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This research depicts the pragmatic sequestration capacity of ubiquitous Terminalia ivorensis tree bark (TITB) on toxic anionic dyes (congo red (CR), methyl orange (MO), chlorophenol red (CPR), and Eosin Y (EY)) from aqua system. Surface characterization of TITB by bulk density, Boehm titration, pH of point of zero charge (pHPZC), field emission-scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy revealed that TITB comprise rough intertwined texture with some functional moieties which adsorbed the industrial dyes. The adsorption capacities ( q e ) of MO, CR, and EY were maximum at pH 2.0 ( q e = 84.59, 92.67 and 92 mg.g−1 respectively) while that of CPR was maximum at pH 6.0 ( q e = 99.05 mg.g−1). Langmuir monolayer coverage capacity ( q max ) of TITB was obtained for the adsorption of EY, which was 142.45 mg.g−1. Adsorption kinetics conformed to pseudo-second order kinetic model with a rate constant, k 2 ≤ 0.9702 min−1. The change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG°) for the adsorption process was found to be negative showing that the maximum adsorption was spontaneous at operational temperatures for all dyes. Enthalpy and entropy change (∆H° and ∆S°) were positive for CR, MB, and EY describing endothermic form and increased disorderliness between the adsorbent-dye interface. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breeders and keepers of Siamese fighting fish (Betta splendens) often add Indian almond (Terminalia catappa) leaf extract to the water in the aquarium, but there is little information available about the effects of extract concentration on water quality and fish performance. In the current study, the effects of T. catappa extract on water quality, growth performance, feed utilization, skin coloration, bubble nest formation, digestive enzyme activity, muscle quality, whole-body composition, and hematological parameters of B. splendens were investigated. Seventy-five juvenile male fish (2-month-old, 0.80 − 0.95 g initial weight) were individually reared in 350-mL cylindrical plastic containers (8.3 cm diameter × 12.5 cm height). The fish were reared for 8 weeks in four concentrations of T. catappa leaf extract (0.125, 0.25, 0.5, and 1 g L−1) and a control group was reared in water without the extract. The fish received an excess of a commercial floating feed (39.4% crude protein) for fighting fish twice daily (08.00 and 17.00 h). A leaf extract concentration of 0.25 g L−1 showed no significant effect on growth (specific growth rate = 1.62% body weight day−1), feed utilization (feed conversion ratio = 1.21 g feed g gain−1), viscerosomatic index, muscle quality, whole-body composition, and hematological parameters of reared fish (P > 0.05), but did show effects on some of the other metrics that were monitored. Water quality significantly improved during the experiment (P < 0.05). Increased skin lightness (L*) was observed in all experimental groups, but only fish reared in 0.125 g L−1 leaf extract increased skin redness/greenness (a*), hue (h*), and chroma (C*) (P < 0.05). Relative to the control, increments in bubble nest formation frequency (1.70-fold on average) and bubble nest size (1.52-fold on average) were correlated with the concentration of T. catappa leaf extract (P < 0.05). Specific activities of protein- and lipid-digesting enzymes were not negatively affected but some modulations were observed in treatments containing leaf extract at 0.125, 0.25, and 1 g L−1. Fish reared in the 0.25 g L−1 treatment exhibited a sparing effect of carbohydrate utilization indicated by decreased amylase specific activity, increased lipase specific activity, and stable amylase/trypsin ratios. The results suggest that 0.25 g L−1 of T. catappa leaf extract is a suitable concentration of the additive during the growing phase of male Siamese fighting fish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The male and female terminalia of the poorly known sharpshooter Macugonalia semiguttata are described and illustrated for the first time based on specimens from a mountainous region in Rio de Janeiro State, southeastern Brazil (Atlantic Forest). External characters of the head, thorax, and abdomen of this species are also described and illustrated. Macugonalia semiguttata is compared with other seven similar species of the diverse genus Macugonalia Young, 1977. Among the 28 known species of this genus, it is apparently closely related to Macugonalia dallasi (Signoret, 1853), Macugonalia geographica (Signoret, 1855), and Macugonalia elegantula Cavichioli, 2004. Specimens of M. semiguttata were collected from the leaves and branches of shrubs and small trees in an area of low forest (circa 1,700 m a.s.l.), which is intermediate between the typical Atlantic Forest and the vegetation of alpine fields. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the present study, Anereuthina renosa Hübner, 1823 is recorded for the first time from Bangladesh. Detailed morphological features of the final instar caterpillar as well as of the adult are provided along with photographic illustrations. A new host plant record for A. renosa, Terminalia sp. (Combretaceae), is also reported here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tok‐tokkies are one of the most iconic lineages within Tenebrionidae. In addition to containing some of the largest darkling beetles, this tribe is recognized for its remarkable form of sexual communication known as substrate tapping. Nevertheless, the phylogenetic relationships within the group remain poorly understood. This study investigates the usefulness of female terminalia morphology for delimiting Sepidiini and reconstructing relationships among it. Data on the structure of the ovipositors, genital tubes and spicula ventrali have been generated for >200 species representing 28 Pimeliinae tribes. This dataset was used in a comparative analysis at the subfamilial level, which resulted in recognition of several unique features of tok‐tokkie terminalia. Additionally, new features linking phenotypically challenging tribes also were recovered (Cryptochilini + Idisiini + Pimeliini). Secondly, 23 characters linked to the structure of female terminalia were defined for tok‐tok beetles. Cladistic analysis demonstrates the nonmonophyletic nature of most of the recognized subtribes. The morphological dataset was analysed separately and in combination with available molecular data (CAD, Wg, cox1, cox2, 28S). All obtained topologies were largely congruent, supporting the following changes: Palpomodina Kamiński & Gearner subtr.n. is erected to accommodate the genera Namibomodes and Palpomodes; Argenticrinis and Bombocnodulus are transferred from Hypomelina to Molurina; 153 species and subspecies previously classified within Psammodes are distributed over three separate genera (Mariazofia Kamiński nom.n., Piesomerastat.r., Psammodessens.n.). Psammodes sklodowskae Kamiński & Gearner sp.n. is described. Preliminary investigation of the ovipositor of Mariazofiabasuto (Koch) comb.n. was carried out with the application of microcomputed tomography, illuminating the muscular system as a reliable reference point for recognizing homologous elements in highly modified ovipositors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to observe the characteristics of nanoencapsulation of Terminalia catappa leaf extract (NETLE) in drinking water as an antibacterial agent and its effects on growth traits, intestinal microflora population, and intestinal micromorphology in broiler chickens. In this study, as many as 192 male broiler chickens were kept in a semi-closed house and distributed into six treatments with four replications, each replication consisting of eight birds, with the experimental treatments