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Background: The fruit of Terminalia chebula has been widely used for a thousand years for treating diarrhea, ulcers, and arthritic diseases in Asian countries. However, the active components of this Traditional Chinese medicine and their mechanisms remain unclear, necessitating further investigation. Objectives: To perform simultaneous quantitative analysis of five polyphenols in T. chebula and evaluate their anti-arthritic effects including antioxidant and anti inflammatory activity in vitro. Materials and methods: Water, 50% water-ethanol, and pure ethanol were used as extract solvents. Quantitative analysis of gallic acid, corilagin, chebulanin, chebulagic acid, and ellagic acid in the three extracts was performed using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Antioxidant activity was assessed by the 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay, and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by detecting interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 expression in IL-1β-stimulated MH7A cells. Results: The 50%water-ethanol solvent was the optimal solvent yielding the highest total polyphenol content, and the concentrations of chebulanin and chebulagic acid were much higher than those of gallic acid, corilagin, and ellagic acid in the extracts. The DPPH radical-scavenging assay showed that gallic acid and ellagic acid were the strongest antioxidative components, while the other three components showed comparable antioxidative activity. As for the anti-inflammatory effect, chebulanin and chebulagic acid significantly inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 expression at all three concentrations; corilagin and ellagic acid significantly inhibited IL-6 and IL-8 expression at high concentration; and gallic acid couldnot inhibitIL-8 expression and showedweakinhibitionofIL-6expression in IL-1β-stimulated MH7A cells. Principal component analysis indicated that chebulanin and chebulagic acid were the main components responsible for the anti-arthritic effects of T. chebula. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the potential anti-arthritic role of chebulanin and chebulagic acid from T. chebula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Parkinson's disease is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. This study was aimed at investigating the neuroprotective mechanisms of the ethyl acetate fraction of Terminalia chebula ethanol-soluble extract using PC12 cells treated with paraquat as a model system. The ethyl acetate fraction of T. chebula ethanol-soluble extract was prepared using 95% ethanol and ethyl acetate as described in our previous study. The neuroprotective potential of the ethyl acetate fraction of T. chebula ethanol-soluble extract was analyzed by evaluating the intracellular reactive oxygen species and calcium levels, apoptosis, caspase-3 and α-synuclein activities, as well as Bcl-2 and Bax expressions. The ethyl acetate fraction of T. chebula ethanol-soluble extract exhibited neuroprotective effects against paraquat-induced apoptosis in PC12 cells at concentrations ranging from 0.4 μg/mL to 0.6 μg/mL. The various neuroprotective mechanisms identified for the extract included reduction in reactive oxygen species levels; inhibition of increased calcium ion concentration; increased Bcl-2 expression; reduced Bax, caspase-3 and α-synuclein expression; and reduced nuclear shrinkage. This study elucidates the various mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of the ethyl acetate fraction of T. chebula ethanol-soluble extract that may further aid the Parkinson's disease pharmacological application of T. chebula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chebulinic acid (CA), a polyphenolic compound extracted from the fruits of Terminalia chebula, has been recently reported as a novel neuraminidase inhibitor against the influenza A virus and also for various biological activities that require pharmacokinetic estimation. We report a proposed fragmentation pathway for the formation and selection of sodium and ammonium adducts using molecular thermodynamics. The chebulinic acid ammonium adduct was reproducible and stable compared to the earlier reported sodium adduct to quantify chebulinic acid by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry. Chebulinic acid was extracted from plasma by protein precipitation followed by single‐step liquid‐liquid extraction by removing interfering metal adducts such as sodium. chebulinic acid resolution was achieved from the C18 column with mobile phase acetonitrile: methanol mixture and ammonium acetate buffer at a flow rate of 0.5 ml/min. The linear calibration curve (r2 ≥ 0.995) range was 3.52–1800 ng/ml. Finally, we report the oral pharmacokinetic profile of chebulinic acid in male Swiss albino mice plasma using the developed method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chebulic Myrobalan is the main ingredient in the Ayurvedic formulation Triphala, which is used for kidney and liver dysfunctions. Herein, natural nitrogen-doped carbon dots (NN-CDs) were prepared from the hydrothermal carbonization of Chebulic Myrobalan and were demonstrated to sense heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. Briefly, the NN-CDs were developed from Chebulic Myrobalan by a single-step hydrothermal carbonization approach under a mild temperature (200 °C) without any capping and passivation agents. They were then thoroughly characterized to confirm their structural and optical properties. The resulting NN-CDs had small particles (average diameter: 2.5 ± 0.5 nm) with a narrow size distribution (1–4 nm) and a relatable degree of graphitization. They possessed bright and durable fluorescence with excitation-dependent emission behaviors. Further, the as-synthesized NN-CDs were a good fluorometric sensor for the detection of heavy metal ions in an aqueous medium. The NN-CDs showed sensitive and selective sensing platforms for Fe3+ ions; the detection limit was calculated to be 0.86 μM in the dynamic range of 5–25 μM of the ferric (Fe3+) ion concentration. Moreover, these NN-CDs could expand their application as a potential candidate for biomedical applications and offer a new method of hydrothermally carbonizing waste biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula Retz. (TC) is a well-known Chinese herbal medicine and rich in chemical components with multiple pharmacological effects. In this study, an ultraperformance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectroscopy (UPLC-MS/MS) method was developed and used to determine the blood concentrations of nine active compounds (chebulic acid, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, corilagin, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloylglucose, ellagic acid and ethyl gallate) after oral administration of TC extracts in rats. Pretreatment of plasma samples with protein precipitate with methanol was carried out, and caffeic acid was used as the internal standard (IS). Compounds precisions of intra- and inter-day were less than 14.6%, and the accuracy ranged from -11.7% to 13.5%. The extraction recoveries of compounds were between 84.9% and 108.4%, while matrix effects occurred between 86.4% and 115.9%. Stability tests showed that all nine analytes had been stable under four storage conditions, and statistically significant the relative standard deviations were under 13.7%. The validated UPLC-MS/MS method was applied with great success to plasma pharmacokinetics analysis of the TC extracts, and the pharmacokinetic results showed that among the nine components, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC(0-tn), 231112.38 ± 64555.20 h ng/mL) and maximum concentration (Cmax, 4,983.57 ± 1721.53 ng/mL) of chebulagic acid were relatively large, which indicated that it had a higher level of plasma exposure. The half-life of elimination (T1/2) of chebulinic acid, corilagin and chebulagic acid were 43.30, 26.39 and 19.98 h, respectively, suggesting that these analytes showed prolonged retention and metabolize more slowly in vivo. This study would deliver a theoretical foundation for the further application of TC in clinical practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glucose intolerance, central obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia are all part of the metabolic syndrome. Thus, a number of theories have been put out to explain the development of the metabolic syndrome, including an initial condition of insulin resistance that progressed to the other elements, with obesity serving as the primary initiator of the metabolic syndrome. Thus, it can be understood that metabolic syndrome is multi related and the basic cause is inflammation. Thus, while treating the metabolic syndrome the root cause needs to be targeted and for this the ayurvedic formulation is the best solution. Amruthotharam is one of such preparation which takes care of metabolic syndrome through inflammation. "Amruthotharam" is the combination