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Although evidences indicate that C-reactive protein (CRP) levels are independent predictors of type 2 diabetes (DM), some studies either did not support this association or examine it extensively throughout the stages of glucose tol- erance. In a cross-sectional population-based survey, we investigated the relation between CRP and the risk of newly di- agnosed impaired glucose tolerance (IGT), and DM among Japanese-Brazilians (374 men and 464 women). In age- gender-adjusted analyses, the risks of IGT and type 2 diabetes were significantly higher in the highest CRP tertile as compared with participants with a normal glucose tolerance status (P for trend = 0.0001 in both conditions). After further adjustments for confounding factors, including waist circumference, only the odds of having IGT in the highest CRP ter- tile was still significant (odds ratio 1.87 (95% CI 1.04-3.37). Our results suggest that low-grade inflammation increases the risk of IGT in Japanese-Brazilians but that some of the risk is confounded by abdominal adiposity.

The ITER-like wall project has been launched to design, manufacture and test all the necessary components in view of their installation in a dedicated shutdown 2008?09. One of the RD (ii) W lamellae design, which is a mechanical assembly of several stacks of W blades. Both concepts were realized as test tiles and tested under high heat flux loading. The lamellae test tile showed a high performance fulfilling the requirements. Finally, the lamellae concept was chosen to be the primary solution and comprehensive numerical analyses were performed for the further optimization of the concept.

Doenças associadas ao sedentarismo podem ser prevenidas por mudanças no estilo de vida. Parte dos benefícios cardiovasculares da atividade física poderia advir de menor grau de inflamação. Este estudo descreve a atividade física de uma população de origem japonesa e analisa sua associação à síndrome metabólica (SM), ajustada para diversas variáveis. Baseou-se em banco de dados previamente constituído a partir de um estudo de base populacional em nipo-brasileiros. Foram incluídos 1330 indivíduos > 30 anos, de ambos os sexos, residentes em Bauru, submetidos a entrevistas, sendo obtidos dados sócio-demográficos, de saúde, de atividade física e de dieta, além de exames médicos e laboratoriais. A avaliação da atividade física enfocou atividades no trabalho e nas horas vagas. O diagnóstico de SM foi baseado em adaptação para asiáticos dos critérios do NCEP. Empregou-se regressão logística, tendo a SM como variável resposta. Homens (46,1%) e mulheres apresentaram médias de idade semelhantes (57,0 ± 12,8 e 56,9 ± 12,2 anos, respectivamente). Houve leve predomínio do sexo feminino. Os homens apresentavam grau de instrução mais elevado e mais freqüentemente eram fumantes (p< 0,001); seus valores médios de IMC, cintura e de pressão arterial (p< 0,001) foram superiores aos das mulheres. Para ambos os sexos, a maioria referia praticar atividades de intensidade leve ou moderada nas horas vagas (81,2% dos homens e 86,6% das mulheres). Quanto ao esforço do trabalho, 87,8% dos homens classificaram seu esforço como leve ou moderado, contra 96,1% das mulheres. A distribuição dos níveis de AF invariavelmente revelou que as mulheres eram mais inativas (p= 0,01). Estratificando-se pela presença da SM, as mulheres e homens com SM eram significantemente mais velhos e apresentavam maiores valores antropométricos. Considerando a duração da caminhada ao trabalho, notou-se tendência a tempo menor entre aqueles com SM (p< 0,078). Conforme esperado, indivíduos com SM apresentaram níveis significantemente maiores de pressão arterial, glicemia, lípides e HOMA-IR quando comparados aos sem SM. O HDL foi menor no grupo com SM, sendo significante no sexo feminino. Os valores médios da PCR foram maiores nos indivíduos com SM. Na regressão logística, a idade, IMC, HOMA-IR e PCR se associaram independentemente à SM, o que não ocorreu com os parâmetros usados para mensurar AF. Nossos achados não permitem afirmar que a inatividade física associa-se à presença de SM numa população nipo-brasileira. A freqüência bastante alta de inatividade física deve ter contribuído para os achados negativos quanto a efeitos protetores da atividade física. O achado de associação da SM à PCR sérica é favorável à hipótese de que um estado inflamatório sub-clínico participe desta síndrome. Sedentary behavior-related diseases can be prevented by lifestyle changes. Part of the cardiovascular benefits of physical activity (PA) may be due to low-grade inflammation. This study describes the PA of a population of Japanese and analyses its association with metabolic syndrome (MS) adjusted a number of variables. This was based on a database previously created following a population-based study of Japanese-Brazilians. 1,330 subjects aged > 30 years, of both sexes, living in Bauru, were included and they were submitted to interviews, being obtained sociodemographic, health, physical activity and dietary data, as well as clinical and laboratory data. Physical activity assessment focused on activities during work and leisure times. Diagnosis of MS was based on an adaptation of NCEP criteria for Asians. Non-conditional logistic regression had MS as the dependent variable. Men (46.1%) and women showed similar mean ages (57.0 ± 12.8 and 56.9 ± 12.2 years, respectively). A slight preponderance of females was observed. Men had a higher level of education and more frequently were smokers (p< 0.001); their mean values of BMI, waist and blood pressure (p< 0.001) were higher than the women’s. For both sexes, the majority referred light and moderate activities (81.2% of men and 86.6% of women). As far as work time is concerned, 87.8% of men classified their effort as light or moderate versus 96.1% of women. Distribution by PA levels showed that women were always less active than men (p= 0.01). Stratifying by the presence of MS, men and women with MS were significantly older and showed greater anthropometric values. Considering the walking duration for work, there was a tendency of shorter periods among those with MS (p< 0.078). As expected, subjects with MS showed significantly higher levels of blood pressure, plasma glucose, lipids and HOMA-IR when compared to those without MS. HDL levels were lower in the MS group, being significant for the female sex. The mean values of CRP were higher in subjects with MS. In logistic regression, age, BMI, HOMA-IR and CRP were shown to be independently associated with MS, but not parameters used to measure physical activity. Our findings do not allow to state that physical inactivity is associated with MS in a Japanese-Brazilian population. High frequencies of physical inactivity should have contributed to the negative findings concerning protective effects of physical activity. The association of MS and serum CRP favors the hypothesis that a low-grade inflammatory state may participate in this syndrome.

