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101. Multiscale Observations of Deep Convection in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea During Winter 2012-2013 Using Multiple Platforms

Author: Testor, Pierre, primary, Bosse, Anthony, additional, Houpert, Loïc, additional, Margirier, Félix, additional, Mortier, Laurent, additional, Legoff, Hervé, additional, Dausse, Denis, additional, Labaste, Matthieu, additional, Karstensen, Johannes, additional, Hayes, Daniel, additional, Olita, Antonio, additional, Ribotti, Alberto, additional, Schroeder, Katrin, additional, Chiggiato, Jacopo, additional, Onken, Reiner, additional, Heslop, Emma, additional, Mourre, Baptiste, additional, D'ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, Lavigne, Héloise, additional, de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Coppola, Laurent, additional, Prieur, Louis, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, additional, Bourrin, Francois, additional, Many, Gael, additional, Damien, Pierre, additional, Estournel, Claude, additional, Marsaleix, Patrick, additional, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, additional, Raimbault, Patrick, additional, Waldman, Robin, additional, Bouin, Marie-Noelle, additional, Giordani, Hervé, additional, Caniaux, Guy, additional, Somot, Samuel, additional, Ducrocq, Véronique, additional, and Conan, Pascal, additional
Published: 2018
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102. Vertical Mixing Effects on Phytoplankton Dynamics and Organic Carbon Export in the Western Mediterranean Sea

Author: Kessouri, Faycal, Ulses, Caroline, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Severin, Tatiana, Taillandier, Vincent, Conan, Pascal, Kessouri, Faycal, Ulses, Caroline, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Severin, Tatiana, Taillandier, Vincent, and Conan, Pascal
Abstract: A 3-D high-resolution coupled hydrodynamic-biogeochemical model of the western Mediterranean was used to study phytoplankton dynamics and organic carbon export in three regions with contrasting vertical regimes, ranging from deep convection to a shallow mixed layer. One month after the initial increase in surface chlorophyll (caused by the erosion of the deep chlorophyll maximum), the autumnal bloom was triggered in all three regions by the upward flux of nutrients resulting from mixed layer deepening. In contrast, at the end of winter, the end of turbulent mixing favored the onset of the spring bloom in the deep convection region. Low grazing pressure allowed rapid phytoplankton growth during the bloom. Primary production in the shallow mixed layer region, the Algerian subbasin, was characterized by a long period (4 months) of sustained phytoplankton development, unlike the deep convection region where primary production was inhibited during 2 months in winter. Despite seasonal variations, annual primary production in all three regions is similar. In the deep convection region, total organic carbon export below the photic layer (150 m) and transfer to deep waters (800 m) was 5 and 8 times, respectively, higher than in the Algerian subbasin. Although some of the exported material will be injected back into the surface layer during the next convection event, lateral transport, and strong interannual variability of MLD in this region suggest that a significant amount of exported material is effectively sequestrated.
Published: 2018
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103. Multiscale observations of deep convection in the northwestern mediterranean sea during winter 2012-2013 using multiple platforms

Author: Testor, Pierre, Bosse, Anthony, Houpert, Loïc, Margirier, Félix, Mortier, Laurent, Legoff, Hervé, Dausse, Denis, Labaste, Matthieu, Karstensen, Johannes, Hayes, Daniel, Olita, Antonio, Ribotti, Alberto, Schroeder, Katrin, Chiggiato, Jacopo, Onken, Reiner, Heslop, Emma, Mourre, Baptiste, D'ortenzio, Fabrizio, Mayot, Nicolas, Lavigne, Héloise, de Fommervault, Orens, Coppola, Laurent, Prieur, Louis, Taillandier, Vincent, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, Bourrin, Francois, Many, Gael, Damien, Pierre, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, Raimbault, Patrick, Waldman, Robin, Bouin, Marie-Noelle, Giordani, Hervé, Caniaux, Guy, Somot, Samuel, Ducrocq, Véronique, Conan, Pascal, Testor, Pierre, Bosse, Anthony, Houpert, Loïc, Margirier, Félix, Mortier, Laurent, Legoff, Hervé, Dausse, Denis, Labaste, Matthieu, Karstensen, Johannes, Hayes, Daniel, Olita, Antonio, Ribotti, Alberto, Schroeder, Katrin, Chiggiato, Jacopo, Onken, Reiner, Heslop, Emma, Mourre, Baptiste, D'ortenzio, Fabrizio, Mayot, Nicolas, Lavigne, Héloise, de Fommervault, Orens, Coppola, Laurent, Prieur, Louis, Taillandier, Vincent, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, Bourrin, Francois, Many, Gael, Damien, Pierre, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, Raimbault, Patrick, Waldman, Robin, Bouin, Marie-Noelle, Giordani, Hervé, Caniaux, Guy, Somot, Samuel, Ducrocq, Véronique, and Conan, Pascal
Abstract: During winter 2012–2013, open‐ocean deep convection which is a major driver for the thermohaline circulation and ventilation of the ocean, occurred in the Gulf of Lions (Northwestern Mediterranean Sea) and has been thoroughly documented thanks in particular to the deployment of several gliders, Argo profiling floats, several dedicated ship cruises, and a mooring array during a period of about a year. Thanks to these intense observational efforts, we show that deep convection reached the bottom in winter early in February 2013 in a area of maximum 28 ± 3 . We present new quantitative results with estimates of heat and salt content at the subbasin scale at different time scales (on the seasonal scale to a 10 days basis) through optimal interpolation techniques, and robust estimates of the deep water formation rate of 2.0 . We provide an overview of the spatiotemporal coverage that has been reached throughout the seasons this year and we highlight some results based on data analysis and numerical modeling that are presented in this special issue. They concern key circulation features for the deep convection and the subsequent bloom such as Submesoscale Coherent Vortices (SCVs), the plumes, and symmetric instability at the edge of the deep convection area.
Published: 2018

104. Trophic pathways of phytoplankton size classes through the zooplankton food web over the spring transition period in the north-west Mediterranean Sea

