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This publication attempts to provide some basic descriptions of the various systems and components of climate control and to point out some of the factors to be considered in the selection of the mechanical equipment. The principles of heat gain and loss and ventilation as they relate to a comfortable temperature are discussed. Illustrative figures accompany the written text. (Author)

THE EFFECTS OF A CONTROLLED THERMAL ENVIRONMENT ON PUPIL LEARNING WERE ANALYZED. APPROXIMATELY 20 MATCHED PAIRS OF FIFTH-GRADE STUDENTS WERE SELECTED. TWO GROUPS WERE USED--ONE FOR AN IDEAL THERMAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE OTHER FOR A DEVIATE THERMAL ENVIRONMENT. THE STUDENTS WERE MATCHED BY INTELLIGENCE TEST SCORES, ACHIEVEMENT TEST RESULTS, SEX, AGE, AND FAMILY BACKGROUND. THE CLASSROOMS WERE IDENTICAL IN ALL PHYSICAL ASPECTS. TEACHING INSTRUCTION FOR BOTH GROUPS WAS IDENTICAL, AND A WEEKLY ACHIEVEMENT SCORE WAS COLLECTED FROM ALL PARTICIPATING STUDENTS. THE STUDY LASTED ALMOST NINE SCHOOL WEEKS. RESULTING DATA WAS STATISTICALLY ANALYZED USING VARIANCE PROCEDURES. THE CONCLUSION REACHED BY THIS STUDY WAS THAT STUDENT LEARNING IS NOT AFFECTED BY ATTENDING SCHOOL IN A CONTROLLED IDEAL THERMAL ENVIRONMENT. (JH)

This booklet is one in the "Understanding the Atom Series" published by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission for high school students and their teachers. Reviewed are low temperature research and its application as these subjects are presented: how cold is cold, temperature, thermometers, states of matter, creation of low temperatures, properties and uses of cryogenic liquids, preservation of low temperatures, properties of matter at low temperatures, quantum fluids, and cryogenics as a tool. Numerous photographs and diagrams are utilized and a list of suggested references is included. (PR)

This student workbook contains units five and six of a six-unit physical science course. The program is intended for high school students who have not had a chemistry or physics course, and is designed to be self instructional. Unit five involves experiments and problems in these subject areas: temperature versus heat; units of heat; specific heat; law of heat exchange; and thermal expansion of solids, liquids, and gases. Unit six includes activities related to heat of fusion of water, vaporization and condensation, heat of vaporization; and methods of heat transfer. Data tables for experiments and space to work problems are provided in the workbook. Simple algebra is used in working the problems. This work was prepared under an ESEA Title III contract. (PR)

The study of climates in small areas as an outdoor science teaching technique is described in this paper. It is suggested that, while teachers are presenting a weather unit to their elementary school classes, they should not overlook the opportunity to make learning more meaningful through outdoor teaching techniques. Explorations of temperatures in different places may indicate that factors affecting weather, such as temperature, humidity, sun radiation, wind and air movement, conductivity, shape of the land surface, and precipitation may vary as much for the little climates as they do for a general region. Various methods of observing the weather are suggested. A lesson plan for the study of small climates provides the following: objectives, concepts, vocabulary, materials, instructional procedure and activities, and evaluation. (PS)

A short discussion of the need for measurement and the development of ancient measurement systems is given. The English system is traced through its transitions. An account of the development of the metric system is presented from the original defining of the standards through to the recent general conferences on its revision and simplification. A chart of "The International System of Units" (the modern metric system) is given which explains the seven base units. (LS)

Implications of the change to the metric system in our daily lives are discussed. Advantages of the metric system are presented, especially its decimal base and ease of calculation which are demonstrated by several worked examples. Some further sources of information are listed. A world map indicates the few remaining countries that have not yet adopted the metric system. (LS)

The testing plans, procedures, and results of an experiment are revealed concerning the thermal performance and variable factors of unvented double windows, their heat transmission and inner surface temperature. Data are given to help improve the design and development of standards for the thermal performance of windows. Building humidity, window arrangement and condensation problems are discussed along with criteria for air-space, window frames and sashes. Test measurement charts, drawings and a reference list are included. (TG)