We have grown zincblende-structured ZnTeO alloy semiconductors on GaAs substrates by molecular beam epitaxy using RF-excited O. O concentrations measured by secondary ion mass spectroscopy were found to increase with the increase of O 2 flow rate supplied during the growth, while the change of lattice constant measured by X-ray diffraction does not follow Vegard's law. It is considered that the O atoms are incorporated not only into group-VI sites but also as interstitials. Formation of other compounds such as ZnTeO 3 , Zn 2 Te 3 O 8 , and TeO 2 was not detected. Optical reflectance spectroscopy revealed the increase of the band-gap energy with O concentration that can be interpreted as the repulsive interaction between the energy states originated in the localized states of O and the conduction-band edge of host ZnTe.

The high-quality aspects of magnified X-ray images recorded using MIRRORCLE-6X are reported. MIRRORCLE-6X is inherently suitable for hard X-ray imaging owing to its magnified projection X-ray imaging, micrometre-size X-ray source point, wide radiation emission angle, X-ray spectrum ranging from 10 keV to 6 MeV, natural refraction contrast imaging and high flux output. Images produced with 11x geometrical magnification display a sharply enhanced edge effect when generated using a 25 microm rod electron target. Image contrast is enhanced 2x owing to refraction when compared with absorption contrast images. An imitation tumour implanted in a human chest phantom was made clearly visible by using edge enhancement on images. Soft tissue becomes highly visible as a natural consequence of refraction contrast when using hard X-rays for imaging. The authors believe that novel imaging provided by MIRRORCLE makes it a superior instrument for medical diagnosis.

Conidia from living conidiophores of barley powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f.sp. hordei) on host leaves were collected consecutively using an electrostatic spore collector. The collector consisted of an electrical conductor plate linked to an electrostatic voltage generator and insulator plates placed abreast on a timed conveyer. The conductor plate was negatively charged by the potential supplied from the voltage generator. The negatively charged conductor plate caused dielectric polarization of the insulator plate, and the surface charge on the insulator plate attracted mature conidia abstricted from conidiophores on colonies growing on leaves placed 2 cm from the insulator plate. The surface charge on the insulator plate was proportional to the voltage applied to the conductor plate. Under optimized conditions, abstricted conidia were attracted to the electrostatically activated insulator plates without any detriment to their survival. During a colony's life span of c. 460 h, conidia were released throughout the day and c. 12 × 104 conidia were collected during the lifetime of the colony. This is the first report on the direct quantification of progeny conidia produced by powdery mildew infecting host leaves.

