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The genus Ceracris Walker, 1870 is a median genus in Arcypteridae, which contains 23 species in the world, among them 11 species distributed in China [Walker, 1870; Bolivar, 1914; Uvarov, 1931; Zheng, 1977; Liu, 1981; Zheng, 1983; Yin, 1984; Liang, 1988; Wang, 1992; Liu et Li, 1995; Ou et al, 1995; Yin et al, 1996; Zheng et Xia, 1998; Zhang et al, 2017; Feng et al, 2018; Cigliano, 2018]. A new species of the genus from Hainan, China is described in this paper. The new species i.e. Ceracris amplicornis sp. nov. is similar to Ceracris versicolor (Brunner von Wattenwyl, 1893), but differs from latter by antennae short, length of a segment in the middle 2.9 times its width; lateral carinae of pronotum not intact and indistinct in metazona; median area of tegmen without intercalary vein; bridge of epiphallus straight and tegmen of female short, reaching the end of hind femur only. Type specimens are deposited in the Natural Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China.

The Bahama endemic field cricket, Gryllus bryanti Morse, 1905, previously known from only the lost female holotype, is redescribed, including designation of a neotype. Known only from Andros and Eleuthera Islands in The Bahamas, where it occurs with G. assimilis, it can be separated from the latter by song, tegmen file characteristics, head wider than pronotum, and genetics.

Pseudoamycle polylepisae gen. et sp. nov. is described from northernmost Chile (Arica and Parinacota Region). It is characterized by the small and brown body, head with no preocular flange, cephalic process porrect and dorsoventrally compressed, dorsal surface from lateral view not angulate at level of eyes, eyes round, tegmina concolorous and vein MP of tegmen pectinate. The new taxon was found to be associated with Polyepis rugulosa Bitter (Rosaceae).

An important function of song production by male crickets is to attract conspecific females. These sound signals can be used to infer species boundaries as they can provide indirect evidence for reproductive isolation. However, many studies of orthopteran diversity in South-east Asia are based mainly on morphology and only occasionally acoustics. As such, there is a lack of information on how acoustic data can be congruent with morphological data when used to delineate species. Crickets of the genus Gymnogryllus (Grylloidea, Gryllidae), are such an example. Gymnogryllus are relatively speciose, but their calling songs have not been studied. We collected specimens and calling songs of five Gymnogryllus species from South-east Asia. The acoustic parameters of the calls, along with male tegminal venation and morphology genitalia, were compared. All data types showed congruency in distinguishing G. sylvestris and G. leucostictus from each other and from the other species. Inferring species boundaries for G. angustus, G. malayanus, and G. unexpectus using acoustics and tegminal morphometry proves to be more challenging. While acoustics, tegminal morphometry, and genital morphology are likely to be useful for inferring species of Gymnogryllus from different species groups, greater coverage of taxa is needed to resolve taxonomy of closely related Gymnogryllus.

A case of wing asymmetry based on the atrophy of right tegmen and hindwing is described for Chigallia simplex . This case is the first teratosis known for a Chilean cicadellid and one of the few cases described for Auchenorrhyncha. Resumen Se describe un caso de asimetria alar basado en la atrofia del tegmen y el ala posterior izquierda para Chigallia simplex , siendo el primer caso teratologico conocido para un cicadelido chileno y uno de los pocos casos descritos para Auchenorrhyncha.

The relationships among the Phlugiolopsis species are poorly understood. In this paper, three new subgenera are proposed and four new species are described from Yunnan, China. The microstructures of male stridulatory files are examined for selected species of Phlugiolopsis using scanning electron micrographs (SEM). Geometric morphometric study of the left tegmen for the genus Phlugiolopsis was carried out to demonstrate the effect of vicariance on species. Differences among species are minute, suggesting that the separation is recent. All examined specimens are deposited in the Museum of Hebei University (HBUM).

Objectives To analyse the ontogeny of the superior semicircular canal and tegmen tympani and determine if there are common embryological factors explaining both associated dehiscence. Methods We analysed 77 human embryological series aged between 6 weeks and newborn. Preparations were serially cut and stained with Masson's trichrome technique. Results The tegmental prolongation of tegmen tympani and superior semicircular canal originate from the same structure, the otic capsule, and have the same type of endochondral ossification; while the extension of the squamous prolongation of tegmen tympani runs from the temporal squama and ossification is directly of intramembranous type. The nuclei of ossification of the superior and external semicircular canals and accessory of tegmen collaborate in the ossification of the tegmental extension and by growth extend to the tegmental prolongation. This fact plus the fact that both structures share a common layer of external periosteum could explain the coexistence of lack of bone coverage in tegmen and superior semicircular canal. Conclusion The development of the semicircular canal and tegmen tympani could explain the causes of the association of both dehiscences.

The adoral surface of a crinoid theca has traditionally been called the tegmen, despite a wide range of morphologies; and, unfortunately, this has obscured the potential to recognize homologies between blastozoans and crinoids. With present recognition of these homologies, the constructional morphology of crinoid oral regions is explored, herein. Two major types of oral regions exist among crinoids: (1) an oral surface with the mouth exposed; and (2) a tegmen, in a restricted definition, with the mouth covered beneath solid plating. A tegmen is constructed by exaptation of oral surface plating and, commonly, other thecal plating. A pseudo-tegmen is an exaptation of aboral cup plates (i.e., radial plates). Tegmens or pseudo-tegmens evolved in all major crinoid clades at least once as an exaptation of oral surface plating. Tegmens evolved iteratively both between and within clades. In some cases, tegmen plates can be homologized with oral surface plates, but in other cases this is not apparent. Examples of tegmens that evolved many times include tegmens with an appearance of oral surface plates cemented in place; tegmens with fixed ambulacral cover plates and primary peristomial cover plates disproportionately enlarged; tegmens composed exclusively, or nearly so, of greatly enlarged primary peristomial cover plates; tegmens with tessellate plating but presumably with some flexibility; and tegmens constructed of innumerable undifferentiated plates. Most tegmens have all ambulacral cover plates fixed; but in some instances, the abaxial ambulacral cover plates remain moveable. Additionally, some lineages that possessed a tegmen evolved an oral surface secondarily, likely as an atavism. Based on this restricted definition of a tegmen, the hemicosmitid blastozoanCaryocrinitesalso evolved a tegmen. As known, tegmens dominated among camerate crinoids; and oral surfaces were more common among cladids, hybocrinids, disparids, flexibles, and articulates. However, oral surfaces evolved in some camerate lineages; tegmens evolved in some cladid, disparid, and articulate lineages; and pseudo-tegmens evolved in some flexible and articulate lineages.The iterative evolution of tegmens in crinoids and blastozoans is thought to be an adaptive response to cover the mouth and proximal ambulacra to protect this portion of the digestive tract from predation, scavenging, parasites, and disease causing agents.

