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One of the skills needed in the 21st century is critical thinking skills that need to be developed for secondary school students. Currently, upper-secondary students' critical thinking skills are still low. To overcome the problem, websitebased E-module learning media was developed using a STEM approach with a Problem-Based Contextual Learning model with virtual experiments using PhET. The aim of developing this website-based E-Module media is to improve students' thinking skills on thermochemistry learning materials. The development model is 4-D. Data collection in this study was gained from three schools representing schools in the high, medium, and low categories in Surakarta, Indonesia. In this research,216 students were involved as the subjects at the development module implementation stage. The results of expert validation of the material, language, and media modules are suitable for use with a score of 90.03% categorized as very good. In the feasibility test, the score was 87.98% categorized as very good. The score for critical thinking skills was 79.18% in the critical category. N-Gain score was 0.70 categorized as high criteria. The result of the independent sample t-test sig 0.023, Critical thinking skills were conducted using E-Module. The results are higher than conventional media and effective in improving students' critical thinking skills.

Students often find learning and applying theory difficult and potentially disconnected from practice. Using theory to guide occupational therapy assessment and intervention preserves the distinct value of occupational therapy. One way students develop professional reasoning is by learning how to use theory. Theoretical knowledge guides the professional reasoning questions that students and practitioners seek to answer. Teaching occupational therapy theory needs to involve clear, engaging, and meaningful activities that foster an explicit focus on occupation. This paper presents an innovative way of teaching theory in occupational therapy. We explain a thinking cap analogy to organize the theoretical knowledge that guides professional reasoning. This analogy involves the instructor wearing a hat as a thinking cap to represent an occupation-centered model of practice on which objects (frames of reference) can be added as flair. We describe the thinking cap analogy in detail and how this analogy builds on Ikiugu's framework for combining theoretical conceptual models. Multiple years of student course feedback demonstrate the usefulness of this analogy as a teaching innovation. This method for teaching theory can advance how students use theoretical knowledge to guide professional reasoning in practice and value occupation, performance, and participation as central to occupational therapy.

Reasoning, reflective practice, and evidence-based practice are essential skills for occupational therapy practitioners, but it is unclear how these skills are defined in occupational therapy education. We used Delphi methodology to explore educator conceptualizations of clinical reasoning, professional reasoning, reflective practice, and evidence-based practice. Eligible participants on the Delphi expert panel were required to have been an educator in an occupational therapy program for at least three years at the master's level or higher, to be a current occupational therapy educator, based in the United States, and available across multiple survey rounds. Nine participants completed all three survey rounds. Among members of the expert panel there was continued moderate disagreement about terminology related to reasoning and there were some discrepancies between expert perspectives and the occupational therapy literature. However, these educators largely agreed on key features of the complex constructs. Consistency about the use of these terms will support both education and research related to essential professional skills.

Assessing student teachers' ability to pose mathematical reasoning problems within their experiences in teacher education is essential due to their increasing challenges in preparing for 21st-century learning. This study investigates the quality of mathematical reasoning problems posed by student teachers. Thirty-four student teachers at a public university in Surabaya, Indonesia, who attended an assessment lecture posed mathematical problems, where four aspects (suitability of indicators which refers to cognitive behaviour expected from the problems posed, the plausibility of the solution of the problems poses, the correctness of the solution, and language readability) were used to assess the problems posed. The results indicate that more than 70% of the student-teacher participants were successful in posing reasoning problems (either objective or subjective questions) indicated by those which are in accordance with the established criteria. However, most of the posed problems are categorised as 'analyse' problems instead of 'evaluate' or 'create' problems.

Metacognitive skills are important because they help people develop an understanding of effective strategies. This skill also helps improve one's critical thinking and creative thinking so as to be able to overcome problems in everyday life. The purpose of this research is to train students' metacognitive skills through biology learning using the EAQD-PC learning model (acronym of exploring, analyzing, questioning, defining--peer coaching) which is integrated learning journals (LJ). This research was conducted at the University of Muhammadiyah Bone, South Sulawesi, Indonesia. Using a quantitative research design, 43 students were taught by EAQD-PC-LJ. Metacognitive skills were tested with an essay test three times. Previous essay tests were validated by expert raters and tested on previous batches of students to measure empirical validity and reliability. All tests are valid and reliable. The results of the treatment showed an improvement in students' metacognitive skills through three tests. The findings of this study prove that EAQD-PC-LJ is effectively used to improve students' metacognitive skills through the learning process. Learning journals have an important role as a tool to train students' mastery of concepts and knowledge.

High-order cognitive skills (HOCS) are required to solve problems and make decisions. ARVi or augmented reality virus is a learning medium used to enhance HOCS. Aims of this research is to find out the effect of implementing ARVi media on enhancing high-level cognitive skills of students. The research is a quasi-experiment with a pretest-posttest control group design. The research was conducted in MAN 1 Kota Bogor class 10 using the Merdeka curriculum. The research instrument is a multiple-choice test that has been validated to measure high-level cognitive skills. The result of the t-test shows t-value (3.14) > t-table (1.98), indicating that there is a significant difference between the posttest scores of the control group and the experimental group. This means that the use of ARVi media has an effect on high-level cognitive skills. The improvement in high-level cognitive skills was continuous in C5 (evaluation) at 78%, C6 (creation) at 72%, and C4 (analysis) at 70%. These results are not independent of the support provided by the various content offered by ARVi media, such as augmented reality, literacy, and high-level questionnaires. Current education can benefit from technologies like ARVi media that help increase the high-level cognitive skills of students.

This study aims to develop a scale to measure the design thinking process and to evaluate the reliability and validity of this scale. It fills this gap by introducing a 36-item scale specifically designed to measure design thinking abilities across the five key stages of the design thinking process: empathize, define, ideate, prototype, and test, to provide an accurate assessment of individual abilities across these stages. Aligned with the well-established design thinking process, the scale comprises five sub-dimensions, each focused on a specific stage. It employs a 5-point Likert-type response format, ensuring nuanced feedback. Rigorous psychometric evaluations confirmed the scale's trustworthiness. Internal consistency within each sub-dimension was exceptional, with Cronbach's alpha coefficients exceeding 0.80 across all stages. Remarkably, the overall scale achieved an outstanding 0.95 Cronbach's alpha, signifying unparalleled cohesiveness and reliability. Validity was further established through rigorous statistical analyses. Exploratory component analysis (EFA) accounted for 60% of the variance, confirming the structure and demonstrating strong item-to-factor loadings (ranging from 0.31 to 0.74). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided additional validation, with all fit indices exceeding established benchmarks, solidifying the scale's accuracy and applicability. Beyond these impressive psychometric qualities, the study offers several key advantages. The concise 36-item format ensures efficient administration and analysis, while the five distinct sub-dimensions allow for targeted evaluation of specific strengths and weaknesses within each stage. This detailed feedback holds immense value for researchers, educators, and professionals seeking to cultivate design thinking capabilities in diverse settings. By providing a validated and reliable tool for design thinking assessment, this study empowers a comprehensive understanding of individual strengths and weaknesses across the five critical stages. This, in turn, enables targeted interventions and fosters the development of effective design-thinking skills in various contexts.

