Search

Monarch butterflies, Danaus plexippus (L.), from eastern North America are well known for their incredible autumn migration to Mexico; however, not all monarchs follow this route. There is evidence of monarchs overwintering and reproducing in Florida, arriving to insular and continental Caribbean, and roosting by the thousands in the Yucatán, Mexico. This work aims to present evidence that these monarchs are part of two current migratory routes, that we consider as the south-eastern and the Atlantic routes, routes that were probably more prominent in the past. Monarchs were collected for 12 months in south Florida, for 4 years in Cuba in November and once in March, in the Yucatán and Guatemala at different times, and once in northern Venezuela. We used two independent techniques, stable hydrogen isotope (δ2H) analyses of the wings and/or thin layer chromatography (TLC), to trace the monarch's natal grounds. We analysed the DNA of monarchs collected in St. Marks in the Florida Panhandle, Cuba and Guatemala, and compared those data against previously-analysed DNA data from monarchs in the Americas to characterize their genetic structure and to assess the possible movement and presence of North American monarchs and/or their alleles outside the USA. Our results support the existence of south-eastern and Atlantic migratory routes. TLC, isotope and DNA analyses showed the arrival of likely North American monarchs in Cuba, Yucatán, Guatemala, Venezuela and other areas of the Americas. North American monarchs found in these areas have different natal grounds, phenotypic traits and DNA signature than Mexican migrants. Monarchs from the south-eastern route mostly originated in the south-east USA and fed on local Asclepias spp. such as Asclepias viridis , Asclepias humistrata , Asclepias perennis and Asclepias asperula. Butterflies from this migratory route move east, enter the Florida Peninsula, pass to Cuba, fly to the Yucatán and then to Guatemala where they appear to overwinter in the high mountains of Guatemala where Abies guatemalensis occurs. Monarchs that are part of the Atlantic route move east of the Appalachians, enter the Florida Peninsula, and from there pass to the insular and continental Caribbean. The main host plants for the Atlantic monarchs are A. perennis and A. humistrata ; in contrast, Mexican monarchs mainly feed on Asclepias syriaca. Some monarchs from these two proposed migratory routes, south-eastern and Atlantic, will stay in the places where they travelled and others will return via Florida and Mexico. We propose a scenario for how the different migratory routes evolved. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pyocyanin, a blue-green phenazine pigment, is produced by various strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and has demonstrated diverse applications in medicine, agriculture, environmental protection, and nanotechnology. This study aimed to isolate and purify pyocyanin pigment from Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures grown in different media, including succinate, glucose, King's B, and Muller-Hinton broth. The chloroform extraction method was employed to extract the pigment, resulting in the separation of two layers, with the pyocyanin-enriched pigment residing in the lower blue layer containing chloroform. Subsequently, the pigment was subjected to further purification using column chromatography on a silica gel column, employing chloroform as the elution solvent. The purified pyocyanin was verified by thin-layer chromatography (TLC), ensuring its integrity and purity. The UV-Vis spectrophotometer was then employed to characterize the purified pigments, providing valuable insights into their spectral properties. The results indicate successful isolation and purification of pyocyanin pigment from Pseudomonas aeruginosa cultures in various media, demonstrating the versatility of the extraction method used. The characterization through UV-Vis spectrophotometry confirms the purity of the obtained pigment, validating its potential applicability in a wide range of fields, including medicine, agriculture, environmental management, and nanotechnology for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. This research contributes to a better understanding of pyocyanin production in Pseudomonas aeruginosa and offers valuable insights into its potential applications, thereby opening new avenues for further exploration and exploitation of this valuable pigment in various industrial and scientific domains. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper describes the combined use of several analytical methods to characterise the painting technology used in two socialist realism portraits of national heroes from World War II that are now housed in the Historical Museum of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Inspection under UV light has shown that there was no previous retouching or overpainting on either painting. Microchemical tests identified the type of canvas. The radiograms indicated whether pigments with lower or higher atomic masses were used and how well the ground was rubbed among the threads of the canvas. A better penetration of the ground into the canvas and layers of oil dye that were applied to both sides of Painting 1 contributed to its better protection against high humidity. TLC revealed the type of ground on both paintings as a classic chalk-glue ground. The high humidity was responsible for the occurrence of metal soaps on Painting 2, which were confirmed by FTIR. The XRF analysis was used to describe the pigment palette, trace the causes of existing damages, and facilitate retouching. The results of this integrated diagnostic approach were used to optimise the conservation and better understand the features and techniques used in the creation of Bosnian socialistic artwork. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two novel separation methods have been presented for the concurrent assessment of flumethasone pivalate (FP) and clioquinol (CL) in their combinations in ear drop formulations or in the presence of phenoxyethanol preservative (PEP) in their cream formulations. The first method is an innovative thin-layer chromatographic (TLC) method. The optimal separation was accomplished via silica gel aluminum plates F254, with a mixture of benzene, ethyl acetate and formic acid (5:5:0.2, in volumes) as the mobile system. In Method II, a new ultra-high-performance liquid chromatographic method (UHPLC) with a photodiode array detector (PDA) was presented. A reversed-phase inertsil ODS 5 µm C 18 packed column (100 Å, 4.6 mm internal diameter (I.D.) × 50 mm) at 30 °C was employed. Elution was completed in 3 min. Unfortunately, greener solvents were tested as a mobile phase, but an asymmetric peak for CL was noted. In addition, the new UHPLC method has a priority over the old HPLC one by Sayed et al., 2014, in terms of quickness and avoiding interference from the PEP preservative. Concerning the TLC method, the novel TLC method has the advantage of preventing the interference of PEP. This paper represents the first analytical approach for the concurrent assay of FP and CL in the presence of the preservative phenoxyethanol in the cream formulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Identification of the plant parts and genuine species is one of the most important steps for the quality control of raw material used in herbal medicines. In the present study, comparative analysis of TLC, HPLC and FTIR-ATR fingerprinting in conjunction with chemometric method was done to select the most appropriate fingerprinting method for quality control of Berberis aristata and its related species. To achieve this, extracts were first utilized to obtain TLC, HPLC and FT-IR fingerprinting data. The data was analyzed by chemometric methods and similarity analysis. The PCA model obtained with HPLC fingerprinting method could successfully classify the Berberis species as well plant parts viz. root, stem and leaves which was not possible with the PCA model of TLC or FT-IR fingerprints. Similarity analysis based on the mean HPLC fingerprinting chromatogram could also appropriately assess the chemical variability and identification of different Berberis species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study involves the isolation of succinic acid (SA)‐producing microorganisms from different samples, including the rumen, sludge, soil, and wastewater. For primary screening, 29 isolates exhibited a zone of clearance around the colony, indicating acid production. For secondary screening using thin‐layer chromatography, only two isolates symbolized SA production according to their Rf values. These two isolates were further identified as Bacillus velezensis and Enterococcus gallinarum by phylogenetic analysis using the neighbor‐joining method. The high SA concentrations of 50.2 and 66.9 g/L were produced by B. velezensis and E. gallinarum with an SA yield of 0.836 and 1.12 g/g glucose, respectively. The high SA concentration from these newly isolated strains was achieved with a low formation of unwanted acids compared with those from Actinobacillus succinogenes ATCC 55618. Moreover, E. gallinarum was cultured in palm oil mill wastewater (POMW) and molasses, which were cheap substrates. The high SA production of 73.9 g/L with low other acids (the ratio of SA to total acids = 0.917) was achieved using POMW and molasses (80:20) as substrates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: Mastitis is known to pose a public health hazard and cause a costly disease for dairy herds. Bacteria are the primary causes of mastitis; and antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of the disease. This can lead to antibiotic residues in various kinds of milk and an increase in the risk of antibiotic resistance in bacteria. To avoid these problems, alternative treatments by the use of natural products are being experimented and plants extracts are also examined. This study reports the investigation of potential antioxidants and antibacterial activities against mastitis pathogens of pomegranate flowers' extracts. Results showed a high antioxidant and antibacterial potential of pomegranate flowers' extracts against the examined mastitis pathogens. Mastitis is one of the most considerable and costly diseases for dairy herds, and Staphylococcus spp. is known to be the main causative agent. Although antibiotics are widely used in the treatment of mastitis, this can cause both antibiotic residues in milk and the risk of antibiotic resistance occurrence in bacteria. Thus, in recent years, researchers have focused on alternative treatments for this disease and plants extracts are investigated for this purpose. Pomegranate is widely used as a dye, ornament, and medicinal plants in the industry, and the species has a particularly high economic value in Turkey. This study aims to investigate in vitro the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of the pomegranate flower's extracts against different Staphylococcus species associated with bovine mastitis. To this aim, pomegranate flowers were collected from different regions in Turkey and extracts were prepared with three different solvents (methanol, ethanol, and water). The retention factor values of the ethanol extract were determined by thin-layer chromatography. The antibacterial activity tests were carried out via the disk diffusion method. In addition, the extracts were tested against the stable DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate) free radicals for antioxidant activity. Four retention factors (0.79, 0.67, 0.58, and 0.33 points) were found for the ethanol extract. The methanol extract showed the highest inhibition zones against coagulase-negative Staphylococcus-37 (CNS-37) and S. aureus-18. The lowest MIC was 6500 μg/mL. The highest antioxidant activity was observed in methanol extracts. As a result, the extracts of pomegranate flowers showed a high antioxidant and antibacterial potential against the examined mastitis pathogens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was the chromatographic analysis of two steroid compounds; drospirenone and lynestrenol, representing the group of pro- and gestagens, respectively, and its application to determine the lipophilicity parameters of both these compounds. Various chromatographic systems were tested, consisting of silica gel plates coated with RP18F254 and RP18WF254 and three binary mixtures as mobile phases, such as methanol-water, acetonitrile-water and propan-2-ol-water with an organic modifier contained in each of them ranging from 50% to 90% or from 40% to 90%, respectively. The RF values of drospirenone and lynestrenol obtained through numerous chromatographic analyzes, which were then converted into the values of the RM parameter, were used to determine the experimental value of the lipophilicity parameter of these compounds in the form of RMW. In addition, the obtained chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity were compared with the theoretical values of the partition coefficient (logP) of drospirenone and lynestrenol obtained on the basis of various calculation algorithms in the form of AlogP, AlogPs, AClogP, MlgP, xlogP2 and xlogP3 and, respectively, with the experimental logP value marked as logPexp available for one of the them i.e. drospirenone. As a result of the chromatographic tests and analysis of all parameter results lipophilicity, the usefulness of thin-layer chromatography in the applied systems consisting of RP18F254 and RP18WF254 plates and mobile phases composed of methanol-water, acetonitrile-water and propan-2-ol-water for determining the experimental value of the lipophilicity parameter of drospirenone and lynestrenol in the form of RMW. Moreover, the research presented in the paper shows that selected topological indexes of biologically active compounds, including those with a steroidal structure, such as drospirenone and lynestrenol, may be valuable in determining the correlation between their structure and properties, including lipophilic properties. It was found that the new formula proposed in the above work for calculating the theoretical value of the lipophilicity parameter in the form of logPx, which is based on the values of selected topological indices, such as the Balaban index (B) and the Molecular Topological Index (M), is an interesting example of the use of indices based on various calculation algorithms for determining the lipophilicity parameter of the tested steroids.