Structural aspects of the seeds of Serjania communis Camb. and Urvillea ulmacea Kunth were described aiming to increase the knowledge about these organs in Sapindaceae. Ovules and seeds were collected at different stages of development and morphological and anatomical studies were performed according to standard techniques. Ovules are anatropous, tending or bowing to campilotropous, bitegmic, and pachychalazal; they also develop a pachychalazal, bitegmic, exotestal, and exalbuminous seed. Seeds are small, lenticular in S. communis and ellipsoid in U. ulmacea, and become campilotropous by means of the development of an invagination originating from the meristematic activity on the rapheal region. The exotesta consists of macrosclereids arranged in palisades. The other layers of the testa and the tegmen collapse up. In U. ulmacea, a cordiform aril is observed in the funicle and, as registered in the literature, it is similar to that found in Serjania inflata Poepp. & Endl. In other Serjania species there is no aril, but these two genera are considered phylogenetically close by many authors. Seed development in the studied species is similar and resembles other species of Paullinieae. Our results associated with those found in the literature seem to reinforce the transitional character of seed structures associated with fruit type in the tribe, as the reduction or absence of aril in indehiscent fruit of Serjania. However, seed ontogenetic studies must be extended to more species so as to allow reliable mapping of a larger number of characteristics of seeds on tribe phylogenies.

The extinct froghopper family Sinoalidae is the most diverse amongst the infraorder Cicadomorpha at generic level in the mid-Cretaceous amber of northern Myanmar. Here we describe and illustrate a new species of Sinoalidae, Jiaotouia burmitica sp. nov. from Burmese amber, representing the second species of Jiaotouia Chen and Wang, 2019, adding new information on morphological diversity of this genus. The new taxon can be distinguished from the type species by its narrowed anteclypeus, antenna with flagellomere 1 and apical tarsomere of metatarsus elongate, tegmen in having the cross vein mp-cua well-developed rather than replaced with anastomosis. Jiaotouia is emended and provided detailed morphological characters of J. minuta on the basis of two well-persevered specimens from Burmese amber, and the intra-specific variation of J. minuta is discussed.

A new planthopper family Katlasidae fam. nov. is described based on a well-preserved specimen from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber (Burmese amber). It is characterized by vertex separated from frons with two parallel, transverse carinae; antenna with pedicel densely covered with sensory lentiform flattened plaque organs; pronotum with elevated disc, complete median carina and incomplete lateral carinae; mesonotum in shape of transverse lozenge, without median and lateral carinae; tegmen widened at membrane and with dense venation on it, costal area absent, stigma area without sclerotization or veinlets, clavus closed, terminals of MP multiplied, transverse veinlets not regular, not forming distinct rows; hind wing veinlets scarce, two transverse veinlets rp-mp; male pygofer elongate, tubular, ventrally carinate, genital styles exposed beyond ventral margin of pygofer. Only one genus and species Katlasus xiai gen. et sp. nov. has been discovered. The new family's morphological combination of characters reach beyond the known disparity of the Fulgoroidea. Important morphological characters of new taxa as antennal plaque organs, head and thorax structures, tegmen and wing structure and venation, and terminalia, as well as relationships of Katlasidae fam. nov. with other Fulgoroidea are discussed. Environmental changes, palaeoclimatic and palaeogeographical factors influencing diversification and evolutionary processes of planthoppers during the period of formation of modern faunistic complexes at mid-Cretaceous biotic re-organization times and documented in Kachin amber biota are discussed.

A new genus and species of planthopper, Lanlakawa changdaensis gen. et sp. nov., is described based on a well-preserved specimen from mid-Cretaceous Kachin (Burmese) amber. This is the ninth genus of the extinct family Perforissidae and the sixth genus of the subfamily Cixitettiginae. The new genus mainly differs from the five previously described genera in tegmen venation and the number of teeth in tibial pectens. Previous researches of sensory pits and wing-coupling apparatus are briefly reviewed.

The eleventh species of Mimarachnidae and the second species of Burmissusis is herein described from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber. Burmissus szwedoi sp. nov. can be distinguished from the type species Burmissus raunoi Shcherbakov, 2017 by the number of carinae of the mesonotum, tegmen pattern and different broadest portion of the tegmen. Diagnostic features of the genus Burmissus are reviewed. The phylogeny of Mimarachnidae is discussed.

Cretaperiplaneta kaonashi Qiu, Che et Wang, gen. et sp. nov. (Blattodea: Blattidae) is described from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber. This new cockroach resembles the extant genus Periplaneta, with wide apart eyes, smooth pronotum that wider than long, complex venation in tegmina, long but sparse spines on hind margins of femora, tarsomeres with spines, symmetrical tarsal claws, and long, tapered and segmented cerci. However, it is remarkable for its long pubescence on the pronotum and tegmina and the small branches on ScP of tegmen. The taxonomic placements of the previous five Blattidae species found in amber (Balatronis cretacea Smidova et Lei, Balatronis libanensis Sendi et Azar, Spinka fussa Vrsanský, Smidova et Barna, Bimodala ohmkuhnlei Smidova, and Anenev asrev Vrsanský, Oružinský, Sendi, Choufani, El-Halabi et Azar) are reconsidered. Spinka fussa and Bimodala ohmkuhnlei are moved to the family Corydiidae; the remaining three are family unsettled species due to their limited taxonomic information.

