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Objective: Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) f. and Thoms.], a rasayana (rejuvenator) in the traditional system of Indian medicine (Ayurveda), is known for its diverse bioactivities. The aim of this study was to isolate the immunomodulatory protein (ImP) from commercial guduchi churna (stem powder) and characterize it. Methods: Guduchi churna extract following 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation was chromatographed on Q-Sepharose. Purified guduchi ImP was evaluated for its lymphoproliferative and macrophage activation properties, structural relatedness to certain plant lectins, amino acid composition, stability to trypsin, and N-terminal sequencing. Results: The purified protein, obtained in a yield of 140[Formula: see text]mg/100[Formula: see text]g guduchi churna, showed a molecular mass of [Formula: see text] kDa by SDS-PAGE. Guduchi ImP (10 [Formula: see text]g) showed seven-fold increase over control in mitogenic activity of murine splenocytes, and a four-fold increase over control in nitric oxide (NO) release from murine peritoneal exudates cells (PECs). These activities were abolished in pronase-treated guduchi ImP. Guduchi ImP does not agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes. Rabbit antiserum to guduchi stem ImP strongly reacted with purified guduchi ImP, and did not recognize common plant lectins (concanavalin A (Con A), poke weed mitogen (PWM) and garlic lectin). Amino acid composition of guduchi ImP shows high content of acidic amino acids, serine (12.4%) and cysteine (10.2%); guduchi ImP is highly stable to trypsin and has a blocked N-terminus. Conclusion: Guduchi ImP is an acidic, non-lectin ImP with a high content of serine and cysteine, and appears to have an immense potential for future structural, immunological, and therapeutic studies.

Tinospora cordifolia, a climbing plant of south-east Asia, has been used as an Ayurveda for thousands years for its extraordinary medicinal properties. Two of its special properties are antimicrobial and anti-infection property. The objective of the study is to produce surgical suture from the bast of Tinospora cordifolia and evaluate the related chemical, physical and mechanical properties of that suture. In this work, the antimicrobial activity analysis by agar disc diffusion method, tensile strength analysis with digital single thread strength tester for both straight pull and knot pull, creep test, thread count by Beesley’s Balance, moisture analysis by Reynold & Branson rapid regain tester and surface roughness analysis by Homel roughness tester have been conducted. The Agar disc diffusion method indicates the thread contains antimicrobial properties, tensile strength is perfect for being used as a surgical suture with 38% reducing in knot pull than straight pull, fineness is also in the range where moisture content and regain is more than most of the natural fibers with higher roughness, lacking, suggesting a perfect natural surgical suture for Tex-medical applications.

The high incidence of NMSC (non-melanoma skin cancer) and the side effects of the available treatments disrupt the quality of life in more than one way. Particularly in the later stages, pain management and palliative care is the sole mean of alleviating the agony, all this warrants the need for alternative strategies with enhanced efficacy, better tolerance, and wide safety margins. Therefore, herbs in NMSC prevention and intervention are engaging due to their accessibility, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and tolerated nature. Various components in the crude extracts follow 'Pharmacodynamic synergy', augment the beneficial effects of the active constituents, and reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. The extracts/active constituents of Azadirachta indica, Catharanthus roseus, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica, Santalum album, Tinospora cordifolia, and Withania somnifera demonstrated the anti-cancerous effect on distinct cancerous cells and animal models. Nonetheless, there is a lack of in vivo investigations validating its chemopreventive efficacy in experimental models of skin carcinogenesis. Therefore, the current review suggests the scientific community emphasize the extensive research on these herbs to obtain an efficacious drug as well as the people around the globe incorporate these herbs in their daily dietary habits/meals to obtain maximum benefit from these herbs.

Introduction: Antibacterial drug resistance, brought on by the overuse of antibiotics, is one of the biggest threats to human health. It is crucial to consider cutting-edge strategies, such as herbal remedies, to control multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria. Methods: This study evaluated the phytochemical, antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the various Tinospora cordifolia extracts. Functionalization of the isolated active compound was done using gold (Au) and silver (Ag) nanoparticles (NPs). Further, to understand the interaction of the isolated class, Cordifolisides, with its target, various in-silico methods were used. Results and Discussion: The plant was reported from the Charaideo district of Assam, whose methanolic stem extract showed the maximum activity towards the nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Consequently, the active compound was isolated and characterized as belonging to the class Cordifoliside using NMR. The AuNPs and AgNPs functionalized isolates showed enhanced antimicrobial activity against P. aeruginosa compared to the unfunctionalized isolate. The most reactive compound, Cordifoliside C was determined using Density Functional Theory (DFT) analysis, whose interactions with the TolB protein were studied using molecular docking methods, which revealed good binding interactions of Cordifoliside C with the TolB protein. Conclusion: This study offers enormous potential for drug design and might be used as a pipeline to address the urgent problem of multidrug-resistance in bacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disorder causing cartilage and joint degeneration. In spite of the availability of several robust drugs like biologics, most of the patients are unresponsive, and reports of severe adverse effects following long-term use are also there. Subsequently the use of natural plant-based products in RA therapy is broadening over the years. Tinospora cordifolia is a widely used medicinal plant in Ayurveda against various inflammatory disorders including RA. However, there is very limited knowledge regarding the actual molecular events responsible for its therapeutic effect, and this has limited its acceptance among the professionals. Purpose: To explore the anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effect of hydro-alcoholic extract from Tinospora cordifolia. Methods: The rich polyphenol nature of the extract was elucidated using HPLC. LPS-stimulated murine macrophage cell line RAW 264.7 was used for in vitro studies, and collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model was used for in vivo studies. Results: The polyphenols in TCE were identified using HPLC. TCE effectively downregulated the level of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, PGE2, and NO) in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Subsequently the upregulated expression of COX-2 and iNOS following LPS stimulation were also downregulated by TCE. Furthermore, TCE targeted the upstream kinases of the JAK/STAT pathway, a crucial inflammatory pathway. The expression of VEGF, a key angiogenic factor as well as an inflammatory mediator was also decreased following pre-treatment with TCE. The anti-arthritic effect of TCE (150 mg/kg) was evaluated in the CIA model as well. From the results of histopathology, oral