Trichocera forcipula, Trichocera implicata, Trichocera japónica, Trichocera major. Cette faune des Trichocerides de France peut être subdivisée en 2 groupes d'espèces : les espèces à large répartition qui occupent aussi la strate aérienne pendant presque toute l'année (de septembre à mai-juin) et les espèces sténothermes froides, strictement liées aux massifs montagneux, qui ne se rencontrent que brièvement à l'état imaginai (automne et hiver). Dans le premier groupe nous trouvons : Trichocera annulata, T. hiemalis, T. saltator, , T. regelationis et Trichocera maculipennis, et dans le le second : Trichocera forcipula, Trichocera dalhae, Trichocera implicata, Trichocera japónica, Trichocera major et Trichocera parva. Ces liens entre sténochronie et stenotopie d'une part et eurychronie et eurytopie d'autre part, ont été mis en évidence (Brunhes et Villepoux, sous presse) en ce qui concerne les Limonides des tourbières d'Auvergne., Krzeminska Ewa, Brunhes Jacques. Trichoceridae of Massif Central (France) (Dipt. Nematocera). In: Bulletin de la Société entomologique de France, volume 96 (1), mars 1991. pp. 49-54.

The list of crane flies (Diptera: Ptychopteridae, Tipuloidea, Trichoceridae) known from Great Smoky Mountains National Park is updated. Sampling in association with the All Taxa Biodiversity Inventory of Great Smoky Mountains National Park resulted in the addition of 107 new Park records, bringing the current list to 250 species. This species assemblage is much richer than those of surrounding areas, although similar in composition. Total richness is estimated to be between 450 and 500 species for Great Smoky Mountains National Park.

Nothotrichocera antarctica (Edwards), Nothotrichocera tonnoiri Alexander and Nothotrichocera tasmanica Alexander are redescribed and a new species of the cingulata-group, N. collessi, sp. nov., is described. The eleven species of Nothotrichocera belong in four well-defined groups of species, which have evolved in geographically isolated, circum-Antarctic regions. The unique positions of N. tonnoiri and N. tasmanica are stressed. A key to the species-groups is given and a phylogenetic analysis of the genus is presented.

In this paper the spermatozoon of the dipteran Phlebotomus is described. This sperm shows a “9+9+0” flagellar pattern and an acrosomal complex, including a vesicular acrosome and a perforatorium. This last model seems to be the most primitive in Diptera, having in almost all families a simple acrosome, devoid of perforatorium. To substantiate this view, the acrosomes in Trichoceridae, Ceratopogonidae, Tipulidae, Chironomidae, Mycetophilidae and Culicidae are described. The evolutionary trends of the dipteran acrosome are compared with those of the flagellum. The 2 organelles seem to have followed different evolutionary pathways. These results suggest Psychodidae to be a well-defined family, and Phlebotominae, which is highly divergent, possibly belonging to a different family.

The present study is based on 2542 specimens of crane‐fly adults collected at Salem Creek, Ontario, in 1977. The fauna consisted of two species of Ptychopteridae, one of Trichoceridae and 86 of Tipulidae. Eight species were aquatic, 22 semi‐aquatic and 59 terrestrial. The peak flight period of crane‐flies was highest in May, decreased gradually in May‐September and dropped suddenly in October‐December. Six groups of species were designated according to their seasonal flight periods. 94% of the species were univoltine. The most abundant species, Antocha saxicola (aquatic), comprising 48.5% of the crane-fly fauna, and Limnophila aprilina (semi-aquatic), 8.5%, were both bivoltine. Swarming was observed in only six species; each swarm was composed of two to three species of crane-flies. All aquatic forms lived in riffles, while semi-aquatic species colonised sand and mud flats. Comparisons were made between sampling techniques used. Malaise and emergence traps were more efficient when compared to swe...