consisting of water without any additive (T0; negative control), water added with 50 ppm antibiotics tetracycline (T1; positive control), water added with 15 mL/L T. catappa leaf extract (T2), water added with 30 mL/L T. catappa leaf extract (T3), water added with 15 mL/L NETLE (T4), water added with 30 mL/L NETLE (T5). The diet consisted of yellow corn and soybean meal with 22.09% crude protein, 3155.05 kcal/kg metabolizable energy, 1.10% calcium, and 0.67% available phosphorus. The study showed that the size of NETLE was 77.2 nm with a Polydispersity Index of 0.417 and a zeta potential value of +44.8 mV. It proved that NETLE had antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhimurium, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. The administration of NETLE in drinking water did not affect growth performance, villus width, and crypt depth, yet reduced Salmonella sp. population (p<0.01) and increased lactic acid bacteria population (p<0.01), villus height (p<0.01), and the ratio of villus height to crypt depth (p<0.05). The findings showed the beneficial function of NETLE additions in drinking water to improve histomorphology and reduce pathogens in the intestinal of broiler chickens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several plant extracts and Ayurvedic formulations were used to treat ailments and such studies were well documented within the recent decades. Even a number of the plants were screened for immunomodulators to revive and rejuvenate the system. The present study is a screening trail for any possible healing activity of Terminalia chebula on IL-2 and IFN-γ levels. The raw and dried fruits of the sample were pulverized finely and extracted with methanol. Following which their aqueous solutions are re extracted with hexane, ester and chloroform to review the possible cytotoxic effects. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells were used throughout the study to assess the effect of extracts on gas (NO) production using Griess method[5]. Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX2) and tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α were studied by real time PCR quantification alongside estimation of IL-1β and IL-6 cytokine levels using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The present study confirmed the positive effect of the chloroform extract in reducing the NO secretion and also by showing an inhibition within the expression of COX2, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α. Thus to conclude Terminalia chebula might be used as anti-inflammatory candidate drug and also be used additionally to the various chemical compounds available within the medical markets. [ J Adv Biotechnol Exp Ther 2022; 5(1.000): 176-188]

Japanese species of the subgenera Oreophila Lackschewitz and Parormosia Alexander of the genus Ormosia Rondani (Limoniidae) are revised. Two new species Ormosia (Oreophila) komazawai Kato & Kolcsár, sp. nov. and Ormosia (Parormosia) phalara Kato & Kolcsár, sp. nov. are described. The identities of all Japanese species of the two subgenera are clarified and redescribed with images of habitus and wings, and drawings of male and female terminalia. The first DNA barcode sequences of the species Ormosia (Parormosia) diversipes Alexander and Ormosia (Parormosia) phalara Kato & Kolcsár, sp. nov. are also provided. A key to, and distribution maps of, the Japanese species are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Melanoma is a highly aggressive, lethal, and malignant cancer. Once diagnosed early, it can be easily removed and cured with satisfaction. Although many methods such as surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and immunotherapy have been used to treat this disease at an advanced stage, the outcomes are poor. Terminalia catappa leaves have been shown to have various biological benefits, including antitumor activity. The specific effects and molecular mechanisms of Terminalia catappa leaf in treating A2058 and A375 melanoma cells in vitro need to be clarified. Methods: The A2058 and A375 melanoma cancer cells were treated with Terminalia catappa leaf extracts, and then the effect of Terminalia catappa leaf extracts on migration and invasion was examined. The cell migration/invasion capacities of A2058 and A375 cells were investigated by a modified Boyden chamber assay. Zymography was used to clarify the activities of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and urinary type plasminogen activator. We performed a Western blot to verify the related expression of phospho-Src (Tyr416), phospho-Focal adhesion kinase (Tyr397), Vimentin, and ß-catenin. Results: Modified Boyden chamber assays demonstrated that treatment of Terminalia catappa leaf extracts significantly inhibited A2058 and A375 cell migration/invasion capacities. In the zymography results, we showed that Terminalia catappa leaf extracts negatively modulated the activities of matrix metalloproteinases-2 and urinary type plasminogen activator. Western blot indicated that Terminalia catappa leaf extracts reduced the expression of phospho-Src (Tyr416), phospho-Focal adhesion kinase (Tyr397), Vimentin, and ß-catenin. Conclusion: Terminalia catappa leaf extracts affected the antimetastasis of the A2058 and A375 melanoma cell lines by inhibiting the Focal adhesion kinase/Src interaction and Wingless-int1/ß-catenin pathways in vitro. Terminalia catappa leaf extracts may serve as an effective chemopreventive agent against metastasis of melanoma cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apulvillasilusgen. nov. is proposed as a new monotypic Asilinae genus from Argentina, based on Apulvillasilus bohartisp. nov. The new genus is separated from other Asilinae genera mainly by the absence of empodia and pulvilli. Its placement in the Myaptex group is proposed. Description, diagnosis, images of the habitus, male and female terminalia, a distribution map, and an updated key for the genera of the Myaptex group are provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent declines in new antibiotic discovery and the increase in antibiotic resistance have resulted in failing against bacterial pathogens. To develop novel antibiotic therapies, medical researchers have begun to focus on traditional therapies. Combinational therapies consisting of medicinal plants and conventional antibiotics may reactivate current drugs that are otherwise ineffective against antibioticresistant bacteria. Terminalia sericea Burch. Ex DC, Terminalia prunioides Laws. and Terminalia gazensis Bak. f. are native South African plants with antimicrobial properties. However, combinations of Terminalia sericea, Terminalia prunioides and Terminalia gazensis with conventional antibiotics are yet to be evaluated for growth inhibitory activity against gastrointestinal pathogens. Methods: Terminalia spp. leaves were extracted with solvents of varying polarity. Antimicrobial screening was performed using disc diffusion and broth microdilution assays. Toxicity was measured using Artemia franciscana nauplii lethality assays. Results: All extracts (except the T. sericea extracts) showed low to moderate inhibitory activity against B. cereus and E. faecalis, A. faecalis, A. hydrophilia, S. sonnei and S. newport in both the disc diffusion and liquid dilution assay. Twenty-three extract/antibiotic combinations produced synergy, 26 were additive, 24 were non-interactive and seven were antagonistic. Most of the antagonist interactions occurred in combinations containing gentamicin. All extracts were either non-toxic or of low toxicity in the Artemia bioassay. Conclusion: Terminalia spp. extracts may mimic the actions of a resistance modifying agents, enhancing the activity of several antibiotics that are relatively ineffective alone. Further studies are required to identify the bioactive and potentiating components and their mechanisms of action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new species of the Oriental and Afrotropical genus Afrolimnophila is described and illustrated from the North Caucasus. Thus, the genus is recorded from the European part of Russia (Krasnodar Territory, Krasnaya Polyana) for the first time. Afrolimnophila subabludens sp. n. seems to be particularly similar to the endemic Azerbaijan species A. abludens (Savchenko 1971), with which it is compared. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three new species of the leafhopper genus Mitjaevia Dworakowska 1970, M. bijiensis sp. nov., M. solitaria sp. nov., and M. salaxia sp. nov., are described from the Karst region of Southwest China. Specimens studied were taken by sweep net. Morphological descriptions, depictions of habitus and illustrations of male terminalia are provided. A key and checklist to known species occurring in China are given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Medicinal plants have long been used, and many of them are known today as drug production sources. The study and research of medicinal plants used in traditional medicine and their various effects in the treatment of some diseases can help produce new drugs. Terminalia chebula, known as the Haritaki plant, has always been at the top of Chinese, Tibetan, Ayurveda, and Iranian traditional medicines. Its classification is based on the size, shape, and growth of the fruit. We have done a thorough literature search in databases and collected the data and research results indexed in PubMed, Elsevier, and Institute for Scientific Information (ISI), Scientific Information Database, Google Scholar databases, and various books up to 2020. It has pharmacological uses such as neuroprotective, hepatoprotective, cardioprotective, antidiabetic, renoprotective, antifungal, antiviral, antibacterial, antimicrobial, antimutagenic, antiproliferative, antioxidant, antiarthritic, and antifertility properties. It also can act as an immunomodulator and anticancer agent. There are some available drugs obtained from T. chebula. Due to the different and wide pharmacological uses of Terminalia chebula, further studies are required to develop new drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fats, protein and carbohydrates afforded by tree nuts and fruits are key resources for communities from Southeast Asia, through Melanesia, Australia and across Oceania. They are important in long‐distance marine trade networks, large‐scale ceremonial gatherings, and are core resources in a wide range of subsistence economies, including foraging systems, horticulture and swidden agriculture. Recent archaeobotanical evidence has also shown their deep‐time importance, being amongst the earliest foods used in the colonisation of novel environments in Australia and New Guinea, as well as the later colonisation of Near and Remote Oceania. The archaeobotanical methods used to identify fruit and nut‐derived plant macrofossils have been largely limited to use of morphological characters of near whole or exceptionally preserved remains, most commonly endocarps, the hard, nutshell‐like interior layer of the fruit protecting the seed. Here we detail how anatomical characteristics of endocarps, visible in light and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), can be used with surviving morphological features to identify confidently the use of key Asia‐Pacific economic trees, in this case, Canarium, Pandanus and Terminalia. Systematic anatomical description allows the identification of these important economic taxa, and separation from the remains of others such as Aleurites and Cocos, when found in a range of archaeological assemblages. This includes the often highly fragmented charred assemblages that can be recovered routinely from most sites with appropriate fine‐sieving and flotation methods. These methods provide the basis for a more representative and nuanced understanding of ancient plant use, economy and social systems operating in the region and, being particularly useful in tropical regions, will broaden the archaeobotanical database on ancient foods globally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Green synthesis of undoped tin oxide (SnO2) and 2 wt% antimony doped tin oxide (Sb:SnO2) for carbon dioxide (CO2) gas sensing application is reported. The structural, morphological and optical properties of nanoparticles were investigated using XRD, SEM, EDX, HRTEM, FTIR and UV-Vis characterisation techniques. CO2 gas sensing studies were carried out by using calibration setup on pellets of nanoparticles. From XRD, SEM and HRTEM analysis, the average size of Sb:SnO2 nanoparticles were found decreased than the SnO2 nanoparticles. EDX analysis indicated the presence of tin, antimony and oxygen elements in the structure of nanoparticles. The presence of functional groups responsible for the formation of nanoparticles was identified by FTIR spectra. Bandgap of SnO2 and Sb:SnO2 nanoparticles was found to be 3.67 eV and 3.47 eV respectively. The sensitivity of SnO2 and Sb:SnO2 nanoparticles at the optimized operating temperature was found as 18.32% and 35% at 1000 ppm CO2 gas concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A field experiment was conducted for formulating various fertilizer requirements of Terminalia tomentosa (Asan) plant based on Mitscherlich-Bray equation in Ranchi environmental conditions. There, were different levels of nutrient dose for each nutrient. Soil available nutrients were estimated and Asan leaf yields were recorded. The data were subjected to Mitscherlich-Bray equation: log (A - y) = log A- c(1)b - cx Where A = % theoretical maximum yield, y = actual yield obtained in q ha-1, b = native soil test value in kg ha-1, x = fertilizer nutrient applied in kg ha-1, c(1) and c = constants i.e., efficiency of soil and fertilizer nutrients, respectively. The results showed the c1 value of K and Mn was found to be lower among the macro and micronutrients, respectively indicating soil K is less efficiently utilized by the Asan plant. The same was true in the case of the c1/c ratio. The fertilizer recommendation chart was prepared for macro and micronutrients. This chart would be highly helpful for the farmers, stakeholders and others concerned to evade the plants from the nutrient stress condition. In this case, to achieve 90 percent maximum theoretical yield of Asan plant in Ranchi soil series, one has to apply 142, 111, 81, 50 and 19 kg N ha-1 with soil test values of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 kg ha-1. There is no nutrient fertilizer required when the soil test value shows more than 300 kg ha-1. Akin to N, all other nutrients including macro and micronutrients prepared the fertilizer recommendation charts with different degrees of soil test value in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The design of structural elements, the design of connections and supports, and damage have a significant influence on the technical characteristics of wood construction projects. An innovative experimental study was carried on locally obtained glulam beams. This study aimed to evaluate the load-bearing capacity of a finger-jointed Terminalia Superba (fraké) lamellae during routine use of an adhesive in the local area and to improve the connections in glulam structures. The achievement of this objective will allow to determine the influence of the technical characteristics of finger-jointing on the mechanical resistance, to maximize the mechanical resistance of the reconstituted beams, and eventually to minimize the losses due to sawing. All this will have a considerable impact on the technical and