ZnSSeO quaternary alloys were grown on GaP substrates by molecular beam epitaxy and the group VI compositions were controlled. Reductions of the supply amounts of Se and S both increase the O concentration. S concentration were decreased by the decrease of S supply and increased by the decrease of Se supply. ZnSSeO alloys lattice-matched to GaP were obtained with high O and S concentrations. Dominant peaks were observed at the near band edge in the photoluminescence spectra. The band gap energies were shifted according to the group VI compositions. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

The photoluminescence properties of ZnTeO and ZnSeO with dilute O concentrations are studied. The exciton bound to isolated O and its phonon replicas are observed in ZnTeO. The peak energies are hardly affected by O concentration, indicating the isoelectronic feature of O. On the other hand, the free exciton peak is shifted to lower energy in ZnSeO by increasing O concentration, even when the O concentration is as low as 0.015%. No isoelectronic emissions are observed. We find the increase of binding energy of free exciton due to the increase of the effective mass of the conduction band edge. This can be interpreted as the modification of the band structure by the repulsive interaction between the O localized level and the conduction band of ZnSe with the scheme of band anticrossing model. (© 2006 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)

Reduced activation ferritic steel, which is a leading structural material candidate for a fusion demonstration reactor, has been installed in TEXTOR and exposed to neutral beam heated plasma. When the heat load was lower than 5 MW/m2, the insertion of the test limiter did not influence the plasma parameters. Visible spectroscopy near the surface showed that the emission related to constituent element such as iron and chromium is comparable to that from the stainless steel. It means that the sputtering from the ferritic steel is comparable to that from the stainless steel even for plasma exposure in high heat flux condition. When the heat load was ∼10 MW/m2, the limiter was melted slightly. The strange motion of melted layer was observed by 2D camera. It slowly moved (∼0.5 cm/s) in a spiral motion, forming a small droplet ∼1 mm in diameter which was then released. The released droplet turned toward the limiter and hit the surface. The mechanism of this motion is discussed.

大腸癌の周術期・術後の多発癌・重複がん検索の必要性・妥当性を検討することを目的に,「大腸癌術後フォローアップ研究会」参加14施設における1991～1996年の大腸癌治癒切除症例5,358例を対象として,多発癌・重複がんの頻度と特徴を調査した.同時性重複がんの有病率は3.5%であった.そのうち胃癌が約半数を占め,その有病率は1.6%であった.術後異時性重複がんは203例(3.94%)であり胃癌が最多であった.同時性胃癌の頻度は検診での胃癌発見率(0.14%)よりも高いことから,術前上部消化管内視鏡検査の有用性が示唆されたが,医療経済的な妥当性については議論の余地がある.大腸癌罹患歴が重複がん発生のリスク因子であるとの結果は得られなかったことから,大腸癌術後フォローアップシステムに重複がん検索を加える必要はなく,一般のがん検診を勧めることが妥当と考えた.一方,大腸癌術後は異時性多発癌の発生が高く,定期的検索が必要と考えた

前立腺にのみ直接浸潤が疑われた肛門管扁平上皮癌の症例に対し前立腺・精嚢全摘をともなう直腸切断術を行った.症例は68歳男性.血便,排便困難を主訴に前医を受診し肛門管扁平上皮癌と診断された.体外照射(40Gy)を行ったが腫瘍の残存を認めたため手術を行った.術中所見にて前立腺精嚢にのみ直接浸潤が疑われたため直腸切断術に加え前立腺・精嚢全摘術を施行した.術後15日目に膀胱尿道吻合部の縫合不全を認めたが,保存的治療により軽快した.術直後は夜間の尿失禁を認めたが徐々に軽快し,良好なQOLを得ることができた.本術式は確実なsurgical marginの確保と術後排尿機能温存に有用な一法であると思われた.