Author: Hunt, Brian, Carlotti, Francois, Donoso, Katty, Pagano, Marc, d'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Conan, Pascal, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), European Project: 302010,EC:FP7:PEOPLE,FP7-PEOPLE-2011-IIF,ISOZOO(2012), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)
Subjects: [SDV.EE]Life Sciences [q-bio]/Ecology, environment, zooplankton, food web, phytoplankton, isotopes, trophic pathways
Abstract: International audience; Knowledge of the relative contributions of phytoplankton size classes to zooplankton biomass is necessary to understand food-web functioning and response to climate change. During the Deep Water formation Experiment (DEWEX), conducted in the northwest Mediterranean Sea in winter (February) and spring (April) of 2013, we investigated phytoplankton-zooplankton trophic links in contrasting oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions. Size fractionated particulate matter (pico-POM, nano-POM, and micro-POM) and zooplankton (64 to >4000 lm) composition and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were measured inside and outside the nutrient-rich deep convection zone in the central Liguro-Provencal basin. In winter, phytoplankton biomass was low (0.28 mg m 23) and evenly spread among picophytoplankton, nanophyto-plankton, and microphytoplankton. Using an isotope mixing model, we estimated average contributions to zooplankton biomass by pico-POM, nano-POM, and micro-POM of 28, 59, and 15%, respectively. In spring, the nutrient poor region outside the convection zone had low phytoplankton biomass (0.58 mg m 23) and was dominated by pico/nanophytoplankton. Estimated average contributions to zooplankton biomass by pico-POM, nano-POM, and micro-POM were 64, 28 and 10%, respectively, although the model did not differentiate well between pico-POM and nano-POM in this region. In the deep convection zone, spring phyto-plankton biomass was high (1.34 mg m 23) and dominated by micro/nano phytoplankton. Estimated average contributions to zooplankton biomass by pico-POM, nano-POM, and micro-POM were 42, 42, and 20%, respectively, indicating that a large part of the microphytoplankton biomass may have remained ungrazed. Plain Language Summary The grazing of zooplankton on algal phytoplankton is a critical step in the transfer of energy through all ocean food webs. Although microscopic, phytoplankton span an enormous size range. The smallest picophytoplankton are generally thought to be too small to be directly grazed by zooplankton, resulting in less efficient energy transfer through the food web. This has implications for our future oceans where warming and lower nutrient supply are predicted to favor picophytoplankton over the larger nanosize and microsize classes. We tested the importance of phytoplankton size classes in the transfer of energy to zooplankton in the northwest Mediterranean Sea, where conditions naturally result in contrasting regions of small and large phytoplankton dominance. Contrary to expectation, biochemical tracers showed that microphytoplankton never contributed more than 20% to zooplankton biomass, even in regions where microphytoplankton were plentiful. On the other hand, picophytoplankton contributed 25-65% to zooplankton biomass. This finding indicates that there are well-established food-web pathways from picophytoplankton to zooplankton, and that these pathways play an important role even in ocean regions where microphytoplankton dominate. Accordingly, a decline in phytoplankton size classes may have a greater effect on carbon sequestration than on food-web productivity.
Published: 2017
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105. Open-ocean convection process: A driver of the winter nutrient supply and the spring phytoplankton distribution in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Author: Severin, Tatiana, Kessouri, Fayçal, Rembauville, Mathieu, Sánchez-Pérez, Elvia Denisse, Oriol, Louise, Caparros, Jocelyne, Pujo-Pay, Mireille, Ghiglione, Jean-François, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Mayot, Nicolas, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, Ulses, Caroline, Estournel, Claude, Conan, Pascal, Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie biologique de Banyuls (LOBB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Formation et de Recherche sur les Environnements Méditérranéens (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), and Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: nutrient, open‐ocean convection, Northwestern Mediterranean Sea, phytoplankton size class, [SDU.STU.OC]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Oceanography, stoichiometry
Abstract: International audience; This study was a part of the DeWEX project (Deep Water formation Experiment), designed to better understand the impact of dense water formation on the marine biogeochemical cycles. Here, nutrient and phytoplankton vertical and horizontal distributions were investigated during a deep open‐ocean convection event and during the following spring bloom in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea (NWM). In February 2013, the deep convection event established a surface nutrient gradient from the center of the deep convection patch to the surrounding mixed and stratified areas. In the center of the convection area, a slight but significant difference of nitrate, phosphate and silicate concentrations was observed possibly due to the different volume of deep waters included in the mixing or to the sediment resuspension occurring where the mixing reached the bottom. One of this process, or a combination of both, enriched the water column in silicate and phosphate, and altered significantly the stoichiometry in the center of the deep convection area. This alteration favored the local development of microphytoplankton in spring, while nanophytoplankton dominated neighboring locations where the convection reached the deep layer but not the bottom. This study shows that the convection process influences both winter nutrients distribution and spring phytoplankton distribution and community structure. Modifications of the convection's spatial scale and intensity (i.e., convective mixing depth) are likely to have strong consequences on phytoplankton community structure and distribution in the NWM, and thus on the marine food web.
Published: 2017
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106. Responses and revised manuscript in the supplementary PDF file

Author: Taillandier, Vincent, primary
Published: 2018
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107. Projet collaboratif en océanographie côtière projet LEFE-GMMC. Action vers une modélisation intégrée côtière opérationnelle (AMICO)

Author: Pinazo, Christel, Ross, Oliver N., Diaz, Frédéric, Doglioli, Andrea M., d'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Estournel, Claude, Forget, Philippe, Garnier, Valérie, Gutknecht, Elodie, Kersale, Marion, Kessouri, Faissal, Lathuilière, Cyrille, Marié, Louis, Marmain, Julien, Marsaleix, Patrick, Péruche, Coralie, Petrenko, Anne, Reffray, Guillaume, Sourisseau, Marc, Taillandier, Vincent, Taupier-Letage, Isabelle, Testor, Pierre, Thouvenin, Bénédicte, Ulses, Caroline, Eldin, Gérard, Institut méditerranéen d'océanologie (MIO), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Toulon (UTLN)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de la Mer de Villefranche (IMEV), Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Physique et Spatiale (LOPS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université de Brest (UBO)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Mercator Océan, Société Civile CNRS Ifremer IRD Météo-France SHOM, Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER)-Institut Français de Recherche pour l'Exploitation de la Mer (IFREMER), Service Hydrographique et Océanographique de la Marine (SHOM), Ministère de la Défense, Laboratoire d'Ecologie Pélagique (PELAGOS), Dynamiques des Écosystèmes Côtiers (DYNECO), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Paris Cité (UPCité), Laboratoire de physique hydrodynamique et sédimentaire (PHYSED), Laboratoire d'études en Géophysique et océanographie spatiales (LEGOS), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), LEFE-GMMC, and Mediterranean Institute of Oceanography
Subjects: [SDE]Environmental Sciences
Published: 2016

108. Physical and Biogeochemical Controls of the Phytoplankton Blooms in North Western Mediterranean Sea: A Multiplatform Approach Over a Complete Annual Cycle (2012–2013 DEWEX Experiment)

Author: Mayot, Nicolas, primary, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Prieur, Louis, additional, de Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, additional, Claustre, Hervé, additional, Bosse, Anthony, additional, Testor, Pierre, additional, and Conan, Pascal, additional
Published: 2017
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109. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budgets in the Northwestern Mediterranean Deep Convection Region

Author: Kessouri, Faycal, primary, Ulses, Caroline, additional, Estournel, Claude, additional, Marsaleix, Patrick, additional, Severin, Tatiana, additional, Pujo‐Pay, Mireille, additional, Caparros, Jocelyne, additional, Raimbault, Patrick, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Testor, Pierre, additional, and Conan, Pascal, additional
Published: 2017
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110. Hydrography in the Mediterranean Sea during a cruise with RV Tethys 2 in May 2015

Author: Taillandier, Vincent, primary, Wagener, Thibaut, additional, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Mayot, Nicolas, additional, Legoff, Hervé, additional, Ras, Joséphine, additional, Coppola, Laurent, additional, Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, Diamond, Emilie, additional, Bittig, Henry, additional, Lefevre, Dominique, additional, Leymarie, Edouard, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, and Prieur, Louis, additional
Published: 2017
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111. Trophic pathways of phytoplankton size classes through the zooplankton food web over the spring transition period in the north-west Mediterranean Sea

