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This paper presents several techniques used in text steganography in term of feature-based and word-rule based. Additionally, it analyses the performance and the metric evaluation of the techniques used in text steganography. This paper aims to identify the main techniques of text steganography, which are feature-based, and word-rule based, to recognize the various techniques used with them. As a result, the primary technique used in the text steganography was feature-based technique due to its simplicity and secured. Meanwhile, the common parameter metrics utilized in text steganography were security, capacity, robustness, and embedding time. Future efforts are suggested to focus on the methods used in text steganography.

Information-hiding technology has recently developed into an area of significant interest in the field of information security. As one of the primary carriers in steganography, it is difficult to hide information in texts because there is insufficient information redundancy. Traditional text steganography methods are generally not robust or secure. Based on the Markov chain model, a new text steganography approach is proposed that focuses on transition probability, one of the most important concepts of the Markov chain model. We created a state transition-binary sequence diagrams based on the aforementioned concepts and used them to guide the generation of new texts with embedded secret information. Compared to other related works, the proposed method exploits the use of the transition probability in the process of steganographic text generation. The associated developed algorithm also encrypts the serial number of the state transition-binary sequence diagram needed by the receiver to extract the information, which further enhances the security of the steganography information. Experiments were designed to evaluate the proposed model. The results revealed that the model had higher concealment and hidden capacity compared to previous methods.

This paper presents a self-checking text steganography which could be used efficiently where large data is involved in various IoT applications. The space complexity of its cover text is one-fourth of its message size which is very less as compared to other techniques. The cover text of this method is generated from the private message itself. Later it is used to check the correctness of the data on receiver side. This helps to reduce the time overhead in case of corruption of any part of the data. Thus, the security and trust issues of IoT are easily handled even on high traffic channels.

Steganography hides secret in carrier. The carrier can be an image, a soundtrack, a video, a text or some other. Text steganography is sometimes more difficulty than others because of the high density of information carried by text. However, we found that most of the online texts is of a kind that tends to contain many typing errors, known as typos, but humans are very good at disambiguation, so these typos often do not frustrate understanding and sometimes it is even difficult to be recognized. This phenomenon can be found both in English and Chinese. In this paper, we propose a text steganography method using carefully injected typos and guarantee the security of the secret and the readability of the texts. With the help of a natural language processing (NLP) model named BERT, we can extract the secret message without the original text. Different from those format-based steganography algorithms, our method can resist format adjustments, OCR re-inputs, etc. Inspired by the text steganography in English text, text steganography in Chinese text with a similar principle is practical. Furthermore, social media platforms always contain many kinds of media, so Cross-Media or even Cross-Social-Network information hiding is practical when combining multi steganography algorithms.

The newly emerging technologies enable us to deliver and share the information in the form of multimedia. However, the major issue is security without disturbing the personal data. In such case, steganography can be used as a most suitable technique. Basically steganography is the art and technique of hiding important data which we want to send over a channel or transmission medium. The hiding of information is made with the carrier so the the hacking of data will be difficult. Generally, we have two choices to hide the data, i.e. image or video. For effectual and fortunate embedded process, it is very important to select correct pixel in a video image. These pixels are playing important role in storage of secret information. Here, we are focused on the text based steganography.Generally, there are various types of the steganography viztext, audio, video, image type, protocol type etc. Carrier plays an important role in the steganography. This carrier is also known as the cover. In this present study, we aim to evaluate the carrier on text steganography. We proposed an algorithm which is useful for the multi-level text steganography, which is more advantageous than the standard least significant bit algorithm. Two different tests were used to prove proposed algorithm and checked the time of implementation needed for both algorithm and Peak Signal to Noise Ratio to new image. MATLAB was used to implement algorithm, which was most useful computational language.

This paper introduces a multi-layer hybrid text steganography approach by utilizing word tagging and recoloring. Existing approaches are planned to be either progressive in getting imperceptibility, or high hiding limit, or robustness. The proposed approach does not use the ordinary sequential inserting process and overcome issues of the current approaches by taking a careful of getting imperceptibility, high hiding limit, and robustness through its hybrid work by using a linguistic technique and a format-based technique. The linguistic technique is used to divide the cover text into embedding layers where each layer consists of a sequence of words that has a single part of speech detected by POS tagger, while the format-based technique is used to recolor the letters of a cover text with a near RGB color coding to embed 12 bits from the secret message in each letter which leads to high hidden capacity and blinds the embedding, moreover, the robustness is accomplished through a multi-layer embedding process, and the generated stego key significantly assists the security of the embedding messages and its size. The experimental results comparison shows that the purpose approach is better than currently developed approaches in providing an ideal balance between imperceptibility, high hiding limit, and robustness criteria.

