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Technology analysis focuses on technology that is a complex system formed by different elements given by incremental and radical innovations to satisfy needs, achieve goals and/or solve problems of users to take advantage of important opportunities or to cope with consequential environmental threats. This study suggests a methods of inquiry, called multiple working hypotheses (MWHs), for technology analysis that consider the development, prior to research, of different hypotheses concerning the origin and evolution of technology, which are likely due to several causes, not just one. The MWHs presented here are categorized in traditional hypotheses, such as demand for technology hypothesis, Induced-innovation hypothesis, learning by doing hypothesis, learning via diffusion hypothesis, specialization via scale hypothesis, disadvantage of beginning hypothesis, path-dependence hypothesis, competitive substitution hypothesis, predator-prey hypothesis, and modern hypotheses such as killer technology hypothesis, parasite technologies hypothesis. Scholars of technology studies should consider all suggested hypotheses for technology analysis, also considering the possibility that none of them are correct and that some new explanations may emerge in more and more complex and turbulent environment.Keywords. Technology, Technological innovation, Technology analysis, Induced innovation, Learning by doing, Technological evolution, Nature of technology, Path dependence, Technological change, Technological progress, Technological parasitism, Technological advances, Killer technology, Evolution of technology, Multiple working hypotheses.JEL. O30, O31, O33.

Исследование функциональных возможностей технологий GPS и ГЛОНАСС, при интеграции систем мониторинга земель как решения в сельскохозяйственной сфере, направленной на повышение эффективности выполнения задач данного порядка. В связи с развитием технологий в данной отрасли корректным решением является систематический анализ рынка технологий, и определение наиболее подходящих решений при выполнении задач, специфика которых связанна с мониторингом территорий сельскохозяйственного назначения.

Recognizing the practical need to control the cutting process, leading firms in the high-tech market began to offer software products that, in the automatic mode, were said to be able to calculate the optimal cutting mode. Currently, the most advanced technology is called iMachining, which means intelligent Machining. The article presents an analysis of the control, automatically designed in the iMachining Solid CAM module, for machining a test part, the contour of which is formed by two straight circular arcs of a circle. It is shown that when designing control, geometric criteria are used that are associated with the path of shaping, so stabilization of the cutting process is not achieved. A control design method is proposed based on the results of simulation the Material Removal Rate (MRR), which allows stabilizing the cutting process., Визнаючи практичну необхідність управління процесом різання, провідні фірми на ринку високих технологій почали пропонувати програмні продукти, які, як повідомлялося, в автоматичному режимі могли розрахувати оптимальний режим різання. Ось чому виникла необхідність оцінки ефективності застосування таких інновацій на практиці. В даний час найбільш просунута технологія називається iMachining, що означає інтелектуальну обробку. У статті представлений аналіз управління, автоматично спроектованого в модулі iMachining Solid CAM, для обробки тестової деталі, контур якої утворений двома сполученими дугою кола прямими. Показано, що при проектуванні управління використовуються геометричні критерії, пов'язані з траєкторією формоутворення, тому стабілізація процесу різання не досягається. Пропонується метод проектування управління за результатами моделювання швидкості зрізання припуску, що дозволяє стабілізувати процес різання., Признавая практическую необходимость контроля процесса резки, ведущие фирмы на рынке высоких технологий начали предлагать программные продукты, которые, как сообщалось, в автоматическом режиме могли рассчитать оптимальный режим резки. Вот почему возникла необходимость оценки эффективности применения таких инноваций на практике. В настоящее время наиболее продвинутая технология называется iMachining, что означает интеллектуальную обработку. В статье представлен анализ управления, автоматически спроектированного в модуле iMachining Solid CAM, для обработки тестовой детали, контур которой образован двум сопряженными дугой окружности прямыми. Показано, что при проектировании управления используются геометрические критерии, связанные с траекторией формообразования, поэтому стабилизация процесса резания не достигается. Предлагается метод проектирования управления по результатам моделирования скорости срезания припуска, что позволяет стабилизировать процесс резания.

Technology is a complex system, composed of more than one entity and a relationship that holds between each entity and at least one other entity in the system, to satisfy needs, achieve goals, and solve problems of adopters to take advantage of important opportunities or to cope with consequential environmental threats for purposes of adaptation and/or survival in highly differentiated and volatile environments.

Summary With the breakthrough and progress of shale oil and gas exploration, the strong heterogeneity of shale has been highly paid attention. Relying on the traditional geological methods, the classification of shale is difficult to meet the current needs of exploration and development. It is a very important problem that how to complete the genetic classification of shale based on the comprehensive consideration of many parameters including genesis and characteristics. This paper demonstrates that the geostatistic recognition based on big data technology analysis can processing numerous data and identifies genetically distinct shale facies, which improve understanding of changes in a single shale formation. It has functions (1) of assigning genetic affinities and (2) of making it available that a confidence level in the classification for any additional shale samples.

