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Spinal motoneurons have a prominent place in motor system. Motoneurons integrate all inputs from the central and peripheral nervous systems to construct a motor output adapted to the organism's demands and environmental constraints. In particular, recruitment threshold and firing frequency are key motoneuronal parameters in developing an appropriate signal regarding task-dependent demands. During muscle activity, motor units are orderly recruited beginning with slow-type (S) motor units for posture maintenance, followed by fast-type motor units for moderate intensity tasks (FR) and high intensity tasks (FF). Our study highlights a new factor involved in the regulation of motoneuron excitability. This refers to a calcium-activated chloride channel called TMEM16F, specifically expressed in α motoneurons at cholinergic C-bouton synapse. Likewise C-boutons, TMEM16F is required for the procution of high intensity effort. Indeed, in accordance with electrophysiological recordings showing an increase in recruitment threshold of fast TMEM16F-/- motoneurons, TMEM16F loss of function induces motor defects during an effort.Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease leading to the selective death of motoneurons. Among the pathological processes already described, we know that motoneuronal excitability and calcium homeostasis are major features in ALS progression. Those are vulnerability factors which contribute to sequential degeneration starting with FF motoneurons and followed by FR motoneurons. Given the TMEM16F sensitivity to calcium and its involvement in regulating motoneuron excitability, we inhibited its expression in a SOD1G93A mouse model of ALS and conducted a longitudinal study. It highlights a gender-dependent protective effect of TMEM16F loss., Les motoneurones spinaux occupent la place centrale du système moteur. Ils intègrent l’ensemble des informations provenant de système nerveux central et périphérique pour élaborer une commande motrice finale adaptée aux demandes de l’organisme et aux contraintes de l’environnement. En particulier, le seuil de recrutement et la fréquence de décharge des motoneurones sont des paramètres déterminants dans l’élaboration d’un signal approprié à l’intensité de l’effort requis. Il permet de définir l’ordre dans lequel les unités motrices sont recrutées au cours d’une activité physique : des unités motrices de type lent (S) pour le maintien de la posture, aux unités motrices de type rapide pour les efforts d’intensité modérée (FR) et de forte intensité (FF). Cette étude met en évidence l’existence d’un nouvel acteur mis en jeu dans la régulation de l’excitabilité motoneuronale. Il s’agit du canal chlorure activé par le calcium TMEM16F exprimé spécifiquement dans les motoneurones α au niveau des synapses cholinergiques appelées « bouton C ». A l’instar du rôle des boutons C, TMEM16F est nécessaire pour l’exécution d’un effort de forte intensité. En effet, en adéquation avec les enregistrements électrophysiologiques montrant une élévation du seuil de recrutement des motoneurones rapides TMEM16F-/-, la perte de TMEM16F induit des défauts moteurs à l’effort.La sclérose latérale amyotrophique (SLA), est une maladie neurodégénérative conduisant à la mort sélective des motoneurones. Parmi les processus pathologiques décrits, nous savons que l’excitabilité motoneuronale et l’homéostasie calcique constituent des éléments majeurs de la progression de la SLA. Ce sont des facteurs de vulnérabilité qui participent à la dégénérescence séquentielle des motoneurones FF et suivie des motoneurones FR. Étant donné la sensibilité de TMEM16F au calcium et son implication dans la régulation de l’excitabilité motoneuronale, nous avons inhibé l’expression de ce canal dans un modèle murin de SLA SOD1G93A et réalisé une étude longitudinale. Celle-ci met en évidence un effet protecteur de la délétion de TMEM16F qui est dépendant du genre.