economic aspects of a wood construction project. The physical aspect of the species was studied and properties found. The influence of variation in density, the bonding surface, and joint efficiency on the bending strength (MOR) of Terminalia Superba (fraké) was studied. Mechanical properties were found and related to the optimum joint angle α, and the breaking point reads 0.20 mm. For the angular range of [0°–30°], adhesive failures are witnessed, and beyond this range, the failures are mixed. The 45° finger-jointing angle appeared to be better in the axial traction mode of rupture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The almond tree (Terminalia catappa L.) in Panama is for timber, nutritional, and medicinal use, among others. Little is known about the secondary compounds present in the different parts of this plant species. This work aimed to carry out the phytochemical characterization of the green leaf (GL), green fruit (GF) and ripe fruit (RF) of the almond tree. The sampling was carried out between May to June 2017. The GL, GF and RF of the almond tree were placed separately, in direct extraction treatment with 95% ethanol for one day. The ethanolic extract was obtained by gravity filtration and concentrated in a vacuum rotary evaporator (BUCHI RotavaporTM R-210). Phytochemical screening was performed to determine the three main groups of secondary compounds (phenolics, nitrogenous and terpenes). An Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Ultraviolet-Visible (UV) Spectroscopy analysis were performed to find out which functional groups were present. Past 4.02 program was used to generate a graph of relative abundance of the secondary compounds present, and Whittaker index was applied to evaluate the percentage of difference in the phytochemical composition of the plant's parts. With these data, it was able to identify if the semi-quantitative phytochemical characterization is variable for each part, with nitrogen compounds (alkaloids) and phenolic compounds (tannins, flavonoids) presenting greater abundance. No presence of cardiotonic glycosides was found, or gums and mucilage. This information indicates that T. catappa L. is a potential resource for health, being of great ethnobotanical, pharmacological value and for the food industry in Panama. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to their low cost, availability, and environmental friendliness, biosorbents derived from renewable sources are appropriate for wastewater treatment. This study proposes the Terminalia catappa fruit kernel shell-Fe3O4 as an effective biosorbent for the removal of Crystal Violet (CV) and Methylene Blue (MB) dyes from environmental fluids. The Box–Behnken design was used in conjunction with the surface response methodology to optimize the CV and MB absorption processes. Under the optimum conditions of pH 6.7, an adsorbent amount of 69 mg, a CV concentration of 30 mg/L, MB concentration of 26 mg/L, and contact time of 6 min, 92.61% and 90.89% of the CV and MB absorption efficiencies were observed. The development of isotherms in binary solution revealed that the Extended Langmuir multicomponent isotherm best described the adsorption process and was also consistent with quasi-quadratic kinetics. The biosorbent capacity does not reduce after five regeneration cycles and is still efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three effective adsorbents are developed for the de-fluoridation of water based on nano Silica and activated carbon of Terminalia Ivorensis plant (SACTI). Nano-SiO2 particles are synthesized from the sand collected in Krishna River at Vijayawada, India, using Aloe-vera gel as a capping agent. Activated carbon (SACTI), composite of 'nSiO2 + SACTI' and La-alginate beads doped with 'nSiO2 + SACTI' are examined. The adsorbents are characterized. Optimum extraction conditions for the maximum defluoridation capacities are established. Effect of co-anions, thermodynamic and regeneration studies are also investigated. The results show the spontaneity and endothermic nature of sorption with high positive entropy values. Adsorption efficiency is restored even after fifth regeneration cycles. The Freundlich adsorption isotherm and pseudo 2nd order kinetic model describes well the sorption process. Adsorption capacities of adsorbents are: 2.02 mg/g for SACTI, 4.01 mg/g for nSiO2 + SACTI, 5.13 mg/g for nSiO2 + SACTI-La-Ali (beads). The methodologies developed are successfully applied to reduce fluoride concentration in ground water samples of Ananthapur District, Andhra Pradesh, India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dolichozeliagen. nov. and its type species Dolichozelia caetegen. et sp. nov. from the subfamily Dexiinae are described from São Paulo (Brazil). The description of Neozelia alini Guimarães, 1975 was the last description of a new genus of Neotropical Dexiini; and after almost 50 years, the description of Dolichozeliagen. nov. constitutes the first new genus of Dexiini from the Neotropical region since Guimarães' contribution. Prior to this study, 64 genera of Dexiini were known from the Neotropics, the larger tribe of Dexiinae. Herein, a diagnostic key for the Zelia group of genera is given, with the inclusion of Dolichozeliagen. nov. In addition, a brief systematic discussion on dexiines is given in order to further discuss the systematic position of Dolichozeliagen. nov. in the tribe Dexiini. The new genus can be easily distinguished from the other genera in the tribe, mainly by the following combination of characters: legs very elongate, about 3× the length of the abdomen; abdomen about 3× the length of the thorax; syntergite 1 + 2 with a pair of marginal median setae and tergite 3 with two to three equal sized pairs of discal setae; tergite 5 elongate, ending in conical structure. Finally, a description and illustration of the male terminalia is provided for the new genus and species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Three different natural dyes, such as Terminalia kattapa (Red, fruit), Azadirachia indica (Green, leaf), and Clitoria ternatea (Blue, flower), were extracted to fabricate natural dye-sensitized solar cell (N-DSSC) with standard TiO2 nanoparticles (p25) on the FTO base layer. A comparative study was carried out on the performance of RA, GA, and BA-based DSSCs based on optical and electrical properties. The anatase and rutile phases on bare TiO2 film have been confirmed along with the formation of titanium sub-oxides due to the annealing process confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Significant absorption in the visible region has been attained in photo-anodes, which was confirmed with an optical band gap reported from UV reflectance spectra. For the proper electron injection process, a specific functional group has been identified in extracted sensitizer using Fourier transform infrared spectra to ensure the adsorption capability of dye molecules toward TiO2 particles. Photocatalytic properties of photo-anode have been analyzed using photoluminescence (PL) spectra by investigating the rate of recombination via PL intensity. J-V characteristics of fabricated N-DSSC with extracted natural dyes show that the N-DSSC with GA photo-anode offered the highest efficiency (0.79%) among other dyes used in this investigation, such as RA (0.51%) and BA-based photo-anode (0.29%). DSSCs fabricated using photo-anodes RA, GA, and BA (using water as solvent) show excellent outstanding stability and decent efficiency than the ethanol-based cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baltileuctra dewalti Chen sp. nov., a new extinct species of needle stoneflies (Leuctridae, Plecoptera), is described and illustrated from the Eocene Baltic amber and compared to the other