The number of abdominal segments in Tipulomorpha and Bibionomorpha larvae and aduts is discussed. For Nematocera, the most primitive number of abdominal segments in both male and female larvae is nine. Reduction of the IX abdominal segment and its subsequent fusion with the VIII segment occurs in different phyletic lines in Nematocera and might have evolved several times. In Trichocera spp. nine abdominal segments are present. In the genital segments the main interrelationships in the position of the anus and some main innervation areas, especially the ventral lobes, and the derivatives of the genital primordia were followed during postembryonic reorganization by studying variously stained serial sections from all developmental stages from the first larval instar to the adult stage. Homologies between male and female derivatives of the IX segment genital primordium were established for Trichoceridae. The trichoceroid male claspers and female ovipositor were found to be of sternal origin and highly specialized structures. They appear to be unique features of the Tipulomorpha. Postembryonic development in Limonia nubeculosa Meigen, 1804 and Sylvicola cinctu (Fab-ricius, 1787) was studied in the same way. In Limonia males the trichoceroid functional system for grasping is present. In Anisopodidae (Sylvicola), another functional system for grasping has been evolved by the male, which only includes primordial derivatives. In the adults, fusion of the VIII and IX segments prevents development of outer clasping organs or special structures for egg guidance.

The systematic position of the family Trichoceridae, which includes 130 described species, about 110 of which are valid, is discussed and the family is placed near the Tipulidae. World distribution is given together with a diagnosis of the family, a key to the two subfamilies, five genera, and three subgenera. The annotated catalogue comprises all species described, journal of description, type museum, type material and locality, and the synonymies as establisched by the authors, especially for Holarctic species.

The family Tipulidae, comprising the subfamilies Tipulinae, Limoniinae, and Cylindrotominae (3), is the largest family in the Diptera, with 14,000 described species. A very old group of Diptera with many resemblances to the Mecoptera (118, 119), tipulids have a number of derived characters and are perhaps (with the Trichoceridae) the sister group of all other Diptera (56). Tipulids are characterized principally by wing venation, presence of a V-shaped mesonotal suture, deciduous legs, absence of ocelli, and, in larvae, a retractible hemicephalous head capsule. They also differ from other Nematocera in several less obvious characters such as the larval peritrophic membrane (102), sperm structure (5), and cerebral neurosecre­ tory cells (100). Tipulidae probably evolved from ancestors resembling or included in the Upper Jurassic Architipulidae (3), and Limoniinae and Tipulinae were differentiated in the mid-late Paleocene (137). Hennig (56) considers the Limoniinae and Tipulinae to be sister groups; Limoniinae have a distinctive karyotype (134) and aedeagal structure (35). The Cylindrotominae appears to be a relict group that was much better represented in the Tertiary (9); their larvae are distinctive and their tripartite aedeagus appears to represent a primitive condition from which the bipartite limoniine structure and unipartite tipuline condition may have been derived (35). According to Savchenko (119) archaic tipulids probably inhabited sub­ tropical forests, and Rohdendorf (118) states that the modern Tipulidea (Tipulidae and the small families Trichoceridae, Tanyderidae, and Ptychop­ teridae) reach their greatest diversity in the humid tropics. However, crane flies now occur over a very -wide range of latitude, although the distribution of individual species tends to be rather limited; they are common in far

Three new species of the genus Trichocera are described: T.(T.) implicata n.sp., T.(T.) mendli n.sp., both from northern Sweden and the western Alps, and T.(M.) candida n.sp. from the western Alps. The descriptions are based on males only. The material comes mainly from light-trap collections and it is difficult to assign the females to the species described. Whether T. implicata and T. mendli really represent a boreo-alpine element is uncertain as practically no collections of trichocerids from the mountainous parts of Central Europe exist.

Nothotrichocera antarctica is again recorded from Campbell Is., N. aucklandica n.sp. from Auckland Is., and Paracladura antipoda from these and Snares Is. to the south of the New Zealand mainland. A key to the genera found in N.Z. and these three species is presented. Larva and pupa of P. antipoda are described.