is known as Kashayam was made from three main herbs whose efficacy in treating indigestion and other stomach-related issues has been demonstrated in several cases. Three parts of Tinospora cordifolia, two parts of Terminalia chebula, and one part of Zingiber officinale are combined to create the mixture. The present study is focusing on the comparisons between the Amruthotharam a kerealian Ayurvedic medicine formulated by classical and modern technique which can be evaluated analytically and pharmacologically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula is an ayurveda herb which is used as the traditional medicinal plant and provide an adverse effect in treating the disease. It is widely used in the treatment of glucose-related diseases. The chitosan is a polymer that can be easily available in the form of biocompatible and non-toxic in nature. It can be used as a biodegradable polymer and drug delivery in the pharmaceutical industry. The detection of chitosan nanoparticle was carried out by characterisation methods like UV-Vis. Spectroscopy, FE-SEM, EDS, FT-IR, XRD and DLS. Alpha amylase assay and alpha glycosidase assay (glucose tolerance test) have been done for antidiabetic activity. The glucose metabolism and the viability of cells have been performed through 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Here the 3T3 fibroblastic cell line has been used. The glucose metabolism also confirms that the drug morphology and binding stability make the drug to treat the glucose-related diseases in absence of insulin. By the observation in future prospects, the chitosan-loaded nanoparticles have the potency on cancer therapy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Globalization witnessed changing trends in consumer markets. However, their long-term impacts include lifestyle and dietary changes. Although research in the pharmaceutical and chemical sciences led to the discovery and development of drugs saving millions of lives, their persistent use led to safety and toxicological issues. The plants previously used in Chinese and Ayurveda medicines received attention of the researchers to validate their traditional therapeutic applications. As a result, the reliance of communities on complementary and alternative medicines started to recover in the last few decades. The myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) is one such example that was renowned as the king of medicinal plants in Ayurveda due to its wide range of utilization in herbal decoctions to treat various health disparities. The current review showed phytochemical profile, that includes phenolic acids, casuarinin, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, rutin, and corilagin. Phytochemistry is linked with its medicinal applications and several research studies validated its antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, hypoglycemic, and digestive tonic. The facts presented in the current article are derived from cell culture, animal, and human studies. Moreover, conceptualized framework regarding the effectiveness against cardiovascular disorders, immune dysfunction, cancer insurgence, and neurological disorders is in the limelight of the article. In last, a comprehensive discussion regarding its potential inclusion in the modern-day functional food market and presents its future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The contemporary building material despite the significance of cement in construction industry is the lime mortars because of its usage as a structural repair material around the ancient heritage structures. Though the significance of lime mortars lies in the fact of compatibility towards the existing ancient lime-based structures, the method of construction and material preparations are still undisclosed. In such a case, it is necessary for the researchers to analyze scientifically, the influences of various additives towards the performance of lime mortars. This paper tries to attempt two natural additives viz., gallnut (Terminalia chebula) and palm jaggery (Saccharam officinarum) as modifiers of mixing water in the preparation of class B hydraulic lime-based mortars through the process of fermentation. Based upon the trials, 39 mixes were considered with varying water to lime ratios and dosages of additives. Experimental tests such as workability, compressive strength, water absorption, acid resistance and NaCl cyclic tests were conducted along with SEM and XRD microstructural assessments. The maximum compressive strength achieved was about 4.3 MPa which is 200% that of conventional lime mortars. Jaggery and gallnut-based additives were efficient in various durability studies however the performance of jaggery is superior to gallnut in various aspects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The prevalence of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has increased in the last 2 decades. For the treatment of this disease, various herbal anticancer agents have been introduced. In this study, for the first time, we analyzed the apoptotic and cytotoxic effects of herbal plants, including Anacyclus pyrethrum, Terminalia Chebula, and Brassica nigra, in KB cancer cell lines. For analyzing the cytotoxic effects of ethanol extracts, MTT reduction assay was performed in the KB cells. Moreover, the apoptosis-inducing effect of plants on KB cells was assessed using TUNEL and DNA fragmentation assays. The results showed that Anacyclus pyrethrum and Terminalia Chebula extracts significantly inhibited cell viability. TUNEL and DNA fragmentation assays showed that the main mechanism of cell death was apoptosis induction by Anacyclus pyrethrum and Terminalia Chebula extracts. Our results suggest that these ethanol extracts may contain bioactive constituents, which can be helpful in OSCC treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• UC was employed as the disease model to compare the curative effects of raw and processed T. chebula , consistent with its traditional uses. • Analyzed the mechanism of enhanced efficacy of processed T. chebula using intestinal flora-metabolomics. • The sand stir-frying method was employed to process T. chebula , similar to ancient methods. Terminalia chebula is a classical medicine for the treatment of lingering dysentery, and both raw and processed T. chebula can alleviate ulcerative colitis (UC). The therapeutic efficacy of T. chebula is enhanced after processing, but the mechanism that processing improves this efficacy is still unknown. We investigated the medicinal effects of raw and processed T. chebula on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC model rats using intestinal flora and metabolomics analyses, in order to elucidate the mechanism by which processing enhances the therapeutic effect. The major constituents of raw and processed T. chebula were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). UC model was replicated using the DSS method, and then UC rats were administered raw and processed T. chebula. The general physical signs, disease activity index (DAI) scores, colon histopathological morphology, and the expressions of inflammatory cytokines were used to evaluate the therapeutic effect of T. chebula. In addition, 16 s rRNA sequencing and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC–MS) were used to characterize the intestinal flora and contents of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) was utilized to identify the nontargeted fecal metabolites. Raw and processed T. chebula significantly improved the general physical signs and colon inflammatory symptoms and decreased DAI scores of UC rats. Both raw and processed T. chebula mitigated intestinal flora disorders in UC rats, increasing probiotic bacteria, including Lactobacillus and Romboutsia. However, the effect of processed T. chebula was more pronounced. Moreover, the levels of SCFAs of DSS-induced UC rats were restored after drug administration, and the processed T. chebula had a better regulatory effect than raw T. chebula. In the fecal nontargeted metabolomics analysis, differential metabolites such as lipids and amino acids were identified. The processed T. chebula can regulate purine metabolism and other pathways to improve UC, and the levels of the disordered metabolites gradually approached those of the control group. Raw and processed T. chebula had the capacity to mitigate DSS-induced UC by rebalancing the intestinal flora, restoring the contents of SCFAs, and regulating fecal metabolites, while processed T. chebula showed preferable effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula extract-mediated bio-synthesized SnO 2 NPs exhibiting excellent reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity and potent antimicrobial properties against plant pathogens Pectobacterium carotovorum and Alternaria solani causing soft rot and early blight in tomato crops. [Display omitted] • Eco-friendly synthesis of SnO 2 NPs using Terminalia chebula seed extract as a stabilizing agent. • Superior antimicrobial activity