Before anoctamins (TMEM16 proteins) were identified as a family of Ca2+-activated chloride channels and phospholipid scramblases, the founding member anoctamin 1 (ANO1, TMEM16A) was known as DOG1, a marker protein for gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Meanwhile, ANO1 has been examined in more detail, and the role of ANO1 in cell proliferation and the development of different types of malignomas is now well established. While ANO5, ANO7, and ANO9 may also be relevant for growth of cancers, evidence has been provided for a role of ANO6 (TMEM16F) in regulated cell death. The cellular mechanisms by which anoctamins control cell proliferation and cell death, respectively, are just emerging; however, the pronounced effects of anoctamins on intracellular Ca2+ levels are likely to play a significant role. Recent results suggest that some anoctamins control membrane exocytosis by setting Ca2+i levels near the plasma membrane, and/or by controlling the intracellular Cl− concentration. Exocytosis and increased membrane trafficking induced by ANO1 and ANO6 may enhance membrane expression of other chloride channels, such as CFTR and volume activated chloride channels (VRAC). Notably, ANO6-induced phospholipid scrambling with exposure of phosphatidylserine is pivotal for the sheddase function of disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM). This may support cell death and tumorigenic activity of IL-6 by inducing IL-6 trans-signaling. The reported anticancer effects of the anthelminthic drug niclosamide are probably related to the potent inhibitory effect on ANO1, apart from inducing cell cycle arrest through the Let-7d/CDC34 axis. On the contrary, pronounced activation of ANO6 due to a large increase in intracellular calcium, activation of phospholipase A2 or lipid peroxidation, can lead to ferroptotic death of cancer cells. It therefore appears reasonable to search for both inhibitors and potent activators of TMEM16 in order to interfere with cancer growth and metastasis.

Scott syndrome is a rare bleeding disorder, characterized by altered Ca2+-dependent platelet signaling with defective phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure and microparticle formation, and is linked to mutations in the ANO6 gene, encoding anoctamin (Ano) 6. We investigated how the complex platelet phenotype of this syndrome is linked to defective expression of Anos or other ion channels. Mice were generated with heterozygous of homozygous deficiency in Ano6, Ano1, or Ca2+-dependent K(Ca)3.1Gardos channel. Platelets from these mice were extensively analyzed on molecular functions and compared with platelets from a patient with Scott syndrome. Deficiency in Ano1 or Gardos channel did not reduce platelet responses compared with control mice (P > 0.1). In 2 mouse strains, deficiency in Ano6 resulted in reduced viability with increased bleeding time to 28.6min (control 6.4min, P 0.05) with reduced PS exposure (265 to 90%); 2) lowered Ca2+-dependent swelling (280%) and membrane blebbing (-90%); 3) reduced calpain-dependent protein cleavage (-60%); and 4) moderately affected apoptosis-dependent PS exposure. In conclusion, mouse deficiency of Ano6 but not of other channels affects viability and phenocopies the complex changes in platelets from hemostatically impaired patients with Scott syndrome.

Annexins are cytosolic phospholipid binding proteins that can be found on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. Extracellular annexin functions include fibrinolysis activity and cell migration, among other functions. Despite having well described extracellular functions, the mechanism of annexin transport from the cytoplasmic inner leaflet to the extracellular outer leaflet of the plasma membrane remains unclear. Here, we show that the transbilayer movement of phospholipids facilitates the transport of annexins A2 and A5 across membranes in cells and in liposomes. We identified TMEM16F (anoctamin-6) as a lipid scramblase required for transport of these annexins to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. This work reveals a mechanism for annexin translocation across membranes which depends on plasma membrane phospholipid remodelling., This work was supported by Wellcome Trust Strategic Award [100574/Z/12/Z], MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit [MRC_MC_UU_12012/5], BBSRC Future Leader Fellowship (BB/P010911/1) and the Isaac Newton Trust/Wellcome Trust ISSF/University of Cambridge joint research grant for SES and KM, Wellcome Trust (Principal Research Fellowship to DCR (095317/Z/11/Z)), Strategic Grant to Cambridge Institute for Medical Research (100140/Z/12/Z), UK Dementia Research Institute (funded by the MRC, Alzheimer’s Research UK and the Alzheimer’s Society) (DCR), and by the Federation of European Biochemical Societies (FEBS Long-Term Fellowship) for AA.

Annexins are cytosolic phospholipid-binding proteins that can be found on the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. The extracellular functions of annexin include modulating fibrinolysis activity and cell migration. Despite having well-described extracellular functions, the mechanism of annexin transport from the cytoplasmic inner leaflet to the extracellular outer leaflet of the plasma membrane remains unclear. Here, we show that the transbilayer movement of phospholipids facilitates the transport of annexins A2 and A5 across membranes in cells and in liposomes. We identified TMEM16F (also known as anoctamin-6, ANO6) as a lipid scramblase required for transport of these annexins to the outer leaflet of the plasma membrane. This work reveals a mechanism for annexin translocation across membranes which depends on plasma membrane phospholipid remodelling., Summary: Annexin secretion involves protein translocation across membrane that is facilitated by transbilayer lipid movement.