Author: Hunt, Brian P. V., Carlotti, Francois, Donoso, Katty, Pagano, Marc, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Conan, Pascal, Hunt, Brian P. V., Carlotti, Francois, Donoso, Katty, Pagano, Marc, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, and Conan, Pascal
Abstract: Knowledge of the relative contributions of phytoplankton size classes to zooplankton biomass is necessary to understand food-web functioning and response to climate change. During the Deep Water formation Experiment (DEWEX), conducted in the north-west Mediterranean Sea in winter (February) and spring (April) of 2013, we investigated phytoplankton-zooplankton trophic links in contrasting oligotrophic and eutrophic conditions. Size fractionated particulate matter (pico-POM, nano-POM, and micro-POM) and zooplankton (64 to >4000 mu m) composition and carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios were measured inside and outside the nutrient-rich deep convection zone in the central Liguro-Provencal basin. In winter, phytoplankton biomass was low (0.28 mg m(-3)) and evenly spread among picophytoplankton, nanophytoplankton, and microphytoplankton. Using an isotope mixing model, we estimated average contributions to zooplankton biomass by pico-POM, nano-POM, and micro-POM of 28, 59, and 15%, respectively. In spring, the nutrient poor region outside the convection zone had low phytoplankton biomass (0.58 mg m(-3)) and was dominated by pico/nanophytoplankton. Estimated average contributions to zooplankton biomass by pico-POM, nano-POM, and micro-POM were 64, 28 and 10%, respectively, although the model did not differentiate well between pico-POM and nano-POM in this region. In the deep convection zone, spring phytoplankton biomass was high (1.34 mg m(-3)) and dominated by micro/nano phytoplankton. Estimated average contributions to zooplankton biomass by pico-POM, nano-POM, and micro-POM were 42, 42, and 20%, respectively, indicating that a large part of the microphytoplankton biomass may have remained ungrazed.
Published: 2017
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112. Physical and biogeochemical controls of the phytoplankton blooms in North-Western Mediterranean Sea: A multiplatform approach over a complete annual cycle (2012-2013 DEWEX experiment)

Author: Mayot, Nicolas, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Prieur, Louis, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, Claustre, Herve, Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, Conan, Pascal, Mayot, Nicolas, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Prieur, Louis, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, Claustre, Herve, Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, and Conan, Pascal
Abstract: The North Western Mediterranean Sea exhibits recurrent and significant autumnal and spring phytoplankton blooms. The existence of these two blooms coincide with typical temperate dynamics. To determine the potential control of physical and biogeochemical factors on these phytoplankton blooms, data from a multiplatform approach (combining ships, Argo and BGC-Argo floats, and bio-optical gliders) were analyzed in association with satellite observations in 2012-2013. The satellite framework allowed a simultaneous analysis over the whole annual cycle of in situ observations of mixed layer depth, photosynthetical available radiation, particle backscattering, nutrients (nitrate and silicate) and chlorophyll-a concentrations. During the year 2012-2013, satellite ocean color observations, confirmed by in situ data, have revealed the existence of two areas (or bioregions) with comparable autumnal blooms but contrasting spring blooms. In both bioregions, the ratio of the euphotic zone (defined as the isolume 0.415 mol photons m−2 d−1, Z0.415) and the MLD identified the initiation of the autumnal bloom, as well as the maximal annual increase in [Chl-a] in spring. In fact, the autumnal phytoplankton bloom might be initiated by mixing of the summer shallowing deep chlorophyll maximum, while the spring restratification (when Z0.415/MLD ratio became > 1) might induce surface phytoplankton production that largely overcomes the losses. Finally, winter deep convection events that took place in one of the bioregions induced higher net accumulation rate of phytoplankton in spring associated with a diatom-dominated phytoplankton community principally. We suggest that very deep winter MLD lead to an increase in surface silicates availability, which favored the development of diatoms.
Published: 2017
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113. Nitrogen and Phosphorus Budgets in the Northwestern Mediterranean Deep Convection Region

Author: Kessouri, Faycal, Ulses, Caroline, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Severin, Tatiana, Pujo-pay, Mireille, Caparros, Jocelyne, Raimbault, Patrick, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Testor, Pierre, Conan, Pascal, Kessouri, Faycal, Ulses, Caroline, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Severin, Tatiana, Pujo-pay, Mireille, Caparros, Jocelyne, Raimbault, Patrick, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Taillandier, Vincent, Testor, Pierre, and Conan, Pascal
Abstract: The aim of this study is to understand the biogeochemical cycles of the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (NW Med), where a recurrent spring bloom related to dense water formation occurs. We used a coupled physical-biogeochemical model at high resolution to simulate realistic one-year period and analyze the nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) cycles. First, the model was evaluated using cruises carried out in winter, spring and summer and a Bio-Argo float deployed in spring. Then, the annual cycle of meteorological and hydrodynamical forcing and nutrients stocks in the upper layer were analyzed. Third, the effect of biogeochemical and physical processes on N and P was quantified. Fourth, we quantified the effects of the physical and biological processes on the seasonal changes of the molar NO3:PO4 ratio, particularly high compared to the global ocean. The deep convection reduced the NO3:PO4 ratio of upper waters, but consumption by phytoplankton increased it. Finally, N and P budgets were estimated. At the annual scale, this area constituted a sink of inorganic and a source of organic N and P for the peripheral area. NO3 and PO4 were horizontally advected from the peripheral regions into the intermediate waters (130-800 m) of the deep convection area, while organic matter was exported throughout the whole water column toward the surrounding areas. The annual budget suggests that the NW Med deep convection constitutes a major source of nutrients for the photic zone of the Mediterranean Sea.
Published: 2017
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114. Scales and dynamics of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices formed by deep convection in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Author: Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, Houpert, Loic, Damien, Pierre, Prieur, Louis, Hayes, Daniel, Taillandier, Vincent, Durrieu De Madron, Xavier, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Coppola, Laurent, Karstensen, Johannes, Mortier, Laurent, Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, Houpert, Loic, Damien, Pierre, Prieur, Louis, Hayes, Daniel, Taillandier, Vincent, Durrieu De Madron, Xavier, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Coppola, Laurent, Karstensen, Johannes, and Mortier, Laurent
Abstract: Since 2010, an intense effort in the collection of in situ observations has been carried out in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea thanks to gliders, profiling floats, regular cruises, and mooring lines. This integrated observing system enabled a year-to-year monitoring of the deep waters formation that occurred in the Gulf of Lions area during four consecutive winters (2010–2013). Vortical structures remnant of wintertime deep vertical mixing events were regularly sampled by the different observing platforms. These are Submesoscale Coherent Vortices (SCVs) characterized by a small radius (∼5–8 km), strong depth-intensified orbital velocities (∼10–20 cm s−1) with often a weak surface signature, high Rossby (∼0.5) and Burger numbers O(0.5–1). Anticyclones transport convected waters resulting from intermediate (∼300 m) to deep (∼2000 m) vertical mixing. Cyclones are characterized by a 500–1000 m thick layer of weakly stratified deep waters (or bottom waters that cascaded from the shelf of the Gulf of Lions in 2012) extending down to the bottom of the ocean at ∼2500 m. The formation of cyclonic eddies seems to be favored by bottom-reaching convection occurring during the study period or cascading events reaching the abyssal plain. We confirm the prominent role of anticyclonic SCVs and shed light on the important role of cyclonic SCVs in the spreading of a significant amount (∼30%) of the newly formed deep waters away from the winter mixing areas. Since they can survive until the following winter, they can potentially have a great impact on the mixed layer deepening through a local preconditioning effect.
Published: 2016
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115. Scales and dynamics of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices formed by deep convection in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Author: Bosse, Anthony, primary, Testor, Pierre, additional, Houpert, Loïc, additional, Damien, Pierre, additional, Prieur, Louis, additional, Hayes, Daniel, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, additional, d'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Coppola, Laurent, additional, Karstensen, Johannes, additional, and Mortier, Laurent, additional
Published: 2016
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116. Estimating dense water volume and its evolution for the year 2012–2013 in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea: An observing system simulation experiment approach