A new fossil species, Stellularis sinuijuensis sp. nov. (Procercopidae) is described. New specimens were collected from the Lower Cretaceous nonmarine sedimentary strata from the Sinuiju Formation of DPRK. The remarkable new Procercopid distinctly differs from Stellularis longirostris Chen, Yao et Ren, 2015in having a tegmen with CuA1 3 times as long as CuA2, crossvein ir distal to crossvein r-m and crossvein m-cua at level of crossvein ir, and having a hind wing with apical margins lobate and CuP curved anteriorly, terminating at running to margin. The well preserved materials reveal fine details of the tegmen and hindwing.

OnysiusBroun, 1886, is transferred from the endemic New Zealand Chalcodryidae to Promecheilidae, reducing the number of genera of the former to two (Chalcodrya and Philpottia). Onysius shares several adult characters with Promecheilidae, including the abdominal ventrites 3 and 4 not connate and the tegmen subdivided into a basale and apicale (larvae are unknown). A key to the world genera of Promecheilidae is included.

The genus Ceracris Walker, 1870 is a median genus in Arcypteridae, which contains 23 species in the world, among them 10 species distributed in China [Walker, 1870; Bolivar, 1914; Uvarov, 1931; Zheng, 1977; Liu, 1981; Zheng, 1983; Yin, 1984; Liang, 1988; Wang, 1992; Liu et Li, 1995; Ou et al, 1995; Yin et al, 1996; Zheng et Xia, 1998; Zhang et al, 2017; Cigliano, 2018]. A new species of the genus i.e. Ceracris jianfenglingensis sp. nov. is described from Hainan, China in this paper. The new species is similar to Ceracris n. nigrocornis Walker, 1870, but differs from latter by antennae wider, length of middle segment 3.4 times of its width; lateral carinae of pronotum almost parallel; length of interspace 1.2 times minimum width in mesosternum of male; cubital area of tegmen without intercalary vein in male; epiphallus with straight bridge and tegmen of female shorter, reaching the end of hind femur only. Type specimens are deposited in the Natural Museum of Hebei University, Baoding, Hebei, China.

The first part of the paper includes an overview of genus Aplocnemus and a discussion of the related subgenera; as a result one of them is placed in synonymy: Holcopleura Schilsky, 1894 = Aplocnemus (Aplocnemus) Stephens, 1830. The second part deals with the 16 Aplocnemus species found to live in Greece. Out of these, 9 are fully discussed, with descriptions and drawings of dissected structures (median lobe, tegmen, last sternite). The remaining 7 have been already – and rather recently – considered and illustrated in previous papers: for them only new taxonomic and/or distributional information are herewith supplied. One new taxon is described: Aplocnemus henrici sp. n from northern Greece and Bulgaria. 9 new synonymies, at species level, are proposed: A. macedonicus Pic, 1922 = A. (Aplocnemus) basalis (Küster, 1849); A. pristocerus Kiesenwetter, 1859 = A. (Aplocnemus) caelatus (Brullé, 1832); A. brevissimus Pic, 1908 = A. (Aplocnemus) quercicola Mulsant and Rey, 1968; A. kiesenwetteri Schilsky, 1897 = A. (Aplocnemus) rufipes Miller, 1862; A. turcicus Schilsky, 1897 = A. (Aplocnemus) reitteri Schilsky, 1894; A. cribripennis Pic, 1921 = A. (Aplocnemus) serratus (Brullé, 1832); A. latior Pic, 1908, A. thessalicus Pic, 1908 and A. atricornis Pic, 1921 = A. (Diplambe) abietum Kiesenwetter, 1859.

Here we describe two new genera and two new species of the extinct froghopper family Sinoalidae, Paraornatiala daidaleos gen. et sp. nov., and Ctetosinoala tetraspina gen. et sp. nov., from the mid-Cretaceous amber of Myanmar. Cretosinoala resembles Sinoala from the Middle–Upper Jurassic (ca. 165 Ma) Daohugou beds (Yanliao biota, China) based on its wing venation. Paraornatiala shares several characters with Ornatiala and Jiaotouia but provides two peculiar features that are unknown in Sinoalidae: apex of metafemur armed with a distal spine, and vein RA of tegmen single-branched. Additionally, our discovery increases the documented palaeodiversity of sinoalids, confirming the high morphological disparity of Sinoalidae in mid-Cretaceous.

A New record of sap feeding beetles, Nitidulida flavomaculata Rossi,1790 as an important insect species in the field of entomology was described in Iraq. The species was collected from the animal corpses Carrion during the period of November 2015 until May 2016. The taxon is easily distinguishable, where the mandibles are bidenticles. The lacinia membranous with high density of yellow setose. 3th segment of labial palps elongated oval ,1.1 times as long as the 2nd . 4th segment of maxillary palps is elongated oval ,1.2 times as long as the 2nd segment. Antenna is capitate, 9th segment inverted flask shaped 1.2 as long as the 10th . Pronotum dark brown, yellow laterally. Tegmen extended and ellyptical, anterior part wide at posterior ,apical margin of median lobe broad, V-shaped . Aedegalapophysis long, tubular, 1.7 times as long as the tegmen. The important taxonomic parts have been photographed. Localities and date of the collection have been mentioned

A new species of genus Thoradonta subtruncata sp. nov. is described from Korba, Chhattisgarh, India. A brief comparison with the reference collection Thoradonta spiculoba Hancock, 1912 present in National Zoological Collection identified by Prof. K. K. Günther. The new species Thoradonta subtruncata sp. nov. is similar to Thoradonta spiculoba Hancock, 1912, but differs from latter by median carina of vertex distinct and elevated, facial carinae slightly sinuated between antennae, scutellum moderate near median ocellus, tegmen elongate, more punctuate, narrow in middle, apex subtruncate and pulvilli III distinctly longer than length of I and II pulvilli.