leuctrids. Baltileuctra dewalti Chen sp. nov. differs from both extant and extinct representatives of Leuctridae by a combination of morphological characters including wing venation, unique terminalia structures, and cercal modification. The most distinguishable character for the new taxon is the presence of two dentate long spines lateral to a well-developed subanal probe. Several parasitic mites are also found on the new stonefly. This is the earliest known fossil evidence for mite parasitism in Plecoptera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cardio-protective effects of Terminalia catappa and Terminalia chebula are well-recognized in Ayurveda for its antimicrobial, antidiabetic and antioxidant potentials. The present study evaluates the effects of T. catappa leaves (Tct.LE) and T. chebula fruits (Tce.FE) against doxorubicin (DOX)-induced rats through analysis of the cardiac biomarkers, tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle enzymes and respiratory chain enzymes for their cardio-protective properties. This study includes 42 adult male Albino Wistar rats randomized into seven groups for 21-days. Groups were categorized as control; DOX (1.5 mg/kg) induced negative control; basal diet with 300 mg/kg of Tct.LE, with 300 mg/kg Tce.FE; DOX with 300 mg/kg of Tct.LE, Tce.FE, and propranolol (25 mg/kg). The doses of 300 mg/kg of both plants have a significant effect on the TCA cycle, respiratory and lysosomal enzymes activity. The troponin levels are significantly reduced in plant treated group than the DOX-treated rats when compared with the control and propranolol treated group. Likewise, the increased level of creatine kinase-muscle/MB, creatine kinase and lipid profile in the DOX-treated animals were significantly reduced upon being treated with extracts. The cardio-protective activity of Tct.LE leaves and Tce.FE indicate its potential use in the management of cardiovascular diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terminalia bellirica Roxb (T. bellirica, Combretaceae), known as Bahera or Beleric or bastard myrobalan is a large deciduous tree common on plains and lower hills in Southeast Asia, where it is also grown as an avenue tree. Glycoside, tannins, gallic acid, ellagic acid, ethyl galate, gallyl glucose, chebulanic acid are the main active phytoconstituents of medicinal importance. These phytoconstituents are responsible for many of the pharmacological roles. Different parts of the tree have various medicinal activities. In the present study, ethyl acetate and ethanolic extract of T. bellirica fruits, at the doses of 250 and 500mg/kg was evaluated for the anti-gastric ulcer activity using experimental gastric ulcer models induced by ethanol and aspirin. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of triterpenoids, saponins, phenolic compounds, tannins, flavonoids, carbohydrate and glycosides. The parameters taken to assess anti-gastric ulcer activity were volume of gastric secretion, pH, free acidity, total acidity, ulcer index and histopathological studies of the stomach epithelium. The results indicate that the ethanolic and ethyl acetate extract of T. bellirica fruits produced a dosedependent reduction of the volume of gastric acid secretion, pH, free acidity, total acidity and ulcer index with respect to standard (Omeprazole 20mg/kg) used in the present study. The findings therefore indicate that ethyl acetate and ethanol extract possess anti-gastric ulcer activities in experimental animals induced by alcohol and aspirin, which might be due to presence of phenolic compound and flavonoids whose presence, was confirmed by phytochemical analysis. Therefore, this study validates its anti-gastric ulcer use in Indian folk medicine. Further investigations on isolation of specific phytochemicals and elucidating mechanisms of action are needed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The only preserved (damaged, sex unknown) type specimen of Periscelis (Periscelis) winnertzii Egger, 1862 has been revised and designated as a lectotype. Its revision revealed that P. winnertzii has recently been misinterpreted and is in fact identical with P. (P.) fugax Roháček & Andrade, 2017, syn. nov. Therefore, true P. winnertzii is re-diagnosed, with all its synonomies listed. Periscelis winnertzii auctt. (not Egger, 1862) is described as a new species, P. laszloi sp. nov., based on a series of specimens from Hungary (holotype), Portugal, Switzerland and Slovakia. An intersex specimen of P. laszloi sp. nov., female puparium and cephalopharyngeal skeleton of 3rd instar larva (ex puparium) of P. winnertzii (all from Hungary) are described and illustrated. Both species are also characterized by means of the barcoding region of COI, illustrated in detail (including structures of male and female terminalia) and their biology and distribution reviewed with new original data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Among the Acari, eriophyoid mites are considered important pests as they produce various damage symptoms while feeding on plants. During the general surveys for eriophyoid mites of Mongalbari, Malda, West Bengal, India, one new species, Colomerus terminaliae sp. nov. of the family Eriophyidae was found along the rolling of leaf margin of Terminalia crenulata (Heyne) (Combretaceae). This new phytophagous mite species is described and illustrated from the specimens collected at present study area. The new species is compared with other closely related species and a differential diagnosis is also provided here. The new species belongs to the genus Colomerus Newkirk & Keifer, 1971. This new species is morphologically distinguished from other existing species of Colomerus and it produces leaf rolling at the edges of leaves and causes damage to this economically important tree by its phytophagous mode of nutrition. For proper control of this mite pest, studying its taxonomy and relation to the host plant is essential. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug delivery by nanofibrous scaffold is a promising approach for treating cancer disease. In this study, bioactive compounds were extracted from the medicinal plant Terminalia catappa and loaded into sodium alginate (SA) polymer to prepare a bioactive electrospun nanofibers. Initially, SA polymeric fibers alone was prepared by electrospinning approach and characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, XRD and SEM techniques. Further, the antioxidant properties of SA, TC, and TC loaded SA (SA@TC) were evaluated using DPPH assay and the results indicated that the SA@TC has good antioxidant activity than unloaded carrier. Further, the cytotoxic activity showed the SA and SA@TC has excellent inhibiting activity of human skin melanoma B16F10 cells. As prepared SA@TC scaffold increased the ROS generation in the mitochondria and damaged the nuclear of B16F10 cells. Further, the SA@TC scaffold increases the expression of apoptosis marker genes and proteins such as Bax, Cyt C, p21, p53, caspase 9 & 3. The LC-MS analysis indicated the presence of ten anticancer compounds in T. cattapa extract that could influence the anticancer activity. Hence, the prepared SA@TC scaffolds having the ability to inhibit the cancer cells through intrinsic apoptosis signaling and can be potential candidates for skin cancer treatment. [Display omitted] ● Sodium alginate nanofibers were prepared and loaded with Terminalia catappa extract (SA@TC) scaffold. ● SA@TC scaffold inhibited the growth of B16F10 skin melanoma cancer cells. ● SA@TC scaffold increased the oxidative stress in the mitochondrial of skin melanoma cell. ● SA@TC upregulated the apoptotic marker genes and proteins Bax, Cyt C, p53 and p21. ● SA@TC regulated the expression of apoptosis executioner protein caspase 9 & 