Email steganography is one of the subcategories of text steganography. This subcategory is noted due to the widespread use of emails for communication. In this paper, we propose a new method for em...

The practice of transmitting secret data by using cover data is called steganography. At present, several versatile steganographic methods are available using different digital objects (e.g. image,...

With the popularity of smartphones and widespread use of high-speed Internet, social media has become a vital part of people’s daily life. Currently, text messages are used in many applications, such as mobile chatting, mobile banking, and mobile commerce. However, when we send a text message via short message service (SMS) or social media, the information contained in the text message transmits as a plain text, which exposes it to attacks. In some cases, this information may be confidential, such as banking credentials, secret missions, and confidential appointments; moreover, it is a major drawback to send such information via SMS or social media, as neither provides security before transmission. In this paper, we propose a novel text steganography technique called AITSteg, which provides end-to-end security during the transmission of text messages via SMS or social media between end users. The AITSteg technique is evaluated by considering a trusted scenario. We then evaluate the efficiency of the proposed technique in terms of embedding capacity, invisibility, robustness, and security. The experiments confirm that the AITSteg is able to prevent various attacks, including man-in-the-middle attacks, message disclosure, and manipulation by readers. Moreover, we compare the experimental results with the existing techniques to show the superiority of the proposed technique. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first text steganography technique that provides end-to-end secure transmission of the text message using symmetric keys via social media.

In this research paper discussion will be going on upon text steganography. As the word ‘steganography’ is very well known amongst human beings, considering that, this research paper will highlight the term ‘Text Steganography’. Defining steganography, that an individual can hide data into/within or behind text, images, audio, and video would not be inappropriate. Digital steganography is a modern approach and necessity of digital security system. Digital Text steganography is a distinct factor of digital steganography. Various types of Text steganography will have been discussed further.

With the widespread usage of the internet around the world, both public and private data are now widely disseminated on the internet. The security of these online records is a pressing issue that must be addressed immediately. Text watermarking is a technique for adding watermarks to text documents to help preserve their authenticity and credibility. For many years, text watermarking has been a hot topic of research. This paper describes a new method for embedding text in a picture that uses a radon transform-based Barker code to make the device more reliable and ensure that the text is returned without error. The main advantages of this research are the high security and the big capacity of data to be hiding since the use of radon transform is very helpful in extracting the data. All the image noise does not effect on the stego-image except the paper and salt noise effect on Root Mean Square (RMS) since its value is 0.274 and contract enhancement effect on RMS and Mean Square Error (MSE) by the values 0.586 and 0.343 respectively. Also the SSIM value is very acceptable since there is an obvious similarity between the original image and the stego-image (after stegonagraphy process).

In this paper, we propose a high capacity text steganography scheme by using a combination of Move to Front (MTF) encoding, huffman compression, and color coding. The forward email platform is used...

Steganography is a technique for hiding data in media in a way that makes its existence hard to detect. Text files are a preferable format for use in steganography due to the small storage size of such files. This paper presents an Arabic text steganographic algorithm based on Unicode. The algorithm imposes a minimal change on connected letters without any change in size and shape. The experiment resulted in a high capacity rate ratio of about 180 bit/KB and low modification rate less than 90 letters/KB.

Steganography is the science of hiding certain messages (data) in groups of irrelevant data possibly of other form. The purpose of steganography is covert communication to hide the existence of a message from an intermediary. Text Steganography is the process of embedding secret message (text) in another text (cover text) so that the existence of secret message cannot be detected by a third party. This paper presents a novel approach for text steganography using the Blood Group (BG) method based on the behavior of blood group. Experimentally it is found that the proposed method got good results in capacity, hiding capacity, time complexity, robustness, visibility, and similarity which shows its superiority as compared to most several existing methods.

