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Nel sud-ovest degli Stati Uniti è emersa una tendenza particolare delle donne artiste ad innovare e rinnovare l’estetica, gli stili e un nuovo senso della sperimentazione. Le donne artiste Pueblo hanno abilmente assorbito, nel loro repertorio estetico, elementi importati così che la loro produzione artistica si è infine affermata come un ragguardevole esempio di tranculturalismo artistico. Le nuove tendenze estetico-stilistiche sono state convogliate attraverso opere d’arte che stanno tra modelli tradizionali e sperimentazione individuale. Il primo caso che ha trovato un ampio apprezzamento della ceramica Pueblo nei mercati d’arte internazionali è quella di Maria Martinez che ha influenzato la stessa struttura sociale del suo villaggio, San Ildefonso, e quella di Helen Cordero – del villaggio Cochiti – che negli anni ’60 ha introdotto il tema iconico della figura del narratore. In tempi più recenti, altre donne artiste si sono affermate nei mercati d’arte internazionali: Roxanne Swentzell e Tammy García, per esempio. Swentzell, del villaggio di Santa Clara, crea opere femminili di creta a figura intera con il suo particolare senso dell’umorismo e con uno stile personale contemporaneo e unico. Tammy García, anche lei di Santa Clara, “spinge” le sue forme di argilla verso nuove soglie, con tecnica impeccabile, attraverso nuovi modi di espressione artistica ridefinendo l’essenza stessa della ceramica Pueblo. In modi e misure diversi tutte le artiste citate hanno contribuito a trasferire la propria arte da un dominio nativo a un circuito transnazionale attraverso performance che sono il risultato di un intelligente remix moderno., Novecento transnazionale. Letterature, arti e culture / Transnational 20th Century. Literatures, Arts and Cultures, Volume 1, Numero 1 (2017)

Microarrays are an emerging methodology in viroid detection and identification. The principle is the hybridization of fluorescently labeled sequences (targets) to complementary probe sequences immobilized on a solid surface. The process includes probe development, array fabrication, target preparation, hybridization, washing, scanning, and interpretation of results. Probe design and labeling of the target are the key steps in detection and identification of viroids by microarrays. The main advantage of this methodology is the opportunity to detect many viroids simultaneously. Microarrays may be viroid-specific, or may be used for broad-spectrum screening with the use of genus-level probes, the latter being suitable for detecting newly emerging viroids, or established viroids occurring in new host or geographical regions.

We present a novel application of optical tunneling in the context of high-angular resolution, high-contrast techniques with the aim of improving direct imaging capabilities of faint companions in the vicinity of bright stars. In contrast to existing techniques like coronagraphy, we apply well-established techniques from integrated optics to exclusively extinct a very narrow angular direction coming from the sky. This extinction is achieved in the pupil plane and does not suffer from diffraction pattern residuals. We give a comprehensive presentation of the underlying theory as well as first laboratory results., 13 pages, extended version

Among the 15 virus species detected in olive trees, Olive leaf yellowing associated virus (OLYaV) is found with high incidence and frequency in Southern Italy in particular. Effects of OLYaV on virgin olive oil yield and quality of Leccino and Ottobratica cultivars in the Calabria region (Southern Italy) are analyzed. Oil yield, free acidity, number of peroxides, spectrophotometric indices, total content of chlorophylls and carotenoids, total phenol content, composition of the fatty acids, total tocopherols, and total sterols content are determined on oil obtained from olive fruits collected in healthy/virus‐free and OYLaV‐infected trees. Almost all analyzed oil parameters are not statistically different with some exceptions. Oils derived from ‘Ottobratica’ OLYaV‐infected plants have free acidity significantly lower than oil from healthy plants. K₂₃₂ of oil from virus‐free ‘Leccino’ trees is significantly lower than oil from infected trees. Even though some quality parameter differences between healthy and OLYaV‐infected oils are found, it is important to highlight that all oils can be considered in extra virgin olive oil category, within the UE maximum limit acceptance range. Results suggest a no negative interference by OYLaV in oil yield and quality, except for K₂₃₂ values, whereas surprisingly suggest a positive effect of virus infection on free acidity parameter. Practical Applications: Based on the evidence that OYLaV does not interfere negatively in oil yield and quality parameters, it seems appropriate that the European Union Council Directives (2014/96/EU, 2014/97/EU, 2014/98/EU) introduced in the last olive certification scheme only ArMV, CLRV, and SLRSV. The application of compulsory EU directive, in Italy as in other countries, will improve the facilities of olive plants commercialization, guaranteeing enough their sanitary status. The findings here reported support the suggestion that the Italian Ministry of Agriculture could be less restrictive in voluntary Italian regulation (D.M. 20/11/2006). Olive leaf yellowing associated virus (OLYaV) is found with high incidence and frequency especially in Southern Italy. Effects of OLYaV on virgin olive oil yield and quality of Leccino and Ottobratica cultivars in the Calabria region (Southern Italy) are analyzed, including free acidity, number of peroxides, spectrophotometric indexes, total content of chlorophylls, carotenoids and phenol, composition of the fatty acids, total tocopherols and total sterols.