The larval tracheal system of species representative of certain families in the Diptera Nematocera, Brachycera, and Cyclorrhapha is discussed. Detailed descriptions are given of the larval systems of members of the families Psychodidae, Trichoceridae, Anisopidae, Scatopsidae, Bibionidae, Phoridae, and Calliphoridae. Attention is drawn to the fact that the dissimilarity between the tracheal systems of the species from the selected families--more particularly between the Diptera Nematocera and Cyclorrhapha--is superficial. The differences overlie what is in fact a series of tracheal systems in which the number and distribution of the main elements is remarkably constant. The homologies of these main elements in all three suborders are demonstrated. Correlation between the form of the central nervous system and the distribution of the tracheae is also shown. Each described system is analysed into its main constituents and represented by a ‘larval tracheal pattern’. On close examination the patterns or plans of each system in the various families are shown to conform to a ‘general plan’ common to all the species described, and probably representative of a general larval plan for the whole order; it is suggested that it approaches what must be the primitive distribution of tracheae in the Diptera. It is also suggested that this pattern may prove of phylogenetic importance should it be possible to discover similar generalized patterns for the other insect orders. It is shown how the plan can be used in interpreting previous descriptions by other workers. The results presented illustrate the stability and remarkable constancy of the basic pattern of the tracheal system throughout the main sub-divisions of the order. No correlation is seen between the form of the internal tracheal system and the variations shown by the spiracles, the elements of the tracheal system remaining constant in number and origin in all the species described. In a future paper it is proposed to describe the systems of species from the remaining nematoceran families; considerable deviation from this general plan is to be seen, but the systems can be interpreted in the light of the present results.

SUMMARY 1A species of Trichocera lives in the larval stage in cow pats, the larvae feeding on the dung. 2Although the definition of some of the species of Trichocera is difficult it is believed that the species associated with the cow dung is Trichocera saltator (Harris). Variation of the adult morphology is discussed. 3The larval stages feed and grow in the coldest months of the year, between October and February, despite the habitat often being completely frozen during frosts. 4The larvae enter a diapause in March and adults do not emerge until September or later. 5The length of life of the adult in the laboratory in the winter is from five to fifty-nine days. 6The adults appear to be most active at night. 7Different species of Trichocera in Britain may have different life histories.

The North American species of Trichoceridae belong to three genera, Diazosma Bergroth (subsinuata Alexander), Paracladura Brunetti (trichoptera Osten Sacken) and the dominant Trichocera Meigen, with numerous species, some of which are widely distributed throughout the Holarctic Region. The scope of the family, its phylogenetic relationships, and a key to the known genera, are all discussed in a recent paper by the writer. (The Trichoceridae of Australia; Proc. Linnean Soc. N. S. W., 51 : 299—304; 1926) and need not be considered further at this time.

For Trichocera maculipennis Meig. and Trichocera regelationis (L.) (Diptera, Nematocera: Trichoceridae), and for Bradysia forficulata (Bezzi) (Diptera, Nematocera: Sciaridae), the total length of development (duration of one generation), and of pupal development alone, plotted against temperature, are described by hyperbolic equations. The derived lower limits (zero points) for total development are-1.5° C for T. maculipennis,-2.9° C for T. regelationis and-0.3° C for B. forficulata. The corresponding points for pupal development are-3.6° C,-2.5° C and +0.5° C. At least for several single stages development is proved to occur at temperatures slightly below zero for both Trichocera species. Furthermore the upper limits for development are reached at relatively low temperatures: +18° C for T. maculipennis, between +16 and +17° C for T. regelationis and +20° C to +22° C for B. forficulata. B. forficulata inhabits caves exclusively, while the Trichocera species are wide spread field species, especially in northern Europe. The similarity of all characteristics of development investigated in all three species suggests that the field populations of Trichocera are very well “preadapted” to life in Central European carstic caves.