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in newborn.Early diagnosis of neonatal sepsis is the top priority to all clinicians for early initiation of appropriate treatment which will reduce the morbidity and mortality in neonates and minimizes the unnecessary antibiotic therapy which will lead to overwhelming threat of multidrug-resistant organism. Aims and Objectives: The recent study was undertaken to study the reliability and effectiveness of hematological parameters and Rodwell’s hematological score for early diagnosis of sepsis in neonates. Materials and Methods: In this study,212 neonates were studied out of which 88 were blood culture proven sepsis and 39 were culture negative but hematological parameters positive probable sepsis.The rest 85 were both culture negative and hematological parameter negative and were considered normal baby and taken as control group in this study. Hematological parameters were studied in all cases included in the study which include total leukocyte count, absolute neutrophil count, immature/total neutrophil ratio, platelet count, C-reactive protein (CRP), and other components of Rodwell’s scoring criteria. Recent statistical analysis of all the components and hematological scoring system (HSS) done to find out the reliability and effectiveness. Results: Analysis of hematological parameters showed that absolute neutrophil count, immature to total neutrophil ratio and platelet count have a better sensitivity and specificity in relation to other parameters.CRP and total leukocyte count have better specificity but sensitivity was very low.In the HSS, it has been shown that this scoring system was highly sensitive and specific with a high positive predictive value and negative predictive value.Among the different parameters studied, association of total leukocyte count(P

Metronidazole was discovered for the first time in 1959 at the Rhone Poulanc Research laboratory in France. It is an antibiotic and antiprotozoal drug active substance, which is on the World Health Organization's list of essential drugs. It has been shown by the studies carried out since 1975 that metronidazole was oxidized to the related aldehyde or further oxidized to the related acid by the bacteria in the human body and in the research laboratories by various methods. Many scientists have published many articles, containing schiff base synthesis, oxime formation and reductive amination reactions, using as a reactive substance aldehyde, the subject of this article. The oxidation of metronidazole is important for aquatic environments. On this subject, various computational and experimental studies are available in the literature in order to treat wastewater with various oxidation methods. In this study, 2-(2-methyl-5-nitro-1H-imidazol-1-yl)acetaldehyde was obtained by the controlled oxidation reaction method which was different from the literature. In this method in a round bottom flask, equal equivalent metronidazole and pyridinium chlorochromate were solved in dichloromethane. The solution was stirred magnetically for 24 hours at room temperature. The crude product contains approximately half-and-half unreacted metronidazole and the product aldehyde. The product was purified by TLC method for 1H-NMR, FTIR spectroscopic analysis and melting point determination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tea tree oil (TTO) is a volatile essential oil obtained by distillation, mainly from the Australian native plant Melaleuca alternifolia (Maiden & Betche) Cheel (Myrtaceae). In this study, a comparative analysis of the chemical constituents of seven tea tree oils (M. alternifolia) and four other Melaleuca spp. oils (M. cajuputi, (MCa), two chemotypes of M. quinquenervia, (MNe and MNi), and M. ericifolia (MRo)) was carried out using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC). Among the seven TTOs, terpinen-4-ol (37.66–44.28%), γ-terpinene (16.42–20.75%), α-terpinene (3.47–12.62%), α-terpineol (3.11–4.66%), and terpinolene (2.75–4.19%) were the most abundant compounds. On the other hand, the most abundant compounds of the other Melaleuca oils varied, such as 1,8-cineole (64.63%) in MCa oil, (E)-nerolidol (48.40%) and linalool (33.30%) in MNe oil, 1,8-cineole (52.20%) in MNi oil, and linalool (38.19%) and 1,8-cineole (27.57%) in MRo oil. HPTLC fingerprinting of Melaleuca oils enabled the discrimination of TTO oils from other Melaleuca spp. oils. Variation was observed in the profile of the Rf values among EOs. The present study shows that HPTLC is one of the best ways to identify and evaluate the quality control in authenticating TTOs, other Melaleuca EOs, or EOs from other species within the Myrtaceae. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Targeted radionuclide therapy with [177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T (zadavotide guraxetan) has proven high efficacy and safety in treating patients with advanced prostate cancer worldwide. Several methods to determine the radiochemical purity have been reported but also limitations in the HPLC analysis due to retention of the sample and tailing effects when using standard gradients containing trifluoroacetic acid (TFA). We here report on the validation of a method for quality control of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T including determination of radiochemical purity, identity testing and limit test for PSMA I&T by HPLC using a Phosphate buffer /Acetonitrile gradient system, complemented with a TLC system with 0.1N Citrate buffer pH 5 as mobile phase including validation of the methods, batch and stability data as well as identification of the main radiochemical impurity by mass spectrometry. Results: The described HPLC method met the defined acceptance criteria in terms of accuracy, specificity, robustness, linearity, range and LOQ. HPLC analysis revealed symmetrical peaks and quantitative recovery from the column. Batch data showed a radiochemical purity > 95% as determined by HPLC, stability data a pronounced degradation due to radiolysis, which could be limited by addition of ascorbic acid, dilution and storage at low temperatures. The main radiochemical impurity was found to be the de-iodinated form of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T. TLC analysis allowed to determine the amount of free Lu-177 even in the presence of DTPA in the final formulation. Conclusion: Overall the described combination of HPLC and TLC provides a reliable tool for quality control of [177Lu]Lu-PSMA I&T. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lipophilicity in addition to the solubility, acid-base character and stability is one of the most important physicochemical parameters of a compound required to assess the ADMET properties (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) of a bioactive molecule. Therefore, the subject of this work was to determine the lipophilicity parameters of selected antimicrobial and immunosuppressive compounds such as delafloxacin, linezolid, sutezolid, ceftazidime, everolimus and zotarolimus using thin-layer chromatography in reversed phase system (RP-TLC). The chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity (RMW) for tested compounds were determined on different stationary phases: RP18F254, RP18WF254 and RP2F254 using ethanol, acetonitrile, and propan-2-ol as organic modifiers of mobile phases used. Chromatographically established RMW values were compared with partition coefficients obtained by different computational methods (AlogPs, AClogP, AlogP, MlogP, XlogP2, XlogP3, logPKOWWIN, ACD/logP, milogP). Both cluster and principal component analysis (CA and PCA) of the received results allowed us to compare the lipophilic nature of the studied compounds. The sum of ranking differences analysis (SRD) of all lipophilicity parameters was helpful to select the most effective method of determining the lipophilicity of the investigated compounds. The presented results demonstrate that RP-TLC method may be a good tool in determining the lipophilic properties of studied substances. Obtained lipophilic parameters of the compounds can be valuable in the design of their new derivatives as efficient antimicrobial and immunosuppressive agents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since first becoming commercially available in 2018, the PET radiopharmaceutical [18F]PSMA‐1007 has been used widely for the diagnosis and staging of prostate cancer. A pharmacopoeia monograph first became available in 2021, prescribing a radiochemical purity specification of >91%, based on analytical results from both TLC (for [18F]fluoride impurity alone) and HPLC (for all other 18F‐impurities). Though this monograph has provided clarity for the quality control testing of [18F]PSMA‐1007, it prescribes a HPLC method using phosphate buffer mobile phase that may present a risk of precipitation of phosphate salts in the HPLC system. The method also requires specialised hardware not immediately available to all laboratories. This work describes the development of a simple, rapid reversed‐phase HPLC method utilising 0.1 M ammonium formate mobile phase for the accurate assessment of both [18F]fluoride impurity and overall radiochemical purity in a single test. This method is especially useful for assessment of product stability over time. A more accurate TLC method for [18F]fluoride impurity is also described. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The experiment was to monitor the degradation effect of anti-nutritional factors during soybean meal fermentation. The β-mannanase producing strain HTGC-10 stored in the laboratory was used as the fermentation strain to degrade mannan. The degradation effect of strain HTGC-10 was detected by thin layer chromatography and real-time electrophoresis. The results showed that strain HTGC-10 could degrade mannan to small mannooligosaccharide. HTGC-10 was used to ferment 10% soybean meal. The results of real-time electrophoresis showed that HTGC-10 could degrade macromolecular proteins in soybean meal well within 0~24 h of fermentation. In 0~24 h of fermentation, HTGC-10 could degrade the antitrophic factors well, and the antitrophic factors of soybean globulin, β -associated soybean globulin and KTI in soybean meal to 11.9%, 18.5% and 2.0% of the original contents, respectively. The continuous fermentation for 24~48 h had little effect on the degradation of antitrophic factors in soybean meal. The study indicates that the fermentation time of soybean meal should be 24 h to make better use of soybean meal resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Centaurea parviflora (C. parviflora), belonging to the family Asteraceae, is an Algerian medicinal plant used in folk medicine to treat different diseases related to hyperglycemic and inflammatory disorders, as well as in food. The present study aimed to assess the total phenolic content, in vitro antioxidant and antimicrobial activity and phytochemical profile of the extracts of C. parviflora. The extraction of phenolic compounds from aerial parts was conducted using solvents of increasing polarity starting from methanol, resulting in crude extract (CE), to chloroform extract (CHE), ethyl acetate extract (EAE) and butanol extract (BUE). The total phenolic, flavonoid and flavonol contents of the extracts were determined using the Folin–Ciocalteu and AlCl3 methods, respectively. The antioxidant activity was measured with seven methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay, galvinoxyl free-radical-scavenging test, 2,2′-Azino-Bis(3-Ethylbenzothiazoline-6-Sulfonic Acid) (ABTS) assay, cupric reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), reducing power, Fe+2-phenanthroline reduction assay and superoxide-scavenging test. The disc-diffusion method aimed at testing the sensitivity of bacterial strains toward our extracts. A qualitative analysis with thin-layer chromatography of the methanolic extract was performed. Moreover, HPLC-DAD-MS was used to establish the phytochemical profile of the BUE. The BUE was found to contain high amounts of total phenolics (175.27 ± 2.79 µg GAE/mg E), flavonoids (59.89 ± 0.91 µg QE/mg E) and flavonols (47.30 ± 0.51 µg RE/mg E). Using TLC, different components such as flavonoids and polyphenols were noted. The highest radical-scavenging ability was recorded for the BUE against DPPH (IC50 = 59.38 ± 0.72 µg/mL), galvinoxyl (IC50 = 36.25 ± 0.42 µg/mL), ABTS (IC50 = 49.52 ± 1.54 µg/mL) and superoxide (IC50 = 13.61 ± 0.38 µg/mL). The BUE had the best reducing power according to the CUPRAC (A0.5 = 71.80 ± 1.22 μg/mL), phenanthroline test (A0.5 = 20.29 ± 1.16 μg/mL) and FRAP (A0.5 = 119.17 ± 0.29 μg/mL). The LC-MS analysis of BUE allowed us to identify eight compounds including six phenolic acids and two flavonoids: quinic acid, five chlorogenic acid derivatives, rutin and quercetin 3-o-glucoside. This preliminary investigation revealed that the extracts of C. parviflora have a good biopharmaceutical activity. The BUE possesses an interesting potential for pharmaceutical/nutraceutical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Morphological identification of Chaenotheca phaeocephala and Chaenotheca subroscida in the Pacific Northwest is difficult. Both have stalked mazaediate ascomata with yellow pruina and ascospores that are relatively large for the genus. In Scandinavia, their thalli are distinguishable and they occur in different habitats. We used thin-layer chromatography to examine the secondary metabolites in thalli of 36 specimens from Oregon and Washington identified as C. phaeocephala or C. subroscida. Nine specimens contained pseudoplacodiolic acid, which places them in C. subroscida. The thalli of six of these had dense whitish granules and no verrucae; other specimens had a mixture of verrucae and white granules. The rest of the specimens did not have pseudoplacodiolic acid and were therefore C. phaeocephala; their thalli had varying amounts of verrucae and granules. Our results suggest that identification of these two species in the Pacific Northwest is not possible without TLC. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Filamentous fungi are being globally explored for the production of industrially important bioactive compounds including pigments. In the present study, a cold and pH tolerant fungus strain Penicillium sp (GEU_37), isolated from the soil of Indian Himalaya, is characterized for the production of natural pigments as influenced by varying temperature conditions. The fungal strain produces a higher sporulation, exudation, and red diffusible pigment in Potato Dextrose (PD) at 15 °C as compared to 25 °C. In PD broth, a yellow pigment was observed at 25 °C. While measuring the effect of temperature and pH on red pigment production by GEU_37, 15 °C and pH 5, respectively, were observed to be the optimum conditions. Similarly, the effect of exogenous carbon and nitrogen sources and mineral salts on pigment production by GEU_37 was assessed in PD broth. However, no significant enhancement in pigmentation was observed. Chloroform extracted pigment was separated using thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography. The two separated fractions i.e., fractions I and II with Rf values 0.82 and 0.73, exhibited maximum light absorption, λ max , at 360 nm and 510 nm, respectively. Characterization of pigments using GC–MS showed the presence of the compounds such as phenol, 2,4-bis (1,1-dimethylethyl) and eicosene from fraction I and derivatives of coumarine, friedooleanan, and stigmasterole in fraction II. However, LC-MS analysis detected the presence of derivatives of compound carotenoids from fraction II as well as derivative of chromenone and hydroxyquinoline as major compounds from both the fractions along with other numerous important bioactive compounds. The production of such bioactive pigments under low temperature conditions suggest their strategic role in ecological resilience by the fungal strain and may have biotechnological applications. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Seaweeds have been explored as a natural resource of compounds of interest due to their bioactivities. Although many studies report the interest and the application of seaweeds in various areas, from food or human health to the economy, these data mostly focus on raw extracts and not on specific compounds, such as seaweed pigments. Fungal infections of the skin, nails, and hair caused by dermatophytes are the most common fungal infections worldwide. These pathologies require long periods of topical and/or systemic treatment associated with adverse effects and increased antifungal resistance. So, this study had two objectives: the first was to isolate and characterize the pigments of the seaweeds Calliblepharis jubata and Fucus vesiculosus; the second was to assess their antifungal activity. The extraction of pigments was performed using a method of extraction by exhaustion, and the purification was achieved via column chromatography. Three techniques were used to characterize the pigments: thin-layer chromatography (TLC), UV–visible spectrophotometry, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The antifungal activity against the three most common dermatophytes, Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, and Microsporum canis, was evaluated using a microdilution methodology, following the EUCAST international standards. It was possible to observe that the extracts obtained from the seaweed C. jubata, corresponding to the purified pigment phycobiliprotein, and the crude extract (an enriched extract) showed antifungal activity against the three fungal agents of human skin infection.