The implementation of the Kurikulum Merdeka strongly recommends a model based on inquiry or investigations carried out actively by students. This study was conducted to analyze the tendencies of permanent teacher students in developing inquiry-based learning and its correlation with students' critical thinking skills. This survey research uses students of the biology in-service teacher at the University of Muhammadiyah Malang as a sample. The variables measured in this research include the variety of methods used, the variety of ways of perceiving problems, student collaboration activities, and the learning instructional quality. Data collection uses survey instruments that have been validated and reliable. Instrument validation uses the product moment validity test, while the reliability test uses the Alpha-Cronbach's formula. The data obtained were analyzed using the Spearman's Rho correlation formula. The research results showed that the methods most frequently applied were group discussions (90.08%), presentations (82.64%), and questions and answers (76.86%). The most common way of apperception is by asking about experiences (70.25%) and stimulating students to share experiences (33.38%). Furthermore, teachers also provide collaboration space in most learning activities amounting to 67.77%. However, most new students disseminated definitions of terms in the project (64.46%) rather than explaining how the project was carried out (52.89%). Furthermore, the student worksheets developed have dominant problem solving activities (84.30%), have relevance to the learning model (72.73%), and evaluation questions have led to HOTS optimization. The research results also show a strong positive correlation ([rho]=0.431, p<0.001) which shows that the relevance of student worksheets is strongly related to student HOTS.

The Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking Figural Forms A and B are widely used to measure creative potential. Despite their common application in research, there has been a lack of focus on the psychometric properties of the tests. Thus, the scoring of the items is based on some unexamined hypotheses. The items are hypothesized to be equally difficult, and the response categories are hypothesized to be equally distributed. Additionally, it is hypothesized that the items measure a single cognitive factor for each creative thinking skill and that each creative thinking skill is a different cognitive factor. Given the impact of these hypotheses on the validity of the test scores, it is crucial to investigate these four hypotheses. In the present study, Rasch-based analyses and correlation analyses were conducted to examine all these hypotheses for Form A. The data were collected from 157 second-grade students in Turkey. The findings showed that a) the items were equally difficult for only elaboration, internal visualization, and humor; b) the response categories were equally distributed for only resistance to premature closure and elaboration; c) the items measured a single cognitive factor for each creative thinking skill; and d) certain creative thinking skills were highly correlated (r [greater than or equal to] 0.90). Overall, the items in Form A possess sufficient quality for assessing the majority of the creative thinking skills. Nevertheless, some revisions to the scoring of the items may be needed.

Higher education plays a vital role in developing lifelong core competencies that empower graduates to thrive amidst technological and economic disruptions. This article proposes that higher cognitive skills, emotional intelligence, and digital literacy are key competencies that promote transferable skills applicable across diverse industries and markets. It provides recommendations for how the higher education community can strategically cultivate these timeless yet critical competencies while also leveraging innovations like artificial intelligence (AI). The University of Louisiana System's core competencies initiative demonstrates a framework outlining essential skills for lifelong success. As jobs rapidly evolve with advancing AI, adaptability becomes key, and core competencies ready graduates for new challenges by developing transportable human strengths. By upholding core competencies while innovating, higher education can fulfill its vital purpose of empowering students to define their own success despite disruption.

Critical writing seeks to enhance university students' ability to think causally and reason effectively, and this improvement should be evident in their language use in the assignments. An example of such language is interactional metadiscourse, the expression of attitudes and opinions in line with the intended audience. In pursuit of these objectives, this study investigated the textual characteristics of critical thinking by examining interactional metadiscourse markers (MDMs) in the critical response papers authored by English Language Teaching (ELT) undergraduate students throughout a semester at a Turkish state university. The findings revealed shifts in the use of interactional MDMs by the end of the semester. While markers for engagement, hedging, and boosting remained prevalent across various tasks, the utilization of self-mentions and attitude markers declined, indicating a transition from the students' sharing personal opinions and experiences to relying on evidence from research in academic texts to support their arguments. Additionally, the study highlighted the impact of topic selection on how students incorporated metadiscourse markers into their response papers.

The interrupted case study is a structured way to engage students in active learning. Interruptions, or pauses for reflection and discussion scheduled within the case-study presentation, provide students with a chance to collaborate and engage in critical thinking. Critical thinking style, which is a measure of how one tends to think critically, provides insight into how one tackles problem solving. This article describes a pilot project that combined critical-thinking style and an interrupted case study, delivered over a two-class-period time frame, to four college courses. The project's goals were to assess students' self-reported knowledge, self-reported ability, changes in thinking, and intentions to use their critical thinking style in the future. The University of Florida Critical Thinking Inventory and an end-of-session evaluation were administered online, and 110 students voluntarily responded. Results indicated that many students enjoyed the discussion-based and problem-solving structure of the interrupted case study. Results also showed increases in students' self-reported knowledge about critical thinking style and content covered in the case study. For teachers looking to pilot an interrupted case study with a critical thinking style component, two class sessions can have a positive effect on student learning and encourage critical thinking.

The study focuses on the identification of relationships and/or rules between computational thinking (CT) concepts among the undergraduate students of Applied Informatics due to their attitudes towards mathematics. We analyze three CT concepts -- decomposition, pattern recognition, and algorithmic thinking. We assume that students who have a closer relationship with mathematics, a positive attitude towards mathematics, have better developed CT. We conducted the experiment during the 2022/2023 academic year on the Information Coding and Displaying subject. The results indicate that those students who have no relationship to mathematics, negative attitude towards mathematics, have no problem with decomposition and pattern recognition, but without significant algorithmic thinking. On the other hand, students who have a close relationship with mathematics are also able to decompose or recognize patterns, but moreover they have shown algorithmic thinking. The contribution of the study comprises the identification of relationships and/or patterns of computational thinking concepts among students who have a relationship to mathematics, who cannot assess their relationship to mathematics, as well as among students who have no relationship to mathematics. Our results indicate a different occurrence of computational thinking concepts as well as links and/or relationships between them.