The classroom environment is a working surround in which children, through participating in organized experiences, can grow and develop in an optimum manner. Classroom design requires organization of principles of environmental control in order to assure efficient and successful performance. This control cannot be left to chance. In considering the nature of the human organism, how it regulates and maintains its body temperature, as well as those changes which occur under various forms of activity, three factors are relevant to design and control of the thermal environment of classrooms--(1) the developing child differs from the adult and needs a different set of standards for controlling his thermal environment in the school, (2) thermally induced stresses can alter the growth, development, and learning of children, and (3) the child's problem-solving capacity is affected by the effective temperature of his classroom. If we are to meet the needs of our growing children, then this understanding necessary for proper classroom design must include knowledge of the control of heat, air movement, and humidity along with that of light, sound, structural materials, teaching space, and the other areas that enter into making adequate classrooms in our schools. (Footnote references are given). (KK)

Because of the intensity factors involved in school tasks, and the importance of schooling in determining the child's future in this complex civilization, the energy organizations and physical limits of the classroom are probably the most significant of all the factors encountered in shaping the child's ultimate social form. Very little is known about the energy aspects of the thermal environment as it affects learning performance. Three basic points on this matter can be identified here--(1) the biochemical make-up of the developing child necessitates a different set of standards for controlling the thermal school environment from those used for adults, (2) because organic function is modified through stress, and action which is induced by any energy organization, the school thermal environment requires more careful control (temperature, air movement, and humidity) to assure promotion of optimum learning, and (3) full rapport in problem-solving situations depends on shifts in internal body temperature and close maintenance of certain body temperature levels: this fact necessitates rigid control to assure optimum learning outcomes. Considerable work is needed to establish the norms of these temperature levels for children, together with their tolerance for variations while engaging in school activities. (KK)

Two similarly large buildings and air conditioning systems are comparatively analyzed as to energy consumption, costs, and inefficiency during certain measured periods of time. Building design and velocity systems are compared to heating, cooling, lighting and distribution capabilities. Energy requirements for pumps, fans and lighting are found to be the major contributors to operating costs. This analysis suggests a method of obtaining reliable estimates of energy consumption and costs so architects and clients may become aware of the implications of their environmental control and design decisions. Charts and graphs are used to analyze the problem; a reference list is supplied. (TG)

Many modern buildings become uncomfortably warm during sunny spells in the summer, and until recently there was no simple, reliable method of assessing at the design stage whether a building would become overheated. This paper describes a method of calculating summertime temperatures which was developed at the Building Research Station, and gives data on parameters required for calculation. These include--(1) solar radiation intensities, (2) solar gain factors for glass, (3) blinds and other sun controls, and (4) 'admittances' of building components which are a measure of the ability of the components to smooth out diurnal temperatures in the building. (TC)

Building Research studies show that overheating because of excessive solar heat gains can be troublesome in buildings of lightweight construction with large areas of glazing. The work being done at the Building Research Station provides the data for calculation of peak temperatures resulting from solar heat gain. Attention is given to window size and orientation, ventilation, and the effects of sun-controls. Graphs aid in computing peak temperatures as a function of unshaded window size for multi-story blocks of offices. These graphs determine the maximum permissible areas of glass to be used in offices when heat gain by solar radiation is part of the design criteria. (TC)

A collection of laboratory design notes to set forth minimum criteria required in the design of basic medical research laboratory buildings. Recommendations contained are primarily concerned with features of design which affect quality of performance and future flexibility of facility systems. Subjects of economy and safety are discussed where appropriate. Contents include--(1) general definitions, (2) air conditioning, (3) ventilation requirements, (4) ventilation quantities, (5) room loads, (6) central unit loads, (7) central air handling units, (8) air distribution, (9) refrigeration, (10) temperature and humidity control, and (11) cost estimates. (RH)