To evaluate for temporal bone abnormalities that might affect transmastoid surgery such as cochlear implantation in cases of branchio-oto-renal syndrome (BOR).Retrospective review.Qualitative assessment of temporal bone computed tomography imaging was performed by a neuroradiologist for 30 individuals with BOR (60 ears) and 20 controls with normal hearing (20 ears). Transmastoid access was assessed categorically across 4 features: tip development, cortex pneumatization, tegmen height, and facial recess pneumatization. The appearance of 4 standard landmarks (Koerner's septum, antrum, prominence of the horizontal semicircular canal, incudal short process) was also dichotomized as normal or abnormal. Data were compared using Fisher's exact testing.Mastoid height differed between the groups with tip underdevelopment noted in 72% of BOR ears vs. 40% of controls (p = 0.02), and a low tegmen was seen in 68% of BOR ears and 25% of controls (p 0.01). Significant differences in pneumatization were also found for the mastoid cortex (28% non-pneumatized in BOR vs. 5% in controls; p = 0.03) and the facial recess (27% non-pneumatized in BOR vs. 0% in controls; p = 0.01). Standard landmarks were easily identified in all of the control mastoids. In the BOR group, Koerner's septum was abnormally located or absent in 45%, and the antrum was severely hypoplastic or absent in 50%. Similarly, the prominence of the horizontal semicircular canal and the short process of the incus were dysplastic in 73% (44/60) and 62% (37/60), respectively.Mastoid abnormalities are common in BOR syndrome. Restricted transmastoid access and abnormal or absent mastoid landmarks should be anticipated in those patients with BOR who become cochlear implant candidates.4.

Statoliths of 61 Recent species representing all subfamilies of Mysidae were studied with special emphasis on internal structure. In addition 5 samples of fossil statoliths from Miocene deposits were examined. Species of Boreomysinae and Rhopalophthalminae show simple roughly spherical organic statoliths, with setae originating from the sensory cushion and anchored in the statolith with distal branches extending shortly below the surface. All other subfamilies possess mineralized statoliths of greater structural complexity, with differentiation in core and mantle, where each part may consist of up to three layers. Habitus is hemispherical to discoidal. External gross structures are dorsal tegmen, ventral fundus, and the ambitus forming the outer toroidal to semi-toroidal circumference. Setae penetrate the mantle through mineralic canals and insert on the surface of the core. As suggested by congeneric species of Schistomysis, there is no principal structural difference between statoliths mineralized with fluorite compared to vaterite. However, vaterite statoliths tend to be more often of moruloid appearance and are exceptional by showing a central conical hole (the hilum) or a central cavity in certain forms. These structures are typical of fossil calcite statoliths. In vaterite and fluorite statoliths, the mantle shows radially arranged (= spherulitic) crystal aggregates. Such arrangements are badly preserved in fossil calcite statoliths. In large extant statoliths, concentric structures, mainly in the form of superficial striation and/or concentric microstrata, are visible in coexistence with radial aggregates. Stratification is possibly due to stratified deposition of the nonmineralized gland product, while the spherulitic structure is indicative of subsequent radial growth of crystal aggregates. The structure of accessory fluorite statoliths in the statocyst of Mesopodopsis slabberi leads to the hypothesis that mantle material is formed by secretions of the caudal statocyst gland. After demineralization of fluorite, vaterite and calcite statoliths, an organic template remains showing most essential morphological features of the statolith. From this we conclude that the structure of the statolith is (almost) entirely matrix mediated. © 1993 Wiley-Liss, Inc.

Cis renominatus Sandoval-Gómez, Lopes-Andrade & Lawrence, 2014, and Paratrichapus javanus (Pic, 1937) were originally described in the genus Xylographus Mellié, 1847. Their original descriptions are anecdotal and do not provide information on the morphology of male abdominal terminalia, which is essential for accurate identification of ciid beetles. Our aim is to redescribe C. renominatus and P. javanus based on careful examination of lectotypes and paralectotypes, and also on additional specimens of C. renominatus identified by us. The most remarkable feature of C. renominatus is the morphology of male genitalia, with penis about twice as long as tegmen, very slender, subparallel-sided, with apex hook-shaped and base spatula-shaped. Paratrichapus javanus is the largest species of the genus (length at least 3.50 mm) and is characterized by its very expanded and rounded metatibiae that bear about 25 spines, and by the anterocephalic edge of males bearing two tubercles with two tufts of bristles between them.

This study evaluates the relationship between shape and size of tegmen, harp, mirror, and spectral range of calling song frequency of a Neotropical cricket subpopulation (Lerneca inalata beripocone. In addition, we compare intraspecific morphological divergence and calling song properties between individuals from different sites of the Pantanal of Poconé, Mato Grosso, Brazil. Regression analysis showed that the dominant and maximum calling song frequencies were negatively correlated with tegmen size, i.e. frequencies are either lower or higher depending on the corresponding size variation in resonance structures of the forewings. Canonical variable analysis demonstrated marked intraspecific differences in morphometric characters between localities of a L. inalata subpopulation c. 35 km apart (SESC-Pantanal Advanced Research Base and Pouso Alegre Farm, Mato Grosso, Brazil). Lerneca inalata beripocone at SESC had larger forewings than conspecifics from Pouso Alegre Farm. These morphological variations of wing properties related to reproductive behaviours were interpreted as fitness parameters, likely shaped by restricted gene flow during temporal habitat isolation episodes. Such isolation patterns occur in the Pantanal wetlands for several months during the annual hydrological cycle.

The temporal bone is a complex anatomical structure and so preoperatively computed tomography (CT) of the temporal bone is important for choice of the surgical procedure. In this study, evaluation of the surgical difficulty to conduct transmastoid atticotomy with the coronary cut of CT temporal bone. Additional, attic pathology intraoperative is evaluated. The current research is a retrospective study of 79 patients with chronic suppurative otitis media (safe type) with the preoperative opacity of the attic in CT temporal bone. The researcher correlates difficulty to do transmastoid attictomy with the distance in mm between the roof of external audiatory canal (EAC) and tegmen with ruler directly in the coronary cut of CT temporal bone at the the level of internal auditory canal (IAC). The researcher also compares attic pathology intraoperative with preoperative CT attic opacity. In group of surgically difficulty average distance between the superior wall of EAC and tegmen on preoperative CT at the level of IAC is 2–5 mm while distance in easily surgical approach is from 6 to 10 mm. 68.4%(54/79) of cases had pathology in attic in the form of granulation tissue in 50 cases and glue in 4 cases. Preoperative CT temporal bone is very important to detect atticotomy approach either transmastoid or transcanal, through measuring the distance in mm between the roof of EAC and tegmen with ruler directly in the coronal cut of CT temporal bone at the level of internal auditory canal. The opacity of the attic in Preoperative CT does not mean that there is a pathology in the attic.