Metacognitive thinking has the potential to impact high school student's personality, his cognitive abilities, and psychological state when activating its components through modern educational methods. Through four hypotheses, this study aimed to examine the psychological and educational variables of metacognitive thinking, systemic thinking, and mindfulness that can impact and predict the metacognitive thinking process of secondary school students within the Hawalli Educational Zone of Kuwait. A descriptive and quantitative research design guided this research study with the focus on psychological and cognitive phenomena. The study involved a sample size of 348 participants (169 male and 179 female), aged between 16 and 18 years, randomly drawn from the government secondary schools in the Hawalli Governorate in the State of Kuwait. Data was collected through three distinct scales Metacognitive Thinking Scale, Systems Thinking Scale and Mindfulness Scale. The study found out that there existed a positive and statistically significant relationship between metacognitive thinking and both variables of systemic thinking and mindfulness. Additionally, there were also statistical differences between gender in metacognitive and mindfulness in favor of males. This suggests that systemic thinking and mindfulness can be a predictor of metacognitive thinking. The research implications show that metacognition holds great importance and capability in the educational process. It helps control and guide thinking processes, enhances reading and memorization skills, predicts main ideas, and contributes to the development of critical and creative thinking.

Objectives: The main objective of this study is to understand the factors that encourage the use of mobile ebooks among mathematics postgraduate students. Method: This study employed a qualitative case study approach. Eight mathematics postgraduate students from the algebra research group participated in the study. Data were collected via interview and analyzed by using constant comparative analysis. Results: Utilitarian, cognitive, affective, social norm, and content qualities were the main factors influencing the use of mobile ebooks among the participants. Conclusions: Mobile ebooks are easy to use and provide a meaningful platform to find information. In addition, the mobile ebook provides instant access to new information with a single finger click, thus enabling students to extract the needed information and make constructive comparisons on the subject matter. Theory and/or Practice Implications: Results expand understanding of the factors that motivate the use of mobile ebooks for learning activities among mathematics postgraduate students. In addition, the study also provides support for institutions planning to incorporate mobile ebooks as an important reference material for postgraduate learning and research activities.

Objectives: There are essentially three schools of thought regarding critical thinking--humanistic, cognitive, and behavioral. Given the disagreement among them, confusion continues about what critical thinking means, and how it can be taught to students. Methods: In this qualitative phenomenological study, researchers interviewed students and faculty in a distance education master of public health program about their perceptions and experiences of what critical thinking means and how it is developed in the online classroom. Results: Themes emerging from student interviews included (a) differing thoughts on the meaning of critical thinking; (b) learning and meeting course requirements as students' primary role; (c) technology as useful in learning; and (d) confidence in learning linked to engagement, feedback, and course alignment. Themes from faculty interviews included (a) how online classrooms promoted critical thinking; (b) critical thinking identified when students demonstrate the application of independent thought; (c) facilitating and keeping students on track as faculty's primary role; (d) promotion of critical thinking through questioning and student collaboration; (e) assessment of critical thinking through discussion posts; and (f) faculty facilitation and focus on application as essential to student learning. Conclusions: Students and faculty engaged in the online classroom agree in some ways that critical thinking skills are gained through practical applications. But this is where agreement ceases. Students believe they are developing critical thinking skills in their online environments, when in fact they are reproducing rote information in assignments. Implications: Engaging in activities has been shown to develop critical thinking more effectively when it is accompanied by mentoring, dialogue, and authentic instruction. Online educators who want to help students develop their critical thinking skills can use mentoring, dialogue, and authentic instruction alongside online activities.

Engineering education aims to equip children with the skills to solve and apply complex problems. Problem-solving processes in engineering require high-level thinking and mind habits. Habit is a term used to describe various aspects of intelligence. Engineering habits of mind are the values, attitudes, and thinking skills associated with engineering. This research aimed to develop a scale to assess the engineering habits of mind of children ages 5-8. The study involved 417 children in two provinces in the southwest and northwest of Türkiye. We performed Explanatory Factor Analysis (EFA) and Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) for the scale's construct validity. The scale consisted of 35 items and six factors and explained 59.2% of the total variance. We called the factors "system thinking," "creativity," "optimism," "collaboration," "communication," and "attention to ethical considerations." According to the CFA result, the construct we obtain is reasonable (X[superscript 2]/sd= 1.97, RMSEA= 0.068, CFI= 0.93, TLI= 0.91, SRMR= 0.062). The item total correlations range from 0.43 to 0.66. We determined the Cronbach Alpha coefficient of the scale to be 0.94 and the test re-test reliability to be 0.87. According to the results, it can be said that the scale obtained can be used validly and reliably to determine the engineering habits of mind children according to teacher reports. The study contributes to the ever-increasing engineering habits of mind literature.

Teachers' professional vision (TPV) is an essential contributor to enhancing the quality of teaching-learning processes thanks to its potential effect on teachers' self-reflective skills. This is of particular importance in Physical Education (PE), due to the fact that this subject presents different challenges and more dynamic situations compared to others. One of the latest approaches for enhancing TPV is video-based reflection, allowing teachers to observe and analyze recorded lessons. This research aimed to test the effect of a video-based reflection program on TPV in PE. Two teachers participated in a 3-step video-analysis program consisting of self-reflection, peer reflection, and expert feedback. Notable changes were found in TPV at the end of the 6-month intervention, both in terms of teachers' selective attention to classroom events and their knowledge-based reasoning. Our findings suggest that video-based reflection interventions could represent an important component of any teacher training program aiming to increase PE teachers' ability to evaluate and respond to a variety of in-class situations.