Much interest is taken in identification of Aloe arborescens Mill. medicines by a major class of bioactive compounds (anthracene derivatives), as well as in quantitative determination of the compounds belonging to the class, with the same unified method for the entire spectrum from herbal drugs to herbal medicinal products. The aim of the study was to develop a methodological approach and select unified conditions for the identification and assay of anthracene-derived compounds in herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations and herbal medicinal products of Aloe arborescens Mill., observing the principle of holistic, end-to-end standardisation. Materials and methods: analytical conditions were unified using literature data and a comparison of reference values and requirements of the Russian and other pharmacopoeias. The subsequent practical evaluation of the selected conditions used three batches of the herbal medicinal product “Aloe Juice” by Vifitech (batches 131217, 030318 and 070618). The identification was carried out using a silica gel plate for high-performance thin-layer chromatography (HPTLC Silica Gel 60 HX85224933 1056330001 by Merck). The results were examined in daylight before and after spraying with a 2% alcohol solution of sodium hydroxide. The quantification was carried out using a Cary-100 spectrophotometer by Agilent at 512 nm and 0.5% magnesium acetate in methanol as a developing solvent. Results: the authors developed a unified approach to identification and quantification of anthracene-derived compounds in herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations and herbal medicinal products of Aloe arborescens Mill. and suggested using aloe-emodin as a reference standard. The authors established reference values for anthracene-derived compounds in herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations and herbal medicinal products of Aloe arborescens Mill. and drafted the corresponding monographs for the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation. Conclusions: the developed procedures allow for comprehensive identification and quantification of anthracene-derived compounds in herbal drugs, herbal drug preparations and herbal medicinal products of Aloe arborescens Mill. by the same class of biologically active compounds.

Syzygium cumini L. (ver Jamun; BlackBerry) is a native, evergreen multipurpose tree species of India. Besides being a fruit tree and for agroforestry in different regions, it is medicinally important too. This study aimed to determine genetic diversity using molecular and phytochemical markers in sixteen genotypes of Indian S. cumini from different agro-ecological zones. The present study used a combination of ISSR markers and the HPLC technique to explore these genotypes. The results showed a wide genetic diversity range based on the similarity coefficient values observed in S. cumini sixteen accessions from different sites. Four primary phenolic acids were discovered in all the accessions; caffeic acid (CA) was found in high concentrations. The intraspecific association between molecular and phytochemical characteristics was the primary goal of this investigation. By employing gene-specific markers for the route of secondary metabolites (polyphenols) production, it further investigated the progressive research of diversity analysis of polyphenol content in S. cumini accessions, which may also expand its nutraceutical and pharmaceutical utilization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective　 To study the quality standard of Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts. Methods　TLC was used to identify Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts. The heavy metals, harmful elements, and moisture in Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts were examined. The content of Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts was determined by high performance liquid chromatography. Results　TLC method could be used to identify Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts. The moisture content of Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts were 8.4% and 3.2%, respectively. ICP-MS was used to determine the contents of five elements in Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts simultaneously. There was a good linear relationship between arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, and lead in the range of 0～20, 0～10, 0～500, 0～5 and 0～20 ng/ml, respectively; The method detection limit of each metal element was 3.3×10−5～ 1.3×10−3 mg/kg. The relative standard deviation (RSD) of precision was 0.32%～0.82%. RSD values of each element content showed that the method had good repeatability. And the recoveries of arsenic, cadmium, copper, mercury, and lead were 103%～112%, 98%～99%, 98%～99%, 105%～106% and 100%～103%, respectively (n=3). The stability of each element was good within 8 h. The contents of the five elements were within the limits of the current edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The standard curve equation of gardenia was Y=15860X+22 543, r=0.999 9, indicating that there was a good linear relationship of gardenia in the range of 20.16～ 322.6 μg/ml. The RSD of precision was 1.86%. RSD of the two samples were 2.38% and 2.60%, respectively, indicated that the method had good repeatability. The average recovery of Gardenia was 99.1% (n=6). The stability of the two solutions was good within 8 h. The contents of gardenia and its effective parts were 5.71% and 34.2%, respectively. Conclusion　The research on the quality of Gardenia jasminoides effective parts was carried out based on the research on the quality of Gardenia jasminoides, and the results met the requirements. Therefore, the method established in this experiment could control the quality of Gardenia jasminoides and its effective parts simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cancer continues to be a leading cause of global death despite decades of research on its prevention and cure. In the mid-twentieth century, anecdotal evidence began to accumulate that certain chemicals might be cancer-causing and this was followed up with animal model studies. These suspected substances were termed carcinogens and among those investigated were N-nitrosamines (or simply nitrosamines). Interest in nitrosamines is now more than a century old and research continues to explore their biology. Since the 1950's, steady progress has been made in perfecting chemistry techniques to label interesting compounds with 14C or tritium. However, there have been relatively few reports concerning the synthesis of nitrosamines with these radioisotopes, providing substances which could be valuable in advancing key nitrosamine biology