Sapium sebiferum, a highly ornamental and bioenergy plant, is propagated by seed. Its seed coat contains germination inhibitors and needs long time stratification for germination. In this experiment, we discovered that S. Sebiferum seed coat (especially tegmen) and endospermic cap contained high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs). Seed coat and endospermic cap removal induced seed germination whereas exogenous application with seed coat extract (SCE) or PAs significantly inhibited this process, suggesting that PAs in the seed coat played a major role in regulating seed germination in S. sebiferum. We further investigated how seed coat extract affected the expression of the seed germination-related genes. The results showed that SCE treatment upregulated the transcription level of the dormancy-related gene, abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signalling genes and gibberellins (GA) suppressing genes. SCE decreased the transcript levels of ABA catabolic, GA biosynthesis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nitrates signalling genes. Exogenous application of nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA), gibberellic acid (GA3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) recovered seed germination in SCE supplemented medium. In this experiment, we highlighted the role of PAs, and its interactions with the other germination regulators, in the regulation of seed dormancy in S. Sebiferum.

Sapium sebiferum, an ornamental and bio-energetic plant, is propagated by seed. Its seed coat contains germination inhibitors and takes a long time to stratify for germination. In this study, we discovered that the S. sebiferum seed coat (especially the tegmen) and endospermic cap (ESC) contained high levels of proanthocyanidins (PAs). Seed coat and ESC removal induced seed germination, whereas exogenous application with seed coat extract (SCE) or PAs significantly inhibited this process, suggesting that PAs in the seed coat played a major role in regulating seed germination in S. sebiferum. We further investigated how SCE affected the expression of the seed-germination-related genes. The results showed that treatment with SCE upregulated the transcription level of the dormancy-related gene, gibberellins (GAs) suppressing genes, abscisic acid (ABA) biosynthesis and signalling genes. SCE decreased the transcript levels of ABA catabolic genes, GAs biosynthesis genes, reactive oxygen species genes and nitrates-signalling genes. Exogenous application of nordihydroguaiaretic acid, gibberellic acid, hydrogen peroxide and potassium nitrate recovered seed germination in seed-coat-extract supplemented medium. In this study, we highlighted the role of PAs, and their interactions with the other germination regulators, in the regulation of seed dormancy in S. sebiferum.

The research history of the genus Apalacris is reviewed; a key to all known species of the genus is given, and one new species, Apalacris eminifronta n. sp., and one new combination, Apalacris maculifemura (Lin & Zheng), are described. The new species is very closely related to Apalacris antennata Liang, but differs in the following characters: (1) tegmen longer, reaching apex of hind femur; (2) basal part of inner side of hind femur orange red; (3) frontal ridge more protruded, obviously depressed under median ocellus in lateral view; and (4) epiphallus bridge prominent, ancora shorter than anterior projection.

Recent work suggests that Fusispermum Cuatrec. and Rinorea Aubl. form small clades that are sister to the rest of the Violaceae and that the Goupiaceae is sister to the Violaceae. However, little is known about the morphology and anatomy of these phylogenetically critical groups. In this paper I present aspects of the morphology and anatomy of stem, node, leaf, flower, and seed of three species of Fusispermum and seven species of Rinorea, as well as Goupia glabra Aubl. (Goupiaceae), which is the outgroup. Placing this variation in the context of hypothesized phylogenetic relationships, I found Fusispermum to have unique pentalacunar nodes, heterogeneous pith, and elongated seeds, while Goupia Aubl. has a unique 5-carpellate gynoecium with marginal styles and a tegmen with U-shaped thickenings. Furthermore, variation in androecium and nectary links the distinctive androecium so common in the Violaceae with more conventional structures found in other taxa of the parietal placentation group of Malpi...

Leptysma argentina Bruner, Trimerotropis pallidennis (Burmeister), and Cornops aquaticum Bruner are South-American grasshoppers (Orthoptera:Acrididae) whose chromosome polymorphisms were intensively studied. Leptysma argentina lives in central-east Argentina and in Uruguay and was polymorphic for a centric fusion whose presence is significantly correlated with a larger body size; this parameter was shown to be associated with sexual selection and longevity selection; this species exhibited a marked latitudinal Bergmann pattern. In contrast,Trimerotropis pallidipennis followed a converse altitudinal Bergmann cline; males from higher altitudes were significantly smaller. Thisspecies supported an extended polymorphism for several inversions, which are correlated intrapopulationally with larger body size. Finally,C. aquaticum showed an evident example of Bergmann s rule for tegmen length; this species was polymorphic for 3 centric fusions, whose frequency increased southward, as in L. argentina. One of the fusions was associated with increased body size. We noticed that in all cases the rearrangement that was related to body size increased in the direction in which this variable was adaptive, thus suggesting a possible involvement of chromosome polymorphism in body size selection. Leptysma argentina, Trimerotropis pallidipennis y Cornops aquaticum son saltamontes sudamericanos cuyos polimorfismos cromosómicos fueron intensamente estudiados. L. argentina vive en Argentina central-oriental y en Uruguay, y es polimórfica para una fusión céntrica cuya presencia está asociada significativamente con un mayor tamaño corporal; se ha demostrado que este pará- metro está asociado con la selección sexual y con selección para la longevidad; además, esta especie posee un patrón de Bergmann latitudinal marcado. En cambio, T. pallidipennis sigue una clina de Bergmann altitudinal inversa: los machos de latitudes más altas son significativamente más pequeños. Esta especie presenta un extendido polimorfismo para varias inversiones que están correlacionadas intrapoblacionalmente con un mayor tamaño corporal. Finalmente, C. aquaticum es un ejemplo evidente de regla de Bergmann para longitud de tegmina; esta especie es polimórfica para tres fusiones céntricas, cuya frecuencia se incrementa hacia el sur, como en L. argentina. Una de las fusiones está asociada con un mayor tamaño corporal. Notamos que en los tres casos el rearreglo relacionado con el aumento en la longitud total o de tegmina incrementa su frecuencia en la dirección en la que esta variable es adaptativa, sugiriendo por lo tanto un posible involucramiento de los polimorfismos cromosómicos en la selección del tamaño corporal. Fil: Colombo, Pablo Cesar. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Laboratorio de Genética de la Estructura Poblacional; Argentina Fil: Remis, Maria Isabel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Ecología, Genética y Evolución de Buenos Aires; Argentina. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Departamento de Ecología, Genética y Evolución. Laboratorio de Genética de la Estructura Poblacional; Argentina

The Procercopidae is the most ancient family of the Cercopoidea and is known to be low in diversity. Herein, a new genus and species of Procercopidae, Titanocercopis borealis Chen, Zhang & Wang, is erected from the Middle Jurassic of Daohugou of Inner Mongolia, China. The venation patterns show considerable intra-specific or even intra-individual variation in specimens involved in this study, suggesting that the flight ability of these primitive cercopoids might be not very strong. The new genus differs from other known genera by the following combination of morphological characters: body and tegmen large; tegmen with clavus long and narrow; apical margin rounded; vein M bifurcating basal of or almost at the same level of vein CuA bifurcation; stem ScP+R short, nearly straight, and branching into veins ScP+RA and RP near basal 1/3 wing length.