Students of strategic management are often inundated with a plethora of analytical tools from which they must chose a select few to help them to effectively analyse the forces impacting the sustainable competitiveness of an organisation. Choosing the right tool(s) can be daunting, yet crucial for understanding organizational challenges and crafting relevant and effective strategic solutions. This desk research study explores the utility of analogies and metaphors as pedagogical tools to prepare students to become adept in strategic analysis. Aristotle likened metaphors to puzzles, suggesting that, like puzzles, metaphors engage us in figuring out how one thing resembles another. It is during this active participation and interpreting that makes analogies and metaphors effective in making complex strategy concepts more relatable to students. Through the process of analogical encoding, this conceptual study argues that the medical analogy holds promise for effective scaffolding of students' learning, demystifying abstracts and making them more relatable in addition to structuring thinking across domains as well as promoting critical thinking, decision-making, creativity, problem-solving, collaboration and communication skills - key 21st century skills sought by industry. By leveraging familiar medical analogies, teachers or educators can promote learner-centred authentic learning, simultaneously enhancing the students' learning experience.

The aim of this research was to evaluate and compare the efficiency of the flipped learning strategy with that of a conventional teaching method with respect to learning outcomes, cognitive gain, and perception and satisfaction with regard to the methodology used. The research was carried out during the 2021-2022 academic year and focused on a molecular biology course within a primary education Bachelor's degree programme, which included a total of 146 students. In order to assess the students' comprehension of the mechanisms involved in DNA replication, transcription and translation, we employed two different methods: the multiple-select Central Dogma Concept Inventory (CDCI) and a concept-mapping activity. A three-point Likert-type scale questionnaire was used to investigate the pre-service teachers' perceptions of the methodological approach that we used. The results show that the flipped learning pedagogical approach not only increases pre-service teacher's performance but also enables them to develop higher level cognitive skills than with traditional methodology. However, several features of the central dogma processes remained poorly understood, probably because of the multilevel and invisible nature of the molecular biology, and the lack of knowledge of the molecular interactions that facilitate these processes. The preservice teachers had a more positive perception of the teaching approach and their own competence when they followed the flipped model.

Student success is increasingly tied to equity-minded policies and practices that ameliorate postsecondary achievement gaps. Educational disruptions over the past few years continue to reshape the education landscape and have continued to illuminate racial and socioeconomic inequities at higher education institutions, deepening the digital divide and diminishing persistence rates. As calls for "success for all" echo across college and university campuses nationally, many institutions are focused on increasing student completion through improved onboarding, credentialling and degree pathways, and advising, all of which is grounded in student-focused teaching, learning, support, and assessment. Ensuring equitable student success becomes, therefore, a central focus of education at all levels, particularly in terms of uncovering ways to support students from racial and ethnic minority backgrounds and socioeconomically underserved populations. This endeavor is crucial if we are to address the needs of today's ever-evolving and increasingly diversified student populations. Transformation is best supported by starting with a universally understood student-centered mission that determines the creation of a student experience with equitable outcomes and educational value. How success is defined impacts policies and practices, and ultimately affects student outcomes. Student success can be defined as a "holistic phenomenon" that embraces the multiple dimensions of personal development in tandem with the multiple goals of higher education. Identifying the central principles or critical features of learning experiences that are most likely to embrace and implement a comprehensive definition of "equitable student success" can move higher education closer to realizing its intended outcomes.

In this new era, computational thinking is becoming increasingly intriguing for indepth study. The 2022 PISA framework illustrates that computational thinking can play a significant role in solving real-world mathematical problems, both in formulating problems and in mathematical reasoning processes. Many countries have integrated computational thinking into their curricula, starting as early as elementary education. The 2022 PISA framework marks the first time that substantial attention has been given to the intersection between computational thinking and mathematical thinking. Consequently, research was conducted to analyze the validation process, practicality, and effectiveness of using integrated computational thinking and mathematical practical design thinking to enhance students' computational thinking skills. The research results demonstrate that the integrated computational thinking and mathematical thinking learning design are highly suitable for implementation. According to expert judgment, its validity rate is 95.5%, with a practicality score of 93.75%. The instructional design applied in this study has proven to be effective in enhancing the computational thinking skills of elementary school students. It's important to note that this research is limited to elementary school students, and further studies are needed to explore this topic at higher education levels.

This research aims to develop a combining game-based learning with design thinking using block-based programming to enhance computational thinking and creative games for primary students and will be referred to as game-based learning from now on. The purpose of this research is to 1) develop a model for game-based learning, 2) develop the system for game-based learning, 3) evaluate students' computational thinking after implementing game-based learning, and 4) evaluate the creative games created by students after game-based learning is implemented. The research tools included 1) the model for the game-based learning, 2) the model-appropriate evaluation form, 3) the learning system evaluation form 4) the computational thinking evaluation form, and 5) the creative game evaluation form. The research results showed that 1) the evaluation results of the model are appropriate for teaching at the highest level ([X-bar] = 4.82, SD = 0.42) and could be used for experimental teaching, 2) The results of game-based learning system quality are at the highest level ([X-bar] = 4. 57, S.D. = 0. 50). The researcher implements a game-based learning model and system to teach a sample group of 24 students in grade 4, using a purposive sampling method. The results of the implementation could be summarized as follows: 1) the results of students' computational thinking evaluation after implementing the model and system are significantly higher than before at the .05 level. 2) evaluation results of creative games that students developed after implementing the model and system are at a high level ([X-bar] = 4.29, S.D. = 0.52).

Facilitating Computer Science Unplugged (CS-unplugged) activities with reflective thinking activities lead students to in-depth reviews of their decisions and think of ways to solve the CS-unplugged problems. This study aims to evaluate the instruction enriched with reflective thinking activities to develop computational thinking skills. The study was carried out as a case study in a Computer Science course. The participants were 24, 5th-grade secondary school students. Students used two-column reflection notes and daily diaries to reflect their thoughts. Data were collected through Computational thinking skills evaluation form (CTEF), interviews, and observations to examine the role of reflective thinking activities during the instruction. Descriptive analysis, the thematic analysis was carried out through interviews was used to analyze data. The use of the two-column reflection notes and diaries positively contributed to the development of students' computational thinking skills. The students who engaged in reflective thinking activities outperformed in exhibiting their computational thinking skills than those who did not engage in. We hope that the findings of this study will assist in the future design and implementation of CS-unplugged activities to improve CT skills.