In order to get homogeneous layered oxide Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 as a lithium insertion positive electrode material, we applied carbonate co-precipitation. The oxide compounds were synthesized under different annealing temperature. XRD experiment revealed that the layered Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 material can be synthesized at lower temperature of 750 °C, and the oxidation state of Ni, Mn and Co in the cathode confirmed by XPS were 2+, 4+ and 3+, respectively. SEM observation shows that the synthesized materials have spherical particle morphology and the morphology could be controlled by carbonate co-precipitation method. The cathode synthesized at 800 °C showed small irreversible capacity loss of 10.72% and high discharge capacity of 186.7 mAh g−1 as well as stable cycling performance in the voltage range 2.8–4.5 V Li / L i + . In spite of difference in specific surface area, rate capability of the samples synthesized in the temperature range 750–900 °C showed similar rate capability and all these cathodes delivered high discharge capacity of over than 143 mAh g−1 at 2.5 C (450 mA g−1).

We developed specifications for a new type of removable storage medium called an information versatile disk for removable usage. The objects of these specifications range from the physical layer to the application layer in order to achieve the interoperability among various appliances. This paper describes a security architecture to control content utilization, a logical format based on the UDF file system, and an interface protocol applicable for AT attachment. The interface protocol conforms to the architecture and the format and is based on the public key infrastructure. It is applicable to systems based on superdistribution.

W2C nano-particle reinforced Si3N4 matrix composite was fabricated by sintering tungsten solution-infiltrated porous Si3N4, and the microstructures, sliding wear and micro-tribological behaviors of W2C–Si3N4 composite and sulphided W2C–Si3N4 composite were studied. By incorporating the W2C nano-particles into the grain boundary phases of Si3N4, not only the mechanical properties, but also the tribological behaviors were improved. The W2C–Si3N4 composite showed the lower friction resistance compared with the Si3N4, and the W2C particles had an effect to prevent the wear debris from adhering to the wear scar. After sulphide treatment, the nano-meter sized WS2 particles were observed from the surface of W2C–Si3N4 composite. The average friction coefficient and specific wear rate of the sulphided W2C–Si3N4 composite were 0.41 and 5.6×10−6 mm3/Nm, under dry condition, 34, 47% lower than those for the Si3N4, respectively. The micro-tribological behavior of sulphided W2C–Si3N4 composite was evaluated using the lateral force modulation friction force microscope, and the WS2 particles with very low friction resistance were confirmed from the surface. The formation of the solid lubricant WS2 on the surface of the W2C–Si3N4 composite lowered both the friction coefficient and specific wear rate, and exhibited self-lubricated behavior during the sliding wear.

The authors studied the effect of hydrogen irradiation on the optical properties of ZnTe, ZnTe1−ySy (y=0.015) and ZnSe1−xOx (x=0.0023, 0.0057 and 0.009) epilayers. Photoluminescence measurements show the full passivation of O-related recombination bands in ZnTe and ZnTe0.985S0.015 samples unintentionally doped with oxygen. However, hydrogen irradiation does not affect the bandgap reduction following O incorporation in ZnSe1−xOx alloys. This lack of interaction between O and H in ZnSe1−xOx points toward a scarce localised character in the ZnSe1−xOx band edges, as supported by the study of the temperature dependence of the ZnSe1−xOx bandgap.

X-ray fluorescence analysis of heavy elements was performed using a portable synchrotron named MIRRORCLE. Analyzed heavy elements were Pb, Pt, W, Sn, and Ag. The characteristic K X-rays were clearly observed for all the five elements. This verifies that MRRORCLE generates X-rays of energy higher than that of the Pb K absorption edge (88.0 keV). In addition to these characteristic K X-rays, several peaks with short lifetimes were also observed in all the elements.

Time-resolved luminescence spectra have been measured in NaGdF 4 :Eu 3+ in order to investigate quantum cutting in which two visible photons are emitted for one-photon absorption. In a Gd 3+ –Eu 3+ system, two processes of energy transfer from Gd 3+ to Eu 3+ are dominant in the quantum cutting: a cross-relaxation (CR) process and a direct-transfer (DT) process. In temporal profiles of the luminescence spectra, it was found that one visible emission undergoing the CR process indicates a fast decay, and the other undergoing the DT process indicates a rising form. These results are explained by two energy-transfer processes contributing to the quantum cutting process.