Author: Waldman, Robin, primary, Somot, Samuel, additional, Herrmann, Marine, additional, Testor, Pierre, additional, Estournel, Claude, additional, Sevault, Florence, additional, Prieur, Louis, additional, Mortier, Laurent, additional, Coppola, Laurent, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Conan, Pascal, additional, and Dausse, Denis, additional
Published: 2016
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117. Physical-biogeochamical coupling observed by gliders and profiling floats in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea over a seasonal cycle

Author: Testor, Pierre, Bosse, Anthony, Houpert, Loïc, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Lavigne, Héloïse, Taillandier, Vincent, Conan, Pascal, Mortier, Laurent, Prieur, Louis, Estournel, Claude, Coppola, Laurent, Alvarez, A., Onken, R., Tintoré, Joaquín, Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'Océanographie Microbienne (LOMIC), Observatoire océanologique de Banyuls (OOB), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2014

118. High resolution sampling of Submesoscale Coherent Vortices transporting newly formed deep water across the NW Mediterranean Sea thanks to glider

Author: Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, Mortier, Laurent, Houpert, Loïc, Lavigne, Héloïse, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Prieur, Louis, Taillandier, Vincent, Coppola, Laurent, Claustre, Hervé, Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2014

119. Multi-scale and Multi-Platform Analysis of Deep Convection Processes in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea

Author: Testor, Pierre, Bosse, Anthony, Mortier, Laurent, Cauchy, Pierre, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Lavigne, Héloïse, Pasqueron De Fommervault, Orens, Taillandier, Vincent, Prieur, Louis, Coppola, Laurent, Estournel, Claude, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, Houpert, Loïc, Béguery, Laurent, Benabdelmoumene, H., Godhino, E., Bernardet, Karim, Giordani, Hervé, Caniaux, Guy, Somot, Samuel, Bouin, Marie-Noëlle, Conan, Pascal, Alvarez, A., Onken, Reiner, Cecchi, D., Garau, Bartolomé, Olita, Antonio, Sparnocchia, Stefania, Tintoré, Joaquín, Ruiz, Simón, Tomas, M., Variabilité de l'Océan et de la Glace de mer (VOG), Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), and Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636))
Subjects: [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], ComputingMilieux_MISCELLANEOUS
Abstract: International audience
Published: 2014

120. Survey of submesoscale structures at the margin of the Northern Current in the North Western Mediterranean Sea using Gliders: observations and diagnostics

Author: Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, Mortier, Laurent, Béguery, Laurent, Bernardet, Karim, Taillandier, Vincent, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Prieur, Louis, Coppola, Laurent, Bourrin, François, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Division Technique de l'INSU (DT INSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract: International audience; From 2008 on, repeated sections crossing the Northern Current (NC) were operated by gliders as part of a global observing system (MOOSE project) of the North Western Mediterranean Sea. This work is dedicated to the analysis of the submesoscale thermohaline variability at the margin of this current observed by gliders. The mean circulation of the basin is characterized by a cyclonic gyre (whose Northern part is the so-called NC) associated with a doming of the isopycnals preconditionning the whole interior basin to great vertical mixing. The thermal and haline differences between the Atlantic Water (AW) transported by the NC and older and modified AW off the coast leads to a frontal structure. Especially in winter, when the mixed layer depth used to reach several hundreds of meters offshore, isopycnal outcropping and the role of frontal processes are enhanced leading to intense variability at scales smaller than the deformation radius. Based on diagnostics using the Potential Vorticity (PV) computed from the glider data assuming quasi-geostrophic conditions and no variation in the alongshore direction, we discuss the dynamical processes at work, with a focus on 2 typical examples: (1) the first example takes place in winter during a strong vertical mixing event. While the glider crossed the frontal region, the temperature and salinity fields exhibit vertical motions at depths about 0-400m. Frontogenesis might be at play through mesoscale strain since the glider shows an intense mesoscale activity but a weak stratification and enhanced horizontal buoyancy gradient actually make the Ertel PV reach negative values and symmetric instability is likely to be a prominent mechanism explaining the observed variability. (2) the second example takes place in spring. We identify an episode of down-front wind blowing during the glider deployment which could have extracted PV from the surface layer. However, the geostrophic turbulence is in that case likely to play a key role in the formation of the observed variability of the temperature and salinity since it is organized along slopes characterized by an aspect ratio of an order of f/N.
Published: 2013

121. New insights of the Northern Current in the Western Mediterranean Sea from Gliders data: Mean structure, Transport, and Seasonal Variability

Author: Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, Mortier, Laurent, Béguery, Laurent, Bernardet, Karim, Taillandier, Vincent, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Prieur, Louis, Coppola, Laurent, Bourrin, François, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Division Technique de l'INSU (DT INSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract: International audience; In the last 5 years, an unprecedented effort in the sampling of the Northern Current (NC) has been carried out using gliders which collected more than 50 000 profiles down to 1000m maximum along a few repeated sections perpendicular to the French coast. Based on this dataset, this study presents a very first quantitative picture of the NC on 0-1000m depth. We show its mean structure of temperature and salinity characterized by the different Water Masses of the basin (Atlantic Water, Winter Intermediate Water, Levantine Intermediate Water and Western Mediterranean Deep Water) for each season and at different location. Geostrophic currents are derived from the integration of the thermal-wind balance using the mean glider-estimate of the current during each dive as a reference. Estimates of the heat, salt, and volume transport are then computed in order to draw an heat and salt budget of the NC. The results show a strong seasonal variability due to the intense surface buoyancy loss in winter resulting in a vertical mixing offshore that makes the mixed layer depth reaching several hundreds of meters in the whole basin and in a very particular area down to the bottom of the sea-floor (deep convection area). The horizontal density gradient intensifies in winter leading to geostrophic currents that are more intense and more confined to the continental slope, and thus to the enhancement of the mesoscale activity (meandering, formation of eddies through baroclinic instability...). The mean transport estimates of the NC is found to be about 2-3Sv greater than previous spurious estimates. The heat budget of the NC also provides an estimate of the mean across shore heat/salt flux directly impacting the region in the Gulf of Lion where deep ocean convection, a key process in the thermohaline circulation of the Mediterranean Sea, can occur in Winter.
Published: 2013

122. Characteristics of Geostrophic Eddies in the North Western Mediterranean as observed by Gliders and simulated by a high-resolution Model: formation, behaviour and dissipation