While examining the findings, this study concentrated on academic success, critical thinking, and motivation for demonstration. Secondary school students studying English are involved in digital story-telling research. A quasi-experimental approach was employed in the research with 48 11th grade students who took pretests and posttests. Teaching as DST in the experimental group and teaching as teaching in the control group were the two degrees of CT-integrated instruction that were used. Gather both quantitative and qualitative information, such as responses to academic questions and the outcomes of tests of English language and cognitive skills. Through the addition of unique cultural narratives with a Palestine focus, the work advances the DST tradition. This program sheds information on how learning outcomes for students are impacted by daylight saving time. Because ANCOVA yields effective and objective results, it was utilized in the data analysis process.

In this article, the authors focus on a one-week research project examining Frederick Douglass's civic actions to challenge racial discrimination African Americans faced before and after the U.S. Civil War. Our one-week research project was implemented at a free public charter school in amid-sized Southern city. Our project connects to the disciplinary literacy skills argued for in the indicators of the C3 Framework. The following research questions drove our study: (a) in what ways, if any, do students articulate the challenges African Americans faced in the slavery system?; (b) In what ways, if any, do students articulate the civic actions taken by Frederick Douglass to challenge racial discrimination in U.S. society? First, we define the concept of public issues and describe their importance in an abbreviated literature review. Next, our focus shifts to examining how disciplinary literacy skills advocated for in the C3 Framework helped to shape our project. Then, we briefly focus on the demographic information for the students that participated in our study along with giving the demographic information about the teacher that implemented this project. Next, methods utilized in our project will be given. Then, a description of the student data and analysis procedures is provided. Next, we talk about the findings from our study and give a discussion section to unpack our findings. Finally, we close the article with limitations from our study and recommendations for future research studies to build upon our project.

This paper argues that engaging students in informal statistical reasoning from early school years is essential for the development of statistical understanding. We investigated if and how children aged six-seven years old identified variation in a table of data and made predictions through the design of a teaching experiment. The classroom teaching experiment was comprised of four 45 minutes lessons addressing the understanding and interpretation of data sets. In order to describe students' informal predictive reasoning, we used the framework of "data lenses". More specifically, we analyzed the different types of answers the students produced as they engaged in predictive reasoning during an interview given before and after the teaching experiment. The participation of students in (classroom) and out-of-school (family) communities of practice was also taken into consideration. Our results demonstrate that the students benefited from their learning experience and developed data understanding.

As we consider the growing number of children from immigrant and refugee backgrounds that our schools serve, the importance of fostering anti-racist educators through teacher education is of the utmost importance. While anti-racist work can be a challenging and ongoing personal journey for every educator, engaging teacher education students with diverse children's and adolescent literature can lead to meaningful self-reflection that can foster empathy and global competence. This article shares how online university course modules were designed, with funding from the Longview Foundation, to support pre- and in-service educators to engage with children's and adolescent literature centered on the lived stories of immigrant and refugee families through scaffolded reading and thinking protocols as a model for using literature to encourage empathy and global competence with young learners. Pre- and in-service teachers reported several benefits, including an increased awareness of the importance of diverse literature, deepened self-reflection and empathy, and meaningful connections to classroom practice, thereby benefiting educators and their learners alike.

Students from underrepresented populations--females, working class, and youth from marginalized racial/ethnic groups--are less likely than their middle-class Asian and White male peers to study computer science (CS) in college. The dearth of CS undergraduates from these groups contributes to projected labor force shortages. Sources of the dilemma include weak or absent inspiration and CS preparation in middle schools and negative stereotypes suggesting certain groups do not belong in CS. This case study describes three years of a community collaboration between a local university and a nearby middle school attended by primarily low-income students of color. The University of North Carolina Charlotte/Wilson STEM Academy Partnership focused on undergraduates majoring in CS teaching monthly workshops designed to inspire and academically prepare the middle schoolers for college and CS majors by teaching them coding and computational thinking while also challenging stereotypes about who belongs in CS. Post-workshop assessments, reflective essays, interviews, and administrative data were thematically coded. Findings suggest the workshops sparked interest in college and CS, undermined toxic stereotypes, and nurtured the academic self-confidence of middle schoolers. The Partnership provided the undergraduates with opportunities to meet their own academic goals while "paying it forward." Results suggest that the Partnership can serve as a model starting point for disrupting the disproportionalities in female and underrepresented minority students in CS.

Higher education providers have redefined their focus to include work-integrated learning (WIL) as an alternative way to prepare graduates for professional and future employment. Although WIL was designed to enhance graduates' work readiness, there is little evidence that the program supports the development of behavioural and employability competencies among participating students. Thus, this study aims to predict the effect of WIL through the partial least square path model on seven employability competencies. The sample consisted of 375 final-year engineering students from two Nigerian universities who had participated in a WIL program. A two-stage composite-based structural equation modelling was used to analyse the data. The average variance extracted and Heterotrait-Monotrait ratio were used to establish the validity and reliability of the instruments. A structural model was used to test the hypothetical constructs' relationship and level of significance. The findings supported all hypothesized direct relationships that WIL enhances graduate employability skills. The study concludes that WIL has immense benefits for students, including developing employability skills (i.e., Analytical, adaptability, communication, fundamental, ICT, interpersonal, and 4IR skillsets) for future employment. Consequently, it was recommended that higher education providers strengthen and establish frameworks for effective work-integrated learning program to enhance graduate employability.

The research on the ability to think in systems in education is also minimal, which is why the ability to think in systems in Indonesia has not been optimally trained. Dealing with a system's complexity can be challenging at any age, particularly for students who must apply the system's cognitive capabilities during the learning process. Systems thinking is a key to Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) competency since it can help learners understand the complexity and dynamics of the world. This research investigates the impact of system thinking on Junior High School students through simple science projects addressing environmental pollution. The study involved 7th-grade students in a private school in Bandung, utilizing a quantitative approach with a one-group pre-test and post-test design; the research aimed to measure the improvement in students' system thinking competency using test items and analyzed the data with SPSS software and Rasch Stacking and Racking. Results from the Wilcoxon test indicated a significant difference after completing learning activities, with a 50% improvement based on Rasch analysis. This underscored the critical role of project-based learning in enhancing system thinking competency. Applying appropriate learning models is expected to enhance students' system thinking competency. The recommendation for future reference to other studies, such as directing the scientific investigation in detail. Design more precisely from the initial stage to the final stage so that the expected learning can be achieved, and students can go through all stages of STEM learning correctly to create a better prototype.