administration of TCE was found to be effective in reducing the clinical symptoms of arthritis including paw edema, erythema, and hyperplasia. In vivo results validated the in vitro results and there was a significant reduction in serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines and mediators (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-17, NO, and PGE2). The phosphorylation of STAT3 and the expression of VEGF were also downregulated following TCE treatment. Conclusion: Our study provided a detailed insight into the molecular events associated with anti-inflammatory and anti-arthritic effect of Tinospora cordifolia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Tinospora cordifolia is an illustrious medicinal herb in Indian traditional ayurvedic medicine because of its substantial medicinal properties. It is reported that Tinospora cordifolia has been used to cure for many ailments by traditional medicinal practitioners. It is captivating that, in this contemporary world Tinospora cordifolia is being used to retain good immune health. Materials and Methods: The objective of this research is to demonstrate the immune enhancing activity of AmruthMune a standardized extract of T. cordifolia extract with Tinosporin. MTT assay, NO assay, H2O2 assay, Phagocytosis assay, ELISA, and western blotting experiments were conducted in this study to understand the efficacy and its basic molecular mechanism. Results: Quantitative HPLC analysis determined that the AmruthMune a standardized Tinospora cordifolia extract comprise of active principle Tinosporin (1%). In addition, AmruthMune treatment dramatically improved the phagocytosis and secretion of H2O2 NO, TNF-α, and IL-6 in macrophage cells. Furthermore, consequences of western blot experiments demonstrated that AmruthMune treatment activates p-ERK, p-p38 and p-JNK. Conclusion: Collectively, these results exhibited MAPK signalling pathway involved in AmruthMune elicited macrophage activation and it could be a promising functional food in immune modulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidently proven medicinal benefits of Tinospora cordifolia and the growing demand of functional foods have created scientific interest in the functional beverage. Therefore, an attempt was made to prepare probiotic Lactiplantibacillus pentosus GSSK2 supplemented herbal wine having the benefits of both phytochemical and probiotic. Experimentally, fermentation of Tinospora cordifolia stem was found to be the most effective with ammonium dihydrogen phosphate, potassium phosphate, magnesium sulfate, isoleucine, and thiamine that yielded maximum ethanol (6.8 to 10%), total phenol (419 to 791.5 µg/ml), and antioxidants capacity (98.2 to 160.4 µmol/ml) after optimizing physical parameters, i.e., 20° Brix total soluble solid, pH 4.5, temperature 30 °C, and 10% (v/v) inoculum. Further, prepared herbal wine was supplemented separately with seven different probiotic strains and among these Lactiplantibacillus pentosus GSSK2 had the highest 88.6% survival rate compared with other probiotics and was safe showing 100% survivability of HEK-293 and THP-1 cells. Both herbal- and probiotic-supplemented herbal wine showed the antimicrobial potential against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria as probiotic-supplemented herbal wine had 19–21 mm inhibition zone compared with 18–19 mm with herbal wine. LC–MS analysis of the probiotic-supplemented herbal wine revealed the presence of various phytochemicals such as alkaloids, diterpenoid lactone, glycoside, steroids having anti-bacterial, anti-oxidant, and anti-inflammatory potential. This is the first ever such study to demonstrate the antibacterial, antioxidant potential and safety of probiotic supplemented herbal wine in vitro. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) due to severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to life-threatening pneumonia which has been associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pathologies. Centuries-old Asian traditional medicines such as Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS) and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (TC) possess potent immunomodulatory effects and were used by the AYUSH ministry, in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we investigated WS and TC's anti-viral and immunomodulatory efficacy at the human equivalent doses using suitable in vitro and in vivo models. While both WS and TC showed immuno-modulatory potential, WS showed robust protection against loss in body weight, viral load, and pulmonary pathology in the hamster model of SARS-CoV2. In vitro pretreatment of mice and human neutrophils with WS and TC had no adverse effect on PMA, calcium ionophore, and TRLM-induced ROS generation, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and NETs formation. Interestingly, WS significantly suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokines-induced Th1, Th2, and Th17 differentiation. We also used hACE2 transgenic mice to further investigate the efficacy of WS against acute SARS-CoV2 infection. Prophylactic treatment of WS in the hACE2 mice model showed significant protection against body weight loss, inflammation, and the lung viral load. The results obtained indicate that WS promoted the immunosuppressive environment in the hamster and hACE2 transgenic mice models and limited the worsening of the disease by reducing inflammation, suggesting that WS might be useful against other acute viral infections. The present study thus provides pre-clinical efficacy data to demonstrate a robust protective effect of WS against COVID-19 through its broader immunomodulatory activity [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ayurvedic medicines are widely employed globally for prophylaxis and treatment of a variety of diseases. Coronil is a tri-herbal medicine, constituted with the traditional herbs, Tinospora cordifolia, Withania somnifera and Ocimum sanctum, with known immunomodulatory activities. Based on its proven in-vitro activity and in-vivo efficacy, Coronil has been approved as a 'Supporting Measure for COVID-19' by the Ministry of AYUSH, Government of India. The current study was aimed to assess the non-clinical safety of Coronil in a 28-day repeated dose toxicity study along with a 14-day recovery period in Sprague Dawley rats. This toxicity study was conducted in accordance with OECD test guideline 407, under GLP-compliance. Specific-Pathogen-Free animals of either sex, housed in Individually-Ventilated-Cages were particularly used in the study. The tested Coronil dose levels were 0, 100, 300 and 1000 mg/kg/day, orally administered to 5 males and 5 female rats per test group. In the current study, no mortality was observed in any group and in addition, Coronil did not elicit any finding of toxicological relevance with respect to clinical signs, ocular effects, hematology, urinalysis and clinical chemistry parameters, as well as macro- or microscopical changes in any organs, when compared to the control group. Accordingly, the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect-Level (NOAEL) of Coronil was ascertained to be 1000 mg/kg/day, subsequent to its 28-day oral administration to male and female rats. The acceptable safety profile of Coronil paves the way further toxicity assessments in rodents for a longer duration as well as in higher animals, and towards its clinical investigation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinospora cordifolia (TC) is being increasingly consumed in India for its health and suggested immune-enhancing benefits in preventing and countering COVID-19. We previously published our experience of hepatotoxicity with self-medication of TC in six individuals. Since herb-induced liver injury (HILI) has been described with Tinospora crispa (TCR) consumption, it was contested that our patients