research. Most of the previous literature examples of 14C or tritium labelled nitrosamines related to very specific compounds lacking wider interest and relevance. Also, the resulting products were usually of low specific activity. This paper outlines strategies to accomplish the labelling of more broadly relevant nitrosamines with 14C or tritium at high specific activity. Particularly, a library of 14C labelled nitrosamines with diverse structures was created. Exemplary experimental details are provided for the synthesis of [14C] N-nitrosodiethanolamine as well as the repurification of [ethyl-1-14C] N-nitroso-N-ethylurea. The storage and general stability of 14C nitrosamines is also discussed. Finally, as an example of a typical strategy to prepare a nitrosamine labelled with tritium, the synthesis of [3, 4-3H] N-nitrosopyrrolidine is described in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives] The paper was to establish the quality standard of Shenqi Qiangjing granules and to conduct routine inspection of granular dosage forms. [Methods] The particle size, moisture, loss on drying, dissolubility, content uniformity and microbial limit of Shenqi Qiangjing granules were detected. Radix Astragali, Herba Epimedii, Radix Dipsaci and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis were qualitatively identified by thin layer chromatography (TLC). [Results] The particle size, moisture, loss on drying, dissolubility, content uniformity and microbial limit of Shenqi Qiangjing granules were all in line with the relevant regulations of Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China (2020 edition). Radix Astragali, Herba Epimedii, Radix Dipsaci and Fructus Schisandrae Chinensis had clear fluorescent spots in TLC assay, and no such spots were found in negative control. [Conclusions] The method has the advantages of simple operation, accurate and reliable results, strong specificity and good repeatability, and can effectively control the quality of Shenqi Qiangjing granules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A comparative study between two stability-indicating chromatographic methods for the assay of brinzolamide and timolol maleate in the co-existence of the probable carcinogenic oxidative degradation product of timolol maleate in their ophthalmic formulation was demonstrated. The first method established the thin-layer chromatography coupled with the densitometric determination of the analyzed spots, using silica gel TLC aluminum plates F254 and a developing system of chloroform: methanol: ammonia (6:1:0.1, in volumes) at room temperature to give good separation for the three investigated components, where retardation factors for the oxidative degradation product of timolol maleate, brinzolamide and timolol maleate were (Rf 0.21), (Rf 0.46), and (Rf 0.55), respectively. The linear ranges were 2–10 and 3–16 μg/band for brinzolamide and timolol maleate, respectively. In the second method, high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), photo diode array detection was used on a Eurospher 5 µm C18 100 Å (4.6 × 250 mm) column, using triethylamine pH 3.5, adjusted by glacial acetic acid: acetonitrile (20:80, v/v) at a rate of 0.5 mL per minute. An acceptable separation was achieved, where the retention times for timolol maleate, the oxidative degradation product of timolol maleate and brinzolamide, were (Rt 3.6), (Rt 4.7), and (Rt 5.6), respectively. Linearity covered a range of 20–120 μg/mL for both drugs. It has been proved previously that timolol maleate is liable to oxidation, giving a high-probability carcinogenic product in female mice. The validation for the new proposed stability-indicating methods was optimized in line with the ICH guidelines with good outcomes. It is worth noting that the HPLC-DAD method showed superior separation, economic and time-saving results, while TLC method was more sensitive. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the lipophilicity of a series substances lowering the concentration of uric acid in blood and anti-androgen drugs by thin-layer chromatography in reversed-phase systems (RP-TLC, RP-HPTLC) and computational methods. The chromatographic parameter of lipophilicity (RMW) of tested compounds was determined on three stationary phases, i.e., RP18F254, RP18WF254 and RP2F254, using ethanol–water, propan-2-ol-water and acetonitrile–water in various volume compositions as mobile phases. The chromatographic analysis led to determining the experimental value of the lipophilicity parameter for each of the tested compounds, including those for which the experimental value of the partition coefficient (logPexp) as a measure of lipophilicity is not well described in available databases, such as febuxostat, oxypurinol, ailanthone, abiraterone and teriflunomide. The chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity were compared with the logP values obtained with various software packages, such as AClogP, AlogPs, AlogP, MlogP, XlogP2, XlogP3, ACD/logP and logPKOWWIN. The obtained results indicate that, among selected chromatographic parameters of lipophilicity, both experimental and calculated logP values gave similar results, and these RP-TLC or RP-HPTLC systems can be successfully applied to estimate the lipophilicity of studied heterocyclic compounds belonging to two different pharmacological groups. This work also illustrates the similarity and difference existing between the tested compounds under study using the chemometric methods, such as principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA). In addition, a relatively new approach based on the sum of ranking differences (SRD) was used to compare the chromatographically obtained and theoretical lipophilicity descriptors of studied compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