The paper describes the results of a study whose main aim was to find the interrelationship between pupils' school grades in Czech language (native), mathematics, and physics and pupils' cognitive predispositions to problem-solving in science and mathematics diagnosed by the Lawson Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning and the Culture of Problem Solving test. A total of 180 pupils from the Czech Republic aged 14-15 took part in this study. The results show that pupils with better grades in the monitored subjects achieve better results in both tests. It also turns out that there are generally statistically insignificant differences between the results of pupils assessed by grades 1 or 2 and between those assessed by grades 3 or 4. Pupils' performance in the two tests might help to strengthen the objectivization of grading at school. They might also help identify the indicators important for developing problem-solving skills. The research specifically points to the need to develop algebraic thinking, the conception of infinity, spatial imagination, geometric imagination in the plane, proportional reasoning, and the ability to control variables.

The purpose of this study is to determine the spatial thinking ability of high school students using indicators from Sharpe-Huynh model. These indicators include analysis, spatial interaction, scale, representation, comprehensiveness, and application. Furthermore, this study examined the effect of Earthcomm learning on student's spatial thinking ability. This study research employs a quantitative study, utilizing a quasi-experimental design with a non-equivalent control group. The study is conducted among school students in Padang City, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia. The research population consisted of 287 students, divided into eight research groups. Data on students' spatial thinking ability were collected through the Sharpe-Huynh model of spatial thinking ability test. Before further analysis, the data were assessed for normality and homogeneity. The experimental group utilized earth science in the community (Earthcomm) learning model, while the control group employed conventional learning. The research data were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U test. The findings revealed that the spatial thinking ability of high school students ranged from low to moderate. The Earthcomm learning model demonstrated a significant impact in improving spatial thinking skills. The impact of Earthcomm learning on enhancing spatial thinking abilities among high school students is elaborated in the following article.

Multiple representations are widely recognized for their significant role in concept learning. This study aimed to investigate the multiple representation translation skills of high school students at different grade levels about the concept of one-dimensional motion. 239 9th, 10th, and 11th-grade students participated in the study using a developmental research model. The data collection tool consisted of questions that required translating figures, tables, graphs, verbal explanations, and algebraic representations into other representation types in a multiple-representation translation test focusing on one-dimensional motion. Data analysis involved evaluating the translation among representations for each category and analyzing the multiple representation translation skills across different grade levels using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). The results revealed that students successfully translated from figure, table, and graphical representations to other forms while encountering challenges in translation from verbal and algebraic representations. Furthermore, the ANOVA results indicated a significant difference between the 9th and 11th grades, favoring the 11th grade.

This research aims to develop ECARsites, an online site designed to support data-related activities in science learning and to facilitate the implementation of data, computational thinking (CT), and self-directed learning (SRL) practices in a more contextualized and relevant way for students. The approach used design-based research (DBR) methods, focusing on developing high-quality learning products or systems that meet user needs. The study was conducted at MA X in Magetan, Indonesia, involving four middle school science teachers and eighteen middle school students. The research findings showed that DBR can be an effective method of professional development for science teachers, focusing on developing relevant and contextual innovations for students. Integrating data practices, CT, and SRL frameworks into the DBR process facilitated the development of students' scientific thinking skills, leading to a more immersive and appropriate science education for today's digital age. The study highlights the importance of using real data in teaching, involving students in data processing, and supporting teachers in designing and implementing data-driven learning. The study also emphasizes the importance of effective professional development in computational thinking and self-directed learning and the need for investment in long-term professional development programs to prepare teachers for an increasingly technology-dependent world of education.

Students showed poor performance in applying higher-order thinking skills (HOTS) in solving Additional Mathematics problems. Therefore, this study examined the effects of Problem-Based Learning (PBL) and Collaborative Learning (CL) assisted by Geometer's Sketch Pad on the four levels of HOTS of Form Four students, namely Applying, Analysing, Evaluating and Creating. In addition, the effects of PBL-CL on the four collaborative skills (CS) constructs, namely Academic Benefits, Social Benefits, Generic Skills, and Negative Aspects, were also examined. A PBL-CL module was developed as a guide for teachers. A HOTS test and CS questionnaire were developed to assess the level of HOTS and collaborative skills of students, respectively. This study used a quasi-experimental pre-test and post-test control group research design involving 270 Form Four students in Sabah, Malaysia. The assessment of HOTS involved three intervention groups, namely PBL-CL, PBL and Conventional Learning (Conv) group, while the assessment of CS involves two intervention groups, namely PBL-CL and PBL groups. The results showed that the PBL-CL group produced significantly higher post-test mean scores compared to the PBL and Conv groups in all four levels of HOTS and also produced a significantly higher post-test mean score than the PBL group in all four CS constructs. This shows that the PBL-CL method has a positive effect in helping the development of HOTS and CS of Form Four students. Therefore, Additional Mathematics teachers are strongly recommended to integrate PBL-CL in their classroom to increase the level of HOTS and CS among students.

In contemporary society, students' analytical thinking and reasoning skills are crucial for their future development. The fourth grade (ages 9-10) is a critical stage for cultivating higher-level cognitive skills in students. Mathematics plays a significant role during this period, serving as a fundamental tool for fostering students' analytical thinking and reasoning abilities. Collaborative inquiry-based learning is considered beneficial for enhancing students' analytical thinking and reasoning skills. Therefore, this study aims to design a collaborative inquiry-based instructional model based on the characteristics of mathematics textbooks. The study extensively analyzes primary school mathematics textbooks published by Beijing Normal University and integrates the essential elements of collaborative inquiry-based learning to devise an instructional model tailored to the characteristics of mathematics textbooks. The model comprises six parts: Contextual Introduction (Question 1), Collaborative Inquiry (Question 2), Communication and Sharing (First round), Collaborative Inquiry (Question 3), Communication and Sharing (Second round), Review and Conclusion. The model is designed to assist students in acquiring knowledge through collaborative inquiry, stimulate their curiosity through contextualized learning, improve their analytical thinking and reasoning skills through collaborative inquiry, foster cognitive development through effective communication and sharing, and ultimately solidify acquired knowledge through reflection and conclusion. Theoretically, the analysis suggests that this model may positively impact students' analytical thinking and reasoning abilities, providing a valuable reference for practical teaching.