may have mistakenly self-medicated with TCR which is similar in appearance to TC. We collected the four plant samples and two commercial preparations that were consumed by our patients for further analysis. The six samples underwent high performance thin layer chromatography phytochemical analysis and DNA barcoding studies for the confirmation of the genus and species. The four plant part samples which included stems and leaves were also analysed by a botanist for the characteristic morphological and microscopic features. Based on morphological, microscopic, phytochemical and DNA studies, the four plant part samples were identified as TC. The two commercial preparations could not be analysed on phytochemical analysis or DNA barcoding studies due to other ingredients that most likely interfered with the analysis. The herb consumed by our study subjects was confirmed to be Tinospora cordifolia. We have highlighted the key morphological and phytochemical differences between these two species. We propose an algorithmic approach to accurately identify the implicated herb in cases of HILI. Future studies on causality need to focus on the serological/histopathological identification of active herb/metabolites in human tissues. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human awareness of the need for health and wellness practices that enhance disease resilience has increased as a result of recent health risks. Plant-derived polysaccharides with biological activity are good candidates to fight diseases because of their low toxicity. Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson polysaccharides extract from different plant parts have been reported to possess significant biological activity such as anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, anti-diabetic, radioprotective and hepatoprotective. Several extraction and purification techniques have been used to isolate and characterize T. cordifolia polysaccharides. Along with hot-water extraction (HWE), other novel techniques like microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), pulsed electric field (PEF), supercritical-fluid extraction (SFE), and enzyme-assisted extraction (EAE) are used to extract T cordifolia polysaccharides. SFE is a revolutionary technology that gives the best yield and purity of low-molecular-weight polysaccharides. According to the findings, polysaccharides extracted and purified from T. cordifolia have a significant impact on their structure and biological activity. As a result, the methods of extraction, structural characterization, and biological activity of T. cordifolia polysaccharides are covered in this review. Research on T. cordifolia polysaccharides and their potential applications will benefit greatly from the findings presented in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

India has a vast range of medicinal plants at its disposal. Tinospora cordifolia, often known as „Seenthil Kodi“ , is a dioecious hanging shrub, proven to be a valuable botanical for herbal medicine, with an extensive array of bioactive components. The goal of the current research was to determine the ideal lines with high stem yield and also the assess genetic diversity, heritability, genetic advance and trait association in the crop. During 2021–2022, 48 genotypes were examined for 16 characters in CRBD. Higher PCV, GCV, heritability and GAM, according to studies on variability, indicate lesser environmental impact. According to correlation analysis, leaf fresh weight, leaf dry weight, stem fresh weight, stem dry weight, root fresh weight, root dry weight, whole plant fresh weight and whole plant dry weight were very significant and strongly connected with single plant yield. The path analysis revealed that the yield is directly and positively impacted by the stem yield. Thus, selection based on the fresh leaf weight and stem weight would aid in boosting whole plant weight.

Introduction: PCOS (Polycystic ovary syndrome) is being known as a significant metabolic and reproductive disorder deliberating to increased risk for type 2 diabetes. Tinospora cordifolia is frequently used in traditional system of medicine where the leaf of the plant possesses pharmacological properties like hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activity. In recent years the Niosomes a novel drug delivery system is gaining more attention because of their biodegradability, toxicity reduction, improved therapeutic effectiveness and absorption enhancement. In our present study an attempt is made to examine the ameliorative effect of ethanolic leaf extracts of Tinospora cordifolia (ELETC) and Tinospora cordifolia loaded phytoniosomes (nELETC) on enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants in PCOS female rats that are induced by mifepristone. Materials and Methods: PCOS was induced by administrating 4mg/kg b. w. Mifepristone to female rats for 8 days and confirmed by persistent estrous cycle. 200mg /kg b. w of ELETC and nELETC extracts were given to the rats which attained PCOS condition for 28 days. The enzymatic antioxidants SOD, CAT, GR, GST and GPx and non-enzymatic antioxidants GSH, ascorbic acid and α-Tocopherol were estimated followed by Histopathological analysis. Result: The antioxidants showed decreased levels in the PCOS induced rats. The treatment with the drug nELETC reverted the antioxidant levels back to normalcy. From the histopathological studies we can understand that corpus luteum, antral follicles and primordial follicular cells were absent with the formation of follicular cyst in the mifepristone induced PCOS rats. nELETC drug treated rats showed the presence of corpus luteum with graafian follicles and primordial follicle cells, with the absence of follicular cyst, indicating nELETC could regain the functional ability of the ovaries from PCOS condition. Conclusion: From the restoration of antioxidant status we can conclude that nELETC extract can be effectively used in the management of PCOS.

Introduction: Tinospora cordifolia is a climbing shrub with medicinal properties that have been traditionally used in various traditional Chinese medicine. Additionally, Tinospora cordifolia has been found to possess phytoremediation properties, enabling it to accumulate heavy metals. However, the toxicological risk assessment of heavy metals accumulated in Tinospora cordifolia, specifically in its use as a vasorelaxant, anti-microbial, anti-diabetic, and anti-inflammatory agent, has not been thoroughly studied. Methods: To assess the toxicological risk of heavy metals in Tinospora cordifolia, we extracted an aqueous extract from the leaves using a Soxhlet-based method. The concentrations of cadmium and lead in the aqueous extract were then determined using optical emission spectroscopy with inductively coupled plasma (ICP-OES). Results: Our study found that the concentrations of cadmium and lead in the aqueous extract from Tinospora cordifolia were high, but still slightly below WHO-allowed concentrations. However, even at these lower concentrations, continued ingestion or exposure to Tinospora cordifolia may lead to the accumulation of highly toxic substances in human cells. The possible toxic effects of cadmium and lead on human health may include bone mineralization, glomerular damage, emphysema, neuropathy, insomnia, elevated blood pressure, and reduced fertility. Discussion: Further in-situ toxicity assessments of accumulated heavy metals in Tinospora cordifolia on various microorganisms and cell lines are highly recommended. Additionally, future studies should investigate the long-term effects of using Tinospora cordifolia as a medicinal herb, particularly in regard to its potential to accumulate heavy metals. Overall, our findings highlight the importance of conducting toxicological risk assessments of medicinal plants to ensure their safety for human consumption.

