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In this paper we describe the results of the influence of temperature in the range of 280–340 K on the luminescence of bimetallic Eu/Tb complexes with N-heterocyclic ligand L based on 2,2′-bipyridyldicarboxylic acid in acetonitrile. The experiments were carried out for systems with various Eu/Tb ratios. The stability of the complexes of the ligand L with metal M (Eu or Tb) was determined using spectrophotometric titration in acetonitrile solutions. The LM complexes' stability constants were found to be typical for these systems; however, the stability of Eu complex is slightly higher than that for Tb. Along with rising temperature, we observed a decrease in Tb emission intensity and, at the same time, an enhancement in Eu luminescence. An explanation of Eu luminescence enhancement involves the appearance of charge transfer states, bands of which can be observed in the Eu luminescence excitation spectra as difference spectra measured with two close temperatures. The unusual Eu luminescence enhancement upon heating was observed for the first time for the complex with tetradentate O,N-type heterocyclic diamide ligand L, while an inverse phenomenon was observed with the Tb luminescence. The Eu luminescence enhancement was found earlier for various carboxylate complex salts, but not for heterocyclic coordination complexes. This allows the construction of a ratiometric luminescent thermometer in the range of 280–340 K using the ratio of luminescence intensities for Eu and Tb. The stability constants for the individual Eu and Tb complexes help us to understand the equilibrium in L:Tb:Eu complex system and shed light on plausible speciation in solution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Lanthanide-doped upconversion (UC) nanoparticles (NPs) have attracted great attention in many emerging applications. Although multilayer structures have been employed to strengthen UC intensity, balancing the energy transfer (ET) efficiency from sensitizer to activator as well as the back energy transfer (BET) efficiency remains a critical issue. Herein, the ET processes in the BaYF 5 -based core/shell/shell NPs are comprehensively manipulated, resulting in greatly enhanced UC intensity. By using the sub20 nm BaYF 5 :2Yb2Er@BaYbF 5 @BaYF 5 nanostructure, the efficiencies of incident light absorption and ET from the sensitizer in the interlayer to the activator in the core are improved, while the BET is limited. The UC intensity of this nanostructure was approximately 3.7 times that of normal BaYF 5 :20Yb2Er@BaYF 5 NPs. The isolation of Yb and Er can remarkably restrict the negative thermal quenching (NTQ) effect, resulting in improved temperature sensing performance. Moreover, the BaYF 5 :2Yb2Er@BaYbF 5 @BaYF 5 NPs can be used for selective sensing of rhodamine B. Our results highlight the comprehensive manipulation of ET processes in a core/shell/shell nanostructure to significantly improve the UC intensity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The uncertainty response of soil fungi community to climate warming in alpine agroecosystems will limit our ability to fully exploit and utilize soil fungi resources, especially in alpine regions. In this study, a warming experiment was conducted in one perennial leguminous agroecosystem [i.e., alfalfa (Medicago sativa)], perennial gramineous agroecosystem (i.e., Elymus nutans) and annual gramineous agroecosystem [i.e., highland barley (Hordeum vulgare L)] in Tibet since 2016 to investigate the response of soil fungi community to climate warming. Soils at two layers (i.e., 0–10 cm and 10–20 cm) were collected in August 2017 to estimate soil fungi community based on the ITS method. The α-diversity, community composition and functional group abundance of soil fungi in the leguminous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming. The α-diversity of soil fungi in the perennial gramineous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming, but topology parameters of soil fungi species cooccurrence network in the annual gramineous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming. Compared with 0–10 cm, soil fungal α-diversity, community composition and functional group abundance at 10–20 cm were more sensitive to climate warming. The topological parameters of soil fungi species cooccurrence network at 0–10 cm in the gramineous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming, but those at 10–20 cm in the leguminous agroecosystem were more sensitive to climate warming. Warming increased the differences of soil fungi α-diversity and functional composition. For the Medicago sativa agroecosystem, warming increased the abundance of soil pathogenic fungi but decreased the abundance of soil symbiotic and saprophytic fungi at 10–20 cm. Therefore, responses of the soil fungi community to climate warming varied with agroecosystem types and soil depth. Climate warming can alter the differences of the soil fungi community among agroecosystems. Changes in soil fungi community caused by climate warming may be detrimental to the growth of alpine crops, at least for perennial Medicago sativa in Tibet. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The alpine treeline is highly sensitive to temperature change, and treelines worldwide have been rapidly responding to temperature warming by increasing in tree density. However, often inconsistent or even conflicting results, regarding the response of tree recruitment to temperature change across regions, still challenge our profound comprehension of warming‐induced treeline dynamics. Here, we quantified the temperature sensitivity of tree recruitment within alpine treeline ecotones (i.e. the strength of relationship between tree recruitment and temperature change), and tested whether and how the temperature sensitivity changed along latitudinal gradients by examining 124 alpine treelines across North America and Asia. Our analyses demonstrated that temperature changes could significantly influence tree recruitment at treeline ecotones and the sensitivity of tree recruitment to temperature change was significantly and positively associated with latitude, showing that tree recruitment was more sensitive to temperature change at high latitudes than at low latitudes. Our findings highlighted the heterogeneous responses of tree recruitment at alpine treelines to temperature changes across latitudinal gradients, which should be incorporated into assessment models to improve future projections of global warming impacts across alpine ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology / Yingyong Shengtai Xuebao is the property of Chinese Journal of Applied Ecology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Global warming is expected to increase precipitation extremes. However, the response of extreme precipitation to global warming in various climates remains unclear. Here, we analyzed changes in the sensitivities of extreme and mean precipitation to temperature across the dry and wet regions of the world during 1960–1999 and 2060–2099 using global climate models. Both extreme and mean precipitation exhibited similar spatial patterns; however, the magnitude of sensitivity for extreme precipitation was approximately three times higher (19%/K) than for mean precipitation (6%/K). A higher precipitation sensitivity to temperature was observed in the dry regions than in the wet regions. Dry regions exhibited a four‐ to five‐fold higher temperature sensitivity for mean precipitation, and marginally higher temperature sensitivity for extreme precipitation than wet regions. These findings highlight the importance of implementing adaptive strategies to alleviate the effects of global warming on dryland ecosystems. Plain Language Summary: Global warming alters the precipitation regimes and poses significant risks to ecosystems and humans. In this study, we investigated how mean and extreme precipitation responds to projected warming across global dry and wet regions. We found that the sensitivity of extreme precipitation was three times greater than that of global mean precipitation over land (which implies that global warming is expected to alter extreme precipitation more than mean precipitation). Our results also suggest greater sensitivity in dry regions than in wet regions, indicating that warming is expected to cause higher rainfall variability in dry regions than in wet regions. Key Points: The sensitivity of precipitation to temperature is latitude dependent, increasing over high latitudes and decreasing in mid‐latitude regionsThe response of extreme precipitation to global warming is approximately three times larger (19%/K) than that for mean precipitation (6%/K)Both extreme precipitation and mean precipitation show a greater sensitivity to temperature across global dry regions relative to wet regions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT Palm trees are propagated almost exclusively by seeds and each species germinates under a certain temperature range. In this sense, the two-way thermogradient plate may be used to determine temperature limits for germination and seed response to temperature. The objective was to define the alternating temperature regime promoting higher and faster seed germination of Carpentaria acuminata and Phoenix canariensis palms using a two-way thermogradient plate. This equipment allowed 64 combinations of alternating and constant temperatures, ranging from 6.97 to 36.42 ºC for C. acuminata, and 7.96 to 35.94 ºC for P. canariensis. Seeds were sown in Petri dishes (25 x 9 cm) containing 1% water agar. Linear regressions were estimated to determine cardinal temperatures. After 50 days, non-germinated seeds were transferred from the two-way thermogradient plate to a germination chamber at 30 °C. The temperature regime promoting highest seed germination percentage of C. acuminata was 30.45/33.00 °C (day/night), with minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures of 9.13, 28.53, and 36.33 °C, respectively. For seed germination of P. canariensis, the most appropriate temperature regime was 29.77/17.93 °C (day/night), with minimum, optimum, and maximum temperatures of 9.53, 28.03, and 35.43 °C, respectively.