Fishbone diagram is a graphical technique to show the several causes of a specific event. Fishbone diagram is applied here as a novel method of graphical representation to identify, explore and analyse the sources of innovation and especially general purpose technologies (GPTs). Firstly, the study here shows the driving forces of GPTs, such as: higher democratisation, high investment in R&D, etc. Secondly, these drivers of GPTs and in general of new technology are systematised within fishbone diagrams for technological analysis. Some examples are illustrated by applying the fishbone diagram to specific GPTs, such as steam engine and information and communication technologies (ICTs). Overall, then, fishbone diagram seems to be an appropriate and general technique of graphical representation for the technological analysis and foresight of path-breaking innovation in society.

Hypothesis refers to a supposition put forward in a provisional manner and in need of further epistemic and empirical support. Technology analysis explains the relationships underlying the source, evolution, and diffusion of technology for technological, economic and social change. Technology analysis considers technology as a complex system that evolves with incremental and radical innovations to satisfy needs, achieve goals, and/or solve problems of adopters to take advantage of important opportunities or to cope with consequential environmental threats

At present, artificial intelligence (AI) contributes to most technological fields. AI has also been introduced in the disaster area to replace humans and contribute to the prevention of disasters and the minimization of damages. So, it is necessary to analyze disaster AI in order to effectively make use of it. In this paper, we analyze the patent documents related to disaster AI technology. We propose Bayesian network modeling and factor analysis for the technology analysis of disaster AI. This is based on probability distribution and graph theory. It is also a statistical model that depends on multivariate data analysis. In order to show how the proposed model can be applied to a real problem, we carried out a case study to collect and analyze the patent data related to disaster AI.

One of the most promising technical trends that have taken the world by storm is the blockchain technology which is the underlying mechanism of the bitcoin. It is a distributed, decentralized and innovative technology that is predicted to bring a huge change in the world. This technology is analogous to the Internet with built-in robustness. Although it is currently one of the most researched areas in the domain of information technology, it has a set of its own limitations. This paper discusses the blockchain technology from scratch, starting off with the general introduction followed by presentation of a comprehensive insight into blockchain applications, the current research trends, limitations and potential future directions. The paper concludes that blockchain networks are likely to change the outlook, perspectives and utilization techniques of the information technology industry in the future by decentralizing the World Wide Web and making the traditional business defunct. Moreover, the amalgamation of blockchain technology with IoT and data science is going to open new horizons of research and development in tech world.

Circular Economy (CE) is one of the approaches which are intensively developed and tested in different areas of industry and services. The aim of this solution is to use many kinds of resources in ...

The purpose of this research is to produce the product in the form of audio-visual learning media using Wingeom and Camtasia Studio and to know the learner's response to audiovisual learning media using Wingeom and Camtasia Studio. This research uses research and development method. Learning media development procedure is done through several stages : (1 ) A nalysi s in the form of curriculum analysis, characteristic analysis of learners and technology analysis. (2) Desig n in the form in the media and the preparation of instruments. (3) Development in the form of media creation process until media validation. (4) Implementation in the form of product testing to learners. (5) E valuation. This research produces a mathematics learning media that has been declared valid and suitable to be used as a medium of mathematics learning by material experts, media experts, and linguists. From the results of validation by experts, then obtained average percentage of 91% with very good criteria. In the test results the average learner responded well with a percentage of 86%. So it can be concluded that the resulting audiovisual media is considered feasible to be used as a medium of learning mathematics.

Safety in human-robot collaborative manufacturing is ensured by various types of safety systems that help to avoid collisions and limit impact forces to the acceptable level in a case of collisions. Recently, active vision-based safety systems have gained momentum due to their affordable price (e.g. off-the-shelf RGB or depth cameras and projectors), flexible installation and easy tailoring. However, these systems have not been widely adopted and standardized. The vision-based commercial products can only be found in a limited number. In this work, we review the recent methods in vision-based technologies applied in human-robot interaction and/or collaboration scenarios, and provide a technology analysis of these. The aim of this review is to provide a comparative analysis of the current readiness level of vision based safety systems for industrial requirements and highlight the important components that are missing. The factors that are analysed as such are use case flexibility, system speed and level of collaboration. publishedVersion

The article investigates the sources of sewing and knitting production waste, analysis types and characteristics of knitted waste, the current state of waste treatment technologies and their impact on the environment. It is proved that the technological production processes are accompanied by intense release of harmful substances that contaminate the work area and the environment, causing deterioration of working conditions for people and equipment. On the basis of technology analysis of recycling sewing and knitting production waste was designed and presented a model for the processing of knitting yarn waste.

Technology analysis is important for technology management areas such as research and development strategy and new product development. So many studies on technology analysis have been used across ...