of NPs against disease-causing phytopathogens in tomato crops. • Having the potential for efficient free radical scavenging and oxidative stress management in plants. • A promising and sustainable solution for combating early blight and soft rot disease in tomato crops. Tomato, a globally cultivated crop, is susceptible to early blight (Alternaria solani) and soft rot disease (Pectobacterium carotovorum), resulting in significant yield reductions. In this study, we report the biosynthesis of tin oxide nanoparticles (SnO 2 NPs) via a novel, eco-friendly route and evaluate their efficacy against these phytopathogens. Characterization of SnO 2 NPs revealed a mean particle size of 11.5 nm, uniform distribution, and pure and high crystallinity, as confirmed by TEM, SAED pattern, and P-XRD analysis. The green-synthesized SnO 2 NPs achieved 100 % inhibition of fungal growth at 500 μg/mL and displayed a larger zone of inhibition against Pectobacterium carotovorum than the conventional antibiotic streptomycin. A notable decrease in the exponential phase of the OD600 curve and CFU/mL was further observed with increasing concentrations of NPs. They also demonstrated superior antioxidant properties compared to the standard, achieving over 90 % inhibition at a concentration of 300 μg/mL. The Terminalia chebula seed extract not only acts as a stabilizing agent but also exhibit antimicrobial activity. The synergy between the intrinsic antimicrobial properties of the SnO 2 NPs and the bioactive compounds from the seed extract enhance the overall effectiveness of the nanoparticles against these pathogens. Our findings suggest that green-synthesized SnO 2 NPs offer a promising and sustainable solution for managing early blight and soft rot disease in tomato crops. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An integrative strategy of UHPLC/IM-QTOF-MS analysis, MS/MS molecular networking (MN), in-house library search, and a collision cross-section (CCS) simulation and comparison was developed for the rapid characterization of the chemical constituents in Chebulae Fructus (CF). A total of 122 Constituents were identified, and most were phenolcarboxylic and tannic compounds. Subsequently, 1,3,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, terflavin A, 1,2,6-tri-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, punicalagin B, chebulinic acid, chebulagic acid, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, and chebulic acid, among the 23 common constituents of CF, were screened out by UPLC-PDA fingerprinting and multivariate statistical analyses (HCA, PCA, and OPLS-DA). Then, Pearson’s correlation analysis and a grey relational analysis were performed for the spectrum-effect correlation between the UPLC fingerprints and the antioxidant capacity of CF, which was finally validated by an UPLC-DPPH• analysis for the main antioxidant constituents. Our study provides a global identification of CF constituents and contributes to the quality control and development of functional foods and preparations dedicated to CF.

Preparation of azoic dyes on cotton fabric I Terminalia chebula i extract (TCE) was applied to cotton fabric using a magnetic dyeing machine. Keywords: Terminalia chebula; cotton; mosquito repellent; antibacterial; uv protection; antioxidant; ; ; ; ; ; ; EN Terminalia chebula cotton mosquito repellent antibacterial uv protection antioxidant ZH 9642 9655 14 11/21/22 20221220 NES 221220 Introduction Recently, scientists have shown interest in the utilization of biomolecules due to their nontoxicity, biodegradability, and environmental-biocompatibility(De La Cruz-Martínez et al. [23]; Li et al. [40]; Rather et al. [53]; Singh and Sheikh [66]; Yang et al. [75]; Zhao et al. [78]). Formation of azoic dyes on cotton fabric Color values and fastness properties of dyed cotton Table 3 summarizes the results of color measurements of dyed fabrics. [Extracted from the article]

In this experimental work, the influence of Haritaki (Terminalia chebula) powder on thermo-mechanical, water absorption, and morphological properties of Tindora (Coccinia grandis) tendrils fiber-reinforced epoxy composites is investigated. The Coccinia grandis fibers (CGFs) were extracted from tendrils of the Tindora plant, and composites with and without Haritaki powder (HP) are fabricated by using hand layup and compression molding techniques. The mechanical strengths, water absorption studies, and the characterization techniques such as thermogravimetric analysis, differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray diffraction studies, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy studies are conducted. From the results, it is found that the mechanical strengths of the HP filled C. grandis fiber-reinforced composites (HPCGFRCs) are 14.26–26.59% higher than that of those without HP composites. The maximum weight gain percentages of CGFs and their composites due to water absorption varied between 6.32% and 10.63%. Findings of the experiments reveal that the inclusion of HP has a significant influence on the properties of CGFRCs and ascertained that HP could be the potential nanofiller formost of the polymer matrix composites. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula Retz. (Combretaceae), commonly-known as chebulic myrobalan is one of the important Non-Timber Forest Product (NTFP) species which is harvested for its fruits and galls. The species known as the "King of medicines" is used widely in Ayurveda, Sidda, Unani, and traditional Chinese medicines for curing a wide variety of diseases in Asia and Africa. Terminalia chebula is an important ingredient of Triphala (Ayurvedic medicine) along with Terminalia bellirica and Phyllanthus emblica. The fruits of the tree also yields a dye which is used as an organic dye in the textile industries. In recent years, there is an increasing demand for herbal remedies and organic dyes, resulting in extensive extraction of fruits and galls from T. chebula. In this study, the major objective was to identify sites for the conservation of T. chebula and to identify important environmental variables determining its distribution. Based on the existing species distribution records (primary and secondary), along with a suite of climatic variables, the present and future distribution of the species were predicted. The study identified ecological niches that are suitable for the cultivation of the species; the species occurs in India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Cambodia, Myanmar, Vietnam, China, Laos, Thailand, Bhutan, Taiwan, Nepal and Bangladesh under the current climatic scenario. Within India, our results suggest that the central and south India are highly suitable in the current scenario. The mean annual temperature, temperature seasonality and isothermality seem to be the most important variables determining the distribution of the species which is directly influenced by climate change. Overall, the study indicated that under the future climate change scenarios the distribution of T. chebula is likely to decrease. The results indicate that T. chebula is highly vulnerable to climate change. Considering the economic importance of the species, it is important to understand how the species distribution will alter in the wake of climate change to develop effective conservation strategies. The study also provides important environment variables that determine the species distribution which could aid in identifying areas where the species could be cultivated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, sustainable, low-cost, and environmentally friendly biomass (Terminalia chebula) was employed as a precursor for the formation of nitrogen-doped carbon dots (N-CDs). The hydrothermally assisted Terminalia chebula fruit-derived N-CDs (TC-CDs) emitted different bright fluorescent colors under various excitation wavelengths. The prepared TC-CDs showed a spherical morphology with a narrow size distribution and excellent water dispensability due to their abundant functionalities, such as oxygen- and nitrogen-bearing molecules on the surfaces of the TC-CDs. Additionally, these TC-CDs exhibited high photostability, good biocompatibility, very low toxicity, and excellent cell permeability against HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells. The cell viability of HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells in the presence of TC-CDs aqueous solution was calculated by MTT assay, and cell viability was higher than 95%, even at a higher concentration of 200 μg mL−1 after 24 h incubation time. Finally, the uptake of TC-CDs by HCT-116 human colon carcinoma cells displayed distinguished blue, green, and red colors during in vitro imaging when excited by three filters with different wavelengths under a laser scanning confocal microscope. Thus, TC-CDs could be used as a potential candidate for various biomedical applications. Moreover, the conversion of low-cost/waste natural biomass into products of value promotes the sustainable development of the economy and