Small satellites are often used by spatial agencies to meet scientific spatial mission requirements. Their payloads are composed of various instruments collecting an increasing amount of data, as well as respecting the growing constraints relative to volume and mass; So small-sized integrated camera have taken a favored place among these instruments. To ensure scene specific color information sensing, pixelated filters seem to be more attractive than filter wheels. The work presented here, in collaboration with Institut Fresnel, deals with the manufacturing of this kind of component, based on thin film technologies and photolithography processes. CCD detectors with a pixel pitch about 30 μm were considered. In the configuration where the matrix filters are positioned the closest to the detector, the matrix filters are composed of 2x2 macro pixels (e.g. 4 filters). These 4 filters have a bandwidth about 40 nm and are respectively centered at 550, 700, 770 and 840 nm with a specific rejection rate defined on the visible spectral range [500 – 900 nm]. After an intense design step, 4 thin-film structures have been elaborated with a maximum thickness of 5 μm. A run of tests has allowed us to choose the optimal micro-structuration parameters. The 100x100 matrix filters prototypes have been successfully manufactured with lift-off and ion assisted deposition processes. High spatial and spectral characterization, with a dedicated metrology bench, showed that initial specifications and simulations were globally met. These excellent performances knock down the technological barriers for high-end integrated specific multi spectral imaging.

Pepino mosaic virus (PepMV) causes economic damage to the tomato industry worldwide. In Italy, the virus is endemic in Sicily, an important tomato-production region, and a new outbreak has been recorded in Sardinia after the first PepMV appearance in 2001. Italian PepMV isolates from these two geographically distant regions were molecularly characterized and the complete nucleotide sequence of four isolates was determined by walking primer strategy. The complete nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences were analyzed and compared with published PepMV sequences. Italian isolates belong to the PepMV-Ch2 strain and had 97.2% to 98.5% identity with those of the reference PepMV-Ch2 deposited in GenBank. The two Sicilian isolates were slightly more variable in the RdRp and TGB1 genes. This study provides new insights into the occurrence and variability of PepMV isolates in Italy.

Multispectral or hyperspectral images allow acquiring new information that could not be acquired using colored images and, for example, identifying chemical species on an observed scene using specific highly selective filters.

International audience

Since 2006, winter melon plants (Cucumis melo L. var inodorus) showing symptoms of pin-point yellow spots were noticed in Sicily (Italy). Leaf samples were tested by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to the most important viruses-infecting cucurbits. Zucchini yellow fleck virus (ZYFV, genus Potyvirus) was the only virus detected. Surveys in 2007 and 2008 revealed an increasing number of sites in Sicily with ZYFV-infected winter melon plants. To confirm the identity of the virus as ZYFV, two isolates from different locations were sequenced and shown to be approximately 85% identical to the published sequences of isolates previously identified in Italy and France. This is the first report of ZYFV occurring on melon in Italy.

La ricerca intende evidenziare come il fenomeno araldico, lungi dal costituire materia esclusiva di una erudizione rivolta al passato, sia una fonte storica di pari dignità rispetto alle altre, ai fini di una conoscenza a tutto tondo della società europea di ancien règime. E a tale scopo sono state prese in esame alcune tematiche tratte dalle fonti perugine, come l’origine della figura denominata anille o fer à moulin, le vicende dello scudo “a testa di cavallo” e le oscillazioni della “moda blasonica”, peraltro diffusa tra tutte le classi sociali. L’analisi di tali contenuti ha consentito di elaborare una efficace esemplificazione metodologica relativamente alle complesse radici del fenomeno araldico. Fa parte del lavoro anche una nota bibliografica su quanto è stato prodotto in Umbria rispetto a questa materia The research aims to underline how the heraldic study, far from being purely erudition of the past, is a historical source as relevant as the others, to fully understand the European society in the age of ancient règime. For this reason, some topics from the sources of Perugia have been considered, as ,for example, the origin of the feature called annille or fer à moulin, the case of the Italian schield “a testa di cavallo”, changes and transformation of the “blazon fashion”, widespread among all social classes. The analysis of this issues has allowed the development of an efficient method in researching the origins of the heraldic subject. It has been provided a bibliographic note of heraldry in Umbria as well.