The Ca2+-activated phospholipid scramblase and ion channel TMEM16F is expressed in podocytes of renal glomeruli. Podocytes are specialized cells that form interdigitating foot processes as an essential component of the glomerular filter. These cells, which participate in generation of the primary urine, are often affected during primary glomerular diseases, such as glomerulonephritis and secondary hypertensive or diabetic nephropathy, which always leads to proteinuria. Because the function of podocytes is known to be controlled by intracellular Ca2+ signaling, it is important to know about the role of Ca2+-activated TMEM16F in these cells. To that end, we generated an inducible TMEM16F knockdown in the podocyte cell line AB8, and produced a conditional mouse model with knockout of TMEM16F in podocytes and renal epithelial cells of the nephron. We found that knockdown of TMEM16F did not produce proteinuria or any obvious phenotypic changes. Knockdown of TMEM16F affected cell death of tubular epithelial cells but not of glomerular podocytes when analyzed in TUNEL assays. Surprisingly, and in contrast to other cell types, TMEM16F did not control intracellular Ca2+ signaling and was not responsible for Ca2+-activated whole cell currents in podocytes. TMEM16F levels in podocytes were enhanced after inhibition of the endolysosomal pathway and after treatment with angiotensin II. Renal knockout of TMEM16F did not compromise renal morphology and serum electrolytes. Taken together, in contrast to other cell types, such as platelets, bone cells, and immune cells, TMEM16F shows little effect on basal properties of podocytes and does not appear to be essential for renal function.

Significance Membrane proteins that translocate various compounds across biological membranes play important roles in maintaining intracellular homeostasis in cells. Scramblases are membrane proteins that translocate phospholipids between the inner and outer leaflets of the plasma membrane. However, the mechanisms through which these scramblases translocate phospholipids carrying a hydrophilic residue across the hydrophobic membranes are still unclear. Here, we developed a microsystem containing lipid-bilayer membrane arrays with asymmetrically distributed fluorescent phospholipids. Using this system, we measured phospholipid transport mediated by the TMEM16F scramblase at the single-molecule level, thereby enabling characterization of the biophysical features of phospholipid transport., Transmembrane protein 16F (TMEM16F) is a Ca2+-dependent phospholipid scramblase that translocates phospholipids bidirectionally between the leaflets of the plasma membrane. Phospholipid scrambling of TMEM16F causes exposure of phosphatidylserine in activated platelets to induce blood clotting and in differentiated osteoblasts to promote bone mineralization. Despite the importance of TMEM16F-mediated phospholipid scrambling in various biological reactions, the fundamental features of the scrambling reaction remain elusive due to technical difficulties in the preparation of a platform for assaying scramblase activity in vitro. Here, we established a method to express and purify mouse TMEM16F as a dimeric molecule by constructing a stable cell line and developed a microarray containing membrane bilayers with asymmetrically distributed phospholipids as a platform for single-molecule scramblase assays. The purified TMEM16F was integrated into the microarray, and monitoring of phospholipid translocation showed that a single TMEM16F molecule transported phospholipids nonspecifically between the membrane bilayers in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Thermodynamic analysis of the reaction indicated that TMEM16F transported 4.5 × 104 lipids per second at 25 °C, with an activation free energy of 47 kJ/mol. These biophysical features were similar to those observed with channels, which transport substrates by facilitating diffusion, and supported the stepping-stone model for the TMEM16F phospholipid scramblase.

Phospholipids are asymmetrically distributed at plasma membrane in normal cells, and scrambled in various biological situations such as blood clotting and apoptotic cell death. Recent studies revealed that phospholipid scrambling is mediated by at least two independent mechanisms. An eight transmembrane-containing protein TMEM16F Ca(2+)-dependently promotes the phospholipid scrambling, which is required for the PS exposure in activated platelets during blood clotting. On the other hand, a six transmembrane-containing protein Xk-related family protein 8 is activated by caspases during apoptosis and promotes the phospholipid scrambling, thus exposing PS as an "eat-me-signal." In this chapter, we describe procedures for assaying phospholipid scrambling., Regulated Cell Death Part A: Apoptotic Mechanisms