human society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to study the in vitro antibacterial activity and mechanism of different extracts of Terminalia chebula leaves against common pathogenic Vibrio in aquatic products. The water extract and 50% ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula leaves were prepared by heating reflux extraction method. The effect of different extracts of Terminalia chebula leaves on Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio harveyi and bacteriostatic ring diameter, minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of Vibrio parahaemolyticus were determined by K-B disk method and microbroth double dilution method. The activity of extracellular alkaline phosphatase (AKP) and the content of nucleic acid and protein of Vibrio alginolyticus under different action time of water extract of Terminalia chebula cotyledons were determined by enzyme labeling method. The results showed that for Vibrio alginolyticus, Vibrio vulnificus, Vibrio mimicus, Vibrio fluvialis, Vibrio harveyi and Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the bacteriostatic ring diameter of the water extract of Terminalia chebula leaves were 18.45~21.22 mm, the mic were 0.78~3.13 g/L and the MBC were 0.78~6.25 g/L. The bacteriostatic ring diameter of 50% ethanol extract of Terminalia chebula leaves were 18.24~20.34 mm, MIC were 0.78~6.25 g/L, MBC were 1.56~12.50 g/L. At MIC concentration, the aqueous extract of Terminalia chebula could significantly increase the activity of extracellular AKP and the content of nucleic acid and soluble protein after acting on Vibrio alginolyticus for 3 h. The study indicates that different solvent extracts of Terminalia chebula leaves have significant broad-spectrum anti Vibrio effects, and the mechanism is related to the destruction of the integrity of cell wall and cell membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Miniaturization of the hair follicles is evident on the balding scalp. Approved medications, topical minoxidil, and oral finasteride for the treatment of alopecia sometimes come with undesirable adverse effects. The study was to examine the bioactivity of medicinal plants for finding the promising source of anti‐hair loss application. Methods: Ten ethanolic extracts were prepared from Acacia concina (Willd.) DC., Acanthus ebracteatus Vahl, Bridelia ovata Decne, Cleome viscosa L., Cocos nucifera L., Hibiscus subdariffla L., Oryza sativa L., Terminalia chebula Retz., Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson and cytotoxic tested on dermal papilla cells using MTT assay. The effect of the extracts on cell cycle was also determined using flow cytometry technique. Anti‐inflammatory activity was examined by determining IL‐1β inhibition in RAW 257.4 cells. In vitro study of androgenic and 5α‐reductase inhibitory activities were also determined using MTT assay and enzymatic reaction couple with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS), respectively. Results: Our results revealed that only A. ebracteatus promoted dermal papilla cell proliferation and the S and G2/M phases in cell cycle. A. ebracteatus also showed inhibitory activity against 5α‐reductase and testosterone in reducing cell viability of the dermal papilla. Moreover, A. ebracteatus extract strongly inhibited LPS‐stimulating IL‐1β production in RAW 264.7 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Conclusion: Our finding indicated that the ethanolic extract of A. ebracteatus is a promising candidate for anti‐hair loss treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Due to the complications related to the use of the current pharmacological approach for the alleviation of neuropathic pain, searching for effective compound with fewer complications is a requirement of the present era. It is well known that the pathophysiological mechanism of neuropathic pain is related to excessive inflammation in the nervous system. Hence, the present study focuses on whether the potential analgesic effects of Terminalia chebula (TC) extract are mediated by the changes in the protein expression of nerve growth factor (NGF) and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in the brain in a rat model of sciatic nerve chronic constriction injury (CCI). Method and Results: Neuropathic pain was induced by the left sciatic nerve CCI. Male Wistar rats were assigned to three groups: sham, CCI, and CCI + TC (40 mg/kg). Animals received either normal saline (1 mL) or the aqueous-alcoholic extract of TC (40 mg/kg) for 30 days via gavage needles once a day. Cold allodynia and anxiety-like behaviors were examined one day before CCI surgery (day − 1), as well as days 2, 7, 14, and 30 following CCI. We also assessed the effects of the TC extract oxidative stress markers on day 30 following CCI. Moreover, a western blot analysis was performed on day 30 following CCI to evaluate the effects of the TC extract on the protein expression of NGF and NF-κB in the brain. Oral gavage of the TC extract significantly decreased cold allodynia on days 2 and 14 following CCI. Additionally, the CCI model of chronic pain significantly increased the protein expression of NGF and NF-κB in the brain on day 30 following CCI. Furthermore, the TC extract significantly decreased the protein expression of NGF and NF-κB in the brain. The TC extract also significantly increased the brain glutathione (GSH) content and decreased the malondialdehyde (MDA) content. Conclusion: It is suggested that the analgesic effects of the TC extract are mediated by the suppression of brain NGF, NF-κB, and by its antioxidant activity in the brain following neuropathic pain in rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural product like Terminalia chebula as Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions sensor was not reported in the literature till now. Herein, we first reported Terminalia chebula (T. chebula), a natural product used in Ayurveda, as a highly sensitive, simple, and cost-effective colorimetric sensor for the detection of Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions. Terminalia chebula showed a selective colorimetric sensing ability for iron (2+/3+) by changing color from green and pale yellow to blue, having limit of detection level of 43.7 μM and 60.8 μM for Fe2+ and Fe3+ ions, respectively. The concentration-dependent colorimetric determination of iron (2+/3+) was carried out, and the color change to distinguish between different concentrations was excellent. Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography, the fraction having sensing ability was isolated and purified. From the mass spectra of the purified fraction, it was concluded that, the major component responsible for the sensing ability was tri-O-galloyl-β-D-glucose. This chemosensor could be used to detect and quantify Fe2+ and Fe3+ in water samples, which is particularly a useful tool. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The knowledge of plant based medicines was gradually developed by the primeval persons and was passed on to generations by trial and error basis without proper scientific evaluation, safety and toxicological studies. The discovery and acceptance of natural therapies in the past decades has been increasing in both developing and developed countries. Consumers buy herbal products without a prescription through online. Thus standardization is required with systematic approach and well-designed methodologies to maintain uniformity between batches during production of herbal products. The present work aims for the comparative standardization of the marketed formulation and two in-house prepared Gokshuradi Churna. It is an ayurvedic formulation prescribed for inflammation, arthritis, and other joint disorders. Gokshuradi Churna consists of powdered mixture of herbal drugs in equal proportions: the fruits of Tribulus terrestris, the fruits of Terminalia chebula, the root of Boerhaavia diffusa, the wood of Cedrus deodara, the rhizome of Zingiber officinale, and the bulb of Allium sativum. Materials and Methods: The churna was standardized on the basis of the parameters like organoleptic characters, physical characters, physicochemical properties, phytochemical screening. Results: The parameters studied were within standard limits and the quality of the products were established. The results obtained may be considered as reference standards for developing standard formulation. Conclusion: From preliminary studies, it confirms that In house and marketed formulations of Gokshuradi Churna is safe for therapeutic use. Further studies has to be done to confirm the pharmacological activities of the churna. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main topic of this study is Green and environmentally wool dyeing. For this purpose, yellow and black myrobalan extract as green mordants and madder and resedaluteola as natural dyes were used. The FTIR-ATR spectra of the washed wool yarns, mordanted wool yarns and dyed wool yarns confirmed bonding of wool yarns with the green mordant and dyes through comparing chemical structures. The effective linkage between yarn, mordant and dye molecules removes the C-N peaks in FTIR-ATR spectra. After dyeing process, fastness and dyeing properties of dyed wool yarns were investigated. The K/S values of dyed wool yarns with extracted madder and resedaluteola were quantified values; and fastness properties including light, wash, and rubbing fastness were defined as per ISO standard methods. The research pointed out that the myrobalan extraction as a potential route for the development of eco-friendly dyeing in green production of dyed yarns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have long been used, and many of them are known today as drug production sources. The study and research of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine and their various effects in the treatment of some diseases can help produce new drugs. Terminalia chebula, known as the Haritaki plant, has always been at the top of Chinese, Tibetan, Ayurveda, and Iranian traditional medicines. Its classification is based on the size, shape, and growth of the fruit. We have done a thorough literature search in databases and collected the data and research results indexed in PubMed, Elsevier, and Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar databases, and various books up to 2020. It has pharmacological uses such as neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, renoprotective, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, antioxidant, antiarthritic, and antifertility properties. It also can act as an immunomodulator and anticancer agent. There are some available drugs obtained from T. chebula. Due to the different and wide pharmacological uses of Terminalia chebula, further studies are required to develop new drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Current therapies for ischemic stroke are insufficient due to the lack of specific drugs. This study aimed to investigate the protective activity of polyphenol extracts from Terminalia chebula against cerebral ischemia-reperfusion induced damage. Polyphenols of ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions were extracted from T. chebula. BV2 microglial cells exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation/reoxygenation and mice subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion were treated by TPE and TPB. Cell viability, cell morphology, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, enzyme activity and signaling pathway related to oxidative stress were observed. We found that TPE and TPB showed strong antioxidant activity in vitro. The protective effects of TPE and TPB on cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury were demonstrated by enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities, elevated level of the nucleus transportation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 and expressions of antioxidant proteins, with a simultaneous reduction in cell apoptosis and reactive oxygen species level. In conclusion, TPE and TPB exert neuroprotective effects by stimulating the Nrf2 signaling pathway, thereby inhibiting apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Depending on humidity, some technical properties of T. chebula (black halile) dried fruit were investigated. It was observed that various properties, such as dimension, geometric mean diameter, and arithmetic mean diameter, increased linearly with increasing moisture content. With the increase in moisture content, sphericity increased from 57.2% to 67.7%, surface area increased from 487.65 mm² to 805.03 mm², porosity increased from 0.49 to 0.59, and the angle of repose increased from 22.77° to 27.86°. However, moisture content, true density, and bulk density decreased from 1.85% to 3.27%, 1469.54 kg/m³ to 1740.22 kg/m³, and 735.64 kg/m³ to 705.99 kg/m³, respectively. When the moisture content increased from 1.85% to 3.27%, the static and dynamic friction coefficient increased from 0.231 to 0.495 and 0.311 to 0.637, respectively. The lowest static and dynamic friction force values were obtained for stainless steel and the highest for rubber surface. When moisture content increased from 1.85% to 3.27%, tensile strength decreased from 446.46 N to 257.59 N. Rupture energy and deformation increased with an increase in the moisture content of the fruit. When the moisture content increased from 1.85% to 3.27%, the rupture energy and deformation increased from 0.09 J to 0.27 J and 0.83 mm to 1.76 mm, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ethnomedicinal practices have a great past and are associated with Ayurveda. It is still the best and cheapest medicinal practice among the tribal people. Due to its holistic, the traditional medicine system provides a new research idea. In this study, we connect the uses of traditional medicinal knowledge to local traditional medicine practitioners by using scientific methodology. The ethnomedicinal survey was carried out in three tribal districts of Chhattisgarh, India i.e., Kanker, Bilaspur, and Jashpur, where 125 informants were identified for interview. The demographic details showed the ages, literacy rates, and experience of informants. The Informant consensus factor, use value, and fidelity level were the major scientific tools used to analyze secondary data. Medicinal plants were categorized into 25 groups according to their medicinal uses. Traditional healers have cited 80 medicinal plant species and 41 different plant families. 31 plant species were used to treat skin and stomach-related health issues. Terminalia bellirica Roxb. has a maximum use value (UV) with a 0.99 score. In our study, we found the highest Informant consensus factor (1.0) for the calculus, hematological and urological ailment categories. The parameter fidelity level was found 100% for Andrographis paniculata, Azadirachta indica A. Juss., Curcuma caesia, Madhuca indica G mel., Terminalia bellirica Roxb. Terminalia chebula, Zingiber officinale Rosc. in this study. we found 79 informants gained indigenous knowledge through vertical transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia chebula Retz. (Fam. Combretaceae), commonly called black or chebulic myrobalan, is a species of Terminalia. In Tibet, T. chebula is called the "King of Medicine". It is well known as 'Haritaki' since it can be used to cure all kinds of diseases and is considered sacred to God Siva (Hara). The whole plant possesses high medicinal value. The aim of this article is to review the available scientific information regarding traditional uses, bioactive chemical constituents, and pharmacological activities of T. chebula based on in vitro and in vivo studies. First, in this paper, the studies published on T. chebula from 1980 to 2022 were reviewed, and the biological activity and mechanisms of action of T. chebula were evaluated based on in vitro and in vivo studies. T. chebula presented anti-diabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, neuroprotective, anti-inflammatory, anti-arthritic, gastroprotective, anti-microbial, antiparasitic, wound healing, and anti-aging activities. Thus, this review suggests potential applications of T. chebula in nutraceuticals, functional foods, and pharmaceutical industries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Terminalia chebula Retz. ( T. Chebula , ཨ་རུ་ར།) is highly utilized in ethnic medicine. Its medicinal value is gradually being recognized and shows great potential in the improvement of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) disorders. Tibetan medicine theory classifies this type of disease as one of the "Jie Xie Syndrome (བརྗེད་བྱེད།)." The role of T. Chebula in such diseases has been increasingly studied. This work aimed to elucidate the research progress of T. Chebula in alleviating MCI. The review offers a critical update on the current understanding of the effect of T. Chebula on MCI and highlights new opportunities for exploring its therapeutic potential. This review discusses the role of T. Chebula in alleviating MCI and provides a comprehensive overview of the traditional medicinal uses, chemical composition, toxicology, and quality control aspects of T. Chebula . This review covers 171 chemical constituents and 11 active constituents targeting MCI, such as flavonoids, which can alleviate MCI, primarily through its antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties. T. Chebula shows potential as a natural medicine for the treatment and prevention of MCI. As an important part of ethnomedicinal resources, this work offers valuable insights for future research on T. Chebula -containing ethnomedicines. Research on traditional drug treatments, optimized treatment standards, improved societal knowledge about MCI, and development of an early detection system is essential to the diagnosis and treatment of MCI. These efforts will provide better treatment resources for patients with MCI., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Gao, Lu, Fang, Su, Li, Wang and Zhang.)