Abstract Accurate measurements of soil respiration (Rs) are critical for understanding how soil carbon will respond to environmental changes. However, a commonly used method for Rs measurements, the collar deployment method, may introduce artefacts that cause bias in Rs measurements. Our objective was to quantify the effect of long‐term collar deployment on Rs and to unravel potential causes due to changes in the soil environment. A field experiment (2017–2019) including short‐term (2–3 days before the measurement) and long‐term collar deployment (lasting three consecutive growing seasons) was conducted to assess the methodological effect on Rs in an alpine grassland of the northeastern Tibetan Plateau. Soil incubation was used to further explore the mechanisms underlying the effects of collar deployment. The effect of long‐term collar deployment on Rs varied over time. In the first one and a half growing seasons, no significant difference in Rs was noted under short‐ and long‐term collar deployment. This may be attributed to the negative effects of lower root biomass inside long‐term collars and the positive effects of higher temperature and pulse input of dead roots following collar deployment. Under the long‐term collar, Rs decreased rapidly in the middle of the second growing season and remained low until the end of the experiment, resulting in an 18.2% decrease relative to short‐term collar deployment in the third growing season. Higher soil bulk density and lower root and microbial biomass inside long‐term collars may explain the decrease in Rs and temperature sensitivity (Q10). Soil incubation experiments revealed that the soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition rate and Q10 were significantly reduced after long‐term collar deployment. Long‐term collars led to substantial underestimates of Rs after more than 2 years. Our findings suggest that such potential artefacts should be considered when interpreting Rs data based on long‐term collar deployment. Long‐term collars should be relocated every 1–2 years to avoid artefacts if feasible. Alternatively, periodic measurements using short‐term collars are recommended to quantify the magnitude of collar artefacts.

In this work, energetic composite composed of UV curable polyurethane acrylate and RDX was used as deterrent coating for 19-perforated nitroamine propellants plasticized by nitroglycerin and 1, 5-diazido-3-nitrazpentane (DIANP). The nitroamine propellant was end-sealed with the photocurable energetic composite material by using spraying and UV curing method. Combustion behaviors including burning progressivity and temperature sensitivity were studied by performing closed bomb test on propellants with 0.74%, 1.01% and 1.15% deterrent. The inner structure detection revealed that the deterrent penetrated into the perforations during coating process. The end-sealed propellant with blocked perforations exhibited inhibition of initial gas generation rate, which was demonstrated by dynamic vivacity curves. It is inspiring that the propellants coated with 1.01% and 1.15% deterrent presented excellent consistency according to the dynamic vivacity curves between 20 °C and 50 °C. Moreover. it can be indicated that the plugs in perforations conduced to temperature independence property of propellant under ambient temperature. This benefit contributes to improvement of the firing safety at high temperatures.

Current knowledge of the mechanisms driving soil organic matter (SOM) turnover and responses to warming is mainly limited to surface soils, although over 50% of global soil carbon is contained in subsoils. Deep soils have different physicochemical properties, nutrient inputs, and microbiomes, which may harbor distinct functional traits and lead to different SOM dynamics and temperature responses. We hypothesized that kinetic and thermal properties of soil exoenzymes, which mediate SOM depolymerization, vary with soil depth, reflecting microbial adaptation to distinct substrate and temperature regimes. We determined the Michaelis-Menten (MM) kinetics of three ubiquitous enzymes involved in carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) acquisition at six soil depths down to 90 cm at a temperate forest, and their temperature sensitivity based on Arrhenius/Q 10 and Macromolecular Rate Theory (MMRT) models over six temperatures between 4-50°C. Maximal enzyme velocity (V max) decreased strongly with depth for all enzymes, both on a dry soil mass and a microbial biomass C basis, whereas their affinities increased, indicating adaptation to lower substrate availability. Surprisingly, microbial biomass-specific catalytic efficiencies also decreased with depth, except for the P-acquiring enzyme, indicating distinct nutrient demands at depth relative to microbial abundance. These results suggested that deep soil microbiomes encode enzymes with intrinsically lower turnover and/or produce less enzymes per cell, reflecting distinct life strategies. The relative kinetics between different enzymes also varied with depth, suggesting an increase in relative P demand with depth, or that phosphatases may be involved in C acquisition. V max and catalytic efficiency increased consistently with temperature for all enzymes, leading to overall higher SOM-decomposition potential, but enzyme temperature sensitivity was similar at all depths and between enzymes, based on both Arrhenius/Q 10 and MMRT models. In a few cases, however, temperature affected differently the kinetic properties of distinct enzymes at discrete depths, suggesting that it may alter the relative depolymerization of different compounds. We show that soil exoenzyme kinetics may reflect intrinsic traits of microbiomes adapted to distinct soil depths, although their temperature sensitivity is remarkably uniform. These results improve our understanding of critical mechanisms underlying SOM dynamics and responses to changing temperatures through the soil profile.