In order to verify the influence of tooth loss and brain function in the rat, Wistar male aged rats were divided into the following groups: a control group (fed with solid diet), a soft diet group (fed with powder diet containing the same components as solid one), and a molar-crownless group (all molars were removed at 25 weeks and then fed with a powder diet. Experiment 1: To evaluate both learning ability and memory, rats were tested with a one-way step through type of passive avoidance apparatus divided into light and dark chambers at 40-weeks. There was no significant difference between the molar-crownless group and the control group in the response latency before the acquisition trails (non-stimulated period). At day 4 and 7 after the acquisition trials, the response latency of the molar-crownless group was significantly shorter than that in the control group (p < 0.05). After the passive avoidance test, determination of acetylcholine (ACh) concentration of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus was performed. The ACh levels of the molarcrownless group in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus were significantly lower than those of the control group (p < 0.05). Experiment 2: At 15 and 35 weeks, the number of choline acetyltransferase (ChAT)-positive neurons in the nucleus of the diagonal band/medial septal nucleus (NDB/MS) was significantly smaller in the molar-crownless group than in the control group (p < 0.01). The results of the study suggested that the soft diet and the decease of occlusal-masticatory function caused by occlusal support loss could accelerate learning ability and memory; moreover, this decrease of oral sensory information may have caused a reduction in the number of ChAT-positive neurons selectively in NDB/MS, which in turn caused a decline of ACh concentrations in the hippocampus.

We have grown quaternary alloy semiconductor ZnSSeO by molecular beam epitaxy. Large band gap bowing due to large electronegativity of O is expected in this alloy. The growth of ZnSSeO was proceeded by supplying RF-excited oxygen during the growth of ZnSSe. The lattice constant of ZnSSeO decreased with increasing O 2 flow rate. X-ray diffraction peak was separated when O 2 flow rate was high. However, controllable range of lattice constant without phase separation was expanded compared with ZnSeO ternary alloy. It was shown that S composition parasitically increased with O composition. We have explained the enhancement of S incorporation in terms of reduction of strain energy. The band gap energy decreased with increasing O 2 flow rate regardless of phase separation. The amount of band gap bowing was slightly less than that found in ZnSeO.

Blue discoloration of the iris was found in the left eye of a male laboratory Beagle dog, which had a normal tricolor coat and clinically showed no visual impairment. Ophthalmoscopically, the affected eye revealed red-colored tigroid fundus, in which no tapetum was present. The retinal vasculature and the optic disc showed no noticeable changes. Histopathologically, in the left eye melanocytes had extremely few melanin granules in the anterior segment, including the anterior border layer, in the stroma and sphincter muscle of the iris and in the stroma of the ciliary body and choroid. However, the posterior pigment epithelium of the iris, the pigment epithelium of the ciliary body and the retinal pigment epithelium showed normal pigmentation. The tapetal elements were completely absent. Number and distribution of the S-100 protein-positive melanocytes with or without melanin granules in the iris, ciliary body and choroid of the left eye were similar to those of the normal right eye. Ultrastructurally, melanocytes in the anterior segment of the affected iris possessed no or few melanosomes which were incompletely melanized. In the right eye, no abnormal features were observed. Based on these results, the present case was diagnosed as unilateral ocular subalbinism with tapetal aplasia in a Beagle dog.

Time-resolved spectra of luminescence from the lowest excited state of Gd 3+ ( 6 P 7/2 ) have been studied in various Gd compositions in NaY 1-x Gd x F 4 (0.1 ≤ x ≤1). Two emission bands are observed at room temperature: 311 nm band corresponding to an intrinsic state on Gd sublattice, and 313 nm band corresponding to a trap state on irregular Gd sites. In NaGdF 4 , a temporal profile of the 311 nm band shows an apparent rise at about 100 μs and a long decay time of about 10 ms, while that of the 313 nm band shows a simple exponential decay with about 3 μs. When Gd concentration is diluted with Y 3+ , the rise part of the 3II nm band decreases and the decay time of the 313 nm band becomes long, though the rise time of the 311 nm band does not change. At low temperature, the 311 nm band disappears and the decay time of the 313 nm band is much prolonged in NaGdF 4 . These results are discussed in terms of the energy transfer from the trap state to the intrinsic Gd state in the Gd sublattice. The trap state plays an important role in the dynamics of the energy relaxation.