The research is aimed to assess the joint antibacterial effects of hydrogen peroxide and methanolic stem extract (SNP-MSE)-prepared silver nanoparticles against Klebsiella pneumoniae. Utilizing MSE under sunlight, biogenic silver nanoparticles were produced, with their properties characterised using FTIR and UV-Visible spectroscopies. Turbidimetry determined the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of SNP-MSE, H2O2, and their varied combinations at different concentrations. Agar well diffusion assessed the zone of inhibition. The study comprised three groups: Group 1 assessed SNP-MSE, Group 2 H2O2, and Group 3 their combination. A sample size of 9 (3 per group) was determined with an 80% pretest G power. At 1 μg/ml SNP-MSE, no inhibition zone was observed; for 0.625 mM H2O2, it measured 7.81 ± 0.464 mm; and for the combined treatment, 14.01 ± 0.478 mm. The combined treatment significantly (p=

Eco-friendly anti-algal agents are in demand for preventing the growth of unwanted algae. Green synthesized nanoparticles exhibit antimicrobial properties and have been used as a better alternative against chemical and physical processes. In the present study, treatment of silver nitrate with leaf extracts (5% w/v) of Tinospora cordifolia, a plant with proven antimicrobial effects, exhibited UV-visible absorption maxima between 440-460 nm after 1h indicating bioreduction of silver to nanoparticles. The green synthesised silver nanoparticles (5 mgl-1) exhibited inhibition zones against Chlamydomonas reinhardtii in in vitro agar assays. Treatment with green synthesised silver nanoparticles during exponential phase of algal growth resulted in significant reduction in algal population, carbohydrate, protein and chlorophyll contents confirming the anti-algal potential. This is the first report on the growth inhibitory potential of green synthesised silver nanoparticles against green algae.

Medicinal plants are long known for their therapeutic applications. Tinospora cordifolia (commonly called gulancha or heart-leaved moonseed plant), a herbaceous creeper widely has been found to have antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, and anti-cancer properties. However, there remains a dearth of reports regarding its antibiofilm activities. In the present study, the anti-biofilm activities of phytoextractof T. cordifolia and the silver nanoparticles made from this phytoextract were tested against the biofilm of S.taphylococcus aureus, one of the major nosocomial infection-producing bacteria taking tetracycline antibiotic as control. Both phytoextract from the leaves of T. cordifolia, and the biogenic AgNPs from the leaf extract of T. cordifolia, were found successful in reducing the biofilm of Staphylococcus aureus. The biogenic AgNPs formed were characterized by UV- Vis spectroscopy, Field emission Scanning Electron Microscopy (FE- SEM), and Dynamic light scattering (DLS) technique. FE- SEM images showed that the AgNPs were of size ranging between 30 and 50 nm and were stable in nature, as depicted by the zeta potential analyzer. MIC values for phytoextract and AgNPs were found to be 180 mg/mL and 150 μg/mL against S. aureusrespectively. The antibiofilm properties of the AgNPs and phytoextract were analyzed using the CV assay and MTT assay for determining the reduction of biofilms. Reduction in viability count and revival of the S. aureus ATCC 23235 biofilm cells were analyzed followed by the enfeeblement of the EPS matrix to quantify the reduction in the contents of carbohydrates, proteins and eDNA. The SEM analyses clearly indicated that although the phytoextracts could destroy the biofilm network of S. aureuscells yet the biogenicallysynthesizedAgNPs were more effective in biofilm disruption. Fourier Transformed Infrared Radiations (FT- IR) analyses revealed that the AgNPs could bring about more exopolysaccharide (EPS) destruction in comparison to the phytoextract. The antibiofilm activities of AgNPs made from the phytoextract were found to be much more effective than the non-conjugated phytoextract, indicating the future prospect of using such particles for combatting biofilm-mediated infections caused by S aureus.

Cytokine release syndrome (CRS) due to severe acute respiratory coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection leads to life-threatening pneumonia which has been associated with coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pathologies. Centuries-old Asian traditional medicines such as Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal (WS) and Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Miers (TC) possess potent immunomodulatory effects and were used by the AYUSH ministry, in India during the COVID-19 pandemic. In the present study, we investigated WS and TC’s anti-viral and immunomodulatory efficacy at the human equivalent doses using suitable in vitro and in vivo models. While both WS and TC showed immuno-modulatory potential, WS showed robust protection against loss in body weight, viral load, and pulmonary pathology in the hamster model of SARS-CoV2. In vitro pretreatment of mice and human neutrophils with WS and TC had no adverse effect on PMA, calcium ionophore, and TRLM-induced ROS generation, phagocytosis, bactericidal activity, and NETs formation. Interestingly, WS significantly suppressed the pro-inflammatory cytokines-induced Th1, Th2, and Th17 differentiation. We also used hACE2 transgenic mice to further investigate the efficacy of WS against acute SARS-CoV2 infection. Prophylactic treatment of WS in the hACE2 mice model showed significant protection against body weight loss, inflammation, and the lung viral load. The results obtained indicate that WS promoted the immunosuppressive environment in the hamster and hACE2 transgenic mice models and limited the worsening of the disease by reducing inflammation, suggesting that WS might be useful against other acute viral infections. The present study thus provides pre-clinical efficacy data to demonstrate a robust protective effect of WS against COVID-19 through its broader immunomodulatory activity

The stem of Tinospora cordifolia has been traditionally used in traditional Indian systems of medicine for blood sugar control, without the knowledge of the underlying mechanism and chemical constitution responsible for the observed anti-diabetic effect. In the present study, Tinosporaside, a diterpenoid isolated from the stem of T. cordifolia, was investigated for its effects on glucose utilization in skeletal muscle cells, which was followed by determining the anti-hyperglycemic efficacy in our diabetic db/db mice model. We found that tinosporaside augmented glucose uptake by increasing the translocation of GLUT4 to the plasma membrane in L6 myotubes, upon prolonged exposure for 16 h. Moreover, tinosporaside treatment significantly increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase B/AKT (Ser-473) and 5′ AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK, Thr-172). These effects were abolished in the presence of the wortmannin and compound C. Administration of tinosporaside to db/db mice improved glucose tolerance and peripheral insulin sensitivity associated with increased gene expression and phosphorylation of the markers of phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) and AMPK signaling in skeletal muscle tissue. The findings revealed that tinosporaside exerted its antidiabetic efficacy by enhancing the rate of glucose utilization in skeletal muscle, mediated by PI3K- and AMPK-dependent signaling mechanisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose intolerance, central obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are all part of the metabolic syndrome. Thus, a number of theories have been put out to explain the development of the metabolic syndrome, including an initial condition of insulin resistance that progressed to the other