Author: Bosse, Anthony, Testor, Pierre, Mortier, Laurent, Damien, Pierre, Estournel, Claude, Marsaleix, Patrick, Béguery, Laurent, Bernardet, Karim, Taillandier, Vincent, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Prieur, Louis, Coppola, Laurent, Bourrin, François, Laboratoire d'Océanographie et du Climat : Expérimentations et Approches Numériques (LOCEAN), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS Paris), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'aérologie (LAERO), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Météo France-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université Fédérale Toulouse Midi-Pyrénées, Division Technique de l'INSU (DT INSU), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Division technique INSU/SDU (DTI), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire d'océanographie de Villefranche (LOV), Observatoire océanologique de Villefranche-sur-mer (OOVM), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC), Centre de formation et de recherche sur l'environnement marin (CEFREM), Université de Perpignan Via Domitia (UPVD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle (MNHN)-Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut Pierre-Simon-Laplace (IPSL (FR_636)), École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université Paris sciences et lettres (PSL)-Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines (UVSQ)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-École polytechnique (X)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-École normale supérieure - Paris (ENS-PSL), Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Observatoire Midi-Pyrénées (OMP), Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Université Toulouse III - Paul Sabatier (UT3), Université de Toulouse (UT)-Université de Toulouse (UT)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National d'Études Spatiales [Toulouse] (CNES)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Météo-France -Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)
Subjects: [SDU.STU.GP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Earth Sciences/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph], [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-GEO-PH]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Geophysics [physics.geo-ph]
Abstract: International audience; Since 2008, gliders repeated transects crossing the basin of the North Western Mediterranean Sea and regularly sampled mesoscale structures with an high horizontal resolution of about 2-3 km between each profile required in that region of small internal deformation radius (
Published: 2013

123. Bio-optical characterization of subsurface chlorophyll maxima in the Mediterranean Sea from a Biogeochemical-Argo float database.

Author: Barbieux, Marie, Uitz, Julia, Gentili, Bernard, De Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, Mignot, Alexandre, Poteau, Antoine, Schmechtig, Catherine, Taillandier, Vincent, Leymarie, Edouard, Penkerc'h, Christophe, D'ortenzio, Fabrizio, Claustre, Hervé, and Bricaud, Annick
Subjects: CHLOROPHYLL in water, BIOGEOCHEMICAL cycles
Abstract: As commonly observed in oligotrophic stratified waters, a Subsurface (or Deep) Chlorophyll Maximum (SCM) frequently characterizes the vertical distribution of phytoplankton chlorophyll in the Mediterranean Sea. Occurring far from the surface layer "seen" by ocean color satellites, SCMs are difficult to observe with adequate spatio-temporal resolution and their biogeochemical impact remains unknown. BioGeochemical-Argo (BGC-Argo) profiling floats represent appropriate tools for studying the dynamics of SCMs. Based on data collected from 36 BGC-Argo floats deployed in the Mediterranean Sea, our study aims to address two main questions: (1) What are the different types of SCMs in Mediterranean Sea? (2) Which environmental factors control their occurrence and dynamics? First, we analyzed the seasonal and regional variations of the chlorophyll concentration (Chla), particulate backscattering coefficient (bbp), a proxy of the Particulate Organic Carbon (POC), and environmental parameters (PAR and nitrates) within the SCM layer over the Mediterranean basin. The vertical profiles of Chla and bbp were then statistically classified, and the seasonal occurrence of each of the different types of SCMs quantified. Finally, a case study was performed on two contrasted regions and the environmental conditions at depth were further investigated to understand which parameter controls the SCMs. In the Eastern Basin, SCMs result, at a first order, from photoacclimation process. Conversely, SCMs in the Western Basin reflect a biomass increase at depth benefiting from both light and nitrate resources. Our results also suggest that a variety of intermediate types of SCMs are encountered between these two end-member situations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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124. Community‐Level Responses to Iron Availability in Open Ocean Plankton Ecosystems

Author: Caputi, Luigi, Carradec, Quentin, Eveillard, Damien, Kirilovsky, Amos, Pelletier, Eric, Pierella Karlusich, Juan J., Rocha Jimenez Vieira, Fabio, Villar, Emilie, Chaffron, Samuel, Malviya, Shruti, Scalco, Eleonora, Acinas, Silvia G., Alberti, Adriana, Aury, Jean‐Marc, Benoiston, Anne‐Sophie, Bertrand, Alexis, Biard, Tristan, Bittner, Lucie, Boccara, Martine, Brum, Jennifer R., Brunet, Christophe, Busseni, Greta, Carratalà, Anna, Claustre, Hervé, Coelho, Luis Pedro, Colin, Sébastien, D'Aniello, Salvatore, Da Silva, Corinne, Del Core, Marianna, Doré, Hugo, Gasparini, Stéphane, Kokoszka, Florian, Jamet, Jean‐Louis, Lejeusne, Christophe, Lepoivre, Cyrille, Lescot, Magali, Lima‐Mendez, Gipsi, Lombard, Fabien, Lukeš, Julius, Maillet, Nicolas, Madoui, Mohammed‐Amin, Martinez, Elodie, Mazzocchi, Maria Grazia, Néou, Mario B., Paz‐Yepes, Javier, Poulain, Julie, Ramondenc, Simon, Romagnan, Jean‐Baptiste, Roux, Simon, Salvagio Manta, Daniela, Sanges, Remo, Speich, Sabrina, Sprovieri, Mario, Sunagawa, Shinichi, Taillandier, Vincent, Tanaka, Atsuko, Tirichine, Leila, Trottier, Camille, Uitz, Julia, Veluchamy, Alaguraj, Veselá, Jana, Vincent, Flora, Yau, Sheree, Kandels‐Lewis, Stefanie, Searson, Sarah, Dimier, Céline, Picheral, Marc, Bork, Peer, Boss, Emmanuel, Vargas, Colomban, Follows, Michael J., Grimsley, Nigel, Guidi, Lionel, Hingamp, Pascal, Karsenti, Eric, Sordino, Paolo, Stemmann, Lars, Sullivan, Matthew B., Tagliabue, Alessandro, Zingone, Adriana, Garczarek, Laurence, d'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Testor, Pierre, Not, Fabrice, d'Alcalà, Maurizio Ribera, Wincker, Patrick, Bowler, Chris, Iudicone, Daniele, Acinas, Silvia G., Bork, Peer, Boss, Emmanuel, Bowler, Chris, Vargas, Colomban, Follows, Michael J., Gorsky, Gabriel, Grimsley, Nigel, Hingamp, Pascal, Iudicone, Daniele, Jaillon, Olivier, Kandels‐Lewis, Stefanie, Karp‐Boss, Lee, Karsenti, Eric, Krzic, Uros, Not, Fabrice, Ogata, Hiroyuki, Pesant, Stéphane, Raes, Jeroen, Reynaud, Emmanuel G., Sardet, Christian, Sieracki, Mike, Speich, Sabrina, Stemmann, Lars, Sullivan, Matthew B., Sunagawa, Shinichi, Velayoudon, Didier, Weissenbach, Jean, and Wincker, Patrick
Abstract: Predicting responses of plankton to variations in essential nutrients is hampered by limited in situ measurements, a poor understanding of community composition, and the lack of reference gene catalogs for key taxa. Iron is a key driver of plankton dynamics and, therefore, of global biogeochemical cycles and climate. To assess the impact of iron availability on plankton communities, we explored the comprehensive bio‐oceanographic and bio‐omics data sets from TaraOceans in the context of the iron products from two state‐of‐the‐art global scale biogeochemical models. We obtained novel information about adaptation and acclimation toward iron in a range of phytoplankton, including picocyanobacteria and diatoms, and identified whole subcommunities covarying with iron. Many of the observed global patterns were recapitulated in the Marquesas archipelago, where frequent plankton blooms are believed to be caused by natural iron fertilization, although they are not captured in large‐scale biogeochemical models. This work provides a proof of concept that integrative analyses, spanning from genes to ecosystems and viruses to zooplankton, can disentangle the complexity of plankton communities and can lead to more accurate formulations of resource bioavailability in biogeochemical models, thus improving our understanding of plankton resilience in a changing environment. Marine phytoplankton require iron for their growth and proliferation. According to John Martin's iron hypothesis, fertilizing the ocean with iron could dramatically increase photosynthetic activity, thus representing a biological means to counteract global warming. However, while there is a constantly growing knowledge of how iron is distributed in the ocean and about its role in cellular processes in marine photosynthetic groups such as diatoms and cyanobacteria, less is known about how iron availability shapes plankton communities and how they respond to it. In the present work, we exploited recently published TaraOceans data sets to address these questions. We first defined specific subcommunities of co‐occurring organisms that co‐vary with iron availability in the oceans. We then identified specific patterns of adaptation and acclimation to iron in different groups of phytoplankton. Finally, we validated our global results at local scale, specifically in the Marquesas archipelago, where recurrent phytoplankton blooms are believed to be a result of iron fertilization. By integrating global data with a localized response, we provide a framework for understanding the resilience of plankton ecosystems in a changing environment. Coherent assemblages of taxa covarying with iron at global level are identified in plankton communitiesFunctional responses to iron availability involve both changes in copy numbers of iron‐responsive genes and their transcriptional regulationPlankton responses to local variations in iron concentrations recapitulate global patterns
Published: 2019
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125. Seasonal variability of nutrient concentrations in the M editerranean S ea: Contribution of B io‐ A rgo floats