Background: Terminalia chebula Retz, known as the King of Tibet, is considered a functional food in China, celebrated for its antioxidant, immune-modulating, antibacterial, and anti-inflammatory properties. Chebulinic acid, derived from aqueous extracts of Terminalia chebula Retz, is known for its anti-inflammatory properties. However, its potential as an anti- Helicobacter pylori (HP) agent has not been fully explored., Methods: Herein, we extracted the main compound from Terminalia chebula Retz using a semi-preparative liquid chromatography (LC) system and identified compound 5 as chebulinic acid through Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-MS/MS (UPLC-MS/MS) and Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR). To evaluate its role, we conducted minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) assays, scanning electron microscope (SEM) imaging, inhibiting kinetics curves, urea fast test, cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, western blot analysis, griess reagent system, and molecular docking., Results: Our results showed that chebulinic acid effectively inhibited the growth of the HP strain ATCC 700392, damaged the HP structure, and exhibited selective antimicrobial activity without affecting normal epithelial cells GES-1. Importantly, it suppressed the expression of Cytotoxin-associated gene A (Cag A) protein, a crucial factor in HP infection. Molecular docking analysis predicted a strong affinity (-9.7 kcal/mol) between chebulinic acid and Cag A protein., Conclusion: Overall, our findings suggest that chebulinic acid acts as an anti-adhesive agent, disrupting the adhesion of HP to host cells, which is a critical step in HP infection. It also suppresses the Cag A protein. These results highlight the potential of chebulinic acid against HP infections., Competing Interests: HL was employed by Yinuo Biomedical Company. RW, ZF, GZ were employed by Lunan Pharmaceutical Group Co. Ltd. The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2024 Ou, Hao, Liu, Zhu, Li, Chen, Wei, Feng, Zhang and Yao.)

Terminalia chebula, (Family: Combretaceae) is a medicinally active plant possess a wide spectrum of biological activities and contain numerous bioactive phytoconstituents like phenolic compounds, hydrolysable tannins, and flavonoids, therefore it may be considers as a good therapeutic alternative. Chebulinic acid, an ellagitannin was isolated from the fruits of Terminalia chebula and was known to possess numerous biological activities including anti-tumor activity, anti-atherogenic, anti-fibrotic, anti-inflammatory, antiulcer, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, antidiabetic, and antiviral etc. The present chapter describes the various analytical methods, structure elucidation, biological activities, pharmacokinetic, patents and various marketed formulations. Thus, chebulinic acid and related derivatives of Terminalia chebula and other plant species possess numerous pharmacological which paves way for further studies.

Screening and identification of active components from traditional Chinese medicines is rather challenging due to the diversity and complexity of chemical components. Herein, a comprehensive strategy based on a spectrum‐effect relationship model and LC‒MS analysis was developed to screen active components from Terminalia chebula fruits. The water extract of T. chebula fruits was subjected to macroporous resin column and then eluted successively with water and 30%, 50%, 70%, and 95% ethanol. The 30% ethanol eluate fractions of eighteen batches from T. chebula fruits were used for the spectrum‐effect relationship study. The IC50 values for acetylcholinesterase inhibitory and 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl scavenging activities were measured, LC fingerprints were established, and 15 common peaks were specified. The spectrum‐effect relationship between common peaks and IC50 values was investigated by principal component analysis, gray relational analysis, partial least square and multiple linear regression. The 30% ethanol eluate fraction was further characterized by LC‒MS analysis. The chromatographic peaks (Peaks 1, 2, 3, 5, 12, 14, 15) making great contributions to the efficacy were screened through a spectrum‐effect relationship model, and sixteen components were further identified. The results suggested that the proposed strategy is simple and effective for acquiring active components from a complex matrix. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the Tibetan medicine preparations used in Derong Chinese-Tibetan Hospital. Methods: In this study, 115 preparations were collected from the Chinese-Tibetan Hospital of Derong County. A statistical table of information on medicine preparation was prepared in Excel format, and it included information on the forms of preparations, medicinal materials, medicinal parts used, frequency of use, and clinical applications. Results: The 115 preparations were mainly pills. In clinics, they were used for treating liver disease, stomach-ache, gastric ulcer, nephrotic pain and fever. It was found that 226 medicines were used in various preparations. The plant components used varied from whole herbs, fruits, seeds, roots, rhizomes, and animal-based medicines, to flowers. The most frequently used plants/herbs were Terminalia chebula Retz., Carthamus tinctorius L., Aucklandia lappa Decne., Alpinia katsumadai Hayata and Phyllanthus emblica L. The most commonly used drug combinations involved three fruits (Terminalia chebula Retz., Terminalia billerica (Gaertn.) Roxb and Phyllanthus emblica L.). The preparations and medicinal materials used for liver and stomach diseases are described in detail in this article. These include Terminalia chebula Retz., Aucklandia lappa Decne. and Carthamus tinctorius L. Conclusion: The study has analysed the characteristics and clinical uses of Tibetan medicine preparations and summarised the diseases and medicinal materials in the Tibetan area. These preparations and medicinal materials, with their many years of clinical use, may become invaluable gifts of Tibetan medicine to the world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Herein, a simple, cost-effective, and in-situ environmentally friendly approach was adopted to synthesize carbon dot-adorned silver nanoparticles (CDs@AgNPs) from yellow myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) fruit using a hydrothermal treatment without any additional reducing and or stabilizing agents. The as-synthesized CDs@AgNP composite was systematically characterized using multiple analytical techniques: FESEM, TEM, XRD, Raman, ATR-FTIR, XPS, and UV-vis spectroscopy. All the results of the characterization techniques strongly support the idea that the CDs were successfully made to adorn the AgNPs. This effectively synthesized CDs@AgNP composite was applied as a catalyst for the degradation of organic dyes, including methylene blue (MB) and methyl orange (MO). The degradation results revealed that CDs@AgNPs exhibit a superior catalytic activity in the degradation of MB and MO in the presence of NaBH4 (SB) under ambient temperatures. In total, 99.5 and 99.0% rates of degradation of MB and MO were observed using CDs@AgNP composite with SB, respectively. A plausible mechanism for the reductive degradation of MB and MO is discussed in detail. Moreover, the CDs@AgNP composite has great potential for wastewater treatment applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 8‐week feeding trial was performed in GIFT