Porous asphalt pavements are widely used in rainy and wet areas for their skid resistance, noise reduction, runoff minimization and environmental sustainability. Long-term moisture vapor erosion and the destabilization of large pore structures can easily result in pavement problems such as fragmentation, spalling, cracking, and excessive permanent deformation. To this end, four different preventive maintenance materials, including the rejuvenation (RJ), cohesion reinforcement (CEM), polymerization reaction, and emulsified asphalt (EA) types, were selected in this paper to improve the high-viscosity porous asphalt pavement. The effects of the different preventive maintenance materials on the temperature sensitivity, rheological properties and fatigue performance of high-viscosity modified asphalt were evaluated through temperature sweep, frequency sweep, multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR), linear amplitude sweep (LAS), and bending beam rheometer (BBR) tests. The results showed that the four preventive maintenance materials exhibit different enhancement mechanisms and effects. RJ improves the fatigue properties, deformation resistance and low-temperature cracking resistance of aged asphalt by adding elastomeric components; CEM materials are more conducive to increasing the low-temperature crack resistance of aged asphalt; while GL1 and EA improve the viscoelastic behavior of aged asphalt, but the effect of the dosing ratio needs to be considered.

Although phenology and growth traits of leaves or woods have been the focus of research on growth-climate relationships, more is needed regarding whether there is a consistent growth response of different organs to environmental change. However, such work is crucial to accurately assess the impact of climate change on tree growth. Here, the growth timing, duration, rate, and increment of Picea meyeri needles, shoots, and stems were examined, and the corresponding environmental effects were revealed along an altitudinal gradient (2040–2740 m a.s.l.) in North-Central China during 2016 and 2017. The three organs showed a consistent altitudinal variation in growth onset timing, but a different variation in other traits; the growth duration, rate, and increment of needles changed slightly while those of shoots and stems dropped markedly with altitude. The air temperature was the key environmental factor driving the altitudinal variation. For each 1 °C increase in air temperature, the onset timing of needle and shoot elongation and xylem cell production was synchronously advanced by 3.3–3.7 ± 0.2 days; the peak timing was advanced by 3.4 ± 0.2 days, 2.2 ± 0.1 days, and 0 days; and the cessation timing was delayed by −3.8 ± 0.0 days, 2.1 ± 0.3 days, and 2.4 ± 0.1 days. Meanwhile, the duration was lengthened by 0 days, 5.6 ± 0.3 days, and 6.4 ± 0.2 days, respectively; the average rate was improved by 0%, 7.0 ± 1.2%, and 6.5 ± 0.5%, respectively; the increment was increased by 1.3 ± 0.1%, 8.2 ± 0.4%, and 11.0 ± 0.4%, respectively. These findings suggested that the aboveground vegetative growth of P. meyeri exhibits different temperature sensitivities; stem growth will benefit more from future warming than shoot and needle growth. It adds a new clue to conducting growth-climate relationship studies, and the response difference of organ growth to temperature should be considered in revealing future climate warming on tree growth.

It is well documented that asymmetric daytime and nighttime warming have profound influences on plant growth and ecosystem carbon cycling of terrestrial ecosystems. However, the effects of long-term asymmetric warming on plant phenology and species-specific responses remain unclear. We conducted a ten-year field experiment with daytime and nighttime warming in a temperate steppe in northern China and examined how species-specific reproductive phenology (RP) of six coexisting herbaceous species responded to asymmetric warming during two time periods: early (2006–2009) and late (2013–2015). Overall, nighttime warming advanced the flowering and fruiting time of early-blooming species by 1.2 and 1.6 days, respectively. The responses of reproductive duration for early-blooming species to nighttime warming were species-specific (-3.6 days for Potentilla bifurca, +1.6 days for Allium bidentatum). Nighttime warming significantly shortened reproductive duration of P. bifurca and advanced the flowering and fruiting time of Heteropappus altaicus during the late period relative to the early period. Such species-specific responses of plant phenology and differences in response to short- vs long-term warming could be ascribed to water deficit and increasing coverage of species during the late period, respectively. The findings highlight the critical role of functional traits in mediating the response and adaptation of plant phenology in temperate grasslands under climate warming.

Soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) is highly sensitive to external interference. However, little attention has been paid on how soil DOM characteristics in the dry period affect the warming response of soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition in riparian ecosystems under flooding conditions. The temperature sensitivity (Q10) of SOC decomposition was determined by incubating 99 riparian soils under flooding across 11 transects of the Three Gorges Reservoir. Soil DOM characteristics in the dry period were measured by ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy (i.e., a254, a350, SUVA254 and SR) and 3D-fluorescence spectroscopy (such as FI, β:α, BIX, and HIX). The fluorescence components of C1, C3, and C4 were determined by parallel factor analysis. SOC decomposition was sensitive to warming with a higher Q10 value for CH4 (2.34 ± 1.30) and lower for CO2 (1.37 ± 0.23) under flooding. The soil DOM in dry period was mainly autochthonous with FI > 1.9 and 90% of BIX > 0.7. The humification of soil DOM was relatively weak at ∼ 95% of HIX

A temperature-sensitive gold coated PCF-based surface plasmon resonance (SPR) biosensor was examined for detecting analytes based on their refractive indices. The proposed sensor attained maximum amplitude sensitivities (AS) of 1432 RIU−1 and 1291 RIU−1, wavelength sensitivities (WS) of 13,500 nm/RIU and 13,000 nm/RIU in X and Y- polarized mode individually in RI spectrum of 1.34–1.4. Furthermore, the proposed sensor produced ultimate figure of merit (FOM) values of 546.93 RIU−1 and 521.4601 RIU−1 in x and y polarization modes. High birefringence of 1.5 × 10−3 was also computed for the suggested sensor. Additionally, the proposed sensor shows high temperature sensitivity of 4.5833 nm/°C with a comparable resolution of 2.18××10−2 °C and a maximum FOM value of 0.101 °C−1 in the detection range of −114 °C to 78 °C in the presence of ethanol as a sensing medium. The reported sensor therefore can be considered as a notable solution for any chemical or biological analytes detection.

