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We describe a new Pristimantis from French Guiana, northern South America, which is mainly distinguished from known phenotypically related congeners (i.e. species from the polyphyletic unistrigatus species group) occurring at low and mid- dle elevations in the Guiana Shield by the combination of a distinct tympanum, a lower ratio of tibia vs. hand length, a reddish groin region, and a distinct advertisement call consisting of clusters of generally four short notes. The new species inhabits pristine primary forests on the slopes of isolated massifs reaching more than 400 m elevation, and seems not to occur below ca. 200 m above sea level. Such a sharp altitudinal limit suggests a strong influence of thermal variation on the distribution of the species, and therefore a potential sensitivity to climate change. With only nine isolated populations documented so far, the new species should be prioritized for conservation. Historical climate fluctuations during the Qua- ternary are likely responsible for the distribution pattern of the new species.

Made available in DSpace on 2022-04-29T06:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-01-01 The genus Holoaden includes three species described so far, but the only published cytogenetic data is from Holoaden bradei, with the karyotype 2n = 18, based on conventional staining. In the present paper we report, for the first time, data on chromosomes of H. luederwaldti, which presented 2n = 18 and a case of natural triploidy, with 2n = 3x = 27. In this sample, another karyotypic variation was observed due to the occurrence of two types of chromosome 8, which present submetacentric or subtelocentric morphologies. Homomorphic subtelocentric or heteromorphic condition was observed among the diploid specimens, whereas the triploid had one submetacentric and two subtelocentric chromosomes 8. In all specimens, Ag-NOR was located in the long arms of chromosomes 8, at the interstitial region when subtelocentric, or in the proximal region when submetacentric, confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization with the HM123 probe. The C bands showed centromeric distribution and distribution at Ag-NOR site. The centromeric heterochromatin was fluorescent with DAPI staining, whereas the Ag-NOR displayed bright fluorescence with CMA3. Fluorescent in situ hybridization using a telomeric probe labelled exclusively the telomere regions. Although the same 2n = 18 chromosome numbers have been observed in H. luederwaldti and H. bradei, some differences in both karyotypes can be visualized, mainly with regard to the morphology of the last chromosome pairs. Department of Biology Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-930 Department of Biology-IBB UNITAU, Taubaté, SP Department of Zoology UNESP, Rio Claro, SP Department of Biology Universidade Estadual Paulista UNESP, Av. 24A, 1515, Bela Vista, Rio Claro, SP, 13506-930 Department of Zoology UNESP, Rio Claro, SP

Made available in DSpace on 2019-09-12T16:57:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012 Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) O gênero Holoaden inclui três espécies descritas até agora, mas o único dado citogenético publicado é de Holoaden bradei, com o cariótipo 2n = 18, baseado na coloração convencional. No presente trabalho relatamos, pela primeira vez, dados sobre os cromossomos de H. luederwaldti, que apresentava 2n = 18 e um caso de triploidia natural, com 2n = 3x = 27. Nesta amostra, outra variação cariotípica foi observada devido a a ocorrência de dois tipos de cromossomo 8, que apresentam morfologias submetacêntricas ou subtelocêntricas. Condição homomórfica subtelocêntrica ou heteromórfica foi observada entre os espécimes diplóides, enquanto que o triplóide tinha um cromossomo submetacêntrico e dois subtelocêntricos 8. Em todos os espécimes, Ag-NOR estava localizado nos braços longos dos cromossomos 8, na região intersticial quando subtelocêntrico, ou na região proximal quando submetacêntrica, confirmada por hibridização fluorescente in situ com a sonda HM123. As bandas C mostraram distribuição e distribuição centromérica no site Ag-NOR. A heterocromatina centromérica era fluorescente com coloração DAPI, enquanto a Ag-NOR exibia fluorescência brilhante com CMA3. Hibridização fluorescente in situ usando uma sonda telomérica marcada exclusivamente as regiões teloméricas. Embora os mesmos números cromossômicos 2n = 18 tenham sido observados em H. luederwaldti e H. bradei, algumas diferenças em ambos os cariótipos podem ser visualizadas, principalmente no que diz respeito à morfologia dos últimos pares de cromossomos. A heterocromatina centromérica era fluorescente com coloração DAPI, enquanto a Ag-NOR exibia fluorescência brilhante com CMA3. Hibridização fluorescente in situ usando uma sonda telomérica marcada exclusivamente as regiões teloméricas. Embora os mesmos números cromossômicos 2n = 18 tenham sido observados em H. luederwaldti e H. bradei, algumas diferenças em ambos os cariótipos podem ser visualizadas, principalmente no que diz respeito à morfologia dos últimos pares de cromossomos. A heterocromatina centromérica era fluorescente com coloração DAPI, enquanto a Ag-NOR exibia fluorescência brilhante com CMA3. Hibridização fluorescente in situ usando uma sonda telomérica marcada exclusivamente as regiões teloméricas. Embora os mesmos números cromossômicos 2n = 18 tenham sido observados em H. luederwaldti e H. bradei, algumas diferenças em ambos os cariótipos podem ser visualizadas, principalmente no que diz respeito à morfologia dos últimos pares de cromossomos. The genus Holoaden includes three species described so far, but the only published cytogenetic data is from Holoaden bradei, with the karyotype 2n = 18, based on conventional staining. In the present paper we report, for the first time, data on chromosomes of H. luederwaldti, which presented 2n = 18 and a case of natural triploidy, with 2n = 3x = 27. In this sample, another karyotypic variation was observed due to the occurrence of two types of chromosome 8, which present submetacentric or subtelocentric morphologies. Homomorphic subtelocentric or heteromorphic condition was observed among the diploid specimens, whereas the triploid had one submetacentric and two subtelocentric chromosomes 8. In all specimens, Ag-NOR was located in the long arms of chromosomes 8, at the interstitial region when subtelocentric, or in the proximal region when submetacentric, confirmed by fluorescent in situ hybridization with the HM123 probe. The C bands showed centromeric distribution and distribution at Ag-NOR site. The centromeric heterochromatin was fluorescent with DAPI staining, whereas the Ag-NOR displayed bright fluorescence with CMA(3). Fluorescent in situ hybridization using a telomeric probe labelled exclusively the telomere regions. Although the same 2n = 18 chromosome numbers have been observed in H. luederwaldti and H. bradei, some differences in both karyotypes can be visualized, mainly with regard to the morphology of the last chromosome pairs. [Campos, J. R. C.; Kasahara, S.] UNESP, Dept Biol, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil [Haddad, C. F. B.] UNESP, Dept Zool, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil [Martins, I. A.] Universidade de Taubaté (Unitau), Dept Biol IBB