Due to the predominance of test-oriented practice, one major challenge faced in Japanese high school classrooms is the lack of learning activities to develop higher order thinking. The purpose of this action research study was to explore an extracurricular blended learning program created to develop the higher order thinking of English language learners at a public high school in Japan. In this one-month program, 16 participants engaged in online synchronous and asynchronous activities, with English as a medium of instruction and communication, supported by in-person face-to-face sessions conducted in Japanese. Data were collected via asynchronous forums, a post-survey, and my observation notes. Results indicated that participants demonstrated higher order thinking to a certain extent overall in the forums; however, learner-learner interaction was not as highly activated as expected, mainly due to limited social interaction within the forums. These findings suggested that constructivist asynchronous forums can be used to develop the higher order thinking of English language learners in K-12 settings, with appropriate program design, instructor mediation, and content.

This paper presents an analysis of the use of multimedia and hands-on models on university students' understanding of stereochemistry. The relationship between students' scientific reasoning skills and their understanding of stereochemistry was also determined. Two groups of second-year chemistry students from the State University of Malang taking organic chemistry for the 2020/21 academic year participated in this study. One group of students experienced stereochemistry teaching using multimedia models and the other hands-on models as the learning medium. Lawson's Classroom Test of Scientific Reasoning and Short-Answer Stereochemistry Test were applied. The former was deployed to measure students' scientific reasoning skills, while the latter was used to test their understanding of stereochemistry. The results revealed that the students' scientific reasoning skills were significantly below the expected standard, falling in the low category. Students with high scientific reasoning skills exhibited a better understanding of stereochemistry than those with low levels. Both multimedia and hands-on models revealed an equal contribution towards students' understanding of stereochemistry. Also, it suggests that multimedia models tend to favour students with high scientific reasoning skills, while hands-on models favour those with low skills.

Complex thinking competency enhances the high cognitive capacities necessary for the future of education. This study aimed to analyze these capacities through its sub-competencies (critical, systemic, and scientific thinking). We worked with the Cross Industry Standard Process for Data Mining methodology, with an original database of class data of 33,319 unique students, 46 different variables, and a random identification number. The variables were sociodemographic information, academic information, subject admission, competencies, and activities. Statistical analyses identified correlations between competency and sub-competencies. The findings show that (1) critical thinking is strategic in the development of complex thinking and its sub-competencies; (2) Development of Critical Thinking skills early in the curriculum can lead to a cascade effect, enhancing competence and sub-competence development; and (3) an overall performance encompasses the semester results. The study is of value to the academic, technological, and social communities to provide opportunities for the design and implementation of challenging scenarios for the future of education.

The growing awareness of the increasingly complex environmental changes requires an educational approach that fosters critical thinking. Through the implementation of PBL, students will gain a deeper understanding and develop an attitude of environmental care, particularly towards their surroundings. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of PBL-based student worksheets on environmental change material to train critical thinking skills based on the completeness of learning outcomes and student responses. This research employs the 4D model of development, encompassing the stages of defining, designing, developing, and disseminating. Nonetheless, this study is confined to the third stage of development. The validation used includes material validation media validation. The data at the development stage is sourced from expert validators and subsequently analyzed using the descriptive analysis method. The validation results affirm that the developed worksheet is deemed suitable for implementation. Therefore, it is highly recommended to implement the learning process using this worksheet. Its utilization can significantly contribute to fostering student competency levels. Furthermore, disseminating its benefits widely would further amplify its positive impact across various educational settings.

Climate change in coastal areas is a complex problem that involves value systems and requires various scientific disciplines. Integration of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) approach is needed in learning so that it can train students to think holistically, structured and systematically. This research was carried out with the aim of producing an appropriate STEM learning design to train students' systems thinking skills on climate change material. The type of research is research and development using the analysis, design, development, implementation and evaluation (ADDIE) model. The trial subjects in this research were 28 class VIII students of SMP Muhammadiyah 12 GKB Gresik, East Java. The research instruments were validation sheets of lesson plan and student worksheets, observation sheets, and systems thinking skills assessment sheets. The research results show; (1) The Extraordinary Lesson Plan (ELP) and student worksheet of STEM learning design development which are measured through Aiken Validity with a value of 0.89 [greater than or equal to] 0.6 in the valid category; (2) The STEM learning design developed is in the practical category with an average score of 3.5; and (3) students' systems thinking abilities in climate change material are in the good category. It can be concluded that the STEM learning design developed to train junior high school students' systems thinking skills was feasible to be used in learning.

Science identity, encompassing perceptions of competence, interest, and recognition in science, alongside learning self-efficacy reflecting confidence to master science skills, are key drivers of outcomes. However, developmental patterns likely vary across contexts. Participants were 512 Chinese students spanning grades 1-3 who completed the Science Identity Scale and Science Learning Self-Efficacy Scale, with physics, chemistry, and biology achievement scores gathered. A Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Model assessed relationships. Results substantiated psychometrics for motivational measures. The model indirectly predicting achievement via first-order discipline-specific paths explained more variance than direct second-order effects. Effects significantly varied across groups stratified by grade and region. Interest and conceptual knowledge drove physics and chemistry success, while higher-order skills enhanced biology achievement overall. However, relationships differed within subgroups, suggesting personalized motivational support needs--self-belief/competence foundations for struggling learners, conceptual development for those with high prior achievement, and intrinsic enrichment for disinterested students. Results detail complex motivational profiles underlying science achievement requiring tailored identity safety and self-efficacy scaffolding alongside conceptual and skill-building for excellence across scientific disciplines. Motivational support systems may spur more equitable and optimal science outcomes among diverse adolescent learners.

Building 21st-century life science skills requires educating participants according to STEM abilities. Therefore, this research aimed to examine the effectiveness and feasibility of the STEM ability assessment framework in the practical learning environment. The study uses STEM coffee preparation experiential activity with a Royal Belgian siphon pot to construct a learning environment in the classroom. The study also develops two assessment instruments, a knowledge concept questionnaire, and an entrepreneurial scientific thinking scale, to examine their effectiveness and feasibility in the STEM learning environment. The results of the content validity index reveal the value of good-grade literature for two questionnaires. Kendall's coefficient of concordance ([omega]) of the four reviewers' responses shows that the inter-rater reliability of the two questionnaires reaches a better level. The Chi-square test found that this STEM learning environment is feasible and effective and will help the participants assess their STEM abilities. The entrepreneurial scientific thinking for preparing beverages of life science is rich in viability and efficacy for instrument creation and assessment. Future research lengthened the extraction process while also improving consistency. Last but not least, more teaching practices and research designs are available. However, the goal is for learners' STEM aptitude to increase practice depth.