Abstract Global warming is expected to increase precipitation extremes. However, the response of extreme precipitation to global warming in various climates remains unclear. Here, we analyzed changes in the sensitivities of extreme and mean precipitation to temperature across the dry and wet regions of the world during 1960–1999 and 2060–2099 using global climate models. Both extreme and mean precipitation exhibited similar spatial patterns; however, the magnitude of sensitivity for extreme precipitation was approximately three times higher (19%/K) than for mean precipitation (6%/K). A higher precipitation sensitivity to temperature was observed in the dry regions than in the wet regions. Dry regions exhibited a four‐ to five‐fold higher temperature sensitivity for mean precipitation, and marginally higher temperature sensitivity for extreme precipitation than wet regions. These findings highlight the importance of implementing adaptive strategies to alleviate the effects of global warming on dryland ecosystems.

Receivers of acoustic communication signals evaluate signal features to identify conspecifics. Changes in the ambient temperature can alter these features, rendering species recognition a challenge. To maintain effective communication, temperature coupling—changes in receiver signal preferences that parallel temperature-induced changes in signal parameters—occurs among genetically coupled signallers and receivers. Whether eavesdroppers of communication signals exhibit temperature coupling is unknown. Here, we investigate if the parasitoid fly Ormia ochracea, an eavesdropper of cricket calling songs, exhibits song pulse rate preferences that are temperature coupled. We use a high-speed treadmill system to record walking phonotaxis at three ambient temperatures (21, 25, and 30°C) in response to songs that varied in pulse rates (20 to 90 pulses per second). Total walking distance, peak steering velocity, angular heading, and the phonotaxis performance index varied with song pulse rates and ambient temperature. The peak of phonotaxis performance index preference functions became broader and shifted to higher pulse rate values at higher temperatures. Temperature-related changes in cricket songs between 21 and 30°C did not drastically affect the ability of flies to recognize cricket calling songs. These results confirm that temperature coupling can occur in eavesdroppers that are not genetically coupled with signallers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