This special issue of Technology Analysis & Strategic Management brings together a collection of recent empirical and conceptual insights on the emergence of biosimilar drugs, focusing on key devel...

The main aim of this article is to identify and present the relevant concepts and methods of technology analysis. On the basis of the bibliometric analysis of scientific articles, research subareas related to the technology analysis were selected. Relationships between earlier executed researches in this field were determined. Taking into account the obtained map of relationships, the possibility of the use of technology analysis was indicated. Also, methods used to analyse the current state of technology and concepts used for the prospective technology analysis were identified. Then, the concepts of predicting the technology development were discussed and compared. The conclusions from the conducted study can be used as the basis for determining the critical directions for the development of research areas related to the technology analysis.

Data networks are extending their reach into virtually every corner of life. The rapidly emerging Internet of Things (IoT), for instance, promises to bring connectivity to just about everything. Technology analysis firm Gartner predicts that by 2020 there will be over 20 billion connected devices. Signal processing is helping the IoT and other network technologies to operate faster, more efficiently, and very reliably. Advanced research also promises to open new opportunities in key areas, such as highly secure communication and various types of wireless networks.

In this review we summarized literatures about biomechanical researches in kayaking. Biomechanical methods provide data on a number of analytical techniques and kayak moving posture for coaches and athletes. 3-D kinematic analysis, on-water dynamic analysis and surface electromyography measurement are the most common methods through which we can assess and describe effects of paddling techniques and training. The purposes of numerous current studies are to identify the factors which restrict kayak performance, make improvement of techniques, prevent and correct mistakes, and develop new type of practical instrument. As a result, we found that although researchers realized the importance of kayaking balance ability and core stability, but balance ability and core stability haven’t been considered yet in mechanics analysis and instrument design fields, nor have the research of muscle working status under unsteady state. Our findings through this literature review reveal important directions for further study in the biomechanical researches in kayaking.

For construction of monastery of El Escorial main altarpiece at end of the 16th century, it was necessary to build an important mill to cut the marble. This mill was located next to a flour mill to take advantage of its hydraulic energy. Over time, both buildings were abandoned and came to be called "Molino Caido". There is very little documentary evidence and physical remains of these mills. For this reason, the architectural and technological reconstruction has been very difficult and required the following exhaustive analyzes: 1. Sawing and polishing technology analysis in the Renaissance; 2. Transcription and documentary analysis of data that still exist of the mills; 3. Analysis and investigation of mills physical remains; 4. Comparison between documentary data and physical remains; 5. Historical analysis of the mills drawings; 6. Technological state and constructive of the time. Based on this previous data analysis, this work presents constructive and technological characteristics and a detailed graphic reconstruction, of the marble mill, that is consistent with the existing remains and documentary evidence.

针对伊春空难，一方面从技术角度对伊春空难事故进行了深入剖析，深层次地挖掘了空难发生的技术因素，另一方面从适航角度对空难进行了分析，得到如下结论：1) 从各向分析中，都表明飞行员应该选择复飞；2) 中国民航适航规章应尽快补充人为因素适航条款。本文的分析有助于飞行员和管理人员对该空难有更深刻的认识，并吸取教训。 On the one hand, Yichun flight accident was deeply analyzed from flight technology, which the technology factors were investigated in detail. On the other hand, Yichun flight accident was stu-died as per airworthiness. Two conclusions were drawn as follows: 1) Go around should be taken from several analyses; 2) Airworthiness rules about human factors should be complemented as soon as possible. Obviously, those analyses will be helpful for pilots and managers to understand the flight accident and draw a lesson.

У статті розглядається розвиток нових інформаційних технологій і збільшення масиву доступної інформації, які трансформують вміння, необхідні людині в сучасній професійній діяльності. Подано структуру інформаційного забезпечення технології аналізу результатів роботи освітньої системи.В статье рассматривается развитие новых информационных технологий и увеличение массива доступной информации, которые трансформируют умения, необходимые человеку в современной профессиональной деятельности. Показана структура информационного обеспечения технологии анализа результатов работы образовательной системы.This article discusses the development of new information technologies and increasing array of information available that will transform skills necessary to man in the modern professional activity. The structure of information management technology of the results analyzes of the educational system are shown.

У статті розглядаються сучасні підходи до функціонального складу управлінського циклу, і представлені можливості підвищення рівня аналітичної діяльності та її ефективності на основі використання в підготовці фахівців технології аналізу.В статье рассматриваются современные подходы к функциональному составу управленческого цикла, и представлены возможности повышения уровня аналитической деятельности и ее эффективности на основе использования в подготовке специалистов технологии анализа.This article takes the considerations of modern approaches to the functional composition of managerial cycle, as well as suggested opportunities of level promotion in analytical activity and its effectiveness on the basis of the usage analysis technology during the experts preparation.