D-amino acids, the important components of the bacterial cell walls, are valuable molecular and genetic markers of bacterial-derived organic material in the environment. D-serine, a racemization product of L-serine is one such amino acid present in various prokaryotes and eukaryotes. It is a well-recognized regulator of various activities in the human nervous system. In plants, it has a role in the nitrogen cycle regulation and pollen tube growth. Serine enantiomers are present in different concentrations and few bacterial strains are reported to contribute to D-serine in the environment. During the present study, soil samples from different places in North India were collected and processed to isolate and screen the bacteria on M9 minimal media (Himedia) for D-serine synthesis. Thin-layer chromatography (TLC Silica gel 60 F 254 (20 × 20 cm, Merck, Darmstadt, Germany) and Mass spectroscopic analysis (Bruker MICROTOF II spectrometer) studies, etc were performed. D-serine-producing isolates were characterized as per standard procedures. Bacterial isolate A1C1 with maximum D-serine (0.919 ± 0.02 nM) synthesis under optimal growth conditions (37°C ± 0.5, 150 ± 0.5 RPM, and 7 ± 0.5 pH) was identified as Bacillus tequilensis based on 16sRNA sequencing. The isolate could be a valuable serine racemization tool for various industrial and environmental applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Propiedad Inmaterial is the property of Universidad Externado de Colombia, Centro de Estudios de la Propriedad Intelectual and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Farmacia is the property of Societatea de Stiinte Farmaceutice Romania and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Mobile phones have become a ubiquitous part of our daily lives. The present study was conducted to assess effect of smart phone usage on cardiovascular and hematological parameters. Materials & Methods: 205 subjects using smart phone since 5 years of both genders were selected. Blood pressure of the subjects were recorded in the sitting posture by mercurySphygmomanometer. Total WBC count was done by Haemocytometer method using Turk's fluid as diluents. The duration of mobile phone usage per day were recorded. Daily duration of mobile phone use was calculated automatically by dividing the total duration of calls. Results: Out of 205 subjects, males were 105 and females were 100. There were 40 subjects with <1 hour mobile usage having 70-90 mm Hg of DBP, 50 (1-2 hours) with 70-80 mm Hg of DBP, 81-90 mm Hg was seen in 25 and 55 with <1 hours and 1-2 hours usage, 15 and 20 had 91-100 mm Hg DBP with <1 hour and 1-2 hours usage. The difference was non-significant (P> 0.05).80 subjects had <1 hour usage and 4000- 11000 TLC, 60 had 1-2 hours usage with 4000-11000 TLC, 45 and 20 had >11000 having <1 hour and 1-2 hours usage. The difference was non- significant (P> 0.05). Conclusion: A long-term duration of Mobile phone use may influence and change the autonomic balance in favor of an increased sympathetic tone. An increase in the sympathetic tone and a concomitant decrease in the parasympathetic tone are reported to be measured among the subjects who have used the mobile phones for prolonged period of time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The marine environment continues to surprise us by producing novel bioactive substances with a wide range of benefits for humans. Materials and Methods: Marine bioluminescent bacteria Photobacterium leiognathi was isolated from pony fish, Secutorruconius which was confirmed with microscopic and molecular characterization. The secondary metabolite of the isolated bacteria was extracted with dichloromethane. The chemical fingerprinting of the isolated metabolite was analyzed through TLC, FT-IR, and HPLC. The nature of the compound present in the metabolite was identified in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis (GC - MS). The isolated extract was investigated for its antibacterial property against 10 human pathogenic bacteria and also its antioxidant activity using different assays such as 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, Phosphomolybdenum, Metal chelating, Hydroxyl radical scavenging and hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity. Results: The Presence of functional groups including phenols, sugars, and amino acids in the extracts were identified by TLC. Totally, nine peaks were obtained for the crude extract through the FTIR spectrum range of 400 to 4000 cm-1 for the active sample. The DCM extract showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against the six human bacterial pathogens. Secondary metabolites from the bioluminescent bacteria, P. leiognathi, have strong antioxidant properties. These results will be instrumental in developing novel products with biosensors and bio-imaging applications using P. leiognathi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this experiment a mixture of salicylaldehyde (2 mmol), 4-chlorophenacyl bromide (2 mmol) and potassium tertiary butoxid (T-BuOK) (2mmol) in 10ml of Dichlorometane (DCM), containing molecular sieves was reflexed at 30C^°for 3 hours. Progress of the reaction was monitored by Thin layer chromatography (TLC) using hexane: ethyl acetate (8:2) mixture as mobile phase. After the completion of the reaction, the reaction mixture was washed with 10 % HCl solution followed by water. The organics were dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The yellow solid was obtained disolventizing in a rotary evaporator at room temperature affords benzofuran-2-yl (4-chlorophenyl) methanone. Benzofuranone (0.60 ml, 5 mmol) with substituted anilines (5 mmol) in round bottom flasks was refluxed in 15 ml methanol at 40C^° for 3 hours in the presence of 1.5 ml glacial acetic acid. In each case, the precipitated base was filtered off, recrystallized from absolute ethanol and dried in vacuum desiccators. The (Z)-N-(benzofuran-2-yl (4-chlorophenyl) methylene) aniline was obtained. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Inulin, a prebiotic, is a mixture of linear chains β-2,1 fructans with a degree of polymerization (DP) of 2 to 60. Different DPs have various applications in the cosmetics, pharmaceutical, and food industries. Objective: This study aims to find the best method for DP determination. Methods: RSM was applied to optimize the extraction of inulin from Inula helenium. Four factors, including time, temperature, solvent-to-sample ratio, and pH and yield as response were selected. Inulin was purified using a hot water extraction followed by a slurry of calcium hydroxide and phosphoric acid. TLC-FLD, MALDI-TOF, and spectrophotometric methods were used to characterize and compare the DP of inulin. Results: RSM proposed a maximum yield (10.1 %) at a temperature of 79.6 °C, time of 31.9 min, the solvent-to-sample ratio of 39.9: 1, and pH of 7.7. The quality of extracted inulin was evaluated as follow: FT-IR spectra indicated typical bands at 820, 864, and 932 cm-1 that assigned the presence of 2-ketose, β-(2→1) fructofuranosyl unit, and α-D-glucopyranose residue. Inulin with DP (16) and molecular weight 2633 Da was determined in MALDI-TOF. Furthermore, TLC-FLD confirmed the approximate fructose and DP from (1-15). Also, the spectrophotometric method showed an approximate number of 22.3 ± 0.04 as the DP. Conclusion: In conclusion, the optimized isolation factors for inulin from the Inula helenium were proposed. In comparison with the spectrophotometric result, TLC-FLD quantitative result is much more confirmable to MALDI-TOF. TLC-FLD technique offered a simple and more precise than the spectrophotometric method for the quality of inulin.