[Objective] The main controlling factors of soil organic carbon mineralization and its temperature sensitivity(Q10) for municipal sludge resource utilization and soil carbon pool stability after sludge compost application were revealed, which provided theoretical support for municipal sludge treatment and soil organic carbon sequestration. [Methods] In the present study, different doses of composted sludge (0, 2.0%, 5.0%, 10.0%, 15.0%, and 20.0%) were added to the degraded grassland soil collected from the loess hilly area, and the soil organic carbon mineralization rates under different incubation temperatures (15℃, 25℃ and 35℃) were measured. The effects of composted sludge addition on soil organic carbon mineralization characteristics and Q10 values were discussed. [Results] Compared with CK, the soil organic carbon mineralization rate significantly (p＜0.01) increased with composted sludge addition doses at the initial stage of cultivation, and then it rapidly decreased until it reached to a stable value. The cumulative soil organic carbon mineralization under the composed sludge addition treatments were 1.6～4.2 times greater than that of CK. When the composed sludge application doses were between 10.0% and 20.0%, the organic carbon mineralization rate and cumulative mineralization amount had no significant difference. The first-order kinetic equation was used to fit the dynamics of soil organic carbon mineralization with composted sludge addition treatments at different incubation temperatures and achieved good results (R²＞0.95). Soil organic carbon mineralization potential (C0) values ranged from 6.92 to 39.60 mg C/g and the differences were significant (p＜0.05) among different treatments. The soil organic carbon mineralization kinetic constant (k) ranged from 0.03/d to 0.12/d, and it was significantly correlated with incubation temperatures (p＜0.01). The Q10 values ranged from 1.18 to 2.58 with the composted sludge application doses, and the Q10 reached the maximum value when the application doses reached 10.0%, and then the Q10 values decreased with the doses of the composed sludge addition. [Conclusion] When the composted sludge application doses are at 10.0%～20.0%, the content of soil organic carbon can obviously increase, inhibit the re-mineralization of soil organic carbon, effectively adjust soil Q10, and ensure the relative stability of soil carbon pool, which is beneficial for the sequestration of soil organic carbon. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Litter-derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) plays an important role in biogeochemical cycling for wetlands. However, there are few studies to clarify how plant community alteration affects litter-derived DOM degradation. Moreover, little is known about the specific influence of temperature on the degradation, even though it is particularly important when the warming climate is taken into account. Therefore, it is urgently needed to determine interspecific differences in the DOM degradation rates and the responses to temperature increase. Methods: Based on a 42-day incubation experiment regarding nine species from a temperate wetland, we determined litter-derived DOM degradation at 10oC, 20oC and 30oC, and compared their temperature sensitivity coefficient Q10. Results: These species exhibited interspecific variations in degradation at all temperatures, which related closely to initial chemical characteristics, including stoichiometry, aromaticity and molecular weight. Increased temperature generally promoted DOM degradation, especially at 10–20oC range, with Q10 ranging from 1.42 to 3.82 and the mean up to 2.57. Specifically, the temperature sensitivity usually correlated negatively with aromaticity, but positively with carbon:nutrient ratios. The aromaticity, by contrast with other chemical characteristics, explained more interspecific variations in DOM degradation and the temperature sensitivity. Conclusion: Degradation rates of litter-derived DOM and the responses to temperature increase vary greatly among species, where the aromaticity could be considered as a decisive indicator for such interspecific differences. This study highlights considerable promotion of climate warming on litter-derived DOM degradation, and sheds new light on influences of plant community on biogeochemical processes in wetlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tree rings are widely used for climatic reconstructions and for improving our understanding of ongoing climate change in high-altitude sensitive areas. X-ray maximum latewood density is a very powerful parameter to reconstruct past climatic variations, especially if compared to tree-ring width, but this method is neither inexpensive nor timesaving. However, blue intensity (BI) has resulted in an excellent maximum wood density surrogate that measures the intensity of reflected light from latewood in the blue spectra. This methodology is still considered a prototype parameter, and more data are needed for validation of the method. We present the first BI values coming from Swiss stone pine (Pinus cembra L.) collected on the southern margin of the Alps. Analyses were performed by testing different solvents and polishing techniques, as well as different CooRecorder pixel percentage settings. The results demonstrate that solvents and software parameters have little influence on the final chronologies. Dendroclimatic analyses demonstrate that Swiss stone pine BI can be a useful tool to extract at least the high-frequency variations in July–August temperatures with a correlation coefficient of up to 0.6 (over the 1800–2017 time period). The immunity of Swiss stone pine to insect defoliator outbreaks further enhances the reliability of the BI values of this species in reconstructing past high-frequency temperature variations in high-altitude sensitive areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We have fabricated CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 quantum dots (QDs) and Tb3+ co-doping glass and comparatively investigated four-mode temperature sensing of fluorescence intensity ratio (FIR), full width at half maximum (FWHM), lifetime and chromatic coordinate. Temperature dependent photoluminescence (PL) spectra are measured. The Tb3+ ions and CsPb(Cl/Br) 3 QDs have independent luminescence and FIR of Tb3+ to QDs has obvious decrease with temperature, which is used for FIR temperature sensing. The PL and PL decay of QDs are used for FWHM and lifetime temperature sensing. The change of FIR with temperature leads to the change of luminous color and chromatic coordinate with temperature. A new chromatic temperature sensing method is established, which utilizes linear relation of chromatic coordinate and temperature. Temperature dependence for FIR, FWHM, lifetime and chromatic coordinate has been fitted. Absolute sensitivity, relative sensitivity, temperature accuracy and repeatability have been evaluated. Among the four sensing modes, the FIR and chromatic coordinate modes have large sensitivity and small accuracy. The FIR mode is better than chromatic coordinate mode in absolute sensitivity and relative sensitivity, whereas the chromatic coordinate mode is better in its good linear relation. The four sensing modes have excellent repeatability due to the stability of QDs-Tb3+ co-doping glass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Given that already‐observed temperature increase within cities far exceeds the projected global temperature rise by the end of the century, urban environments often offer a unique opportunity for studying ecosystem response to future warming. However, the validity of thermal gradients in space serving as a substitute for those in time is rarely tested. Here, we investigated vegetation phenology dynamics in China's 343 cities and empirically test whether phenological responses to spatial temperature rise in urban settings can substitute for those to temporal temperature rise in their natural counterparts based on satellite‐derived vegetation phenology and land surface temperature from 2003 to 2018. We found prevalent advancing spring phenology with "high confidence" and delaying autumn phenology with "medium confidence" under the context of widespread urban warming. Furthermore, we showed that space cannot substitute for time in predicting phenological shifts under climate warming at the national scale and for most cities. The thresholds of ~11°C mean annual temperature and ~600 mm annual precipitation differentiated the magnitude of phenological sensitivity to temperature across space and through time. Below those thresholds, there existed stronger advanced spring phenology and delayed autumn phenology across the spatial urbanization gradients than through time, and vice versa. Despite the complex and diverse relationships between phenological sensitivities across space and through time, we found that the directions of the temperature changes across spatial gradients were converged (i.e., mostly increased), but divergent through temporal gradients (i.e., increased or decreased without a predominant direction). Similarly, vegetation phenology changes more uniformly over space than through time. These results suggested that the urban environments provide a real‐world condition to understand vegetation phenology response under future warming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: The response of soil organic carbon (SOC) fractions to climate warming plays an important role in influencing the fate of soil C stocks. Coastal wetlands have high C sequestration; however, complex water and salt stress conditions lead to a large uncertainty in the effects of warming on SOC dynamics. Further, numerous short-term warming studies cannot provide an unbiased estimate of the warming impacts and mechanisms. Methods: In our study, the topsoil (0–10 cm) and subsoil (20–40 cm) were collected to assess the changes in SOC dynamics after seven-year experiment warming in a coastal wetland in the Yellow River Delta. Additionally, we conducted a short-term dynamic temperature ramping incubation experiment to evaluate the SOC decomposition rate and its temperature sensitivity. Results: Warming significantly decreased the SOC content by 38.7% in the topsoil but had no effect in the subsoil. Warming significantly decreased the labile SOC fractions, including dissolved organic C (DOC) and particulate organic C (POC) in the topsoil but not in the subsoil. By contrast, warming did not alter the recalcitrant mineral-associated organic C (MAOC) fraction in both topsoil and subsoil. Warming-induced elevated soil salinity caused a decrease in labile SOC fractions, presumably through weakening the quantity of plant inputs. In addition, warming significantly increased the SOC mineralization rate in the topsoil, but did not change its temperature sensitivity in both the topsoil and subsoil. Conclusions: Overall, our findings highlight the importance of considering the varying responses of labile and recalcitrant SOC fractions to warming, which would aid in obtaining more accurate projections of SOC dynamics in coastal wetlands under future climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An apodized Fiber Bragg Grating (FBG) is designed to obtain minimal quantity of side lobes on the reflection spectrum for effective estimation of temperature sensitivity. Bare FBG cannot be implemented as a suitable option for sensing of temperature in a complex environment because it is composed of silica, which has a very low thermal expansion coefficient. Different kinds of materials having thermal expansion coefficients higher than silica are coated on designed apodized FBG to improve the sensitivity of temperature for the FBG. In this simulation work, titanium, nickel, gold, copper, silver, aluminum, lead, indium, polycarbonate, PMMA, and polyamide are coated on the apodized FBG to estimate the enhanced sensitivity for the temperature range of 25 to 75°C. The simulation results illustrated that the sensitivity of temperature for polyamide-coated FBG is highest than other coating materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil respiration (Rs) during daytime (Rsday) and nighttime (Rsnight) remains poorly understood owing to the limited availability of high‐resolution temporal measurements of Rs.Using continuous automatic chamber measurements at a half‐hourly interval, we explored Rs and its temperature sensitivity (Q10) during the daytime and nighttime over 10 years and determined the best sampling timeslot in a temperate deciduous broadleaf forest.We demonstrate a higher Rsnight than Rsday in spring and summer, a lower Rsnight than Rsday in autumn, but an insignificant difference between them in winter, contrasting with the consensus of a higher Rsday than Rsnight. Such discrepancy may result from the effect of factors other than temperature (e.g. reallocation of photosynthesis carbon, precipitation and soil moisture). We also reveal significant differences in apparent Q10 between seasons, indicating the highest Q10 in spring and significantly higher Q10 at night than at day in autumn. The Rs measured around midday (9:00–11:00 for autumn and 12:00–15:00 for other seasons) and midnight (20:00–22:00 for autumn and 0:00–2:00 for other seasons) provides the lowest bias to the daily mean Rs, whereas the measurement timeslots around midday are preferred due to practical considerations.Our findings highlight the significant diel variation of Rs and its temperature sensitivity across seasons and the necessity to account for Rsnight for a more accurate estimate of soil carbon budget. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to significant differences in biotic and abiotic properties of soils compared to those of sediments, the predicted underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms of soil carbon emissions in response to warming may not be applicable for estimating similar emissions from inland water sediments. We addressed this issue by incubating different types of sediments, (including lake, small river, and pond sediments) collected from 36 sites across the Yangtze River basin, under short-term experimental warming to explore the effects of climate warming on sediment carbon emission and the underlying microbe-mediated mechanisms. Our results indicated that under climate warming CO 2 emissions were affected more than CH 4 emissions, and that pond sediments may yield a greater relative contribution of CO 2 to total carbon emissions than lake and river sediments. Warming-induced CO 2 and CH 4 increases involve different microbe-mediated mechanisms; Warming-induced sediment CO 2 emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network modularity, which was significantly negatively affected by the quality and quantity of organic carbon and warming-induced variations in dissolved oxygen, Conversely, warming-induced sediment CH 4 emissions were predicted to be directly positively driven by microbial community network complexity, which was significantly negatively affected by warming-induced variations in pH. Our findings suggest that biotic and abiotic drivers for sediment CO 2 and CH 4 emissions in response to climate warming should be considered separately when predicting sediment organic carbon decomposition dynamics resulting from climate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Priming effect (PE) plays an important role in modifying the decomposition of soil organic matter (SOM), but large uncertainties remain in the temperature effect on PE mainly due to the variation in SOM stability. Methods: We tested the temperature effect on PE of the relatively stabilized SOM by incubating soils collected from a bare fallow (representing the relatively stabilized SOM) and its adjacent old field (containing both stabilized SOM and labile SOM) at 10 and 20 °C for 815 days. We used a natural 13C abundance tracer method for measuring the PE. Results: Positive PE was observed in all treatment combinations when maize leaf litter was added. The temperature sensitivity of PE in the bare fallow soil and the old field soil was quite different: increasing temperature significantly enhanced the magnitude of PE in the bare fallow soil, but had no effect on it in the old field soil. The increase of microbial biomass C by litter addition was higher in the bare fallow soil than in the old field soil. Furthermore, for litter-treated soil, temperature increase significantly increased net N mineralization rate throughout the incubation in the bare fallow soil, but had minor effect on it in the old field soil at the end of incubation. Conclusions: Overall, this study demonstrates that PE of the relatively stabilized SOM is sensitive to temperature, which may be mainly driven by greater microbial growth and demand for N. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs) operate effectively over the temperature range of 10 °C to 40 °C. However, their performance is significantly compromised at low operating temperatures, which may happen in cold climatic conditions. The loss of performance can be attributed to reduced kinetics and decreased diffusivity of ions in the electrolyte. In this paper, we present a physics-based electrochemical model of a vanadium redox flow battery that allows temperature-related corrections to be incorporated at a fundamental level, thereby extending its prediction capability to low temperatures. The model follows the conventional evaluation of the cell overpotential as the sum of contributions from overpotentials associated with activation, ionic conduction and mass transfer polarization. New data-driven models have been proposed to make these sub-models temperature sensitive. The overall model has been validated with a wide range of data from VRFB cells of sizes up to 900 cm2 and operating temperatures down to −10 °C. The model results indicate that enhancement of electrochemical performance of VRFB below subzero temperatures requires electrode and membrane activation and improvement in ionic conductivity of the electrolyte. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil CO2 efflux (Fsoil) is a significant contributor of labile CO2 to the atmosphere. The Himalayas, a global climate hotspot, condense several climate zones on account of their elevational gradients, thus, creating an opportunity to investigate the Fsoil trends in different climate zones. Presently, the studies in the Indian Himalayan region are localized to a particular forest type, climate zone, or area of interest, such as seasonal variation. We used a portable infrared gas analyzer to investigate the Fsoil rates in Himalayan tropical to alpine scrub forest along a 3100-m elevational gradient. Several study parameters such as seasons, forest types, tree species identity, age of trees, distance from tree base, elevation, climatic factors, and soil physico-chemical and enzymatic parameters were investigated to infer their impact on Fsoil regulation. Our results indicate the warm and wet rainy season Fsoil rates to be 3.8 times higher than the cold and relatively dry winter season. The tropical forest types showed up to 11 times higher Fsoil rates than the alpine scrub forest. The temperate Himalayan blue pine and tropical dipterocarp sal showed significant Fsoil rates, while the alpine Rhododendron shrubs the least. Temperature and moisture together regulate the rainy season Fsoil maxima. Spatially, Fsoil rates decreased with distance from the tree base (ρ = − 0.301; p < 0.0001). Nepalese alder showed a significant positive increase in Fsoil with stem girth (R2 = 0.7771; p = 0.048). Species richness (r, 0.81) and diversity (r, 0.77) were significantly associated with Fsoil, while elevation and major edaphic properties showed a negative association. Surface litter inclusion presented an elevation-modulated impact. Temperature sensitivity was exorbitantly higher in the sub-tropical pine (Q10, 11.80) and the alpine scrub (Q10, 9.08) forests. We conclude that the rise in atmospheric temperature and the reduction in stand density could enhance the Fsoil rates on account of increased temperature sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Using a static chamber-gas chromatography method, we investigate the characteristics of soil CO2, CH4, and N2O fluxes and their relationships with environmental factors during the growing season in four typical Larix gmelinii forests (moss–Larix gmelinii forest, Ledum palustre–Larix gmelinii forest, herbage–Larix gmelinii forest, and Rhododendron dauricum–Larix gmelinii forest) in the Greater Khingan Mountains. Our results show that all four forest types are sources of CO2 emissions, with similar average emission fluxes (146.71 mg·m−2 h−1–211.81 mg·m−2 h−1) and no significant differences. The soil in the moss–Larix gmelinii forest emitted CH4 (43.78 μg·m−2 h−1), while all other forest types acted as CH4 sinks (−56.02 μg·m−2 h−1–−28.07 μg·m−2 h−1). Although all forest types showed N2O uptake at the beginning of the growing season, the N2O fluxes (4.03 μg·m−2 h−1–5.74 μg·m−2 h−1) did not differ significantly among the four forest types for the entire growing season, and all acted as sources of N2O emissions. The fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O were significantly correlated with soil temperature and soil pH for all four forest types. Multiple regression analysis shows that considering the interactive effects of soil temperature and moisture could better explain the changes in greenhouse gas emissions among different forest types. The average Q10 value (8.81) of the moss–Larix gmelinii forest is significantly higher than that of the other three forest types (3.16–3.54) (p < 0.05), indicating that the soil respiration in this forest type is more sensitive to temperature changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The presence of a developed boundary layer decouples a glacier's response from ambient conditions, suggesting that sensitivity to climate change is increased by glacier retreat. To test this hypothesis, we explore six years of distributed meteorological data on a small Swiss glacier in the period 2001–2022. Large glacier fragmentation has occurred since 2001 (−35% area change up to 2022) coinciding with notable frontal retreat, an observed switch from down‐glacier katabatic to up‐glacier valley winds and an increased sensitivity (ratio) of on‐glacier to off‐glacier temperature. As the glacier ceases to develop density‐driven katabatic winds, sensible heat fluxes on the glacier are increasingly determined by the conditions occurring outside the boundary layer of the glacier, sealing the glacier's demise as the climate continues to warm and experience an increased frequency of extreme summers. Plain Language Summary: Down‐glacier winds promote a unique micro‐climate, maintaining relatively lower temperatures over the surface of mountain glaciers. Using six years of meteorological data in the period 2001–2022, we observe increases in the relative changes of above‐ice air temperatures compared to temperatures outside the glacier. As the glacier ceases to develop its own micro‐climate, warmer winds generated by heated valley slopes increasingly control the amount of heat transfer to melt glacier ice. This work offers new observational evidence that suggests that, as glaciers continue to shrink and fragment, they becoming increasingly sensitive to future climate warming. Key Points: On‐glacier air temperatures have become more sensitive to ambient temperatures in a warming climateUp‐valley winds have increased >20% between 2001 and 2021, making sensible heat fluxes more dependent on conditions outside the glacierThe decay of the katabatic system due to glacier retreat indicates a nonlinear sensitivity of the glacier to continued warming [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ionic hydrogel thermoelectric generators (ITEGs) are becoming increasingly popular in effective recovery of low‐grade waste heat, but they suffer from relatively low output power density and energy density. In this work, by utilizing the synergetic strategy of thermodiffusion effect and redox reaction on electrodes, an ITEG is demonstrated which demonstrates impressive thermoelectric conversion properties. On the one hand, an interpenetrating network structured ionic gel with temperature‐sensitive phase transition behavior is designed as thermoelectric material to achieve a very high thermopower of 40.60 mV K−1 at a temperature gradient (ΔT) of 5 K. On the other hand, polymer redox polyaniline (PANI) is appended on the carbon weaved fabric (CWF) electrode to augment heat‐to‐electricity storage and output power performance. It is found that the PANI@CWF electrode assists to realize a larger current density output, 1 h output energy density (E1h) (570 J m−2) at a ΔT of 20 K and a maximum normalized instantaneous output power density of 11.31 mW m−2 K−2 are obtained, which is a record‐breaking result among the reported quasi‐solid‐state ITEGs. A feasible routine to design the top‐performing ITEGs is verified, which shows commercial promise for continuously powering electronic devices such as sensors and wearable electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant species α-diversity is closely correlated with ecosystem structures and functions. However, whether climate change and human activities will reduce plant species α-diversity remains controversial. In this study, potential (i.e., potential species richness: SRp, Shannonp, Simpsonp and Pieloup) and actual plant species α-diversity (i.e., actual species richness: SRa, Shannona, Simpsona and Pieloua) during 2000–2020 were quantified based on random forests in grasslands on the Tibetan Plateau. Overall, climate change had positive influences on potential plant species α-diversity across all the grassland systems. However, more than one-third areas showed decreasing trends for potential plant species α-diversity. Climate change increased the SRp at rates of 0.0060 and 0.0025 yr−1 in alpine steppes and alpine meadows, respectively. Temperature change predominated the variations of Shannonp and Simpsonp, and radiation change predominated the variations of SRp and Pieloup. Geography position, local temperature, precipitation and radiation conditions regulated the impacts of climate change on potential species α-diversity. On average, human activities caused 1% plant species loss but elevated the Shannon, Simpson and Pielou by 26%, 4% and 5%, respectively. There were 46.51%, 81.08%, 61.26% and 61.10% areas showing positive effects of human activities on plant species richness, Shannon, Simpson and Pielou, respectively. There were less than 48% areas showing increasing trends of human activities' impacts on plant species α-diversity. Human activities increased plant species richness by 2% in alpine meadows but decreased plant species richness by 1% in alpine steppes. Accordingly, both the impacts of climate change and human activities on plant species α-diversity were not always negative and varied with space and grassland types. The study warned that both climate change and human activities may not cause as much species loss as expected. This study also cautioned that the impacts of radiation change on plant species α-diversity should be at least put on the same level as the impacts of climate warming and precipitation change on plant α-diversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Terrestrial carbon (C)-climate feedbacks depend strongly on how soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition responds to temperature. This dependency is often represented in land models by the parameter Q₁₀, which quantifies the relative increase of microbial soil respiration per 10 °C temperature increase. Many studies have conducted paired laboratory soil incubations and inferred “active” and “slow” pool Q₁₀ values by fitting linear two-pool models to measured respiration time series. Using a recently published incubation study (Qin et al. in Sci Adv 5(7):eaau1218, 2019) as an example, here we first show that the very high parametric equifinality of the linear two-pool models may render such incubation-based Q₁₀ estimates unreliable. In particular, we show that, accompanied by the uncertain initial active pool size, the slow pool Q₁₀ can span a very wide range, including values as high as 100, although all parameter combinations are producing almost equally good model fit with respect to the observations. This result is robust whether or not interactions between the active and slow pools are considered (typically these interactions are not considered when interpreting incubation data, but are part of the predictive soil carbon models). This very large parametric equifinality in the context of interpreting incubation data is consistent with the poor temporal extrapolation capability of linear multi-pool models identified in recent studies. Next, using a microbe-explicit SOM model (RESOM), we show that the inferred two pools and their associated parameters (e.g., Q₁₀) could be artificial constructs and are therefore unreliable concepts for integration into predictive models. We finally discuss uncertainties in applying linear two-pool (or more generally multiple-pool) models to estimate SOM decomposition parameters such as temperature sensitivities from laboratory incubations. We also propose new observations and model structures that could enable better process understanding and more robust predictive capabilities of soil carbon dynamics.