Kudiezi injection was a commonly used drug in clinical practice, contained many components and was complex in structure. In order to effectively control the quality of traditional Chinese medicine, the study established a systematic research strategy for the first time. Through the UPLC-Q-TOF/MS technology analysis, 35 chemical components in Kudiezi injection were obtained, including four major categories. Moreover, the the quantitative methods of flavonoids by HPLC and organic acids by UPLC-MS/MS were established. A variety of chromatographic techniques, with good precision, sensitivity, repeatability and solution stability were applied to the analysis of 10 batches of Kudiezi injection. Therefore, the quality control of Kudiezi injection was a reliable and effective method, which can provide ideas for the qualitative and quantitative study of chemical constituents in other complex Chinese medicines.

Xylaria sp. BCC 1067 is a wood-decaying fungus which is capable of producing lignocellulolytic enzymes. Based on the results of a single-molecule real-time sequencing technology analysis, we present the first draft genome of Xylaria sp. BCC 1067, comprising 54.1 Mb with 12,112 protein-coding genes.

Based on the current situation of urban energy and the construction demand of smart energy system, this paper conducts research on key technologies. The urban smart energy system architecture is established from the three aspects of clean energy supply, optimal allocation and efficient utilization of energy, and smart energy support, and the application scenarios of key technologies adapted to local conditions are studied to form the technology path of combining near and far and cascade connection.

Recent years brought many changes, which accelerated the development of different communication approaches and technologies. Nowadays, wireless technologies become the accelerators for a wide range of new applications. This paper focuses on the latest evolution of the promising wireless communication technology IQRF. For this aim, an in-depth analysis together with experimental measurements and simulations are provided. We provide original results in selected indoor and outdoor scenarios, in which the important communication parameters and technological limitations are highlighted. Last but not least, the application field of IQRF is established together with a comparison with other relevant technologies. DOI: 10.5755/j01.eie.25.2.22739

High-resolution vehicle headlamps are the technological way to intelligently illuminate the traffic area to increase safety and comfort. For the technical realization of these headlamps, different technologies come into question, which are the subject of intensive research at universities and among the manufacturers. We present an overview of the possible technologies and analyze their potential for use in high-resolution headlamps. Furthermore, we explain how the design of the optical system for the different technologies can be made. Another part of this paper is the comparison of published prototypes of high-resolution headlamps and the compilation of key properties.

En el presente artículo se realiza un repaso conceptual sobre qué se entiende por experimentación, su trayectoria y qué implicaciones ha tenido para la arqueología y el estudio de artefactos prehistóricos. La cerámica ha sido un ámbito donde la experimentación ha irrumpido con fuerza, dado su potencial a la hora de formular hipótesis y contrastarlas mediante la construcción de referentes actuales. Este potente desarrollo ha sido posible, en parte, por el largo camino recorrido por los estudios experimentales en otras materias duras, como el material lítico y el hueso, para elaborar instrumentos de trabajo.En un segundo bloque, se presenta una propuesta de programa experimental, destinado a la creación de un referente de trazas de fabricación y estado general del tratamiento de superficie resultante del trabajo humano, empleando herramientas de fabricación cerámica. Dicha propuesta, cuyos resultados serán objeto de publicaciones futuras, se encuentra en etapa de desarrollo. En aquest article es fa un repàs conceptual sobre què s'entén per experimentació, la seva trajectòria i quines implicacions ha tingut per a l'arqueologia i l'estudi d'artefactes prehistòrics. La ceràmica ha estat un àmbit on l'experimentació ha irromput amb força, atès el seu potencial a l'hora de formular hipòtesis i contrastar-les mitjançant la construcció de referents actuals. Aquest desenvolupament tan potent ha estat possible, en part, gràcies al llarg camí recorregut pels estudis experimentals en altres matèries dures, com el material lític i l'os, per elaborar instruments de treball.En un segon bloc, es presenta una proposta de programa experimental, destinat a la creació d'un referent de traces de fabricació i estat general del tractament de superfície resultant del treball humà, emprant eines de fabricació ceràmica. Aquesta proposta, els resultats de la qual seran objecte de publicacions futures, es troba en etapa de desenvolupament. In this article, a state of art-review is made on what we understand by experimentation and what implications this concept has for archaeology and the study of prehistoric artifacts. Ceramics has been a field where experimentation has burst in with force, due to its potential for formulating hypotheses and contrasting them through the construction of current references. This powerful development has been made possible by the long way travelled by experimental studies in other hard materials, such as lithic and bone, in order to elaborate working instruments. In a second part, a proposal for an experimental programme is presented, aimed at exploring analytically the traces of manufacture and the general state of surface treatment resulting from the work and the tools used. This proposal, the results of which will be the subject of future publications, is at the development stage.