Abstract Introduction Intertrochanteric fractures are associated with high mortality rates; however, long-term data on survival and predictors remain scarce. Therefore, this study investigated risk factors associated with 3-year mortality in elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures. Methods In a retrospective study, 156 elderly patients with intertrochanteric fractures who underwent surgery between January 2017 to January 2018 at our center were included. Association-affecting variables, such as gender, age, time from injury to surgery, hemoglobin (Hb), total lymphocyte count (TLC), albumin, malnutrition, and co-morbidities, were recorded and analyzed. Afterward, logistic regression was used to analyze the significant variables and find independent predictors for 3-year mortality. Results A total of 156 patients were followed up for 3 years. The 1-year, 2-year, and 3-year postoperative cumulative mortality rates were 9.6% (15/156), 16.7% (26/156), and 24.4% (38/156), respectively. Simple analyses found that age, Hb, albumin, and malnutrition were associated with 3-year mortality (p

Abstract Impurity profiling of a pharmaceutical compound is now taking great attention during quality assessment of pharmaceuticals, as presence of small amount of impurities may affect safety and efficacy. In this work, a novel TLC chromatographic method coupled with densitometric detection was established for the simultaneous quantification of naphazoline HCl, pheniramine maleate and three of their official impurities, namely; naphazoline impurity B, pheniramine impurities; A & B. Chromatographic separation was carried out on TLC aluminum silica plates F254, as a stationary phase, using methanol: ethyl acetate: 33.0% ammonia (2.0: 8.0: 1.0, by volume), as a mobile phase. Plates were examined at 260.0 nm and International Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines were followed for method’s validation. Important factors, such as; composition of mobile phase and detection wavelengths were optimized. Linearity was achieved over the ranges of 2.0–50.0 µg band−1 for naphazoline, 10.0–110.0 µg band−1 for pheniramine, 0.1–10.0 µg band−1 for naphazoline impurity B and 2.0–50.0 µg band−1 for both pheniramine impurities. The proposed method was assessed in terms of accuracy, precision and robustness where satisfactory results (recovery % ≈ 100% and RSD

This article is devoted to verification of the bully election algorithm for distributed systems with TLA+ and PlusCal. In this work, we show an overview of the basic information about distributed systems, then we show definition of election algorithms for distributed systems, after that we provide a full description of the bully election algorithm for distributed systems. Later in this article, we show the model of the distributed algorithm created with TLA+ and PlusCal. Then we describe the main parts of this model. Next, we illustrate results of verification of this model. The verification was done using TLC ‒ a model checker and simulator for executable TLA+ specifications. As a result of the verification, it was possible to establish that the declared properties of safety and liveness are fully satisfied for all possible states of the system.

The main aim of this study is to experimentally investigate the yield of extraction and the presence of wax in the extracted yield from Musa a cuminata (banana) biomass based on various functional groups that are present in natural wax. Extraction of natural wax from Musa a cuminata (banana) biomass has been done by using the Soxhlet apparatus method in the presence of both polar (ethyl acetate and ethanol) and non-polar (toluene and hexane) solvents. The extracted yield has been found as 3.58% from hexane, 5.16% from toluene, 7.03% from ethyl acetate, and 10.26% from ethanol. The wax was also found in the extracted yield only in the case of nonpolar solvents (toluene and hexane). The novelty of this work is that Musa a cuminata (banana) waste biomass has been utilized to recover the natural wax using nonpolar solvents and also compared with that of polar solvents to check the scope of wax extraction using polar solvents. Also, statistical analysis has been performed of the extracted yield using both solvents. Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) methods have been used to determine the various hydrocarbon chains present in the extracted yield which is similar to that of natural wax. [Display omitted] • The extracted yield has been found to be 3.58% from hexane, 5.16% from toluene. • Beeswax is a natural product, composed of a complex mixture of non-glyceride esters. • These esters are carboxylic acids and hydroxy acids. • Chitosan and wax can be utilized for packaging applications. • The natural wax has been extracted from Musa a cuminata biomass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coffee, a widely consumed beverage worldwide, undergoes postharvest methods that influence its physicochemical characteristics, while roasting modulates its composition, affecting sensory attributes. This study investigates the impact of distinct postharvest methods (washed and natural) on the antidiabetic activities, including α-amylase and DPP4, as well as the phytochemical profiling of geological indicator (GI) coffee beans (Coffea arabica L.). The results indicate notable differences in antidiabetic activity and phytochemical profiles between washed and natural processing methods. Coffee beans processed naturally exhibit significant suppression of DPP4 and α-amylase activities (p-value < 0.01) compared to beans processed using the washed technique. TLC profiling using the ratios of the solvent systems of ethyl acetate/dichloromethane (DCM) and acetone/DCM as separation solvents reveals dominant spots for the washed technique. LC-MS/MS-based untargeted metabolomics analysis using principle component analysis (PCA) clearly segregates samples processed by the natural and washed techniques without any overlap region. A total of 1114 phytochemicals, including amino acids and short peptides, are annotated. The natural processing of coffee beans has been shown to yield a slightly higher content of chlorogenic acid (CGA) compared to the washed processing method. Our findings highlight the distinct bioactivities and phytochemical compositions of GI coffee beans processed using different techniques. This information can guide consumers in choosing coffee processing methods that offer potential benefits in terms of alternative treatment for diabetes.

Aflatoxins are secondary metabolites produced by various species of Aspergillus and are responsible for toxic effects on farm animals. The limitation of the mycotoxin contamination of food and feed could be achieved by specific methods that inhibit the fungal growth. The aim of our work was the evaluation the effects of different lactic acid bacteria strains (as potential biocontrol agents) on Aspergillus flavus growth and aflatoxin biosynthesis. Two toxigenic isolates of A. flavus were selected as high aflatoxin producers, based on in vitro observations (fluorescence on coconut medium, after exposure to UV light, and large opaque ring surrounding the fungal colonies cultivated on PDA medium with β-cyclodextrine and sodium deoxycholate). As inhibitory microorganisms were used strains of lactic acid bacteria. Significant morphological effects of lactic acid bacteria on A. flavus mycelium were observed microscopically. For separation of aflatoxins from samples, was used thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Lactobacilus plantarum 58, 35, 45 had inhibitory effects both on fungal growth and aflatoxin level.