Design factors in the planning of research laboratories are described which include--(1) location, (2) future expansion, (3) internal flexibility, (4) provision of services, (5) laboratory furnishing, (6) internal traffic, (7) space requirements, and (8) building costs. A second part discusses air-conditioning and conditioned rooms--(1) air-conditioning for occupants, (2) air-conditioning for materials and operations, (3) effects of temperature change on relative humidity, (4) ventilation, air change, and air distribution, (5) costs of air-conditioning, (6) influence of glass areas, (7) winter relative humidities, and (8) planning implications. An annotated bibliography of 95 citations on laboratory design is included as an appendix. (RH)

This discussion of air leakage emphasizes cause and provides suggestions for elimination of undesirable effects. Cause parameters described are--(1) pressure differential, (2) building shape, (3) temperature differential, (4) opening sizes, (5) mechanical system pressures, and (6) climatic factors. Effects discussed are--(1) increased mechanical costs, (2) disruption of proper thermal and humidity levels, (3) condensation problems, and (4) transfer of contaminants and smoke from area fires. Ten tables, charts, and photographs concerning building leakage parameters and effects are included. (MH)

A useful common reference in providing professionally appropriate care of laboratory animals for scientific institutions is presented. Recommendations are based on scientific principles, expert opinion, and experience with methods and practices that have proved to be consistent with quality. A selected bibliography is included in periodicals and comprehensive general references. (RK)

OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY WERE TO--(1) ASCERTAIN THE PRESENT STRENGTH OF BOOK PAPERS TYPICAL OF THOSE MANUFACTURED DURING THE 19TH CENTRUY AND NOW PART OF AMERICAN RESEARCH LIBRARY COLLECTIONS, (2) IDENTIFY CAUSES OF DETERIORATION, (3) PROPOSE A SIMPLE METHOD FOR IDENTIFYING VOLUMES NEEDING STABILIZATION, AND (4) RECOMMEND METHODS OF STABILIZATION. THE EXAMINATION OF 500 NON-FICTION BOOKS PUBLISHED FROM 1800-1899 REVEALED THAT THE MAJOR CAUSE OF THE DETERIORATION OF BOOK PAPER AFTER MID-19TH CENTURY IS THE ACIDITY OF ALUM-ROSIN SIZE, WHICH WAS USED INCREASINGLY TO SIZE BOTH WOOD PULP AND RAG FIBER PAPERS. ALTHOUGH WOOD PULP WAS REPLACING RAG FIBER AT THIS TIME AND IS POPULARLY THOUGHT TO BE THE MAIN REASON FOR LOSS OF BOOK PAPER STRENGTH, THE STUDY SHOWED THAT ALL-RAG PAPERS SUFFERED A SIMILAR DROP IN QUALITY. THE CHLOROPHENOL-RED SPOT TEST WAS FOUND TO BE RELIABLE FOR INDENTIFYING MOST OF THE BOOK PAPERS NEEDING STABILIZATION. THE STUDY ALSO FOUND THAT PRINTER'S INK DID NO VISIBLE DAMAGE TO THE PAPERS TESTED, ALTHOUGH IT CAUSED A LOSS OF 30 PERCENT IN FOLDING STRENGTH. METHODS RECOMMENDED FOR DELAYING OR PREVENTING DETERIORATION OF 19TH CENTURY BOOK PAPERS INVOLVE DE-ACIDIFICATION AND STORAGE AT LOWERED TEMPERATURES. APPENDED IS A LIST OF BOOKS TESTED, A TABULAR PRESENTATION OF TEST DATA, AND A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF 43 ITEMS. THIS STUDY WAS CONDUCTED UNDER A GRANT FROM THE COUNCIL ON LIBRARY RESOURCES AND IS ALSO AVAILABLE FROM THE W.J. BARROW RESEARCH LABORATORY, INC., 428 N. BLVD. P.O. BOX 7311, RICHMOND, VIRGINIA 23221, FREE OF CHARGE. (JB)