To investigate the effect due to localized high heat flux pulses onto plasma facing components, light pulses from a ruby laser (15 J in maximum energy, 0.3 ms in duration) were injected onto test-limiter (C, W, and Ta) surfaces immersed in TEXTOR edge plasmas. When the laser pulses irradiated the C limiter surface, the CVI signal from the plasma core increased slightly. In laser injection onto high-Z limiters, the increment of the quasi-continuum around 5 nm of the Ta signal was larger than that of the W signal. With the laser focusing down to 2 mm in diameter, small high-Z particles were found to be ejected from the limiter surfaces which penetrated into the plasma beyond the LCFS. However, the plasma withstood the core cooling due to the radiation loss of high-Z impurity. The amounts of impurities in the core were also estimated by a laser blow-off experiment.

Long term erosion/deposition at the plasma facing surfaces as well as the carbon transport to the remote areas are discussed. The erosion of the liner wall and the deposition at the inner walls of the pump ducts were quantified. A small net deposition of carbon was found also at the liner, but only in the vicinity of the toroidal belt limiter. A deposition of polymer like deuterium rich carbon films (D/C ≈ 0.7) took place in remote areas. Despite the minute deposition rate of ∼0.02 gC/h these deposits might be decisive in view of tritium retention in next step fusion devices.

An electron density profile is observed by using an ultrashort-pulse reflectometry in the central cell of the GAMMA 10 device. The pulse having 65 ps FWHM is launched into the plasma in the O-mode and reflected at the cut off layer. The frequency range of the receiving system is 6 to 11 GHz. Time of flight of the received signal is measured via a time to amplitude converter and processed by a computer. Here, electron density profile lower than 1.5 x 10 18 m -3 is reconstructed within one-shot data. The time variation of the electron density profile is acquired. Reflected wave has information of fluctuation, simultaneously. Frequency spectrum of the fluctuation is also observed.

Aims/hypothesis. In 1993, the prevalence of glucose intolerance was studied in a sample of 647 first-generation and second-generation Japanese-Brazilians. Their cohort was followed until 2000, when a second survey was conducted, this included the first and second generations, aged 30 or more years. The aims were to estimate the prevalence of glucose intolerance and 7-yr incidence of Type II (non-insulin-dependent) diabetes mellitus in this population. Methods. Prevalence rates were obtained for 1330 subjects examined in 2000. The incidence of diabetes mellitus was calculated for those classified as normal glucose tolerant in 1993 (n=253). A Student's t test and the Cox proportional hazard model were used in data analysis. Results. In the year 2000, higher proportions of subjects were observed in all categories of glucose intolerance than those found in 1993. The overall incidence of diabetes was 30.9 per 1000 per year. A worse profile was observed among incident cases of diabetes, characterized by higher baseline values of anthropometric and metabolic variables as compared to those who had not developed diabetes. Analysis considering the simultaneous effects of demographic, nutritional and metabolic variables and physical activity levels for the development of diabetes showed that age, sex, waist circumference, fasting and 2-h plasma glucose concentrations were independent predictors. Conclusion/interpretation. Our data point towards a worsening of glucose tolerance status among Japanese-Brazilians, who show one of the highest prevalence rates of diabetes mellitus worldwide. This could reflect their strong genetic susceptibility associated with unfavourable environmental conditions.

The BELLE detector for experiments at KEKB, a high luminosity, energy asymmetric B-factory, is now being constructed at KEK. An overview of the detector systems and their status is presented.

Titanium silicide films were successfully prepared from TiCl4/H2 by plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition. X-ray diffraction measurements showed that the films were polycrystalline and have the low resistivity phase C54-TiSi2. Contamination with chlorine could not be detected, however, oxygen contamination on the film surface was detected by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The films were uniform and the TiSi2/substrate interface was clear and smooth. An excessive silicon substrate etching was observed when the substrate was heated by plasma. By controlling the reaction temperature and/or introducing hydrogen to the reaction gas system, it could be possible to deposit homogenous titanium silicide film and reduce silicon etching. These results could be explained reasonably based on thermodynamic calculations.