Bone paté is used to repair cranial bone defects. This material contains bone-dust collected during the high-speed burring of the cranium. Clinical and experimental studies of bone dust, however, have shown that it does not have biological activity and is resorbed. We describe the use of bone paté using particulate bone graft. Particulate graft is harvested with a hand-driven brace and 16mm bit; it is not subjected to thermal injury and its large size resists resorption. Bone paté containing particulate graft is much more likely than bone dust to contain viable osteoblasts capable of producing new bone.

OBJECTIVES To describe the use of a piezosurgery medical device to perform a craniotomy and produce a split calvarial graft for the repair of middle cranial fossa meningoencephaloceles. STUDY DESIGN Retrospective case review. SETTING Tertiary referral hospital. PATIENTS Ten consecutive patients undergoing middle cranial fossa approach for the repair of meningoencephaloceles. INTERVENTION Therapeutic. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Intraoperative and postoperative complications, success rate as defined by the ability to fashion a split calvarial graft that achieves complete closure of the tegmen defect. As a secondary outcome measure, evidence of integration of the split calvarial bone graft with the adjacent skull base was assessed. RESULTS There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications. An appropriately sized calvarial bone graft was produced, and complete closure of the tegmen defect was achieved in all 10 cases. Computed tomography demonstrated evidence of integration of the bone graft in eight cases between 4 and 9 months after surgery. CONCLUSION The piezosurgery medical device provides a safe and effective means by which the middle fossa craniotomy and split calvarial bone graft can be produced to repair defects of the middle fossa tegmen, with integration of the bone graft in the majority of cases.

Crinoids were relatively unaffected by the end-Devonian Hangenberg mass extinction event. Major clades of Devonian durophagous fishes suffered significant extinctions, however, and the dominant surviving clades were biting or nipping predators. In part as a response to the Hangenberg event, early Mississippian crinoids underwent an adaptive radiation, while fish clades with a shell-crushing durophagous strategy diversified. Durophagous predators are inferred to have been more effective predators on camerate crinoids; and it is hypothesized, following the predictions of escalation, that through the early Mississippian, camerate crinoids evolved more effective anti-predatory strategies in response. We test this hypothesis of escalation by examining the changes in spinosity and plate convexity among camerate crinoids throughout this interval. A new method was formulated to test for an increase in convexity of the tegmen plates. Traits inAgaricocrinus,Aorocrinus, andDorycrinus(Family Coelocrinidae) were tested for congruence to the escalation hypothesis, and results were mixed. Convexity of tegmen plates inAgaricocrinus, spine length/calyx diameter inAorocrinus, calyx size inAorocrinus, central spine length inDorycrinus, and spine width inDorycrinusdid not have size increase trends supporting escalation. Rather than an increase in convexity, the variance of convexity inAgaricocrinustegmen plates narrowed, which could reflect an optimum. Alternatively, morphological change consistent with the escalation hypothesis occurred in calyx size ofAgaricocrinusand in lateral spine length and calyx size inDorycrinus. Furthermore, central and lateral spine length, parameters of the spine width, and size trends support escalation whenAorocrinusandDorycrinusare treated as a lineage. Thus, inferred escalation acted on traits differently within a single lineage and was relevant for both speciation and the diversification of a new genus.

The flightless Agraeciini genus Afroanthracites, a genus restricted to East Africa, is reviewed and two new species are described. Exemplary for the genus Afroanthracites, the ecological niche of Afroanthracites montium from Mt Kilimanjaro is defined. A. montium occupies habitats in humid and perhumid conditions and thus shows a broad altitudinal range (1250–2700 m). Concerning the acoustic communication, it is remarkable that within the micropterous genus a trend to low carrier frequencies is observed combined with the evolution of larger stridulatory organs (mirror; resonating part of tegmen). This trend starts with species using the same ultrasonic frequencies as a brachypterous out-group and ends with species presenting clearly audible songs. Cytogenetic data are given for five Afroanthracites and one Afroagraecia species. Differences in chromosome numbers Afroanthracites 2n = 29 and Afroagraecia 2n = 27 as well as a number of major rDNA clusters (one and two, respectively) are probably useful markers to separate both genera. It is discussed whether the African species evolved from a species with a presumably derived karyotype (e.g. 27 or 29 chromosomes) or if the proposed reduction of chromosome number occurred independently in Africa, Asia and Australia. The data set suggests that the African Agraeciini is of monophyletic origin, with a common ancestor of Afroagraecia and Afroanthracites in Africa. The Afroanthracites species can be divided into three groups on base of their morphology and colour pattern. Species of adjacent areas are morphologically sister groups. The most derived forms as seen in their morphology and acoustics are found in the West Usambara Mountains, part of the geologically old Eastern Arc Mountains.