Las Ranas de desarrollo directo o carentes de etapas larvales en su desarrollo (Eleutherodactylus sensu lato) han presentado significantes cambios en su clasificación, inicialmente basada en morfología y más recientemente en herramientas moleculares. En este contexto el siguiente trabajo empleó caracteres osteológicos y miológicos en los grupos de especies que conforman el género Strabomantis, con el objetivo de buscar homologías que puedan apoyar la monofilia de estos grupos, así como también la del género. Se encontró evidencia en donde se demuesta que los grupos de especies deben ser reorganizados, en cuanto al género Strabomantis se encontró que es parafilético con respecto al género Hypodactylus. Se hace necesario la reevaluación detallada del estatus genérico de Strabomantis zygodactylus, pues esta especie según la evidencia mostrada, está más relacionada con las especies del género Craugastor y Oreobates. Abstract. The Direct-developing frogs or frogs without larval stage development (Eleutherodactylus sensu lato) have undergone significant changes in their systematics, initially based on morphology and more recently on molecular data. In this context, this work used osteological and miological characters in the species groups that comprise the Strabomantis genus, aiming to search for homologies that could support the monophyly of these groups, as well as that of the genus. The evidence supports the reorganization of groups and demonstrates Strabomantis genus is paraphyletic with respect to the Hypodactylus genus. It is necessary a detailed evaluation of generic status of Strabomantis zygodactylus because this species, according to the evidence shown, is more closely related to the species of Craugastor and Oreobates genus. Maestría

Although tropical environments are often considered biodiversity hotspots, it is precisely in such environments where least is known about the factors that drive species richness. Here, we use phylogenetic comparative analyses to study correlates of species richness for the largest Neotropical amphibian radiation: New World direct-developing frogs. Clade-age and species richness were nonsignificantly, negatively correlated, suggesting that clade age alone does not explain among-clade variation in species richness. A combination of ecological and morphological traits explained 65% of the variance in species richness. A more vascularized ventral skin, the ability to colonize high-altitude ranges, encompassing a large variety of vegetation types, correlated significantly with species richness, whereas larger body size was marginally correlated with species richness. Hence, whereas high-altitude ranges play a role in shaping clade diversity in the Neotropics, intrinsic factors, such as skin structures and possibly body size, might ultimately determine which clades are more speciose than others.

The New World direct-developing frogs (Terrarana) comprise more than 970 species distributed from the southern United States to northern Argentina. Although the composition of this clade has been remarkably stable for many decades, evidence for its monophyly is derived mostly from DNA sequences with putative phenotypic synapomorphies limited to the occurrence of direct development, an embryonic egg tooth (known in few species), and T-shaped terminal phalanges. Based on a survey of the burogenital and vascular systems and the submandibular musculature of hyloid frogs, we report 16 characters that provide putative synapomorphies at a variety of hierarchic levels. Most significantly, they include seven putative synapomorphies for Terrarana that can be observed through simple dissections, including (1) fusion of the Wolffian ducts, resulting in a single, common cloacal opening; (2) Wolffian duct fusion located anteriorly with a single, common duct along the posterior, . 1/3 of the distance between caudal edge of kidneys and cloacal wall; (3) presence of the posterior dorsolumbar vein; (4) absence of the medial dorsolumbar vein; (5) origin of the posterior caval vein in the anterior 1/3 of the kidneys; (6) posterior origin of dorsolumbar arteries; and (7) presence of the pelvic lymphatic septum. Fil: Taboada, Carlos Alberto. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina Fil: Grant, Taran. Universidade de Sao Paulo. Instituto de Biôciencias; Brasil Fil: Lynch, John D.. Universidad Nacional de Colombia. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales; Colombia Fil: Faivovich, Julián. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Parque Centenario. Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales; Argentina