The first EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) plasma ignited in 2006 with non-actively cooled steel plates as the plasma-facing materials and components (PFMCs) which were then upgraded into full graphite tiles bolted onto water-cooled copper heat sinks in 2008. The first wall was changed further into molybdenum alloy in 2012, while keeping the graphite for both the upper and lower divertors. With the rapid increase in heating and current driving power in EAST, the W/Cu divertor project was launched around the end of 2012, aiming at achieving actively cooled full W/Cu-PFCs for the upper divertor, with heat removal capability up to 10 MW m−2. The W/Cu upper divertor was finished in the spring of 2014, consisting of 80 cassette bodies toroidally assembled. Commissioning of the EAST upper W/Cu divertor in 2014 was unsatisfactory and then several practical measures were implemented to improve the design, welding quality and reliability, which helped us achieve successful commissioning in the 2015 Spring Campaign. In collaboration with the IO and CEA teams, we have demonstrated our technological capability to remove heat loads of 5000 cycles at 10 MW m−2 and 1000 cycles at 20 MW m−2 for the small scale monoblock mockups, and surprisingly over 300 cycles at 20 MW m−2 for the flat-tile ones. The experience and lessons we learned from batch production and commissioning are undoubtedly valuable for ITER (International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor) engineering validation and tungsten-related plasma physics.

The heating of tungsten monoblocks at the ITER divertor vertical targets is calculated using the heat flux predicted by three-dimensional ion orbit modelling. The monoblocks are beveled to a depth of 0.5 mm in the toroidal direction to provide magnetic shadowing of the poloidal leading edges within the range of specified assembly tolerances, but this increases the magnetic field incidence angle resulting in a reduction of toroidal wetted fraction and concentration of the local heat flux to the unshadowed surfaces. This shaping solution successfully protects the leading edges from inter-ELM heat loads, but at the expense of (1) temperatures on the main loaded surface that could exceed the tungsten recrystallization temperature in the nominal partially detached regime, and (2) melting and loss of margin against critical heat flux during transient loss of detachment control. During ELMs, the risk of monoblock edge melting is found to be greater than the risk of full surface melting on the plasma-wetted zone. Full surface and edge melting will be triggered by uncontrolled ELMs in the burning plasma phase of ITER operation if current models of the likely ELM ion impact energies at the divertor targets are correct. During uncontrolled ELMs in pre-nuclear deuterium or helium plasmas at half the nominal plasma current and magnetic field, full surface melting should be avoided, but edge melting is predicted.

Time-resolved luminescence spectra have been investigated in NaGdF 4 , NaY 0.90 Gd 0.10 F 4 and NaGdF 4 : Eu 3+ under ArF excimer laser (193 nm) excitation. In NaGdF 4 , the well-known emission lines in Gd 3+ at 311 nm ( 6 P 7/2 → 8 S 7/2 ) and 305 nm ( 6 P 5/2 → 8 S 7/2 ) start to grow at 1 μs after the laser pulse and take maximum intensity at 300 μs. It is found that emissions at 313 and 307 nm decayed with a fast decay time of 3 μs. In NaY 0.90 Gd 0.10 F 4 , temporal changes of the emission bands are quite different from those of NaGdF 4 . In NaGdF 4 : Eu 3+ , the decay time of the 311 nm emission in Gd 3+ is shorter than that in NaGdF 4 , and some new emission lines appear at 100 μs after pulse irradiation. The energy transfer through Gd 3+ sublattice is discussed.

We report a determination of the ${B}_{d}^{0}\ensuremath{-}{\overline{B}}_{d}^{0}$ mixing parameter $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{d}$ based on the time evolution of dilepton yields in $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)$ decays. The measurement is based on a $5.9{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data sample collected by the Belle detector at KEKB. The proper-time difference distributions for same-sign and opposite-sign dilepton events are simultaneously fitted to an expression containing $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{d}$ as a free parameter. Using both muons and electrons, we obtain $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{d}\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.463\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.008(\mathrm{stat})\ifmmode\pm\else\textpm\fi{}0.016(\mathrm{syst}){\mathrm{ps}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$. This is the first determination of $\ensuremath{\Delta}{m}_{d}$ from time evolution measurements at the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)$. We also place limits on possible $\mathrm{CPT}$ violations.