In this paper, capacity and security issues of text steganography have been considered by employing LZW compression technique and color coding based approach. The proposed technique uses the forward mail platform to hide the secret data. This algorithm first compresses secret data and then hides the compressed secret data into the email addresses and also in the cover message of the email. The secret data bits are embedded in the message (or cover text) by making it colored using a color coding table. Experimental results show that the proposed method not only produces a high embedding capacity but also reduces computational complexity. Moreover, the security of the proposed method is significantly improved by employing stego keys. The superiority of the proposed method has been experimentally verified by comparing with recently developed existing techniques.

A new method of text steganography based on Markov chains of different orders that allows the introduction of hidden information in texts is presented together with test results of a software solution which generate texts with a good approximation to the natural language model.

Nowadays, with the Information Explosion and the rapid development of information technology, huge amounts of data are constantly being generated every day on the Internet. But most of the texts provided online is of a kind that usually contain many typos, which is very common among individual users, self-media, etc. However, disambiguation is human's talent, so these typos often do not frustrate human understanding the text, and sometimes it is even difficult to recognize some typos. This phenomenon appears both in English and Chinese, so it seems to be cross-lingual. Therefore, in such texts, it is not surprising that one can perform information-hiding by judiciously injecting typos. We studied Chinese typos in the text contents on Weibo or WeChat, and propose a text steganography method based on Chinese typos with the help of NLP, which can embed secret information by carefully injected typos and guarantee the security of the secret and the readability of the texts. Unlike format-based steganography algorithms, our algorithm can resist format adjustments, OCR re-inputs, etc. Furthermore, Weibo and WeChat platform contain many kinds of media, so by combining other algorithms, Cross-Media or even Cross-Social Network information hiding is practical.

Information hiding technology usually uses video, audio, image, and text as carriers. Among them, text redundancy is less and it is difficult to hide information. However, the text is widely used, so text-based information hiding has very important research significance. In this paper, a coverless text steganography based on multi-rule language models alternation is proposed. It is different from the traditional steganographic text generation method based on a single gram model. The method proposed in the paper tries to combine models under different language rules alternately, and tries to extract more language features from the training text. In order to verify the effectiveness of the method, we design some relevant experiments. The results show that, compared with other text steganography methods, the method proposed in the paper not only satisfies the concealment but also improves the hiding capacity.

Text steganography methods follow the principle of embedding secret text message inside an innocent looking cover text and it can be referred as the art of hiding the presence of any ongoing communication. This paper proposes a new puzzle generation based text steganography approach which works on simple Sudoku puzzle generation from the cover text following certain steps that generates a random Sudoku puzzle according to the different secret messages to be hidden at different times. The proposed method finds the position of the secret characters of the secret message in different positions of different words in different sentences. Using those position numbers the proposed hiding method generates a random Sudoku puzzle that is to be sent to the receiver along with the chosen cover text. The extraction algorithm on the other side finds the position of the secret characters from the puzzle and by assembling them in order the hidden message is regenerated at the receiving end accordingly. Experiments show that the proposed method can be considered to be much reliable compared to existing text steganography algorithms, as in this case the secret data bits are not directly hidden inside the chosen cover text and hence it’s not modified in any way, which increases the security level of the method. The proposed method can further be extended by embedding the generated Sudoku puzzle in any set of binary bit string preferably in any text document for its copyright protection.

Modern text hiding is an intelligent programming technique which embeds a secret message/watermark into a cover text message/file in a hidden way to protect confidential information. Recently, text hiding in the form of watermarking and steganography has found broad applications in, for instance, covert communication, copyright protection, content authentication, etc. In contrast to text hiding, text steganalysis is the process and science of identifying whether a given carrier text file/message has hidden information in it, and, if possible, extracting/detecting the embedded hidden information. This paper presents an overview of state of the art of the text hiding area, and provides a comparative analysis of recent techniques, especially those focused on marking structural characteristics of digital text message/file to hide secret bits. Also, we discuss different types of attacks and their effects to highlight the pros and cons of the recently introduced approaches. Finally, we recommend some directions and guidelines for future works.

The specifics of algorithmic and software implementation of the steganographic methods that are used to protect of digital documents against unauthorized use are analyzed in this paper. The secret information is embedded in the document-container on the basis of the modification of the parameters of the text characters, such as aprosh and kerning. The efficiency of these methods in comparison with some known methods of syntactic text steganography is analyzed.