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: The recent development of extensively antibiotic resistant bacteria has necessitated the search for novel antibacterial therapies. An examination of aromatic plants and traditional medicines is an attractive option for drug discovery. Terminalia sericea Burch. ex DC. is a southern African native species, which has been reported to have antibacterial activity, although the effects of storage on the activity is yet to be determined. Materials and Methods: The ability of T. sericea leaf extracts to inhibit the growth of a panel of bacterial triggers of autoimmune diseases was quantified by disc diffusion and liquid dilution MIC assays. The potency of extracts prepared using fresh and stored leaves was compared. Toxicity was examined using the Artemia franciscana nauplii bioassay. Results: The T. sericea leaf methanolic and aqueous extracts displayed noteworthy growth inhibitory activity towards all bacterial pathogens tested. However, a substantial decrease in activity was seen when extracts were prepared using leaves that had been stored for two years, indicating that the leaves become less useful therapeutically over time. All extracts were non-toxic in the Artemia nauplii bioassay following 24hr exposure. Conclusion: The T. sericea leaf extracts had noteworthy antibacterial activity, although the potency decreased substantially following storage of the leaf material. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Baltileuctra dewalti Chen sp. nov., a new extinct species of needle stoneflies (Leuctridae, Plecoptera), is described and illustrated from the Eocene Baltic amber and compared to the other leuctrids. Baltileuctra dewalti Chen sp. nov. differs from both extant and extinct representatives of Leuctridae by a combination of morphological characters including wing venation, unique terminalia structures, and cercal modification. The most distinguishable character for the new taxon is the presence of two dentate long spines lateral to a well-developed subanal probe. Several parasitic mites are also found on the new stonefly. This is the earliest known fossil evidence for mite parasitism in Plecoptera. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sweat bees from Fernando de Noronha Archipelago are presented and illustrated herein. The species recorded are Augochlora (Augochlora) laevipyga (Kirby, 1890), Augochlora (Augochlora) sp., new record, and Lasioglossum (Dialictus) atripyga (Kirby, 1890). The Kirby species are redescribed based on recently collected specimens, including the first illustration of the male terminalia. The unidentified species is also shortly characterized. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Glosselytrodeans are enigmatic extinct (Permian–Jurassic) insects classified in their own order. The monophyly of Glosselytrodea is not universally accepted and its large‐scale relationships remain problematic, namely because its diversity is largely known from hardened (i.e. tegmenized/'elytrized') forewings of allegedly derived forms. Thus, new data on the group's early diversity and/or complete specimens are critical. Herein we describe the oldest glosselytrodean known, Moscheloptera phantasma gen. et sp. nov. (Permoberothidae), based on a forewing from the Niedermoschel black shale (Germany; early Permian). The holotype of Permoberotha villosa Tillyard (Permoberothidae) (a forewing) and a previously described complete conspecific specimen, both from Elmo (USA; early Permian), are reassessed and photographically figured for the first time. A new, complete P. villosa specimen from Elmo preserves body structures hitherto not reported among glosselytrodeans, including complex pretarsal claws and detailed male genitalia. The holotypes of two further species, Sylvaelytron latipennatum Novokshonov (herein transferred to Permoberothidae) and Archoglossopterum shoricum Martynova (Archoglossopteridae), are also reassessed and figured. An emended diagnosis and an updated catalogue of the Glosselytrodea are provided. Glossopterum Sharov is returned to its own family: Glossopteridae Sharov. Our findings substantially expand the knowledge of the Permoberothidae, which is the earliest glosselytrodean lineage and lacks sclerotization‐related forewing specializations. Although the exact phylogenetic position of glosselytrodeans is still unresolved, the female and male terminalia described herein almost certainly support them as early holometabolan insects, possibly closer to the mecopterid rather than the neuropteroid lineage. Shedding light on Glosselytrodea improves our understanding of the early evolution of the Holometabola. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Terminalia tomentosa is a primary food plant of Antheraea mylitta Drury a polyphagous insect of Saturniidae family which is exploited commercially for the production of silk. Good quality of silk production depend on the nutrient of leaf. So, to optimize the nutrient of leaf integrated nutrient management practices has been used to increase soil fertility and to supply plant nutrient at an optimum. Methods: In order to evaluate the effect of INM practices on the leaves parameters of Terminalia tomentosa food plant of Antheraea mylitta Drury. An experiment based on randomised complete block design with 21 treatments and three replication was conducted at Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Nagri, Ranchi in the year 2019-20. Result: Results revealed that the application of INM treatments are significant on various leaf parameters. Highest single leaf length and breadth mean was observed in T19 (23.29 cm; 11.96 cm) was applied with 75% RDF through fertilizer+25% through vermicompost+ Azotobacter + PSB, weight of single leaf was found to be highest in T13 (5.19 g). The number of leaf was recorded highest in T19 (1892). The fresh leave yield ranged from 1617.317-5208.224 g with average mean of 4085.72 g, T19 (5032.1 g) recorded the highest fresh leaf yield. The dry matter content was found highest in T19 (340.56 g). The moisture content was recorded higher in T4 (71%) followed by T15 (69%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to develop flour from Terminalia catappa L. (TCF) and evaluate its nutritional, bioactive, morphological and metabolic potential. The elaboration of TCF can increase its conservation, avoid waste and preserve its. TCF showed a low percentage of water activity (0.52 %), moisture (14.12 %) and lipids (1.38 %); high protein (6.47 %), ash (5.92 %), insoluble fibers (31.45 g/100 g) and potassium (2.97 g/100 g). Nuclear magnetic resonance imaging identified the presence of sugar and organic acids. HPLC detected fructose (165 g/L) and citric acid (25.08 g/L). The main phenolic compounds identified were hesperidin (2122.50 mg/L) and rutin (833.38 mg/L. Morphological characterization of TCF showed non-uniform particles, with fibrous characteristics and porous surfaces. The results show that Terminalia catappa L. is a viable matrix for flour elaboration, under drying it maintained macronutrients, minerals and phenolic compounds. Therefore, the development of Terminalia catappa L. flour promotes the use of underutilized fruits, offering potential for savings, nutritional enrichment and sustainability. [Display omitted] • Terminalia catappa pulp flour was developed to exploit underutilized fruits. • Terminalia catappa flour is a source of soluble and insoluble fiber. • HPLC revealed 15 phenolics in flour, including hesperidin, rutin and kaempferol. • The flour is a source of potassium and calcium. • The fibrous structure and porous surface of flour can enhance products properties. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized using Terminalia catappa leaf extract and their characteristics. The properties of ZnO nanoparticles were characterized by UV-Vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The highest absorbance peak is in the ultraviolet region, which is in the wavelength range of 300-350 nm. The hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of ZnO has been confirmed by XRD analysis with the highest reflection peak at a reflection angle of 2θ = 36.26°, with a crystal plane (101). SEM characterization showed the presence of nano-flower morphology with a size distribution of 400-494 nm. The results of this study show that ZnO nanoparticles can be applied as photocatalysts for the degradation of methylene blue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) is a plant species endemic to northern Australia, attracting increasing consumer interest due to its multiple nutritional qualities. As a consumer product at a premium price point, the Kakadu plum may be susceptible to food fraud. This paper determines the prevalence of food fraud in the e-commerce Kakadu plum market. We applied stable isotope analysis (SIA) and elemental profiling using X-ray fluorescence (XRF) through Itrax to evaluate the authenticity of 13 commercially available Kakadu plum powdered samples purchased from Australian and overseas suppliers against four powdered samples directly provided by First Nations harvesters. Overseas and Australian-sourced powders were found to have distinct isotopic and elemental profiles. All overseas powders showed highly enriched δ13C values indicating they are fakes, not derived from Kakadu plum. Non-metric multi-dimensional scaling (nMDS) of elements also displayed distinct groupings between Australian-sourced and overseas powders, whilst analysis of similarity percentages (SIMPER) differentiated the elemental composition between groups. It was also observed that 89% of overseas products sold as Kakadu plum were deceptively labelled as other products. These results showed food fraud occurred along the supply chain of overseas-sourced product. Given the complexities of multi-national food systems, utilising a combination of stable isotopes and elemental profiling are straightforward applications for detecting fraudulent products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) (KP) is an indigenous fruit used as a functional ingredient in powdered form. Three KP doses (1, 2.5 and 5 g) were digested in a dynamic in vitro gut digestion model over 48 h. Faecal water digests from the colonic reactors were assessed for total soluble polyphenols (TSP), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), phenolic metabolites and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Effects of digests on cell viability were tested against Caco-2 intestinal and HepG2 hepatic cells. All doses of KP fermentation produced castalagin, corilagin, chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, and gallic acid. TSP and FRAP significantly increased in 5 g KP digests at 0 and 48 h of fermentation. SCFA concentrations significantly increased after 48 h. Cytotoxic effects of 2.5 and 5 g KP digests diminished significantly after 12 h. Overall, colonic fermentation increased antioxidant activity and polyphenolic metabolites of 5 g KP powder for 48 h. [Display omitted] • Colon microbiomes transform compounds, offering multiple health benefits. • After 12 h, KP digests of 2.5 and 5 g were significantly less cytotoxic. • KP polyphenols was degraded and utilized by colon microbiome. • A 48-h fermentation of KP (5 g) produced highest TSP and antioxidant power. • Highest pyrogallol concentration was found in 5 g KP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Woody plants are increasing in savannas ecosystems, including in southern Africa. • Fire is a common management tool to reduce woody cover. • Fire history did not influence leaf-level ecophysiology of a common encroacher. • Leaf-level ecophysiological variables were highly responsive to light availability. • Fire history may indirectly influence encroacher regrowth by altering light levels. Woody vegetation is increasing in savanna ecosystems worldwide. Fire is frequently used as a management tool to decrease bush encroachment, but knowledge regarding the underlying leaf-level ecophysiological responses to fire history is lacking. In southern Africa, Terminalia sericea is a dominant encroaching species that resprouts readily following fires. The impact of fire on leaf-level photosynthesis, transpiration, conductance and water use efficiency was investigated using infrared gas analysis. Data were collected in three areas on the Waterberg Plateau with different fire histories (fire occurring 2, 3 and 15 years prior to sampling). Leaf-level photosynthetic rates were comparable to the relatively high rates shown by other encroaching bush species. In contrast to expectations, ecophysiological variables did not differ among plants in areas with different fire histories. However, photosynthetic rates were highly sensitive to variation in light level, suggesting that canopy structural differences may affect carbon fixation and growth rates at the whole-plant level. Encroachment by T. sericea may be facilitated, at least in part, by high leaf-level photosynthetic rates that are insensitive to long-term fire history on sandy, low-nutrient soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Candidiasis is a fungal disease caused by Candida albicans, a yeast that preferentially affects mucous membranes. These diseases are more and more recurrent because of the generalized decline in immunity and the appearance of resistance to classical antifungal drugs. Therefore, fighting against therapeutic failures becomes necessary. The objective of this study is to contribute to the fight against candidiasis through the research of new antifungal molecules. To do so, the hydroalcoholic extracts of Terminalia catappa, Terminalia glaucescens, Terminalia ivorensis, Terminalia mantaly and Terminalia superba, five plant species used in traditional medicine against dermatoses, were tested on the in vitro growth of resistant strains of Candida albicans. In addition, the polyphenol composition of these plants was carried out in order to evaluate their protective powers. Methods: The antifungal tests were performed by the solid-state dilution method. While the determination of polyphenols was performed by the photometric method. Results: The results showed an inhibition of the growth of germs by four plants except Terminalia catappa. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) obtained are as follows: MIC (T. ivorensis) =0.25 mg/mL; MIC (T. glaucescens) =0.50 mg/mL; MIC (T. superba) = 4 mg/ML; MIC (T. mantaly) = 2 mg/mL. Conclusion: This study indicates that T. ivorensis is the most active and has the highest content of phenolic compounds. This plant could be a source of effective molecules in the treatment of candidiasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural products and their derivatives represent more than 50% of all the drugs in clinical use in the world today. They continue to provide natural product chemists and pharmacologists with invaluable compounds as starting points for the development of new drugs. Stem bark and leaves of the two plants were extracted with ethanol, screened qualitatively and quantitatively for the presence of secondary metabolites using standard methods. Quantitative determination of total phenolics, total flavonoids, and in vitro antioxidant activity (DPPH) of the extracts was carried out using colorimetric methods. The Phytochemical screening result showed the distribution of secondary metabolites in the extracts with the leaf extract of L. microcarpa having the highest amount of total phenolics (884.40±1.09 mg/g GAE) and total flavonoids (60.24±0.34 mg/g QE) respectively. The antioxidant potential of the extracts recorded significant IC50 values in µg/ml ranging from 10.12 to 23.50 when compared to ascorbic acid (0.07) and butylated hydroxytoluene (0.27). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In order to develop alternative drugs against resistant pathogens, capped ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared using Terminalia catappa leaf extract. By changes in pH and aging time, cauliflower‐like, sheet‐like, and hierarchical morphologies for ZnO NPs were obtained. Their antibacterial activities against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were investigated. The results demonstrated that the green synthesized ZnO NPs exhibit higher antibacterial activity than chemically prepared ZnO NPs. The antibacterial activity of hierarchical ZnO NPs was greater than that of the other morphologies, which was attributed to the higher oxygen vacancy in ZnO NPs leading to enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The mechanism of the formation of ZnO nanocrystals was also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study focused on the reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) from gas refinery wastewater via copper oxide nanoparticles which loaded on activated carbon supplied from Terminalia catappa (CuO-NPs-TCW-AC), while accordingly understudy process was accelerated by decomposition of organic pollutants in the presence of H2O2 as oxidant. CuO-NPs-TCW-AC as heterogeneous catalyst in the combination of H2O2 lead to generating OH radical as most efficient species degradation of organic pollutants (it is expected that copper ions also exhibited somewhat Fenton-like behaviors). TCW-AC prepared by carbonization at 850 °C for 90 min and subsequently was activated with CO2 at 900 °C for 90 min and TCW-AC as the final product was oxidizing with nitric acid and hydrochloric acid solution. Characterization of adsorbent and investigation of mechanism process were undertaken by FT-IR (before and after COD removal), pHZPC, Boehm's titration method, SEM, XRD, BET, and BJH. Conduction of preliminary experiments reveals that setting experimental condition at their optimum values including 0.06 g of the CuO-NPs-TCW-AC, pH of 4 and 0.1 mol L−1 of H2O2 at 75 °C following 5 min agitation at speed of 400 rpm leads to 61.5% reduction of initial COD (320 ppm) from gas refinery wastewaters. According to the coefficients of determination (R2) for Langmuir (0.985), Freundlich (0.993) and Temkin isotherm (0.981) reveal cooperative mechanism on whole adsorption/decomposition process, while its experimental and calculating maximum adsorbent capacity were 250.1, 263.2 (mg g−1), respectively. Judgment based on correlation coefficients represents an agreement among experimental and predicted adsorption capacity and confirms that understudy COD reduction using CuO-NPs-TCW-AC follows the second-order kinetics. The negative Gibbs free energy strongly support the high tendency of present material for COD through spontaneous while, higher adsorption rate by temperature rising confirm the endothermic nature of the process. As a result, the application of CuO-NPs-TCW-AC in the combination of H2O2 is suggested as a powerful tool for COD reduction from gas refinery wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to extract and physical-chemically characterize Terminalia catappa L. kernel oil from purple (CR) and yellow (CA) varieties. Physical-chemical parameters, composition of fatty acids, nutritional quality indices, bioactive compounds and antioxidant capacity of both oil varieties were evaluated according to the literature. Both oils presented low levels of acidity and peroxides, besides the predominance of unsaturated fatty acids, ~63% of oleic and ~26% of linoleic acids, which influenced its nutritional indices. The CR oil variety exhibited a higher content in anthocyanin (18.3 ± 1.5 mg·100 g-1), ascorbic acid (68.4 ± 2.02 mg·100 g-1) and total polyphenol contents (152.3 ± 2.4 mg GAE·g-1), and a good antioxidant activity (38.6 ± 2.2 μg TE·g-1) determined by TEAC assay, when compared to the CA oil (p < 0.05). Therefore, the results confirm the importance of T. catappa as a lipid source for human consumption to be used in the development of food products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chebulagic acid is a hydrolyzable tannin found in the fruits of Terminalia bellirica and has been extensively used in traditional Indian medicine. Currently, most of the chebulagic acid is extracted from Terminalia chebula and a lesser extent, from T. bellirica. Crude chebulagic acid extracts from these fruits are usually extracted using Soxhlet extraction or reflux methods before purification using column chromatography and High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). We examined supercritical fluid extraction efficiency with or without a modifier in extracting chebulagic acid from T. bellirica fruit powder in the present study. Our results demonstrated that supercritical fluid extraction with 50% ethanol as a modifier (SFEM) was the most efficient method in extracting chebulagic acid from T. bellirica fruit powder compared to supercritical fluid extraction without modifier (SFE) and Soxhlet extraction (SE) methods. This new extraction method (SFEM) yielded 96.10% ± 3.34 (w/w) chebulagic acid with 96.9% ± 1.34 purity and 95.21% ± 0.14 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging activity, requiring no further purification. HPLC was used to confirm the purity of chebulagic acid and the chemical structure was confirmed using their mass spectroscopy (MS) and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectra. This one‐step extraction and purification method is clean, uses less liquid solvent compared to the conventional Soxhlet method, and the extraction process requires 92% less time. Novelty impact statement: In this current study, the supercritical fluid extraction method yielded 96.10% ± 3.34 (w/w) chebulagic acid with 96.9% ± 1.34 purity and required no further purification. In addition, this one‐step extraction and purification method is clean, uses less liquid solvent compared to the conventional Soxhlet method, and the extraction process requires 92% less time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schumacher-Hall's volumetric model is adjusted by groups of species for 24 species by employing multivariate analysis in a communitarian forest management area. Data from the Annual production Unit 10 of the National Forest of Tapajos in Tapajós PA, Brazil, were employed. Cluster analysis and discriminant analysis were used to verify the dendrogram. The Schumacher-Hall's volumetric model was adjusted for the groups and for all species involved in current study for comparison. Group III may be highlighted for volumetrics (Manilkara huberi; Couratari guianensis and Hymenaea courbaril), followed by group II (Cordia goeldiana; Dipteryx odorata; Lecythis pisonis; Cedrela odorata; Diplotropis purpurea; Handroanthus incana; Vochysia maxima; Goupia glaba; Pseudopiptadenia psilostachya; Mezilaurus itauba; Terminalia dichotoma; Handroanthus serratifolius); group I ranked third (Apuleia moralis; Pouteria bilocularis; Vatairea paraensis; Cedrelinga catenaeformis; Lecythis lurida; Hymenolobium petraeum; Bagassa guianensis; Hymenaea parvifolia; Astronium lecointei). Adjustment of equations had a significant difference only for the equation of group II when compared to estimated volume with real volume. It was not applicable to the general equation for this species group. Groups I and III showed a significant difference with regard to equation applied for all species. The adjustment per species grouping is recommended mainly for tropical forests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]