The temperature sensitivity of soil processes is of major interest, especially in light of climate change. Originally formulated to explain the temperature dependence of chemical reactions, the Arrhenius equation, and related Q10 temperature coefficient, has a long history of application to soil biological processes. However, empirical data indicate that Q10 and Arrhenius model are often poor metrics of temperature sensitivity in soils. In this opinion piece, we aim to (a) review alternative approaches for characterizing temperature sensitivity, focusing on macromolecular rate theory (MMRT); (b) provide strategies and tools for implementing a new temperature sensitivity framework; (c) develop thermal adaptation hypotheses for the MMRT framework; and (d) explore new questions and opportunities stemming from this paradigm shift. Microbial ecologists should consider developing and adopting MMRT as the basis for predicting biological rates as a function of temperature. Improved understanding of temperature sensitivity in soils is particularly pertinent as microbial response to temperature has a large impact on global climate feedbacks.

Composite modified asphalt was prepared with styrene-butadiene-styrene block copolymer (SBS), waste tire rubber powder and petroleum resin. And the storage stability, temperature sensitivity, high temperature rheological properties, rutting resistance and viscosity of the composite modified asphalts were investigated. The results showed that the optimum mass fractions of SBS, waste tire rubber powder and petroleum resin in the composite modified asphalt were 4.5%, 14.0% and 4.5%, respectively. Petroleum resin/SBS/waste tire rubber powder compound modified asphalt had better storage stability, temperature sensitivity and rutting resistance.