The ILM model to promote creative thinking skills is concerning the application of the concepts of virtual technology in the instruction management, which is consistent and appropriate for learners in the digital age, so that they are able to learn anywhere and anytime by means of the brand-new teaching innovations. The objectives of this research are (1) to synthesise the conceptual framework of the ILM model, (2) to develop the ILM model, and (3) to study the results of the development of the ILM model. The research tools include (1) the ILM model, and (2) the evaluation form on the suitability of the ILM model. The results show that (1) the overall suitability of the ILM model (overall elements) is at the highest level (Mean = 4.88, SD = 0.14), and (2) the overall suitability of the ILM model is at the highest level (Mean = 4.90, SD = 0.18). This can be summarised that the ILM model is a kind of learning model that was developed by applying the concepts of virtual technology and imagineering learning process that can be used as guidelines to learn anywhere and anytime for the 21st century learners.

Developing algebraic thinking is a key factor in learning mathematics. Despite its importance, many students still struggle with algebraic concepts. This research investigates students' achievements in algebraic thinking using Demetriou's test across 7th (approximately 12-13 years old), 8th (approximately 13-14 years old), and 9th (approximately 14-15 years old) grades. The study analyzes performance in different levels of algebraic tasks (i.e., [1] extrapolation of relationships, [2] coordinating simple structures, [3] operating with undefined symbolic structures, and [4] coordination with undefined structures), revealing a significant developmental leap in algebraic abilities during the 9th grade. While no statistically significant differences were found in the first level, 9th grade students demonstrated superior performance in levels 2, 3, and 4, suggesting cognitive readiness for abstract algebraic concepts around the age of 14. The research unveils a disjointed development in algebraic abilities, indicating a progression from basic arithmetic operations to proportional reasoning before the full integration of algebraic thinking. Notably, tasks involving variables in the third level pose persistent challenges for students. The findings contribute to understanding the optimal age for introducing algebraic concepts and underscore the importance of considering cognitive development in mathematics education. The study proposes implications for educators, such as emphasizing proportional reasoning in earlier grades and employing differentiated instruction based on individual students' abilities.

GeoGebra is a dynamic software that is frequently used and of increasing importance in mathematics teaching processes in our digital age. Accordingly, in this study a new perspective has been brought to the proofs of the "two square difference identity" expressed for the square, which is a flat polygon, made with different approaches. With side lengths a, b, and a>b, it has been shown that the identity given by the equation (difference of area) a[superscript 2] - b[superscript 2]=(a-b)(a+b) is true for other regular polygons as well. In the study, direct proof method was used within the framework of the principle of conservation of measure, which is one of the basic principles of geometry teaching. GeoGebra program, which is a dynamic geometry software, was preferred for drawing geometric shapes used in proofs. In order to generalize the number n, a different fragmentation technique was preferred to the proofs made using different drawings for equilateral triangle and square, which are the simplest regular polygons. It has also been shown that this identity is true for circles viewed as polygons with an infinite number of sides.

The concept of large-scale assessment has long been on the concern of the education system worldwide. PISA, which is one of the large-scale international assessment, has been administered in a number of countries worldwide since 2000. When PISA was first launched, there was an "unconditional acceptance" of this new application worldwide, whereas studies conducted in recent years show that all positive and negative effects of PISA are open to discussion and these discussions are increasing in number. Taking these as a starting point, the present research aimed to determine mother tongue teachers' views on PISA tests. Aiming to reveal how the changes created by the universal effect of PISA in language education are perceived and handled by teachers, this study was carried out with the relational survey method. The obtained categorical data were analyzed by frequency analysis and logistic regression. The study group consists of 98 teachers teaching mother tongue. In this research conducted to determine mother tongue teachers' views on PISA tests, teachers stated that PISA was effective in developing higher-order thinking skills in mother tongue lessons. In addition, according to teachers' opinions, PISA affects the assessment and evaluation process the most among the learning and teaching processes. According to the other findings, teachers stated that the question types in national tests changed based on PISA and they partially approved of this change. Also, they thought that PISA reading questions were incompatible with Turkey's education system, and they found Turkey's rise in the latest PISA reading skills ranking significant.

The implementation of the recent geography curriculum in the classroom requires further review. This study aims to identify Indonesian geography teachers' understanding of the written geography curriculum at the senior high school, which comprises cognitive activities terms, the meaning of activities demanded in the curriculum and the organization of topics. The content analysis method is applied to interpret teachers' understanding by measuring data against a standard or criteria. In addition to explaining the influencing factors, document analysis is carried out to identify the presence of a conceptual framework and the problems of the meaning of concepts in written curriculum. The findings of this study are: (a) teachers' understanding of terms engaging students in cognitive activities is limited to lower-order thinking, (b) the majority of teachers do not really understand that the purpose of the use of active learning methods is to foster thinking, and (c) most teachers perceive the topics merely as a collection of fragmented or unconnected concepts and skills. To sum up, geography teaching and learning do not move considerably from traditional inventory and fact-based approaches that focus on "what" and "where." Furthermore, this study found that problems in the written curriculum contribute to the teachers' difficulties in understanding topics and learning activities. It is concluded that gaps exist between the written curriculum and the taught curriculum of what teachers actually deliver in the classroom and between the written curriculum and the recommended curriculum. This study suggests aligning these geography curricula.

Qualified and compatible teaching materials are one of the most economical and practical instruments for developing critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes. This study aims to obtain a valid and effective Pancasila and Civic Education Basic Concept teaching material design to improve students' critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes. The materials developed are with the TEE pattern (T = Task, E = Explanation, E = Evaluation). The development followed ten stages: a preliminary study, planning, developing drafts, validating drafts, revising drafts, first field trial, revising based on the results of the first field trial, second field trial, revising based on results of the second field trial, and disseminating teaching materials. The research sample was determined through a random sampling technique. In testing the validity and effectiveness of the product, the trial design used was a quasi-experimental pretest-posttest with a nonequivalent control group design. Data were collected using critical thinking test instruments and questionnaires and were analyzed using inferential statistical analysis (independent sample t-test). The research findings show that: (1) Pancasila and Civic Education teaching materials with TEE pattern are effective in improving students' critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes; (2) there are significant differences in critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes between research subjects in the experimental class and the control class. Based on these findings, using teaching materials with the TEE pattern can improve students' critical thinking skills and scientific attitudes.