tilapia to evaluate the effects of three herbal extracts (jamun leaf, Syzygium cumini (JLE); avaram senna, Cassia auriculata (ASE); and myrobalan seed, Terminalia chebula (ME) on the growth, haemato‐biochemical, immunological parameters, antioxidant indicators and disease resistance against A. hydrophila. Fish were fed with herbal extract 0% (control diet); JLE 10 g/kg diet; ASE 10 g/kg diet; and ME 10 g/kg diet. The herbal extracts supplemented diets exhibited significantly higher growth performances and feed utilization than the control. The blood and serum indices, haemoglobin, MCV, MCH and cholesterol were significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the herbal extracts supplemented diets than in the control. The respiratory burst activity (RBT), myeloperoxidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase in GIFT tilapia were significantly higher in herbal extracts supplemented diets than in control during the post‐challenge condition. Furthermore, increase in all immunological and antioxidant parameters was observed in herbal extracts supplemented diets after the challenge. In addition, the percentage of survival was recorded maximum in herbal extracts supplemented diets and less in control after the bacteria challenge test. The results suggest that herbal extracts modulate growth and immune responses, particularly the diet supplemented with jamun leaf extract at 10 g/kg has the potential in enhancing growth, immunity and reduce mortality against bacterial challenge in GIFT tilapia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: The manipulation of ruminal ecology and fermentation to improve feed efficiency and reduce nitrogen excretion in ruminants is a pertinent goal for animal nutritionists. The fruits of Terminalia chebula Retz. are a rich source of phytonutrient compounds, which are attractive as rumen modifiers since these compounds are natural substances. The purpose of this study is to determine the effect of Terminaliachebula meal (TCM) supplementation on digestibility, rumen fermentation, nitrogen utilization, and protozoal population in goats. The findings indicated that the inclusion of TCM could improve rumen fermentation efficiency and N balance while reducing the protozoal population. As a result, TCM could be used as a plant source for the rumen enhancement of small ruminants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Terminalia chebula meal (TCM) supplementation on digestibility, rumen fermentation, nitrogen utilization, and protozoal population in goats. Eight goats with an initial body weight (BW) of 13 ± 3.0 kg were randomly assigned according to a double 4 × 4 Latin square design to receive different levels of TCM supplementation at 0, 8, 16, and 24 g/kg of total dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. The goats were fed with concentrate diets at 13 g/kg BW, while rice straw was used as a roughage source, fed ad libitum. The results revealed that the feed intake and the apparent digestibility of DM, organic matter (OM), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were similar among the treatments (p > 0.05). However, crude protein (CP) digestibility decreased significantly (p < 0.05) when supplemented with TCM at 24 g/kg of total DM intake (p < 0.05). The addition of TCM did not change the ruminal pH and blood urea nitrogen concentrations (p > 0.05), whereas the concentration of NH3-N at 4 h post feeding was reduced with the inclusion of TCM at 16 and 24 g/kg of total DM intake. The total numbers of bacteria were enhanced by the addition of TCM, while the protozoal population, in both entodiniomorph and holotrich, was reduced (p < 0.05). The supplementation of TCM did not change the concentration of total volatile fatty acids (TVFA), acetic acid, or butyric acid, while the propionic acid concentration at 4-h post feeding increased significantly, especially when supplemented at 16 g/kg of total DM intake (p < 0.05. In addition, urinary nitrogen (N) excretion decreased, while fecal N excretion, N absorption, N retention, and the proportion of N retention to N intake increased with the inclusion of TCM at all levels. In summary, the inclusion of TCM could improve rumen fermentation efficiency and N balance without having an adverse effect on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, and rumen ecology; however, the protozoal population decreased. Therefore, this study suggests that TCM (16 g/kg of total DM intake) could be used as a plant source for rumen enhancement in goats fed a diet based on rice straw without having an adverse effect on feed intake or nutrient digestion. However, further studies on the production of types of meat and milk that have a long-term feeding trial should be carried out. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaranth dye (AD) is trisodium (4E)-3-oxo-4-[(4-sulfonato-1- naphthyl) hydrazono] naphthalene-2, 7-disulfonate and anionic in nature. In the present investigation, waste biomasses such as Terminalia chebula shell (TCS), Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf (PPL) and Psidium guajava bark (PGB) are explored as biosorbents for the first time toward the removal of AD from aqueous solution in a batch method. Influence of biosorption parameters such as pH, initial concentration of AD, biosorbents (TCS, PPL, PGB) dosage, temperature and contact time was studied. Biosorption equilibrium data was analyzed using two parameter isotherms. The kinetics of the biosorption process was analyzed using different models to understand the rate-determining step. The results of the biosorption experiment and modeling investigation illustrated that the pseudo-second-order rate equation fits the experimental data and further the experimental results showed Langmuir isotherm fitted well the biosorption equilibrium data. TCS showed more efficiency toward the removal of AD than PPL and PGB. The value of enthalpy for TCS is 1.527 kJ/mol suggests that the AD removal process is endothermic. The positive value of entropy is 6.429 J/mol K indicates that the particle is randomly disordered and negative values of standard Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) suggested that the biosorption process is spontaneous. Biomasses of Terminalia chebula shell (TCS), Peltophorum pterocarpum leaf (PPL) and Psidium guajava bark (PGB) reported as first time explored biosorbent for amaranth dye (AD) removal from aqueous solution. Optimal biosorption parameter for AD removal determined. Experimental data examined using isotherm, kinetic and thermodynamic analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardio-protective effects of Terminalia catappa and Terminalia chebula are well-recognized in Ayurveda for its antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials. The present study evaluates the effects of T. catappa leaves (Tct.LE) and T. chebula fruits (Tce.FE) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced rats through analysis of the cardiac biomarkers, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and respiratory chain enzymes for their cardio-protective properties. This study includes 42 adult male Albino Wistar rats randomized into seven groups for 21-days. Groups were categorized as control; DOX (1.5 mg/kg) induced negative control; basal diet with 300 mg/kg of Tct.LE, with 300 mg/kg Tce.FE; DOX with 300 mg/kg of Tct.LE, Tce.FE, and propranolol (25 mg/kg). The doses of 300 mg/kg of both plants have a significant effect on the TCA cycle, respiratory and lysosomal enzymes