elements, with obesity serving as the primary initiator of the metabolic syndrome. Thus, it can be understood that metabolic syndrome is multi related and the basic cause is inflammation. Thus, while treating the metabolic syndrome the root cause needs to be targeted and for this the ayurvedic formulation is the best solution. Amruthotharam is one of such preparation which takes care of metabolic syndrome through inflammation. "Amruthotharam" is the combination is known as Kashayam was made from three main herbs whose efficacy in treating indigestion and other stomach-related issues has been demonstrated in several cases. Three parts of Tinospora cordifolia, two parts of Terminalia chebula, and one part of Zingiber officinale are combined to create the mixture. The present study is focusing on the comparisons between the Amruthotharam a kerealian Ayurvedic medicine formulated by classical and modern technique which can be evaluated analytically and pharmacologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Guduchi [Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) f. and Thoms.], a rasayana (rejuvenator) in the traditional system of Indian medicine (Ayurveda), is known for its diverse bioactivities. The aim of this study was to isolate the immunomodulatory protein (ImP) from commercial guduchi churna (stem powder) and characterize it. Methods: Guduchi churna extract following 80% ammonium sulfate precipitation was chromatographed on Q-Sepharose. Purified guduchi ImP was evaluated for its lymphoproliferative and macrophage activation properties, structural relatedness to certain plant lectins, amino acid composition, stability to trypsin, and N-terminal sequencing. Results: The purified protein, obtained in a yield of 140 mg/100 g guduchi churna, showed a molecular mass of ∼ 2 8 kDa by SDS-PAGE. Guduchi ImP (10 μ g) showed seven-fold increase over control in mitogenic activity of murine splenocytes, and a four-fold increase over control in nitric oxide (NO) release from murine peritoneal exudates cells (PECs). These activities were abolished in pronase-treated guduchi ImP. Guduchi ImP does not agglutinate rabbit erythrocytes. Rabbit antiserum to guduchi stem ImP strongly reacted with purified guduchi ImP, and did not recognize common plant lectins (concanavalin A (Con A), poke weed mitogen (PWM) and garlic lectin). Amino acid composition of guduchi ImP shows high content of acidic amino acids, serine (12.4%) and cysteine (10.2%); guduchi ImP is highly stable to trypsin and has a blocked N-terminus. Conclusion: Guduchi ImP is an acidic, non-lectin ImP with a high content of serine and cysteine, and appears to have an immense potential for future structural, immunological, and therapeutic studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed at determining the neuroprotective role of palmatine isolated from Tinospora cordifolia leaves on neurobehavioral parameters in aluminum chloride (AlCl3) induced oxidative stress and to assess the biochemical and histopathological alterations brought about by the same on the mouse brain. Isolated palmatine showed antioxidant potential confirmed with 1,1-diphenyl -2-picrylhydrazyl assay. The purity of the isolated palmatine was confirmed with FTIR, C-13 nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectroscopy. Four groups of animals with doses of 10 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, were studied against AlCl3-induced oxidative stress (100 mg/kg) for the alterations it brought in neurobehavioral parameters using actophotometer, rotarod test, Morris water maze, elevated plus maze, and Eddy's hot plate method. AlCl3 adversely affected the performance of animals in all the above tests confirming its ability to induce anxiety, depression, motor incoordination, lack of memory and learning, and nociception. Palmatine at both doses effectively improved learning, motor coordination, balance, and memory, ameliorated anxiety and locomotion in animals. Palmatine also improved the antioxidant status by improving Superoxide dismutase and catalase in mouse brain and lowered lipid peroxidation. Histopathological data confirmed the protective role of palmatine and finally concluded the protective influence of isolated palmatine on neurobehavioral parameters in AlCl3-induced oxidative stress. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The high incidence of NMSC (non-melanoma skin cancer) and the side effects of the available treatments disrupt the quality of life in more than one way. Particularly in the later stages, pain management and palliative care is the sole mean of alleviating the agony, all this warrants the need for alternative strategies with enhanced efficacy, better tolerance, and wide safety margins. Therefore, herbs in NMSC prevention and intervention are engaging due to their accessibility, efficacy, cost-effectiveness, and tolerated nature. Various components in the crude extracts follow 'Pharmacodynamic synergy', augment the beneficial effects of the active constituents, and reduce the likelihood of drug resistance. The extracts/active constituents of Azadirachta indica, Catharanthus roseus, Ocimum sanctum, Phyllanthus emblica, Santalum album, Tinospora cordifolia, and Withania somnifera demonstrated the anti-cancerous effect on distinct cancerous cells and animal models. Nonetheless, there is a lack of in vivo investigations validating its chemopreventive efficacy in experimental models of skin carcinogenesis. Therefore, the current review suggests the scientific community emphasize the extensive research on these herbs to obtain an efficacious drug as well as the people around the globe incorporate these herbs in their daily dietary habits/meals to obtain maximum benefit from these herbs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Implementing biocompatible and biodegradable information storage would be a giant leap toward next-generation green electronics. Natural biomaterial-based memristors, with their proven prospective applications due to their sustainable, non-toxic, eco-friendly, degradable, and biocompatible characteristics, will not only save our environment from harmful chemicals and e-wastes while also allowing the electronic industry to grow. In this work, a biomaterials-inspired thin film was successfully created from the leaf extract of the traditional medicinal herb giloy (Tinospora cordifolia) for biomemristor applications. The electronic-grade giloy thin film spin coated on FTO/glass using aqueous giloy solution exhibits remarkable transparency over the majority of the visible spectral range. A reasonable bipolar reversible and non-volatile resistive switching behaviour was obtained. In addition, incorporating carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with giloy to generate a CQDs@giloy composite film resulted in phototunable resistive switching characteristics with a 16% decrease in SET voltage. A reasonable memristive behaviour such as proper endurance, retention and a steady resistance ratio between high and low resistance states over 100 consecutive switching cycles and 100 flexing cycles was obtained. The conduction mechanisms were analysed. Finally, a mechanism in combination with the formation/annihilation of an Ag metal filament and ionized molecular vacancy filament is proposed to explain the resistive switching behaviour. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mitigation and control of bacterial corrosion must have been prioritized for failure anticipation by corrosion associated with microorganisms. Using synthetic inhibitor for material protection from corrosion have problems because it is not eco-friendly. This work conducted preliminary studies on T. cordifolia stem extracts at various methanol ratios against P. aeruginosa biofilm as a new eco-friendly inhibitor. The T. cordifolia stem was extracted by the maceration method with a different ratio of methanol solvent (100, 75 and 50 %). The bacterial activity was assessed using the dilution method (MTT assay) to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined using Follin-Ciocalteu and aluminum chloride (AlCl3) colorimetric, respectively. Meanwhile, the structure of the active compounds in the extract was identified by using the liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The yields of T. cordifolia extracts are 9.45, 7.56 and 8.40 % at 100, 75 and 50 % of methanol ratios, respectively. The total phenolic content (TPC) in crude methanol extract of T. cordifolia is 11.20, 9.46 and 6.56 % for 100, 75 and 50 % of methanol ratios. Meanwhile, the flavonoid content (TFC) was obtained is about 5.25, 0.64 and 0.33 % for 100, 75 and 50 % of methanol concentrations, respectively. The T. cordifolia extract has antibacterial activity against P. aeruginosa in all ratios of methanol concentrations. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of T. cordifolia methanol extract was found at 4096 µg/mL. Methanol solvent concentration with the most active antibacterial activity of the extract was 50 %, followed by 75 and 100 %. The structures of the active compound in the methanolic extract of T. cordifolia are a phenolic group, and it is in the alkaloid derivatives (Calopiptin, d-Lirioferine (Lirioferine), Moupinamide, Piperanine, and Yuanhunine). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tinospora cordifolia, a climbing plant of south-east Asia, has been used as an Ayurveda for thousands years for its extraordinary medicinal properties. Two of its special properties are antimicrobial and anti-infection property. The objective of the study is to produce surgical suture from the bast of Tinospora cordifolia and evaluate the related chemical, physical and mechanical properties of that suture. In this work, the antimicrobial activity analysis by agar disc diffusion method, tensile strength analysis with digital single thread strength tester for both straight pull and knot pull, creep test, thread count by Beesley's Balance, moisture analysis by Reynold & Branson rapid regain tester and surface roughness analysis by Homel roughness tester have been conducted. The Agar disc diffusion method indicates the thread contains antimicrobial properties, tensile strength is perfect for being used as a surgical suture with 38% reducing in knot pull than straight pull, fineness is also in the range where moisture content and regain is more than most of the natural fibers with higher roughness, lacking, suggesting a perfect natural surgical suture for Tex-medical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• The herbal combination of BD and TC significantly protects kidney function against DCF induced nephrotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation. • Network pharmacology uncovers the therapeutic and multimechanistic role of identified polyphenols against glomerulopathy, inflammation, oxidative stress, etc. • The herbal combination could be used as the best adjuvant to overcome NSAIDs-induced renal impairments and reducing the risk of AKI/CKD. Synergism among herbals or phytochemicals potentiates incredible biological effects thus mitigating several acute and chronic ailments. Boerhaavia diffusa (BD) and Tinospora cordifolia (TC) are well-known medicinal plants used as the folk medicinal regimen for treating various ailments. Due to lack of scientific evidence, the study is aimed to evaluate the synergistic nephroprotective potential of BD and TC herbal combination against diclofenac (DCF)-induced nephrotoxicity. HPTLC analysis was performed for quantification of polyphenols followed by network pharmacological analysis to investigate the multi-mechanistic role of polyphenols in alleviating chronic kidney disease (CKD). The herbal combination exhibited significant (p < 0.05) nephroprotective effect by reducing renal oxidative, and inflammatory stress. Network pharmacological analysis showed multiple physiological roles of polyphenols in kidney malfunction by regulating several genomes involved in inflammation, oxidative stress, renin-angiotensin system (RAS), etc. and thus providing an effective therapeutic regimen as BD and TC in the glance of naturals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite ongoing vaccination programs against COVID-19 around the world, cases of infection are still rising with new variants. This infers that an effective antiviral drug against COVID-19 is crucial along with vaccinations to decrease cases. A potential target of such antivirals could be the membrane components of the causative pathogen, SARS-CoV-2, for instance spike (S) protein. In our research, we have deployed in vitro screening of crude extracts of seven ethnomedicinal plants against the spike receptor-binding domain (S1-RBD) of SARS-CoV-2 using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Following encouraging in vitro results for Tinospora cordifolia, in silico studies were conducted for the 14 reported antiviral secondary metabolites isolated from T. cordifolia—a species widely cultivated and used as an antiviral drug in the Himalayan country of Nepal—using Genetic Optimization for Ligand Docking (GOLD), Molecular Operating Environment (MOE), and BIOVIA Discovery Studio. The molecular docking and binding energy study revealed that cordifolioside-A had a higher binding affinity and was the most effective in binding to the competitive site of the spike protein. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation studies using GROMACS 5.4.1 further assayed the interaction between the potent compound and binding sites of the spike protein. It revealed that cordifolioside-A demonstrated better binding affinity and stability, and resulted in a conformational change in S1-RBD, hence hindering the activities of the protein. In addition, ADMET analysis of the secondary metabolites from T. cordifolia revealed promising pharmacokinetic properties. Our study thus recommends that certain secondary metabolites of T. cordifolia are possible medicinal candidates against SARS-CoV-2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial resistance has posed a serious health concern worldwide, which is mainly due to the excessive use of antibiotics. In this study, gold nanoparticles synthesized from the plant Tinospora cordifolia were used against multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The active components involved in the reduction and stabilization of gold nanoparticles were revealed by gas chromatography–mass spectrophotometry(GC-MS) of the stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia. Gold nanoparticles (TG-AuNPs) were effective against P. aeruginosa at different concentrations (50,100, and 150 µg/mL). TG-AuNPs effectively reduced the pyocyanin level by 63.1% in PAO1 and by 68.7% in clinical isolates at 150 µg/mL; similarly, swarming and swimming motilities decreased by 53.1% and 53.8% for PAO1 and 66.6% and 52.8% in clinical isolates, respectively. Biofilm production was also reduced, and at a maximum concentration of 150 µg/mL of TG-AuNPs a 59.09% reduction inPAO1 and 64.7% reduction in clinical isolates were observed. Lower concentrations of TG-AuNPs (100 and 50 µg/mL) also reduced the pyocyanin, biofilm, swarming, and swimming. Phenotypically, the downregulation of exopolysaccharide secretion from P. aeruginosa due to TG-AuNPs was observed on Congo red agar plates [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study was conducted for 35 days utilizing 240, day-old Vencobb broiler chicks, randomly divided in to 8 groups (T1-T8) and each group was replicated into two sub-groups (R1 and R2) to study the effect of incorporation of Giloy and Moringa at 0.75% alone and in combination, along with effect of different bedding materials such as sand and saw dust, and evaluated the interaction effect among proposed supplements and