International audience

The current knowledge on viruses infecting asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is reviewed. Over half a century, nine virus species belonging to the genera Ilarvirus, Cucumovirus, Nepovirus, Tobamovirus, Potexvirus, and Potyvirus have been found in this crop. The potyvirus Asparagus virus 1 (AV1) and the ilarvirus Asparagus virus 2 (AV2) are widespread and negatively affect the economic life of asparagus crops reducing yield and increasing the susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stress. The main properties and epidemiology of AV1 and AV2 as well as diagnostic techniques for their detection and identification are described. Minor viruses and control are briefly outlined.

The polarization dependence of the optical scattering properties of two-dimensional arrays of metal nanostructures with sub-wavelength dimensions (nanoantennas) has been investigated. Arrays of 500 nm × 100 nm gold nanorods covering a 100 × 100 µm(2) area were fabricated with varying orientations on an electrically conductive substrate. The experimental and computational analysis of the angularly organized nanorods suggest potential use toward the development of an integrated polarimeter. Using the gold nanorods on a transparent substrate as a preliminary system, we show that in the proper spectral range the scattering properties of the structures may be tuned for such an application.

Background: The 3-step avidin-biotin pretargeting approach is applied in patients with recurrent glioblastoma (GBM), using biotinylated anti-tenascin monoclonal antibody as the first step of pretargeting followed by avidin and 90 Y- biotin. Methods: The present study reviews objective response and overall survival rates in 502 glioblastoma patients treated with 3-step radioimmunotherapy in our institute from December 1994 to December 2005. Patients underwent standard treatment before receiving Pretargeted Antibody-Guided Radionuclide Therapy with 90 Y-biotin (PAGRIT ® ). Results: Of the 502 patients, 272 (54%) were evaluable for response and 375 (75%) for overall survival. 174 patients (64%) continued to progress after PAGRIT ® , 77 (28%) obtained disease stabilization, and 21 (8%) showed objective tumor regression. Survival of the 375 evaluable patients was 98.4% at 6 months, 79.2% at 12 months, 51.7% at 18 months, and 30.7% at 24 months after the first cycle of PAGRIT ® . All 375 received 3-step PAGRIT ® at recurrence of GBM. The median survival time from diagnosis was 19 months. Conclusion: The results from this retrospective analysis suggest that 90 Y-biotin PAGRIT ® interferes with the progression of glioblastoma, prolonging survival in a larger number of patients. Our analysis forms the basis for further prospective trials, where radioimmunotherapy, which is known to be more effective in minimal residual disease, could be offered immediately after surgery.

The current knowledge on viruses infecting asparagus (Asparagus officinalis) is reviewed. Over half a century, nine virus species belonging to the genera Ilarvirus, Cucumovirus, Nepovirus, Tobamovirus, Potexvirus, and Potyvirus have been found in this crop. The potyvirus Asparagus virus 1 (AV1) and the ilarvirus Asparagus virus 2 (AV2) are widespread and negatively affect the economic life of asparagus crops reducing yield and increasing the susceptibility to biotic and abiotic stress. The main properties and epidemiology of AV1 and AV2 as well as diagnostic techniques for their detection and identification are described. Minor viruses and control are briefly outlined.

Tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a vegetable crop which is affected by many viruses and several viroids, causing significant economic loss. Their detection and identification is of critical importance for plant protection and quarantine and certification programs. The potential was examined of an array based on the Combimatrix platform for the detection of 37 viruses belonging to 13 families, one of which is unassigned, together with six pospiviroid species, genus Pospiviroid , family Pospiviroidae . More than 470 oligonucleotide probes (40-mer) were selected for the microarray diagnostic technique developed in this investigation. Most of the virus probes were highly specific and were able to identify tomato viruses. Most pospiviroid probes, however, were non-specific in terms of species, but were specific at the genus level as they hybridized to members of the genus Pospiviroid. Only one probe of the Tomato apical stem viroid was species specific. The repeatability and specificity of the Combimatrix method showed that it can be considered for routine diagnostic use in suspected tomato germplasm since it detected 37 viruses and one pospiviroid at the species level and 5–6 pospiviroids at the genus level. The estimated cost for testing of a single tomato virus is similar to or less than the cost of using ELISA.

International audience

Characterization of the spectral transmission of micro-patterned optical coatings requires accurate and highly localized measurement means. However, the capabilities of commercial equipments are generally limited, and either they do not provide sufficient spatial and spectral resolution, or they modify the spectral transmittance properties of the sample by using a large half angle illuminating light cone. In this work, we propose a new approach based on the recording, using a high performance photodiode array camera, of monochromatic magnified images of the sample illuminated by a filtered and fiber-coupled super-continuum laser source. In such case, the spatial resolution is directly given by the size of the individual CCD pixels and by the magnification of the imaging objective, while the spectral resolution is defined by the slit width of the filtering monochromator. This paper will give a detailed description of the main features of this spectrophotometric bench, and will demonstrate its ability to record the spectral transmittance of patterned samples with micrometer spatial resolution and sub-nanometer spectral resolution in the visible and near infrared ranges.