activity. The troponin levels are significantly reduced in plant treated group than the DOX-treated rats when compared with the control and propranolol treated group. Likewise, the increased level of creatine kinase-muscle/MB, creatine kinase and lipid profile in the DOX-treated animals were significantly reduced upon being treated with extracts. The cardio-protective activity of Tct.LE leaves and Tce.FE indicate its potential use in the management of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The catalytic activity of Ni NPs can be utilized to alleviate environment pollution caused by industrial effluents containing organic dyes. In the present work, a green method was employed for the synthesis of Nickel (Ni) nanoparticles using Polyphenolic rich Terminalia Chebula fruit aqueous extract and evaluated its catalytic activity against carcinogenic congo red dye along with antioxidant activity. The UV-Vis peak at 395 nm revealed the formation and monodispersed nature of nanoparticle. FTIR studies confirmed that polyphenolic and alkaloids were utilized in the formation of nanoparticles. The XRD established formation of Ni nanoparticles of FCC. SEM indicated the agglomeration of nanoparticles and TEM established the spherical shape with an average size about 6-8 nm. This study also evaluated the catalytic and antioxidant activities of green synthesized Ni NPs. Catalytic degradation of carcinogenic congo red dye completed within 20 mints, degradation of the congo red dye found to be first order kinetics, antioxidant activity against DPPH found maximum to 100 µg/ml and EC50 as 65.01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Excessive accumulation of fat in the liver is a common clinical presentation in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The increasing prevalence of NAFLD is a growing health problem worldwide. The major risk factors of NAFLD include obesity, hyperlipidemia, and insulin resistance. Objective: The aim of the present randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was to assess the efficacy and tolerability of an herbal composition CL16049F1 in reducing fatty liver conditions and improving liver function in non-alcoholic, overweight individuals. CL16049F1 is a patented© blend of Sphaeranthus indicus flower head and Terminalia chebula fruit extracts. Materials and Methods: Ninety male and female subjects (age: 25-60 yrs., BMI: 23-29 kg/m2) with elevated Fatty Liver Index (FLI) between 31 and 59 were randomized into three groups (n=30). The participants received a daily dose of 300 mg CL16049F1, 320 mg Silymarin, or a placebo over a period of 84 consecutive days. FLI was evaluated as the primary efficacy measure. The secondary efficacy measures included the liver enzymes, lipid profile, and oxidative stress markers in serum, A 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36), and Gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS) score were also evaluated. The clinical biochemistry, hematology, urine, and vital signs were evaluated as safety measures. Adverse events were also monitored. Results: Eighty-eight subjects completed the study. Post-trial, the FLI score of CL16049F1-supplemented subjects was reduced by 13.81% (p<0.05) and 16.08% (p<0.05), while the Silymarin supplemented group exhibited reductions of 7.50% (p<0.05) and 7.27% (p<0.05) as compared to baseline and placebo, respectively. CL16049F1 supplementation significantly improved the liver enzymes, lipid profile, and oxidative markers in serum. The changes in the secondary efficacy measures in these treatment groups are comparable. No major adverse events were observed. Conclusion: CL16049F1 is a well-tolerated and effective herbal formulation to reduce fatty liver and improve liver function in non-alcoholic, overweight subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Manpreet Randhawa,1 Thomas Meyer,2 Mukta Sachdev,3 Ratan K Chaudhuri1 1Sytheon Ltd, Boonton, NJ, USA; 2Meyer Sun & Skin Care Consulting, LLC, Memphis, TN, USA; 3MSCR Pvt Ltd, Bengaluru, IndiaCorrespondence: Manpreet RandhawaSytheon Ltd, 315 Wootton Street, Boonton, NJ, USATel +1 973 947 1109Email manpreet@sytheonltd.comBackground: Identification of long-lasting natural antioxidants to protect against and repair skin damage induced by exposure to environmental pollution is in high demand.Objective: To investigate a standardized Terminalia chebula (TC) fruit extract for its long-lasting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and its ability to reverse the visible signs of pollution-induced skin damage in an 8-week clinical study.Material and Methods: Chemical and cell-based in vitro studies were performed to characterize long-lasting antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties; a clinical study with subjects with normal to dry skin living in a high-pollution city for the previous 5 years was conducted to assess if a formulation containing 1% standardized TC fruit extract affected significant improvements in skin’s visible condition and appearance compared with its placebo.Results: The standardized TC fruit extract provided longer-lasting and more efficient neutralization of reactive oxygen species (ROS) than tocopherol; treatment of keratinocytes with the fruit extract prior to being stressed with urban dust safeguarded against increases in intracellular ROS, inhibited release of inflammatory cytokines IL-6 and IL-8 and protected membrane lipids against peroxidation. A clinical study yielded statistically significant improvements in dermatologist scores and subject self-assessments for skin texture, hydration, tone, firmness and radiance as compared to its placebo.Conclusion: These studies validate the use of this standardized TC fruit extract not only as a restorative to diminish visible signs of existing damage but also as a preventative to help defend skin against damages caused by chronic exposure to environmental pollution.Keywords: long-lasting antioxidant, pollution, skin hydration, skin radiance, Terminalia chebula

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate protective effects of hydroethanolic extracts of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata on viability, lipid peroxidation (LPO) and DNA integrity of ram fresh semen under normal and oxidative stress (OS) conditions. Antioxidant activities of different concentrations of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata extracts were evaluated with DPPH assay. Semen samples were taken from three fertile adult rams. After diluting semen with Tris‐base extender, different concentrations of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata (30, 300, and 3000 μg/ml) extracts were used under normal and induced OS conditions. The group not receiving any supplements was considered as control group. A total of 50 μM hydrogen peroxide was used to induce OS. MTT solution was added to each of treatment groups which were kept in an incubator at 37°C for 2 h. After incubation, readings were obtained by ELISA reader. DNA integrity and LPO were determined with acridine orange (AO) staining and malondialdehyde (MDA) assay. Higher concentrations of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata extracts preserved viability and DNA integrity while reducing MDA concentrations compared to other treatment groups. Also, under induced OS, higher concentrations of both extracts reduced detrimental effects of H2O2. In conclusion, it seems that addition of Terminalia chebula and Thymbra spicata extracts can reduce induced OS in spermatozoa.