Author: Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, primary, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, Mangin, Antoine, additional, Serra, Romain, additional, Migon, Christophe, additional, Claustre, Hervé, additional, Lavigne, Héloïse, additional, Ribera d'Alcalà, Maurizio, additional, Prieur, Louis, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, Schmechtig, Catherine, additional, Poteau, Antoine, additional, Leymarie, Edouard, additional, Dufour, Aurélie, additional, Besson, Florent, additional, and Obolensky, Grigor, additional
Published: 2015
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126. Spreading of Levantine Intermediate Waters by submesoscale coherent vortices in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea as observed with gliders

Author: Bosse, Anthony, primary, Testor, Pierre, additional, Mortier, Laurent, additional, Prieur, Louis, additional, Taillandier, Vincent, additional, d'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, additional, and Coppola, Laurent, additional
Published: 2015
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127. Hydrography in the Mediterranean Sea during a cruise with RV Tethys 2 in May 2015.

Author: Taillandier, Vincent, Wagener, Thibaut, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Mayot, Nicolas, Legoff, Hervé, Ras, Joséphine, Coppola, Laurent, de Fommervault, Orens Pasqueron, Schmechtig, Catherine, Diamond, Emilie, Bittig, Henry, Lefevre, Dominique, Leymarie, Edouard, Poteau, Antoine, and Prieur, Louis
Subjects: *HYDROGRAPHY, *OCEAN travel, *MARINE ecology
Abstract: We report on data from an oceanographic cruise, covering western, central and eastern parts of the Mediterranean Sea, on the French research vessel Tethys 2 in May 2015. This cruise was fully dedicated to the maintenance and the metrological verification of a biogeochemical observing system based on a fleet of BGC-Argo floats. During the cruise, a comprehensive dataset of parameters sensed by the autonomous network was collected. The measurements include ocean currents, seawater salinity and temperature, concentration of inorganic nutrients, of dissolved oxygen, and chlorophyll pigments. The analytical protocols and data processing methods are detailed, together with a first assessment of the calibration state for all the sensors deployed during the cruise. Data collected at stations are available under http://doi.org/10.17882/51678, data collected along ship track are available under http://doi.org/10.17882/51691. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2017
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128. Contrôle des conditions aux frontières ouvertes d'un modèle de circulation côtière avec une méthode variationnelle d'assimilation de données: application au Golfe du Lion

Author: Taillandier, Vincent, Unité de Mécanique (UME), École Nationale Supérieure de Techniques Avancées (ENSTA Paris), ENSTA ParisTech, Jean-Luc Devenon, and Laurent Mortier
Subjects: Côte de la Méditerranée (France), Méditerranée (mer), [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Mesure, Golfe du Lion(France), Circulation océanique, Courants marins, Modèles écologiques, Océanographie
Abstract: The marine circulation dynamics in coastal zones can be assessed by observation and modelisation. If coastal domains are quantitatively observed (routine remote sensing, periodic in situ surveys, long term measurements), consistent model set up remain relatively elusive, especially for the prescription of appropriate initial and open boundary conditions. This issue raised by the specification of model boundary conditions is proposed to be posed in the optimal control framework, which leads to a data assimilation problem solved by an adjoint method: these model parameters are determined according to information from observations. A four-dimensional variational (4DVAR) assimilation method for open boundary control is then developed and implemented on the basis of the primitive equation circulation model OPA and its adjoint. The algorithm is validated with three academic twin experiments: (i) the detection of perturbations on the barotropic forcing along the open boundary of a non-stratified model are obtained by assimilating surface currents taken inside the domain; (ii) the development of a density current inside a semi-infinite homogeneous channel is retrieved from a synthetic data set figuring density profiles distributed downstream; (iii) the observation of the spin up of a coastal circulation induced by a baroclinic Kelvin front incident to a shallow shelf topography permits to identify the upstream boundary conditions linked to the separation at the shelf break. The Gulf of Lions, which is largely opened to the north-western Mediterranean basin, appears to be an appropriate study case to investigate mechanisms and magnitudes of coastal lateral export to the open ocean. The assimilation method is applied in situations of regional influence on the gulf circulation. It is assessed in the hind cast mode for monitoring applications, especially on the data related aspect. The regional forcing provided by the Liguro-Provençal current flowing along the shelf break is controlled to study the ability of the available observational networks to detect transient cross shelf intrusions according to their spatial and temporal coverage.; La dynamique de la circulation marine en région côtière peut être appréhendée par des moyens d'observation et de modélisation. Si le domaine côtier bénéficie de réseaux de mesure adaptés en résolution et en couverture, la mise en oeuvre d'un outil de modélisation s'avère délicate, particulièrement dans la spécification de conditions initiales et de conditions aux frontières ouvertes appropriées. Cette question de l'estimation des conditions aux limites peut être considérée comme relevant d'une problématique plus générale de détermination des paramètres de fonctionnement d'un modèle à partir de l'information apportée par les observations. Ainsi posé, le problème est abordé par l'outil mathématique du contrôle optimal qui conduit à une opération d'assimilation de données par méthode d'adjoint. L'adaptation et l'application de cette formulation inverse à un problème de modélisation océanographique contrôlé par ses conditions frontières font l'objet de ce travail de thèse. Une approche 4D-variationnelle d'assimilation pour le contrôle des conditions frontières est ainsi développée et implémentée sur la base du modèle aux équations primitives OPA (version 'toit rigide') et de son adjoint existant. L'algorithme d'inversion est validé sur trois expériences d'identification: (i) les perturbations du forçage barotrope sur la frontière ouverte d'un modèle non stratifié sont détectées par l'assimilation de courants de surface pris à l'intérieur du domaine; (ii) le développement d'un courant de densité dans un canal semi infini et homogène est retrouvé à partir de profils hydrologiques distribués en aval; (iii) l'observation du " spin up " d'une circulation de plateau induit par un courant côtier permet d'identifier les conditions amonts prévues par le mécanisme de séparation d'un front de Kelvin barocline en incidence sur un talus. Cette méthode d'assimilation est alors proposée pour des applications s'inscrivant dans la problématique scientifique des échanges côte - large sur la zone du Golfe du Lion. Riche en observations et largement ouverte sur le bassin méditerranéen occidental, cette région est soumise à l'influence du courant Liguro-Provençal qui s'écoule en bord de plateau. L'algorithme d'inversion permet de contrôler cette influence régionale sur la circulation de plateau; il est donc évalué à travers des expériences réalistes menées dans le mode diagnostique. En particulier, la faculté de réseaux d'observation à détecter des épisodes d'intrusion du courant côtier sur le golfe est traitée suivant leur couverture spatiale et temporelle.
Published: 2004