(1) To describe a validated algorithm for measuring tegmen thickness on computed tomography scans. (2) To compare the tegmen thickness in 3 groups: patients with spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks, obese controls, and nonobese controls.Retrospective review.Patients with spontaneous CSF otorrhea often have highly attenuated tegmen plates. This is associated with obesity and/or idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). No evidence exists, however, that objectively links obesity and/or IIH with skull base attenuation.This was a retrospective review from 2004 to the present. Patients with spontaneous CSF otorrhea and matched obese (body mass index [BMI]30 kg/m(2)) and nonobese (BMI30 kg/m(2)) controls were selected. Tegmen thickness was measured radiographically. Interrater validity was assessed.Ninety-eight patients were measured: 37 in the CSF group (BMI, 36.6 kg/m(2)), 30 in the obese group (BMI, 34.6 kg/m(2)), and 31 in the nonobese group (BMI, 24.2 kg/m(2)). The CSF group had a significantly thinner tegmen compared to both the obese control (P.01) and nonobese control (P = .0004) groups. Obese controls had a thinner tegmen than nonobese controls (P.00001). A significant inverse correlation was detected between skull base thickness and BMI. Signs/symptoms of IIH were most commonly found in the CSF group. Good to very good strength of agreement was detected for measures between raters.This is the first study to (1) quantify lateral skull base thickness and (2) significantly correlate obesity with lateral skull base attenuation. Patients who are obese with spontaneous CSF leaks have greater attenuation of their skull base than matched obese controls. This finding supports theories that an additional process, possibly congenital, has a pathoetiological role in skull base dehiscence.

OBJECTIVETemporal lobe encephaloceles and cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea from temporal bone defects that involve the tegmen tympani and mastoideum are generally repaired using middle fossa craniotomy, mastoidectomy, or combined approaches. Standard middle fossa craniotomy exposes patients to dural retraction, which can lead to postoperative neurological complications. Endoscopic and minimally invasive techniques have been used in other surgeries to minimize brain retraction, and so these methods were applied to repair the lateral skull base. The goal of this study was to determine if the use of endoscopic visualization through a middle fossa keyhole craniotomy could effectively repair tegmen defects.METHODSThe authors conducted a retrospective review of 6 cases of endoscope-assisted middle fossa repairs of tegmen dehiscences at a tertiary care medical center within an 18-month period.RESULTSAll cases were successfully treated using a keyhole craniotomy with endoscopic visualization and minimal retraction. Surgical times did not increase. There were no major postoperative complications, recurrences of encephaloceles, or cerebrospinal fluid otorrhea in these patients.CONCLUSIONSEndoscopic visualization allows for smaller incisions and craniotomies and less risk of brain retraction injury without compromising repair integrity during temporal encephalocele and tegmen repairs.

A new genus and species, Notonuphar antarctica, is described from the Eocene of Seymour (Marambio) Island, the Antarctic Peninsula and assigned to the Nymphaeales based on well-preserved seeds. This is the first record of a water lily from Antarctica and the first record of a Gondwanan plant with close link to the genus Nuphar (Nymphaeaceae), which is restricted today to the Northern Hemisphere. Critical features for systematic placement of Notonuphar are the presence of a germination cap with closely spaced hilar scar and micropyle, anatropous, bitegmic and exotestal seed organization, exotesta composed of one cell layer of high sclerenchymatic palisadeshape cells, mesotesta of smaller, low parenchymatic cells, a few cell layers deep, and a thin tegmen. The seeds of Notonuphar are particularly similar to seeds of extant and fossil Nuphar in the straight, unfolded anticlinal wall of the exotestal cells and the presence of a narrow zone of exotestal tissue between hilum and micropyle. Other seed features including the very tall exotestal cells and strongly thickened cell walls of exotesta also link Notonuphar to Brasenia and related fossil taxa (Cabombaceae). This character mosaic observed in Notonuphar corroborates the transitional position of Nuphar between Cabombaceae and Nymphaeaceae. Notonuphar is the only member of Nymphaeales recorded from Antarctica and so far the only fossil seeds of Nymphaeales known from the Southern Hemisphere. The discovery of this extinct Gondwanan taxon with features suggesting close relationship with extant Northern Hemisphere genus Nuphar is a further evidence for the relictual nature of the extant group., Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Museo

Caraguata Bechyne, 1954 (Galerucini, Galerucina) includes 38 species exclusively Neotropical, among them two sympatric species, C. atricornis (Clark, 1865) and C. guaporensis Bechyne, 1958. Given the lack of morphological studies in this group, we aimed to characterize the adult morphology of two species, providing descriptions, illustrations and comparisons of structures of the head, thorax, abdomen and genitalia. The external morphology includes the description of head, thorax, abdomen and its appendices; the internal morphology comprises endosternites, and male and female genitalia. Some similarities were observed, such as pubescence, mouth parts, apparent sexual dimorphism on ventrite V, spermatheca and vaginal palpi. The main diff erences are in (1) the body and antenna shape, (2) the antenna color pattern, (3) the depression of the pronotum, (4) the presence/absence of the tibial spur, (5) the form of the median lobe, (6) the tegmen and (7) the sternite VIII of the females. The morphological study of these species contributes to the knowledge of Galerucina, presenting important specifi c characteristics not employed until now. Thus, it can be a contribution for studies of comparative morphology, systematics and evolution of the group.KEYWORDS. Galerucina, Neotropical, Coelomerites, genitalia.

A taxonomic revision of the Mexican species of the genus Mastostethus Lacordaire is presented. Mastostethus perroudi Pic and M. quadrilineatus Guerin-Meneville were not included because of the lack of specimens. Mastostethus gracilis Rodriguez-Miron y M. gozioi Rodriguez-Miron are described as new species. We established 6 new synonyms and designated 4 lectotypes and 5 paralectotypes. Before this study, 22 species were recorded for Mexico; however, after the establishment of new synonymies and the description of new taxa, the current number of species recorded for Mexico is 19. Moreover, we updated data of geographic distribution and we illustrated for the first time the aedeagus for 14 species and the spermatheca for 11 species.