SUMMARY As a Ca2+-activated lipid scramblase and ion channel that mediates Ca2+ influx, TMEM16F relies on both functions to facilitate extracellular vesicle generation, blood coagulation, and bone formation. How a bona fide ion channel scrambles lipids remains elusive. Our structural analyses revealed the coexistence of an intact channel pore and PIP2-dependent protein conformation changes leading to membrane distortion. Correlated to the extent of membrane distortion, many tightly bound lipids are slanted. Structure-based mutagenesis studies further reveal that neutralization of some lipid-binding residues or those near membrane distortion specifically alters the onset of lipid scrambling, but not Ca2+ influx, thus identifying features outside of channel pore that are important for lipid scrambling. Together, our studies demonstrate that membrane distortion does not require open hydrophilic grooves facing the membrane interior and provide further evidence to suggest separate pathways for lipid scrambling and ion permeation., In Brief TMEM16F is a calcium-activated ion channel and lipid scramblase linked to the bleeding disorder Scott syndrome. Feng et al. examine cryo-EM structures of TMEM16F with or without Ca2+ ions and PIP2 nanodisc supplementation and identify structural features for lipid binding and membrane distortion critical for lipid scrambling activity., Graphical Abstract

Members of the TMEM16 family have recently been described as Ca 2+ -activated Cl − channels. They have been implicated in cancer and appear to be associated with poor patient prognosis. Here, we investigate the role of TMEM16 channels in cell migration, which is largely un- known. We focused on TMEM16A and TMEM16F channels that have the highest expression of TMEM16 channels in Ehrlich Lettre ascites (ELA) cells. Due to the lack of specific pharmacological modulators, we employed a miRNA ap- proach and stably knocked down the expression of TMEM16A and TMEM16F channels, respectively. Migration analysis shows that TMEM16A KD clones are affected in their directional migration, whereas TMEM16F KD clones show a 40 % reduced rate of cell migration. Moreover, TMEM16A KD clones have a smaller projected cell area, and they are rounder than TMEM16F KD clones. The morphological changes are linearly correlated with the directionality of cells. TMEM16A and TMEM16F, thus, have an important function in cell migration—TMEM16A in di- rectional migration, TMEM16F in determination of the speed of migration. We conclude that TMEM16A and TMEM16F channels have a distinct impact on the steering and motor mechanisms of migrating ELA cells. Keywords ANO1 .TMEM16A.ANO6 .TMEM16F. CaCC .Migration

Background / Aims: TMEM16F is a transmembrane protein from a conserved family of Ca2+-activated proteins, which is highly expressed in several tissues. TMEM16F confers phospholipid scramblase activity and Ca2+-activated electrolyte channel activity. Potentially thereby, TMEM16F is involved in cell cycle control and apoptotic signaling. The present study evaluated the role of TMEM16F on cell proliferation and viability in Human Embryonic Kidney cells. Methods: An inducible knockdown of TMEM16F was generated and markers of apoptosis and proliferation were assessed via flow cytometry, western blotting and MTT uptake assay under different conditions. Results: TMEM16F knockdown resulted in attenuated growth of HEK293 cells. This observation correlated with an increased phosphatidylserine exposure and a decreased fraction of viable cells. Interestingly, the cells were not sensitized to Staurosporine- induced cell death. Western blot analyses displayed a parallel activation of pro- and antiapoptotic signaling pathways: Caspase 3 cleavage and Cyclin D1 abundance were simultaneously increased. Furthermore, knockdown of TMEM16F led to activation of AKT signaling. Conclusion: TMEM16F modifies viability of Human Embryonic Kidney cells via its function as a phospholipid scramblase and activation of AKT signaling pathways.