bedding material on performance and carcass characteristics of broilers. However group reared on saw dust and supplemented with combination of both herbs (T23) reported highest cumulative body weight gain (1882.23 g) at the end of experiment as compared to rest of the groups. However group reared on saw dust and supplemented with giloy alone (T21) reported highest cumulative feed consumption (2978.02 g) at the end of experiment as compared to rest of the groups. Non Significant effect was observed at effect of interaction of dietary supplementation and different bedding materials on body weight, average body weight gain, feed consumption, FCR, PI, and carcass characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present work aimed to biofabricate copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO NPs) using Tinospora cordifolia leaf extract. The biofabricated CuO NPs were treated against the malarial parasite of chloroquine-resistant Plasmodium falciparum (INDO) and the antilarval efficacy was evaluated against the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi and dengue vector Aedes aegypti. The prominence at 285 nm in the UV–visible spectrum helped to identify the produced CuO NPs. Based on the XRD patterns, the concentric rings correspond to reflections at 38.26° (111), 44.11° (200), 64.58° (220), and 77.34° (311). These separations are indicative of CuO's face-centered cubic (fcc) structure. The synthesized CuO NPs have FTIR spectra with band intensities of 3427, 2925, 1629, 1387, 1096, and 600 cm−1. The absorbance band at 3427 cm−1 is known to be associated with the stretching O-H due to the alcoholic group. FTIR proved that the presence of the -OH group is responsible for reducing and capping agents in the synthesis of nanoparticles (NPs). The synthesized CuO NPs were found to be polymorphic (oval, elongated, and roughly spherical) in form with a size range of 11–47 nm and an average size of 16 nm when the morphology was examined using FESEM and HRTEM. The highest antiplasmodial efficacy against the chloroquine-resistant strain of P. falciparum (INDO) was found in the synthesized CuO NPs, with LC50 values of 19.82 µg/mL, whilst HEK293 cells are the least toxic, with a CC50 value of 265.85 µg/mL, leading to a selectivity index of 13.41. However, the antiplasmodial activity of T. cordifolia leaf extract (TCLE) and copper sulfate (CS) solution showed moderate activity, with LC50 values of 52.24 and 63.88 µg/mL, respectively. The green synthesized NPs demonstrated extremely high antilarval efficacy against the larvae of An. stephensi and Ae. aegypti, with LC50 values of 4.06 and 3.69 mg/L, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For centuries, herbal drugs have been used in various civilizations across the globe. India has its own ancient awareness on herbal drugs that people used without knowing their medicinal value or why they consume them. The changing lifestyle that individuals nowadays are leading and the increasing amount of synthetic chemicals and pollutants that they are being exposed to, many diseases and disorders are becoming more prevalent in modern societies. Cancer is one of these illnesses that causes morbidity and mortality among humankind, contributing to 9.6 million deaths annually. Even drug-resistant types of cancer have begun to increase, requiring a search for innovative and effective remedies. Herbal drugs may provide that potential cure. Plants like Boerhavia diffusa (Punarnava), Curcuma longa (Turmeric), Tinospora cordifolia, Simarouba glauca and many others are known to possess anti-cancerous properties. Molecular isolation and chemical modification of active compounds may be the key to finding the cure everyone is looking for. This paper examines herbal drugs that are being studied extensively, due to their anticancer properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This investigation was focused on the fortification of the bun with an optimized ratio of Chenopodium album, ashwagandha, flaxseeds, and giloy. Totally, five formulations were prepared along with control, that is, Bb1, Bb2, Bb3, Bb4, and CRWFB. The result of sensory evaluation revealed that C. album, ashwagandha, flaxseeds, and giloy fortified bun Bb4 with 50% of C. album paste received the highest OA and was followed by Bb1with 20% C. album paste without any aftertaste while control, that is, CRWFB lacked in flavor, taste, and sponginess as well as scored lowest in overall acceptability. The fortified buns have higher ash content, protein content, and carbohydrate content compared with the control while having lower water activity. The fortified buns have higher total phenolic content and energy compared with the control except for Bb1. The results showed that the use of C. album, ashwagandha, flaxseeds, and giloy had a positive influence on the physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory characteristics of fortified buns. Novelty impact statement: Buns were prepared with the incorporation of Chenopodium album, ashwagandha, flaxseeds, and giloy as Bb1, Bb2, Bb3, and Bb4.Chenopodium album, ashwagandha, flaxseeds, and giloy had a positive influence on the physicochemical, nutritional, and sensory characteristics of fortified buns.Nutritionwise Bb4 signifies an enhancement in nutritional as well as functional characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Functional yoghurt is a prominent fermented milk product. It is popular among all age groups and has considerable significance due to the presence of active nutrients to fulfill the human dietary needs. Tinospora cordifolia (giloy) is extensively discussed during the recent pandemic owing to its high antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and strong immunity boosting properties. This investigation has been aimed to optimize functional yoghurt impregnated with ultrasound assisted giloy stem extract. Central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used for experimental design of process parameters (giloy stem extract, total soluble solid, and incubation temperature). Functional yoghurt formulation was optimized based on different (whiteness index, overall acceptability, pH, syneresis, firmness, DPPH scavenging activity, and complex viscosity) responses. The results revealed that giloy stem extract and total soluble solid exhibited maximum effects on all the responses. Numerical optimization revealed the optimum combination of giloy stem extract, total soluble solid, and incubation temperature as 0.08%, 9.1%, and 45°C, respectively. At this optimum condition, the whiteness index, overall acceptability (OA), pH, syneresis, firmness, DPPH scavenging activity, and complex viscosity values of optimized functional yoghurt were 84.513, 8.567, 4.193, 47.268%, 281.19 N, 56.78%, and 76.89 cP, respectively. This study established the effect of giloy extract addition, total soluble solids, and incubation temperature on yoghurt preparation and subsequent changes in its properties. Novelty impact statement: Giloy stem extract (GSE) enriched functional yoghurt was developed having high antioxidant activities.Ultrasound assisted GSE improved the texture and overall desirability of functional yoghurt.Derived the optimum conditions which might be replicated and scaled up for pilot scale production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reduced bone mineral density, and muscle strength are the hallmark of aging-related motor coordination deficits and related neuropathologies. Since cerebellum regulates motor movements and balance perception of our body, therefore it may be an important target to control the age-related progression of motor dysfunctions. Dry stem powder of Tinospora cordifolia (TCP) was tested as a food supplement to elucidate its activity to attenuate age-associated locomotor dysfunctions. Intact acyclic middle-aged female rats were used in this study as the model system of the transition phase from premenopause to menopause in women along with cycling young adult rats. Normal chow or 30% High Fat Diet (HFD), supplemented with or without TCP was fed to animals for 12 weeks and then tested for locomotor performance on rotarod followed by post-sacrifice protein expression studies. In comparison to young adults, middle-aged animals showed an increase in number of falls and lesser time spent in rotarod performance test, whereas, animals given TCP supplemented feed showed improvement in performance with more pronounced effects observed in normal chow than HFD fed middle-aged rats. Further, due to its multicomponent nature TCP was found to target the expression of various markers of neuroinflammation, apoptosis, cell survival, and synaptic plasticity in the cerebellum region. The current findings suggest that TCP supplementation in the diet may prove to be a potential interventional strategy for the management of frailty and fall-associated morbidities caused by aging-related deterioration of bone mineral density, and muscle strength. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, novel genomic-SSR (g-SSR) markers generated in our laboratory were used to characterize Tinospora cordifolia and related species. The g-SSR marker was also compared with EST-SSR and SCoT markers used earlier in our laboratory to assess the genetic diversity of T. cordifolia. A total of 26 accessions of T. cordifolia and 1 accession each of Tinospora rumphii and Tinospora sinensis were characterized using 65 novel g-SSR markers. A total of 125 alleles were detected with 49 polymorphic g-SSR markers. The number of alleles per locus varied from 1–4 with a mean value of 2.55 alleles per locus. Mean PIC, gene diversity, and heterozygosity were estimated to be 0.33, 0.41, and 0.65, respectively. The two species, namely T. rumphii and T. sinensis, showed cross-species transferability of g-SSRs developed in T. cordifolia. The success rate of cross-species transferability in T. rumphii was 95.3% and 93.8% in T. sinensis, proving the usefulness of this marker in genetic diversity studies of related species. The Tinospora accessions were also used for molecular characterization using SCoT and EST-SSR markers and compared for genetic diversity and cross-species transferability. The PIC, gene diversity, heterozygosity, and principal coordinate analysis showed that g-SSR is the better maker for a genetic diversity study of T. cordifolia. Additionally, high cross-species transferability of g-SSRs was found (95.3% and 93.8%) compared to EST-SSRs (68.8% and 67.7%) in T. rumphii and T. sinensis, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Tinospora Cordifolia were performed by In-vitro Methods. For this study stem of plant Tinospora cordifolia where collected and dried under shade. Morphological characteristics and Physio-chemical parameters of Tinospora cordifolia stem were investigated. Plant materials were extracted by Soxhlet extraction method then Pharmacognostical evaluation of extract was subjected to various phytochemical tests for preliminary identification of various phytoconstituents. The free radicals scavenging potential of standard and extract tested by DPPH method are depicted in with a characteristic absorption at 517nm. Effects of methanolic extract of Tinospora cordifolia was evaluated against gram positive (S. aureus) and gram-negative (E. coli) bacteria and antifungal activity was obtained against Candida Albicans and Aspergilus Niger. Antimicrobial activities were estimated by disk diffusion method. Antimicrobial activities of methanolic extract of stem of tinospora were evaluated in the term of zone of inhibition. Methanolic steam extract of Tinospora cordifolia was significantly against both gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (E. coli). it was observed that the extract was not significantly effective against both gram positive and gram negative bacteria, while, Methanolic stem extract of Tinospora cordifolia was more effective against Candida Albicans and A niger. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe manifestation of parasite infection caused by Plasmodium species. In 2018, there were approximately 228 million malaria cases worldwide, resulting in about 405,000 deaths. Survivors of CM may live with lifelong post-CM consequences apart from an increased risk of childhood neurodisability. EphA2 receptors have been linked to several neurological disorders and have a vital role in the CM-associated breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. Molecular docking (MD) studies of phytochemicals from Taraxacum officinale, Tinospora cordifolia, Rosmarinus officinalis, Ocimum basilicum, and the native ligand ephrin-A were conducted to identify the potential blockers of the EphA2 receptor. The software program Autodock Vina 1.1.2 in PyRx-Virtual Screening Tool and BIOVIA Discovery Studio visualizer was used for this MD study. The present work showed that blocking the EphA2 receptor by these phytochemicals prevents endothelial cell apoptosis by averting ephrin-A ligand-expressing CD8+ T cell bioadhesion. These phytochemicals showed excellent docking scores and binding affinity, demonstrating hydrogen bond, electrostatic, Pi-sigma, and pi alkyl hydrophobic binding interactions when compared with native ligands at the EphA2 receptor. The comparative MD study using two PDB IDs showed that isocolumbin, carnosol, luteolin, and taraxasterol have better binding affinities (viz. −9.3, −9.0, −9.5, and −9.2 kcal/mol, respectively). Ocimum basilicum phytochemicals showed a lower docking score but more binding interactions than native ligands at the EphA2 receptor for both PDB IDs. This suggests that these phytochemicals may serve as potential drug candidates in the management of CM. We consider that the present MD study provides leads in drug development by targeting the EphA2 receptor in managing CM. The approach is innovative because a role for EphA2 receptors in CM has never been highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indian Tinospora (Tinospora cordifolia), a climbing shrub of medicinal importance belonging to the Menispermaceae family, is native to the Indian subcontinent and China. During May 2022, a rapid spread of typical leaf spot infection was observed on T. cordifolia foliage at Bangalore, India. The mean disease index of leaf spot at all surveyed locations was observed to be 50.66% (range: 42.00–52.00%). Subsequent isolation and purification of the associated fungal pathogen, followed by cultural and micro-morphological characterization unveiled the association of fungal pathogen as Colletotrichum sp. Species delimitation using multigene phylogenetic analysis of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), and histone (H3) genes confirmed distinct grouping with C. sydowii. Cultural, morphological and molecular characterization collectively confirmed Colletotrichum sydowii as responsible fungal pathogen causing leaf spot in T. cordifolia. The pathogenicity of the fungal isolate was validated by proving Koch's postulates. To the best of our knowledge, this is a novel report on the occurrence of leaf spots caused by C. sydowii on Tinospora cordifolia in India. • In May 2022, high incidence (DI = 50.66%) of leaf spot was observed on the leaves of Indian Tinospora at several locations in Karnataka, India. • Preliminary evaluation based on disease symptoms and morphological characterisation validated that the pathogen associated with leaf spot disease belongs to the genus Colletotrichum. • Multi-locus [ITS, GAPDH, and H3 genes] concatenated phylogenetic analysis confirmed the causal organism as Colletotrichum sydowii. • This is the first report of leaf spot disease caused by Colletotrichum sydowii on Indian Tinospora (Tinospora cordifolia) from India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]