Growing the size of attacks that listed during the passing of data between the sending and the receiving has really demand to get high robust method for transfer information in secure manner. Both of cryptography and steganography are familiar and more utilized techniques which process data for encrypt and conceal the secret message, respectively. Two techniques are participating in the same aims and security services like: confidentiality, integrity and availability for secret message from not allowed access. In our paper we focused on the strength of combination between two techniques and this paper presents a new modified fatha in Arabic text in steganography. This method is depend on the existence of Harakt in majority of Arabic alphabets. On this basis, information was hidden in text by modified Fatha which in same direction of original Fatha but with little oriented to be like original one and not be suspicious and observed as abnormal sign. We combined this new stego method with AES encryption.

Since computer utilization is expanding, for both social and trade ranges, secure communications through channels got to be an exceptionally critical issue. Information hiding away could be a strategy to get a secure communication medium and securing the data amid transmission. Text documents have very less redundant information as compared to the images and audio, therefore, text steganography is most challenging. This paper aims to improve “text steganography based on Unicode of characters in multilingual” by design new font with special properties for purposes of hiding data. Furthermore, this method based on making the same glyphs for the multiple codes, the Set of High-Frequency Letters called SHFL in the English language was chosen for the embedding process. The hiding method replaces the code of English symbol with other code that has the same glyph exactly. Two bits are hidden at once, utilizing glyph1 for hiding 00 and utilizing glyph2, glyph3, and glyph4 for hiding 01, 10, and 11. The improvement increases the steganography capacity, transparency and improves the security and robustness of the text stego file.

Steganography is a strategy for hiding secret information in a cover document in order to avoid attacker from predict about hidden information. Steganography exploit cover message, for instance text, audio, picture and video to hide the secret message. Before this, linguistic text steganographic techniques are implemented just for the English language. But nowadays different languages are used to hide the data like Arabic language. This language is still new in the steganography and still need practices for empowerment. This paper will present the text steganographic method for Arabic language, scholar paper within 5 year will be analyze and compared. The main objective of this paper is to give the comparative analysis in the Arabic steganography method that has been applied by previous researchers. Finally, the disadvantage and advantage of the method also will be presented in this paper.

Hiding data in text has always been a challenge because textual media contains limited or no redundant features that could be exploited to achieve steganographic effect. This presents a limited space for implementing text steganography that satisfies the requirements of invisibility, high capacity and robustness. We propose an algorithm that improves the paragraph approach by considering pairs of starting and ending characters according to levels in a word for embedding. The process is computationally simple, and experimental results have shown a capacity ratio of 4%, which is higher than the original method’s embedding ratio of 2%.

One of the ways to maintain the security of data transfer over the network is to encrypt the data before sending it, for the purpose of increasing data privacy and its importance, Steganography, is used to hide encrypted data in various documents, such as sheets of MS Excel sheets.The purpose of the encrypted data packaging during transport from one place to another is, to convince an unauthorized person, nothing has not been added to the transport data. The art of concealment is embodied hidden words to be passed confidentially within a file without influence on the properties of the file and this can't be anyone's hand is to know that there is confidential data encapsulated by transport data. Whereas, the Microsoft Excel file size being used to hide data remains constant in spite of the file containing the confidential data.The secret for the survival of file size unchanged despite the addition of encrypted data, is that confidential data is added to the value of the color of the font used in the cells, leading to the font color change slightly.Previous research used the Excel file to hide data in different ways, but the data masking and packaging by changing the color content writing is what distinguishes our research and make it alone in this area.

Features of implementation of the text steganography method for the hidden data transmission and protection of intellectual property rights are considered. The method is based on the modification of the spatial-geometric parameter of the container-text - aprosh. Data hiding is performed not only in ordinary, but also in special (soft hyphen, line break, etc.) symbols and spaces.

E-learning is an application of information and communication technology in the field of learning. Through steganography the e-learning institution can provide security to other participants of e-learning like teacher and learner. Here we use text steganography with modified SNOW algorithm while passing secret texts from the administrator to the learner in an e-learning system. In this paper, we calculate the object oriented metric based analysis of CK and MOOD metrics of our proposed model, which ensures the advantages of code redundancy, code reusability, and cost effectiveness and so on.