Climate projection requires an accurate understanding for soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition and its response to warming. An emergent view considers that environmental constraints rather than chemical structure alone control SOC turnover and its temperature sensitivity (i.e., Q10), but direct long‐term evidence is lacking. Here, using compound‐specific radiocarbon analysis of soil profiles along a 3300‐km grassland transect, we provide direct evidence for the rapid turnover of lignin‐derived phenols compared with slower‐cycling molecular components of SOC (i.e., long‐chain lipids and black carbon). Furthermore, in contrast to the slow‐cycling components whose turnover is strongly modulated by mineral association and exhibits low Q10, lignin turnover is mainly regulated by temperature and has a high Q10. Such contrasts resemble those between fast‐cycling (i.e., light) and mineral‐associated slow‐cycling fractions from globally distributed soils. Collectively, our results suggest that warming may greatly accelerate the decomposition of lignin, especially in soils with relatively weak mineral associations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

1. Temperature is considered to affect the activity of drug-metabolizing enzymes; however, no previous studies have compared temperature dependency among cytochrome P450 genetic variants. This study aimed to analyse warfarin 7-hydroxylation by CYP2C9 variants; omeprazole 5-hydroxylation by CYP2C19 variants; and midazolam 1-hydroxylation by CYP3A4 variants at 34 °C, 37 °C, and 40 °C. 2. Compared with that seen at 37 °C, the intrinsic clearance rates (Vmax/Km) of CYP2C9.1 and.2 were decreased (76 ∼ 82%), while that of CYP2C9.3 was unchanged at 34 °C. At 40 °C, CYP2C9.1,.2, and.3 exhibited increased (121%), unchanged and decreased (87%) intrinsic clearance rates, respectively. At 34 °C, the clearance rates of CYP2C19.1A and.10 were decreased (71 ∼ 86%), that of CYP2C19.1B was unchanged, and those of CYP2C19.8 and.23 were increased (130 ∼ 134%). At 40 °C, the clearance rates of CYP2C19.1A,.1B,.10, and.23 remained unaffected, while that of CYP2C19.8 was decreased (74%). At 34 °C, the clearance rates of CYP3A4.1 and.16 were decreased (79 ∼ 84%), those of CYP3A4.2 and.7 were unchanged, and that of CYP3A4.18 was slightly increased (112%). At 40 °C, the clearance rate of CYP3A4.1 remained unaffected, while those of CYP3A4.2,.7,.16, and.18 were decreased (58 ∼ 82%). 3. These findings may be clinically useful for dose optimisation in patients with hypothermia or hyperthermia. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Plant litter decomposition plays a crucial role in the flow of nutrients and energy in ecosystems. However, the mechanism of bacterial communities regulating litter decomposition under climate warming in temperate wetlands remains largely unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the influences of temperature on decomposition and the bacterial regulatory mechanism under climate warming in temperate wetlands. In this study, we conducted a 1.5-year litter decomposition warming experiment using dominant plant species in the temperate lake wetlands of the North China Plain. Our results showed that the decomposition rate (K) had a significant positive correlation with temperature, and the non-additive effects of litter decomposition could be clearly observed in the mixtures of Phragmites australis and Typha angustata, especially under warming conditions. Among the three types of litter, Phragmites australis had the highest temperature sensitivity (2.75), which meant that it would be most affected by climate change in the future. The concentrations of C and N showed a significant positive correlation with the decomposition rate and were mainly driven by Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, while the concentration of lignin and the lignin:N ratio had a highly significant negative correlation with the decomposition rate and were mainly driven by Bacteroidota and Actinobacteriota. Furthermore, the bacterial cooccurrence network revealed that the abundance of Firmicutes and Desulfobacterota increased significantly, and positive edges accounted for 67.81% ~ 71.14% under warming conditions. The bacterial networks of litter decomposition were mainly composed of symbiotic relationships, and warming was helpful for improving the positive correlations and symbiotic relationships of bacterial flora and sped up the litter decomposition process. These results will be helpful to further understand the mechanism of bacterial communities regulating litter decomposition under climate warming in temperate wetland ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Soil respiration is an important component of the global carbon cycle and is highly responsive to disturbances in the environment. Human impacts on the terrestrial ecosystem lead to changes in the environmental conditions, and following this, changes in soil respiration. Predicting soil respiration and its changes under future climatic and land-use conditions requires a clear understanding of the processes involved. The observation of CO2 fluxes was conducted at an urban grassland, where plants were removed and respiration from bare soil was measured. Nine soil respiration models were applied to describe the temperature dependence of heterotrophic soil respiration. Modified models were suggested, including a linear relationship of the temperature sensitivity and base respiration coefficients with soil temperature at various depths. We demonstrate that modification improves the simulated soil respiration. The exponential and logistic models with linear dependences on the model parameters from the soil temperatures were the best models describing soil respiration fluxes. Variability of the apparent temperature sensitivity coefficient (Q10) was demonstrated, depending on the model used. The Q10 value can be extremely high and does not reflect the actual relationships between soil respiration and temperature. Our findings have important implications for better understanding and accurately assessing the carbon cycling characteristics of terrestrial ecosystems in response to climate change in a temporal perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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This article describes a photonic crystal fiber (PCF) temperature sensor that utilizes a flat, metal-coated trapezoidal surface. The PCF is made up of two layers of elliptical air holes and a polished trapezoidal surface that allows temperature sensing. An external sensing approach is used to deposit a thin silver layer on the reflective surface, while a thin SiO2 film acts as an oxidation-resistant coating. The top elliptical air hole serves as the interface for energy transformation from the core-guided mode to the surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) mode. Simulations carried out using the finite element method indicate that the proposed SPR-PCF temperature sensor can achieve a maximum temperature sensitivity and resolution of up to 5200 pm/°C and 0.01923 °C, respectively, across a temperature range of 10 to 60 °C. This research has significant potential for sensor design and real-time temperature remote sensing applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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