129. Gliders as a component of future observing systems

Author: Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Testor, Pierre, Meyers, Gary, Pattiaratchi, Chari, Bachmeyer, Ralf, Hayes, Dan, Pouliquen, Sylvie, Petit de la Villeon, Loic, Carval, Thierry, Ganachaud, Alexandre, Gourdeau, Lionel, Mortier, Laurent, Claustre, Herve, Taillandier, Vincent, Lherminier, Pascale, Terre, Thierry, Visbeck, Martin, Karstensen, Johannes, Krahmann, Gerd, Alvarez, Alberto, Rixen, Michel, Poulain, Pierre-Marie, Osterhus, Svein, Tintore, Joaquin, Ruiz, Simon, Garau, Bartolomeo, Smeed, David, Griffiths, Gwyn, Merckelbach, Lucas, Sherwin, Toby, Schmid, Claudia, Barth, John A., Schofield, Oscar, Glenn, Scott, Kohut, Josh, Perry, Mary Jane, Eriksen, Charlie, Send, Uwe, Davis, Russ, Rudnick, Daniel, Sherman, Jeff, Jones, Clayton, Webb, Douglas, Lee, Craig, Owens, Breck, Hall, J., Harrison, D.E., Stammer, D., Testor, Pierre, Meyers, Gary, Pattiaratchi, Chari, Bachmeyer, Ralf, Hayes, Dan, Pouliquen, Sylvie, Petit de la Villeon, Loic, Carval, Thierry, Ganachaud, Alexandre, Gourdeau, Lionel, Mortier, Laurent, Claustre, Herve, Taillandier, Vincent, Lherminier, Pascale, Terre, Thierry, Visbeck, Martin, Karstensen, Johannes, Krahmann, Gerd, Alvarez, Alberto, Rixen, Michel, Poulain, Pierre-Marie, Osterhus, Svein, Tintore, Joaquin, Ruiz, Simon, Garau, Bartolomeo, Smeed, David, Griffiths, Gwyn, Merckelbach, Lucas, Sherwin, Toby, Schmid, Claudia, Barth, John A., Schofield, Oscar, Glenn, Scott, Kohut, Josh, Perry, Mary Jane, Eriksen, Charlie, Send, Uwe, Davis, Russ, Rudnick, Daniel, Sherman, Jeff, Jones, Clayton, Webb, Douglas, Lee, Craig, and Owens, Breck
Published: 2010

130. Seasonal variability of nutrient concentrations in the Mediterranean Sea: Contribution of Bio- Argo floats.

Author: Pasqueron de Fommervault, Orens, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Mangin, Antoine, Serra, Romain, Migon, Christophe, Claustre, Hervé, Lavigne, Héloïse, Ribera d'Alcalà, Maurizio, Prieur, Louis, Taillandier, Vincent, Schmechtig, Catherine, Poteau, Antoine, Leymarie, Edouard, Dufour, Aurélie, Besson, Florent, and Obolensky, Grigor
Published: 2015
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131. Natural iron fertilization by shallow hydrothermal sources fuels diazotroph blooms in the ocean.

Author: Bonnet, Sophie, Guieu, Cécile, Taillandier, Vincent, Boulart, Cédric, Bouruet-Aubertot, Pascale, Gazeau, Frédéric, Scalabrin, Carla, Bressac, Matthieu, Knapp, Angela N., Cuypers, Yannis, González-Santana, David, Forrer, Heather J., Grisoni, Jean-Michel, Grosso, Olivier, Habasque, Jérémie, Jardin-Camps, Mercedes, Leblond, Nathalie, Moigne, Frédéric A. C. Le, Lebourges-Dhaussy, Anne, and Lory, Caroline
Subjects: *IRON, *ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide, *ISLAND arcs, *OCEAN, *MID-ocean ridges, *HYDROTHERMAL deposits
Abstract: Iron is an essential nutrient that regulates productivity in ~30% of the ocean. Compared with deep (’2000 meter) hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges that provide iron to the ocean’s interior, shallow (<500 meter) hydrothermal fluids are likely to influence the surface’s ecosystem. However, their effect is unknown. In this work, we show that fluids emitted along the Tonga volcanic arc (South Pacific) have a substantial impact on iron concentrations in the photic layer through vertical diffusion. This enrichment stimulates biological activity, resulting in an extensive patch of chlorophyll (360,000 square kilometers). Diazotroph activity is two to eight times higher and carbon export fluxes are two to three times higher in iron-enriched waters than in adjacent unfertilized waters. Such findings reveal a previously undescribed mechanism of natural iron fertilization in the ocean that fuels regional hotspot sinks for atmospheric CO2. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2023
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132. Abrupt warming and salinification of intermediate waters interplays with decline of deep convection in the Northwestern Mediterranean Sea.

Author: Margirier, Félix, Testor, Pierre, Heslop, Emma, Mallil, Katia, Bosse, Anthony, Houpert, Loïc, Mortier, Laurent, Bouin, Marie-Noëlle, Coppola, Laurent, D'Ortenzio, Fabrizio, Durrieu de Madron, Xavier, Mourre, Baptiste, Prieur, Louis, Raimbault, Patrick, and Taillandier, Vincent
Subjects: CLIMATE change, CONVECTION (Meteorology), GLOBAL warming, CYCLONES
Abstract: The Mediterranean Sea is a hotspot for climate change, and recent studies have reported its intense warming and salinification. In this study, we use an outstanding dataset relying mostly on glider endurance lines but also on other platforms to track these trends in the northwestern Mediterranean where deep convection occurs. Thanks to a high spatial coverage and a high temporal resolution over the period 2007–2017, we observed the warming (+0.06 ∘ C year - 1 ) and salinification (+0.012 year - 1 ) of Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) in the Ligurian Sea. These rates are similar to those reported closer to its formation area in the Eastern Mediterranean Sea. Further downstream, in the Gulf of Lion, the intermediate heat and salt content were exported to the deep layers from 2009 to 2013 thanks to deep convection processes. In 2014, a LIW step of +0.3 ∘ C and +0.08 in salinity could be observed concomitant with a weak winter convection. Warmer and more saline LIW subsequently accumulated in the northwestern basin in the absence of intense deep convective winters until 2018. Deep stratification below the LIW thus increased, which, together with the air–sea heat fluxes intensity, constrained the depth of convection. A key prognostic indicator of the intensity of deep convective events appears to be the convection depth of the previous year. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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133. Processing Fluorescence Measurements of the in-line circuit during Tara Oceans expedition

Author: Taillandier, Vincent
Subjects: 14. Life underwater
Abstract: This document reports the different steps of data processing of Tara Oceans underway fluorescence measurements from raw data towards 5 min. resolution time series.