National audience

National audience

The Linearly Variable Filters (LVF) are complex optical devices that, integrated in a CCD, can realize a «single chip spectrometer». In the framework of an ESA Study, a team of industries and institutes led by SELEX-Galileo explored the design principles and manufacturing techniques, realizing and characterizing LVF samples based both on All-Dielectric (AD) and Metal-Dielectric (MD) Coating Structures in the VNIR and SWIR spectral ranges. In particular the achieved performances on spectral gradient, transmission bandwidth and Spectral Attenuation (SA) are presented and critically discussed. Potential improvements will be highlighted. In addition the results of a feasibility study of a SWIR Linear Variable Filter are presented with the comparison of design prediction and measured performances. Finally criticalities related to the filter-CCD packaging are discussed. The main achievements reached during these activities have been: - to evaluate by design, manufacturing and test of LVF samples the achievable performances compared with target requirements; - to evaluate the reliability of the projects by analyzing their repeatability; - to define suitable measurement methodologies. © Copyright SPIE.

A linear variable filter is a multilayer band-pass coating deposited with a thickness gradient that gives a significant wavelength shift of the transmission peak along the corresponding direction. In the perpendicular direction the thickness should be as uniform as possible, corresponding to a stable centring wavelength. Such components, associated with matrix detectors are of great interest for the design of compact and light weight spectro-imagers. For such a filter, each of the rejection bands must be able to cover the whole spectral range that must be swept by the transmission peak. When this spectral range is rather large, extending for example from 400 to 1000 nm as in the case we studied, this rejection requirement rapidly becomes the most demanding one. In that case, the standard approach consists to use a metal dielectric band-pass structure, known as induced transmission filter [1]: A metallic layer is embedded in a symmetrical dielectric stacks to form a two-cavity Fabry-Perot filter, each cavity being closed with a metallic and a dielectric mirror. The major advantage of the metallic layer is to provide the wide rejection bands that are required, while the dielectric surrounding stacks are designed to minimize the absorption in the metallic layer at the peak wavelength. However, the reflectance of this metallic layer, obviously linked with its thickness, is not only responsible for the transmission level in the rejection bands, but has also a direct impact on the filter’s band-width and maximum peak transmission. As a result, these three main characteristics of the filter cannot be designed separately. The only way to overcome this major drawback is to avoid the use of any metallic layer. In that case, rejection bands must be formed with the help of broad-band dielectric mirrors which requires a high number of layers. Instead of a few tens layers for a metal-dielectric structure, several hundreds are necessary for an all-dielectric solution. This paper aims to describe the major steps of the work performed at Institut Fresnel to develop such a solution. We will first describe the design of the component and coatings, then the masking mechanism we developed to manufacture the coatings with the right thickness gradient. At last, we will give some partial results that prove the feasibility of this new concept.

During spring and summer of 2007 and 2008, a number of onion fields in Emilia Romagna region (northern Italy) showed various virus-like symptoms. DAS-ELISA carried out in 2007 and early 2008 for Impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV), Iris yellow spot virus (IYSV) and Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) showed the occasional presence of TSWV, whereas a number of samples also reacted weakly with IYSV antiserum. In a number of TSWV-negative samples, electron microscopy of leaf extracts revealed the presence of tospovirus-like particles. Western blot analysis on the same set of samples gave positive results with antisera against Tomato fruit yellow ring virus (TFYRV) and IYSV, two serologically related virus species. Sequence analysis of RT-PCR fragments confirmed that the virus in the onion samples was IYSV with approximately 98% identity at the amino acid level with reported Serbian and Spanish sequences of the same virus. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that the Italian IYSV isolates belong to a newly defined southern European clade. Our data suggest that IYSV is made up of a heterogeneous and serologically distinct group of isolates.

The following article describes the coatings of both Fabry-Perot (FP) etalons to be installed in the integral field spectrometer 3D-NTT. This simultaneous use of two FP etalons of high and low resolution respectively is the new concept upon which the 3D-NTT is built. Design and fabrication of the coatings of those etalons is a critical step to be able to achieve the desired performances of the instrument. More precisely, these etalons will have to show less than a 10% variation of the finesse from 370 to 900nm and a better than lambda/100 cumulative optical uniformity over a O100mm surface. The aim is thus to design high-reflectivity coatings for each of the FP etalon. The design process of the two sets of coatings will be described first, then the expected performances of each etalon will be presented and finally the progresses in the making of these coatings will be discussed.