Presents planning considerations in selecting proper temperature control systems. Various aspects are discussed including--(1) adequate environmental control, (2) adequate control area, (3) control system design, (4) operators rate their systems, (5) type of control components, (6) basic control system, (7) automatic control systems, and (8) variables that affect system performance. (RH)

Intended to inform school board administrators and teachers of the current (1958) thinking on audio-visual instruction for use in planning new buildings, purchasing equipment, and planning instruction. Attention is given the problem of overcoming obstacles to the incorporation of audio-visual materials into the curriculum. Discussion includes--(1) space needs of classrooms with reference to the needs of audio-visual material, storage, project, and display areas, (2) equipment and methods for the control of light, sound, and aid, (3) wiring, outlets, projection stands, screens, and speakers required for operation of audio-visual equipment, and (4) a detailed review of requirements for operation of in-school television. A bibliography and a list of equipment manufacturers is included. (JT)

Discusses heating, cooling, and ventilation for the classroom in relationship to students' learning abilities. It is designed to assist school boards, administrators, architects and engineers in understanding the beneficial effects of total climate control, and in evaluating the climate conditioning systems available for schools. Discussion includes--(1) the physiology of comfort, (2) comfort design, (3) climate control engineering, (4) climate control systems, (5) the total electric concept. (RH)

A REPORT OF A PROGRAM HELD AS PART OF THE BUILDING RESEARCH INSTITUTE 1962 SPRING CONFERENCE ON THE SOLAR EFFECTS ON BUILDING DESIGN. TOPICS DISCUSSED ARE--(1) SOLAR ENERGY DATA APPLICABLE TO BUILDING DESIGN, (2) THERMAL EFFECTS OF SOLAR RADIATION ON MAN, (3) SOLAR EFFECTS ON ARCHITECTURE, (4) SOLAR EFFECTS ON BUILDING COSTS, (5) SELECTION OF GLASS AND SOLAR SHADING TO REDUCE COOLING DEMAND, (6) DESIGN OF WINDOWS, (7) DESIGN OF SKYLIGHTS, (8) DESIGN OF ELECTRIC ILLUMINATION, (9) WINDOW DESIGN IN EUROPE--A REVIEW OF RECENT LITERATURE, AND (10) SWEDISH PRACTICES IN WINDOW DESIGN. ALSO INCLUDED ARE OPEN FORUM DISCUSSIONS AND CONFERENCE SUMMARY. THE CONFERENCE ATTEMPTED TO DEFINE VARIOUS PROBLEMS AND REVIEW SOME OF THE MEANS AT HAND TO SLOVE THEM. TWO OF THE EFFECTS OF SOLAR ENERGY ON BUILDING DESIGN WERE DISCUSSED--LIGHT AND HEAT. THE UNDESIRABLE SOLAR EFFECTS OF AIR-CONDITIONED COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS WAS MAINLY DEALT WITH. SEVERAL SPECIFIC NEEDS HAVE BEEN PROMINENTLY INDICATED BY THIS CONFERENCE--(1) THE NEED FOR BETTER COMMUNICATION REGARDING THIS SUBJECT AND THE NEED FOR MORE GENERALLY AVAILABLE INFORMATION, PRESENTED IN TERMS READILY UNDERSTOOD BY THE AVERAGE ARCHITECT, WHOSE RESPONSIBILITY IT IS TO TRANSLATE THESE PRINCIPLES INTO BUILDING DESIGN, (2) THE NEED FOR MUCH MORE OBJECTIVE AND UNPREJUDICED RESEARCH IN THIS FIELD, AND (3) THE NEED FOR MORE BRI CONFERENCES ON THIS SUBJECT. CHARTS AND DIAGRAMS ACCOMPANY THE TEXT COPIES OF THIS PUBLICATION MAY ALSO BE OBTAINED FROM THE BUILDING RESEARCH INSTITUTE, 1725 DESALES STREET, N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036. PRICE $10.00. (RK)