134. Influence of mini warm pool extent on phytoplankton productivity and export in the Arabian sea.

Author: Bock, Nicholas, Goes, Joaquim, Claustre, Hervé, Taillandier, Vincent, and Gomes, Helga do Rosario
Subjects: *MESOPELAGIC zone, *BIOLOGICAL productivity, *TROPICAL ecosystems, *COLLOIDAL carbon, *CLOUDINESS
Abstract: The Arabian Sea is a highly productive tropical ecosystem of the Indian Ocean that supports high fluxes of particulate organic carbon to the mesopelagic zone from two distinct periods of elevated biological productivity associated with the semiannual reversals of the monsoonal wind system. There are now strong indications that the Arabian Sea's monsoonal wind patterns and hydrographic conditions are being impacted by long-term temperature increases, but the consequences of these changes on primary production and carbon export to the mesopelagic zone are unknown. This is especially true for the summer monsoon period when cloud cover obscures much of the Arabian Sea basin and therefore precludes remotely sensed ocean color measurements for estimating phytoplankton biomass and productivity. Here we overcome this limitation by using a database of bio-optical profiles from Biogeochemical Argo floats collected over the last decade to evaluate the impact of interannual temperature increases on Arabian Sea primary production and carbon export. We classify individual years of float observations based on the spatial extent of the Arabian Sea Mini Warm Pool that appears in the southeast Arabian Sea before the onset of the summer monsoon. This Mini Warm Pool, which begins to build in winter and collapses with the onset of the summer monsoon in late spring, has gained considerable interest on account of its influence on the timing of the onset of the summer monsoon. We observed a 35 percent decrease in primary production during the summer monsoon phytoplankton bloom in strong warm pool years, and a 13 percent decrease in particle stocks in the upper mesopelagic zone following the peak of the bloom. Decreases in production and export were additionally accompanied by a decrease in average particle size, indicating a shift from larger cells like diatoms that appear from fertilization of the oligotrophic waters to smaller phytoplankton size classes in response to a deepening of the thermocline and increased stratification of the water column. These results suggest changes in phytoplankton community structure and further decreases in primary production and carbon export in the Arabian Sea in response to future warming. • Decreased primary production in response to magnitude of Mini Warm Pool. • Decreases in production associated with smaller cells and decreased particle export. • Decreased primary production driven by thermocline depth and stratification. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2024
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135. Seasonal and inter-annual variations of dissolved oxygen in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea (DYFAMED site).

Author: Coppola, Laurent, Legendre, Louis, Lefevre, Dominique, Prieur, Louis, Taillandier, Vincent, and Diamond Riquier, Emilie
Subjects: *DISSOLVED oxygen in seawater, *TERRITORIAL waters, *BIOLOGICAL productivity, *OCEANOGRAPHY, *HYPOXIA (Water)
Abstract: Dissolved oxygen (O 2 ) is a relevant tracer to interpret variations of both water mass properties in the open ocean and biological production in the surface layer of both coastal and open waters. Deep-water formation is very active in the northwestern Mediterranean Sea, where it influences intermediate and deep waters properties, nutrients replenishment and biological production. This study analyses, for the first time, the 20-year time series of monthly O 2 concentrations at the DYFAMED long-term sampling site in the Ligurian Sea. Until the winters of 2005 and 2006, a thick and strong oxygen minimum layer was present between 200 and 1300 m because dense water formation was then local, episodic and of low intensity. In 2005–2006, intense and rapid deep convection injected 24 mol O 2  m −2 between 350 and 2000 m from December 2005 to March 2006. Since this event, the deep layer has been mostly ventilated during winter time by newly formed deep water spreading from the Gulf of Lion 250 km to the west and by some local deep mixing in early 2010, 2012 and 2013. In the context of climate change, it is predicted that the intensity of deep convection will become weaker in the Mediterranean, which could potentially lead to hypoxia in intermediate and deep layers with substantial impact on marine ecosystems. With the exception of winters 2005 and 2006, the O 2 changes in surface waters followed a seasonal trend that reflected the balance between air-sea O 2 exchanges, changes in the depth of the mixed layer and phytoplankton net photosynthesis. We used the 20-year O 2 time series to estimate monthly and annual net community production. The latter was 7.1 mol C m −2  yr −1 , consistent with C-14 primary production determinations and sediment-trap carbon export fluxes at DYFAMED. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2018
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136. Carbonate system properties and anthropogenic carbon inventory in the Algerian Basin during SOMBA cruise (2014): Acidification estimate.

Author: Keraghel, Mehdia Asma, Louanchi, Ferial, Zerrouki, Mohamed, Aït Kaci, Malik, Aït-Ameur, Nadira, Labaste, Matthieu, Legoff, Hervé, Taillandier, Vincent, Harid, Romaissa, and Mortier, Laurent
Subjects: *CARBONATE minerals, *CARBON sequestration, *INVENTORIES, *CARBONATES, *SPATIAL systems, *ACIDIFICATION, *CARBON
Abstract: Recent studies have provided a better understanding of carbonate system parameters and their spatial and temporal variability in several areas of the Mediterranean Sea. This study uses a new dataset that covered the entire Algerian Basin during the summer of 2014 (SOMBA cruise) to describe the distribution of carbonate system parameters. The findings show that almost the entire basin was a source of CO 2 to the atmosphere during the studied period. Besides the well-known TrOCA (Tracer combining Oxygen, Carbon and total Alkalinity) approach, the study proposes new parametrization for the standard back calculation method to assess the anthropogenic carbon concentration. The results of both approaches yield similar distributions and concentration ranges (81 ± 4.3 and 69 ± 5.2 μmol/kg, respectively). This study assesses the errors for both approaches and emphasizes the importance of mesoscale and submesoscale structures on anthropogenic carbon sequestration and the distribution of carbonate parameters in the Algerian Basin. It shows that these features enhance basin ventilation and acidification. The first inventory of the anthropogenic carbon trapped by the Algerian Basin is estimated at 0.44–0.53 ± 0.06 Pg C, based on the new dataset. • The first high resolution spatial coverage of the Algerian Basin allowed a detailed study of the carbonate parameters. • A refitted back-calculation method is applied to estimate anthropogenic carbon concentrations. • Highlighting the role of the submesoscale processes in the increase of anthropogenic carbon sequestration. • The estimated acidification of the Algerian Basin, from the preindustrial era to 2014, range between −0.19 and −0.1 pH unit. • The first estimate of the anthropogenic carbon inventory trapped by the Algerian Basin is at 0.44–0.53 ± 0.06 Pg C. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
Published: 2020
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