Only five species of the genus Tetraconcha Karsch, 1890 have been previously known; they inhabit tropical forests of central and western Africa. Generally, specimens belonging to this genus are scarcely represented in museum collections, probably due to the difficulty in finding them, but also for the fragility of their body and legs. During some recent expeditions in the Central African Republic and Ivory Coast it was possible to put together an abundant amount of specimens. This allowed the present author to revise the genus and to find valid characters to distinguish different species. On the whole, ten new species were discovered and the total number now amounts to fifteen species. Interestingly, in the Dzanga-N’Doki National Park (Central African Republic) seven sister species, previously unknown, live together with T. smaragdina; it was possible to separate them by the shape and number of teeth of the stridulatory file under the left tegmen, and later other taxonomical characters were provided. This may be considered a case of evolutionary radiation; that is, Tetraconcha species in the Dzanga-N’Doki National Park evolved traits that primarily linked to sound communication. This radiation very probably occurred randomly, possibly driven by genetic drift., This research received support from the Synthesys Project, which is financed by European Community Research Infrastructure Action under the FP7 “Capacities” Programme at the Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, Madrid (CSIC) (2013:ES-TAF-2438)

The paper describes a new genus of the Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Flatidae, Kirkamflata gen. nov., and a new species K. socotrana sp. nov. from the Hagher Mountains in central Socotra island (Yemen). Habitus, external morphology, male and female terminalia and internal genital structures of the new species are illustrated. The new genus is similar to Latois Stal, 1866 in head morphology, wing shape and venation, male and female terminalia but differs in a rudimentary median carina on pronotum and mesonotum, longer apical cells of tegmen and details of the male reproductive parts: style, periandrium, aedeagus, as well as female ones: gonapophysis VIII and diverticulum ductus.

Objectives To describe our departmental experience in the surgical repair of tegmen tympani defects using a combined transmastoid/minicraniotomic approach. Design Retrospective review of videos from surgery and patients' charts. Setting Tertiary university referral center. Participants Twenty-two patients who underwent surgical repair of tegmen defects associated with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leakage and/or meningocele/meningoencephalocele by a combined transmastoid/minicraniotomic approach. Main Outcome Measures A retrospective review of videos of surgery and charts of patients with tegmen tympani or tegmen antri defects and CSF leakage, temporal lobe encephalocele, and/or meningoencephalocele. Results All patients underwent the combined approach and had their defects closed, without significant intraoperative or postoperative complications. Conclusions Mastoidectomy with temporal minicraniotomy represents an effective approach in patients with tegmen tympani dehiscence; the advantages of this technique are the control of the floor of the middle cranial fossa and the possibility to reach bony defects located anteriorly without manipulation of the ossicular chain and temporal lobe. © 2014 Georg Thieme Verlag KG Stuttgart · New York.

The genusTimarchaseems unique among Chrysomelidae: Chrysomelinae by having plesiomorphic characters such as genitalia with a ring-like tegmen, covered with a setose parameral cap, together with apomorphic characters, including apterism and fused elytra. The distribution of this genus is also very peculiar: circum Mediterranean and northwestern American. Food selection also seems rather stict, comprising 8 families and 20 genera of plants. Two of the subgenera (MetallotimarchaandAmericanotimarcha) share one plant family, the Ericaceae. The plant family Rubiaceae is also shared between three subgenera:Timarcha,Timarchostoma andMetallotimarcha. Reflex bleeding among diurnal species, aposematism, thanatosis, stomatic regurgitation are means of defense against predators, but not against parasites and commensals. A very archaic genus, probably originating in early Mesozoic, with around 100 taxa, and 50 subspecies. Mutations remain very common in the group and new species are possibly still emerging.

Xyridaceae belongs to the xyrid clade of Poales, but the phylogenetic position of the xyrid families is only weakly supported. Xyridaceae is divided into two subfamilies and five genera, the relationships of which remain unclear. The development of the ovule, fruit and seed of Abolboda spp. was studied to identify characteristics of taxonomic and phylogenetic value. All of the studied species share anatropous, tenuinucellate and bitegmic ovules with a micropyle formed by the inner and outer integuments, megagametophyte development of the Polygonum type, seeds with a tanniferous hypostase, a helobial and starchy endosperm and an undifferentiated embryo, seed coat derived from both integuments with a tanniferous tegmen and a micropylar operculum, and fruits with a parenchymatous endocarp and mesocarp and a sclerenchymatous exocarp. Most of the ovule and seed characteristics described for Abolboda are also present in Xyris and may represent a pattern for the family. Abolboda is distinguished by the ovule type, endosperm formation and the number of layers in the seed coat, in agreement with its classification in Abolbodoideae. The following characteristics link Xyridaceae to Eriocaulaceae and Mayacaceae, supporting the xyrid clade: tenuinucellate, bitegmic ovules; seeds with a tanniferous hypostase, a starchy endosperm and an undifferentiated embryo; and a seed coat with a tanniferous tegmen. A micropylar operculum in the seeds of Abolboda is described for the first time here and may represent a synapomorphy for the xyrids. © 2014 The Linnean Society of London, Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 2014, 175, 144–154.

Arachnoid granulations (AGs) are villous structures that are formed during the development of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) system. Their function is to drain the CSF into the dural venous sinuses. A variable number of AGs do not reach a dural venous lumen and are aberrantly embedded in the skull bones, primarily in the tegmen tympani, tegmen mastoidea, petromastoid plate, occipital squama, cribriform plate, and greater wing of the sphenoid bone. It has been shown that when these AGs are adjacent to pneumatized parts of the skull, they are lesions responsible for spontaneous otorrhea or rhinorrhea in adults. This article reviews the role of computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging in the evaluation of patients with CSF otorrhea caused by AGs.

The extent of inferior displacement of the mastoid tegmen is related to the severity of congenital aural atresia (CAA).To analyze anatomic variations observed on high-resolution temporal bone computed tomography (TBCT) in patients with CAA, the extent of inferior displacement of the mastoid tegmen and the size of the incudo-stapedial (IS) joint angle were compared with surgical parameters for atresiaplasty, such as Jahrsdoerfer score and hearing acuity.Sixty-one patients with unilateral CAA underwent high-resolution TBCT and hearing tests. We evaluated TBCTs in terms of Jahrsdoerfer criteria and analyzed the relationships among the inferior displacement of the mastoid tegmen, size of the IS joint angle, hearing acuity, and the Jahrsdoerfer score on the atretic side.IS joint angle on the atretic side was found to be 120.6 ± 11°, which was significantly greater than the corresponding value of 103.4 ± 5.4° on the normal side. Cholesteatoma occurred significantly more often in CAA patients with narrow external auditory canals (EACs) (9/27; 33.3%), compared with CAA patients with no EAC opening (2/34; 5.9%). There was a significant relation between the extent of inferior displacement of the mastoid tegmen (28.9% in the atretic side and 17.3% in the normal side) and the Jahrsdoerfer score (p0.0001).