Petrašiūnas, Andrius, Podėnas, Sigitas (2011): Notes on winter flies Trichoceridae (Diptera) of Mongolia with description of new species. Zootaxa 3031: 61-68, DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.278712

During the winter of 1931-32, iny attention was drawn to the swarms of long-legged flies in a root-house attached to the barn on my father's farm at Salmon Arm, B.C. The root-house is built above ground, with sawdust insulation between the double walls, and has three ventilation shafts through the ceiling, and one at ground level; the floor is of earth, on which planks are put down as required. At the timle in question it contained a bin each of mangels and potatoes, about 200 boxes of unpacked apples, and sundry cabbages and carrots.

Larvae and adults of certain species of Trichocera were studied. The length of different development stages is recorded for various species. The short egg stage, highly dependent on a wet substratum or saturated air humidity, is followed by an easily desiccated first larval instar. The variation in length of larval development in the same species is emphasized. Various tests were carried out on III and IV instar winter larvae of T. saltator. These larvae avoid light values in the range studied between 3000 and 10 lux. In the absence of a moist substratum, winter larvae are dependent on high air humidity. The upper threshold for temperature tolerance in these instars was between +320 and +340C. Motility accelerates between +100 and +16?, and there then follows a broad temperature interval with disordered movements. The lower survival threshold for winter larvae was between -6? and 10O. Supercooling and partial freezing is survived within a range down to at least -5?. Males of T. regelationis (spring generation) survive poorly at +160 and low air humidity. At temperatures down to -5?, low air humidity affects survival of males in T. regelationis (spring generation) and T. saltator (autumn generation). At -8? survival was markedly higher at low humidities in the same species. Various air humidities influence the amount of swarming activity at rising temperatures. The upper threshold for survival in T. hiemalis (early spring generation) is between +300 and +340. The lower threshold for T. annulata is between -1.5? and 50, and for T. saltator and T. regelationis between -5') and 100. Differences in motility occur. Swarming activity is released by rising temperatures at 40 lux, but restrained at 4 lux. In the species studied (T. annulata, T. saltator, T. regelationis), the temperature interval in which swarming is mainly performed after exposure to low temperatures, lies between +5? and + 15? under test conditions. These values are close to field observations. Pe3ioMe 3M6pHoHaJlbHoe pa3BH4THle KOpOTKOe. Pa3BHTHie 5IHU 3aBHCHT OT BYiaKHOCTH Cy6CTpaTa H CTeieHEH HaCbILUeHHOCTH B03,ayXa BOaIHbIMH napaMH. ,Lraiiee ciieayeT iIepBbhI JIHI4HHO'qHbIrl B03paCT, CHJlbHO pearHpyioLLJHi Ha HeaOCTaTOK BJIaKHOCTH4. BbIlBjieHbl pa3J1HHU4H B npo0aoJmU4TeJlbHOCTH JIIH'HHO'HOrO pa3BHTH5 y OjHHX H Tex )Ke BHIOB. HpOBOQT4JIHCb p3J1H'HbIe OrbITbI Ha 3HMHH4X J14IqHHKaX T. saltator III H IV B03paCTa. BbIJIO yCTaHOBjieHO "ITO 3TH JIH'4HHKH H36eralOT OCBeC1eHHOCTHI B ripeaeJiax OT 3000 ,Ro 10 JIFiOKCOB. FIpH OTCYTCTB4H BJIa)KHoro cy6cTpaTa 3HMHHe JIH'IHHKH He pearipyloT Ha BbICOKYIO BJIaWCHOCTb BO3,ayxa. BepXH1H4 nopor TenJIOBOH Toj1epaHTHOCTH JIewlKT Me)Kwy 32 m 34WC. HOJaBHKHOCTb IIH'IHHOK yBeJ1HHlBHBaeTCS Me)Kay -F 10 H +16?. 