Purpose Trabecular meshwork (TM) cell volume is a determinant of aqueous humor outflow resistance, and thereby IOP. Regulation of TM cell volume depends on chloride ion (Cl-) release through swelling-activated channels (ICl,Swell), whose pore is formed by LRRC8 proteins. Chloride ion release through swelling-activated channels has been reported to be regulated by calcium-activated anoctamins, but this finding is controversial. Particularly uncertain has been the effect of anoctamin Ano6, reported as a Ca2+-activated Cl- (CaCC) or cation channel in other cells. The current study tested whether anoctamin activity modifies volume regulation of primary TM cell cultures and cell lines. Methods Gene expression was studied with quantitative PCR, supplemented by reverse-transcriptase PCR and Western immunoblots. Currents were measured by ruptured whole-cell patch clamping and volume by electronic cell sizing. Results Primary TM cell cultures and the TM5 and GTM3 cell lines expressed Ano6 3 to 4 orders of magnitude higher than the other anoctamin CaCCs (Ano1 and Ano2). Ionomycin increased cell Ca2+ and activated macroscopic currents conforming to CaCCs in other cells, but displayed significantly more positive mean reversal potentials (+5 to +12 mV) than those displayed by ICl,Swell (-14 to -21 mV) in the same cells. Nonselective CaCC inhibitors (tannic acid>CaCCinh-A01) and transient Ano6 knockdown strongly inhibited ionomycin-activated currents, ICl,Swell and the regulatory volume response to hyposmotic swelling. Conclusions Ionomycin activates CaCCs associated with net cation movement in TM cells. These currents, ICl,Swell, and cell volume are regulated by Ano6. The findings suggest a novel clinically-relevant approach for altering cell volume, and thereby outflow resistance, by targeting Ano6.

Immune cells and platelets maintain plasma membrane phospholipid asymmetry. Upon activation, this asymmetry is disrupted by phospholipid scrambling (PS), which is a major step during activation of immune cells, hemostasis and apoptosis. Anoctamin 6 (Ano6; TMEM16F) causes chloride (Cl-) and cation currents and is required for Ca2+ -dependent PS. It is defective in blood cells from patients with Scott syndrome, a rare bleeding disorder. We examined if Cl- currents and PS are related, whether both processes are Ca2+ dependent, and whether Ca2+ -independent scrambling during intrinsic and extrinsic apoptosis is controlled by Ano6. Ca2+ increase by ionomycin activated Ano6 Cl- currents and PS in normal lymphocytes, but not in B-lymphocytes from two different patients with Scott syndrome. Fas ligand (FasL) did not increase intracellular Ca2+, but activated Cl- currents in normal but not in Scott lymphocytes. Whole-cell currents were inhibited by Cl- channel blockers and by siRNA knockdown of Ano6. In contrast, intrinsic mitochondrial apoptosis by ABT-737 did not induce Cl- currents in lymphocytes. PS was not inhibited by blockers of Ano6 or removal of Cl- ions. Remarkably, Ca2+ -independent scrambling due to extrinsic (FasL) or intrinsic (ABT-737) apoptosis was unchanged in Scott cells. We conclude that: (i) Ano6 Cl- currents are activated by increase in cytosolic Ca2+, or Ca2+ -independent by stimulation of Fas receptors; (ii) Ca2+ -dependent PS induced by Ano6 does not require Cl- currents; (iii) Ca2+ -independent PS does not require Ano6; (iv) Ano6 is necessary for Ca2+ -dependent PS, but not by increasing intracellular Ca2+. Cell Death and Disease ( 2013) 4, e611; doi:10.1038/cddis.2013.135; published online 25 April 2013

Anoctamin 6 (ANO6), also known as TMEM16F, has been shown to be a calcium-activated anion channel with delayed calcium activation. The cellular function of ANO6 is under debate, and different groups have come to different conclusions about ANO6's physiological role. Although it is now quite well established that ANO6 is distinct from the volume-regulated anion channel, it is still unclear whether ANO6 or other anoctamins can be activated by cell swelling. In this study, we suggest that ANO1, ANO6, and ANO10 do not contribute to the volume-activated current in ANO-overexpressing HEK293 cells. Furthermore, knock-down of ANO6 in Ehrlich ascites tumor cells (EATC) and Ehrlich-Lettre ascites (ELA) did not decrease but instead significantly increased swelling-activated membrane currents. Knock-down of ANO6 in EATC did not reduce regulatory volume decrease (RVD) in the absence of extracellular calcium, whereas it significantly reduced RVD in the presence of calcium. Interestingly, we found that knock-down of ANO6 in ELA cells resulted in a decrease in cisplatin-induced caspase-3 activity, confirming earlier findings that ANO6 is involved in apoptosis. Finally, knock-down of ANO1 and ANO6 did not affect the volume-sensitive release of taurine in ELA cells. Thus, our data provide evidence that ANO6 cannot be activated directly by cell swelling unless Ca(2+) is present. We also conclude that ANO6 carries a current during RVD, provided extracellular calcium is present. Thus, swelling activation of ANO6 requires the presence of free calcium.