Contains a selected and annotated listing of source material concerning the thermal environment in school facilities. It is directed toward the school planner, architect, or administrator concerned with developing a more functional classroom environment. Topical coverage includes--(1) The Thermal Environment and Learning, (2) Physiological Factors in the Thermal Environment, (3) Heating-Ventilating and Air-Conditioning in the Classroom, and (4) Additional Considerations in Planning and Thermal Environment. (Author)

THIS IS A REPORT OF A FIRST PILOT STUDY WHICH PRECEDES A SERIES OF STUDIES BEING CONDUCTED BY THE IOWA CENTER FOR RESEARCH IN SCHOOL ADMINISTRATION AND LENNOX INDUSTRIES INC., MARSHALLTOWN, IOWA. IT IS A DIGEST OF A THESIS BY DR. CHARLES PECCOLO WHO SERVED AS RESEARCHER ON THIS FIRST STUDY. THE STUDY AIMED AT MEASURING THE EFFECTS OF THERMAL CONDITIONS ON THE LEARNING PROCESS AND ON LEARNING. THE CONCERN WAS TO STUDY THE MODEL ENVIRONMENT AS NOW ESTABLISHED BY RESEARCH AND WRITINGS AND TO COMPARE IT WITH A MARGINAL ENVIRONMENT. THE FOURTH GRADE SUBJECTS USED WERE TESTED IN VARIOUS FUNCTIONS UNDER TWO CONTRASTING THERMAL ENVIRONMENTS WHICH DIFFERED IN TEMPERATURE, HUMIDITY, AND AIR MOVEMENT. THE FIRST PIECE OF RESEARCH SHOWED DEFINITE BENEFITS FOR CHILDREN IN A CAREFULLY CONTROLLED THERMAL ENVIRONMENT. HOWEVER, SCHOOL BOARDS AND SUPERINTENDENTS SHOULD NOT EMBARK ON AMBITIOUS PROGRAMS TO AIR CONDITION SCHOOLS USING THIS RESEARCH AS THE SOLE BASIS FOR DOING SO. THIS RESEARCH ALONG WITH OTHER EVIDENCE CAN GIVE STRONG SUPPORT FOR CONSIDERATION OF THERMAL CONDITIONS IN PLANNING SCHOOLS. THIS DIGEST INCLUDES--(1) INTRODUCTION TO THE PROBLEM, (2) DEVELOPMENT OF THE THERMAL CONCEPT AND A REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE, (3) EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURES AND CONDITIONS, (4) ANALYSIS OF THE RESULTS, AND (5) SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. CHARTS, GRAPHS, AND TABLES ARE INCLUDED. (RK)

THIS IS A FINAL REPORT OF A STUDY OVER A FOURTEEN MONTH PERIOD FROM APRIL, 1959 TO JUNE, 1960 OF HEATING AND COOLING TWO SCHOOL CLASSROOMS AND A COMPARISON WITH A THIRD CLASSROOM IN WHICH THERE WAS HEATING AND FRESH AIR CIRCULATION ONLY. ALL THREE ROOMS HAD AN AIR-FLOW DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM. A TYPHOON HEAT PUMP PROVIDED HEATING AND COOLING IN ONE ROOM AND AN ARKLA-SERVEL ABSORPTION UNIT SERVED THE OTHER. THE THIRD ROOM WAS HEATED BY A HAYES DIRECT FIRED GAS FURNACE. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY WERE--(1) TO DETERMINE THERMAL DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TWO ROOMS WHICH WERE HEATED AND COOLED AND THE THIRD WHICH HAD ONLY HEATING AND VENTILATION, (2) TO DETERMINE HOURS OF COOLING AND HEATING, (3) TO DETERMINE COOLING LOADS AS THEY VARY WITH OUTSIDE TEMPERATURE AND THE EFFECT OF AIRFLOOR, AND (4) TO DETERMINE UTILITIES CONSUMPTION OF THE HEAT PUMP, ABSORPTION UNIT, AND THE CONVENTIONAL FURNACE. NUMEROUS VARIABLES WERE CONTROLLED FOR MORE ACCURATE COMPARISON. A SUPPLEMENT CONTAINS AN OPERATING COST ANALYSIS. (RH)