3a 3TH4M cieayeT MI4pOKH4i TeM1CepaTYPHbIH HHTepBaJI C XaOTH'IeCKHMH 4B4)KeHHIMH. H4KHHI4 nIopor pa3BHTH5I J1H4IHOK, co6paHHbIx 3HMOA, Je)KHT B npeaeJIax -610 C. YCTaHOBJIeHO, qITO HH)Ke -5' moweT HaCTynHHTb riepeoxJIa(LaeHHe H 3aMep3aHHe. CaMpbI T. regelationis (BeceHHqI reHepauHs) MoryT pa3BHBaTbCA npu 16' H HH3KOr4 BIa)KHOCTH BO3,Uyxa. Hp1 TemnepaTypax HBwe --5' H HH3KOA BJIaWCHOCTII pa3BHlTHe caMUOB T. regelationis (BeceHHqq reHepaLJuH) H T. saltator (oceHHAA reHepaU4Iq) npeKpamaeTCq. OajHaKO yCTaHOBJIeHO, 'TO fpH -8 y Tex )e BH4aOB pa3BHTHe HPOHCXOUHT 3aMeTHo 6bIcTpee nlpu HH3KOH Bjia)HOCTH4. 143MeHeHHI4 BjaI)KHOCTH B03,ayXa O'eBWUHO BJH4IIOT H Ha aKTHBHOCTb pOeHBH, KOTopoe Ha6JIIoqaeTC51 HpH nOBbIIHeHHH TeMnepaTypbl. YCTaHOBJIeHO, ITO BepXHHHi nopor pa3BH4TEIi y T. hiemalis w T. regelationis Haxo,aHTCI MeCKay +30 H +34', H1H4WHH4 nopor Rjiq T. annulata MewKay -1,5 H5', aUII T. saltator H T. regelationis Mexc)y -5 H -1 0?. Ha~i4eHbI pa3JIIH'IH5 B HOUBH)KHOCTH OTJaeJIbHbIX BHJ4OB. AKTHBHOCTb pOeHHI4 CTHMYJ1HPYeTCI nOBBIuIeHHeM TeMriepaTypbI fpiH 40 JI1OKCaX, HO npH 4 nIOKCax OHa nOgaBJimeTCA. Y H3YqeHHbIX B4,aOB (T. annulata, saltator, regelationis) TeMnepaTYPHbIIr HHTepBaII, B ipeaejiax KoToporo HPOHCXOAHT poeH~e B YCJIOBHSX OIbITa iewKHT Mewcay + 5 H + 1 5'. 3TH rIoKa3aTeJi 6JI43K4 K iH4upaM, nOjy1,'eHHbIM BO BpeMe IOj1eBbIX Ha6rroJgeHHi4 B HlyHKTaX c6opa MaTepHaJia. Manuscript accepted July 1969. A special grant has been received to defray part of the printing costs. 29 OIKOS 20, 2 (1969) This content downloaded from 207.46.13.148 on Sun, 11 Sep 2016 04:34:11 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms

The world distribution of the genera of Trichoceridae is shown, and the geographic and annual distribution of species of the northern hemisphere, particularly Fennoscandia and the Subarctic and Arctic of North America, is discussed. The microclimates in which different developmental stages of trichocerid species live in subboreal, boreal and arctic environments are analysed qualitatively, and comparisons are made. It is found that species of the genera Metatrichocera and Trichocera also live in localities outside the arctic region in conditions comparable to the arctic environment. Different trends of adaptation for survival and activity in the arctic environment are discussed and compared with trends found in other cold-adapted insects. It is suggested that for most trichocerid species dispersal to arctic localities is a question of adjustment or acclimatization rather than of entirely new adaptations.

During the past several years many important collections of Tipulidae have been taken in western North Carolina, the results of some of which have been published. The chief source of information on these early collections is Brimley's "Insects of North Carolina, 1938,"2 where 1 species of Tanyderidae, 3 of Ptychopteridae, 2 of Anisopodidae, 2 of Trichoceridae, and 174 Tipulidae (Limoniinae, 106; Cylindrotominae, 1; Tipulinae, 67) are included.