We present a measurement of the standard model $\mathrm{CP}$ violation parameter $\mathrm{sin}2{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{1}$ (also known as $\mathrm{sin}2\ensuremath{\beta}$) based on a $10.5{\mathrm{fb}}^{\ensuremath{-}1}$ data sample collected at the $\ensuremath{\Upsilon}(4S)$ resonance with the Belle detector at the KEKB asymmetric ${e}^{+}{e}^{\ensuremath{-}}$ collider. One neutral $B$ meson is reconstructed in the $J/\ensuremath{\psi}{K}_{S}$, $\ensuremath{\psi}(2S){K}_{S}$, ${\ensuremath{\chi}}_{c1}{K}_{S}$, ${\ensuremath{\eta}}_{c}{K}_{S}$, $J/\ensuremath{\psi}{K}_{L}$, or $J/\ensuremath{\psi}{\ensuremath{\pi}}^{0}$ $\mathrm{CP}$-eigenstate decay channel and the flavor of the accompanying $B$ meson is identified from its charged particle decay products. From the asymmetry in the distribution of the time interval between the two $B$-meson decay points, we determine $\mathrm{sin}2{\ensuremath{\varphi}}_{1}{\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}=\phantom{\rule{0ex}{0ex}}0.58}_{\ensuremath{-}0.34}^{+0.32}(\mathrm{stat}{)}_{\ensuremath{-}0.10}^{+0.09}(\mathrm{syst})$.

TRIAM-1M tokamak is very suitable for studies on plasma material interaction because of its very long duration plasma discharges. We have investigated the damage and modification of plasma facing materials by exposing to the plasma in the scrape-off layer (SOL) of this machine and review the recent results in this paper. Dense dislocation loops were formed in Mo and W by exposing to the plasma for a few 10 min. This damage was caused by energetic charge-exchange hydrogen neutrals generated mainly in the lower half of the plasma. The mean flux of responsible neutrals for the damage was estimated to be 3×10 17 m −2 s −1 sr −1 . Plasma facing surfaces were covered by an impurity deposit consisting of very fine crystalline grains (about 1 nm in size), whose crystal structure is not normal body-centered-cubic (bcc) structure but face-centered-cubic (fcc) structure. It was found that retention of hydrogen in these peculiar materials is much stronger than `normal' Mo.

Thin foil specimens were exposed to tokamak discharges in TRIAM-1M. As a result of the microstructural observation, accumulated radiation damage (dislocation loops) due to charge exchange (CX) neutrals were observed only in the specimens pointing to the lower half of plasma and almost no damage in the specimens pointing to the upper side. These results indicate that the lower half of the plasma is the major source for energetic CX neutrals. This anisotropy can be explained by the effect of the gradient B drift of high-energy ions trapped in a toroidal ripple. The mean flux was estimated to 4.2×10 17 particles m −2 s −1 sr −1 from the lower side by using the areal density (A.D.) of dislocation loops. The depth distribution of the dislocation loops shows a significant contribution of the high-energy CX neutrals. The energetic CX neutrals will give a great impact on material degradations.

Microstructure and chemical composition of depositions in TRIAM-1M under long pulse discharges have been examined. It is found that the deposition has a defective structure; the grain size is approximately 1 nm and the crystalline structure is not the normal body centered cubic (bcc) but is a face centered cubic (fcc). By comparing with the vacuum-deposited molybdenum in various conditions, it is concluded that co-deposited oxygen plays an essential role for the defective structure. The vacuum-deposited molybdenum, which has the same structure as the depositions in TRIAM-1M, shows very large and strong hydrogen retention. Implanted deuteriums are desorbed as D2, DH, D2O and DHO. The present work indicates that re-deposition of sputtered atoms on plasma facing surfaces will be a serious problem even in a metallic tokamak. More attention should be paid to hydrogen retention in the deposited material.

大腸癌治癒切除例に対する補助化学療法について内外の報告をレビューした.本邦の研究では,直腸癌症例で術後の5-FUおよび経ロフッ化ピリミジン剤の投与が術後の局所再発を抑えて予後を向上させると考えられた.最近結果が報告された化学放射線療法,免疫化学療法,5-FUcivの術前投与はその結果が期待されたが無効だった.欧米では,全身投与法はMeCCNU/VCR/5-FUの併用療法が有効な成績を上げたが,1990年のconsensus conferenceで結腸癌のDukes C症例については5-FU/levamisoleの併用療法がstandard therapyとされた.しかし近年は結腸癌に対しては5-FU/leucovorin療法がstandardとなっている.直腸癌に対しては術前または術後の化学放射線療法がstandardとされる.

Glassy, nanostructured and crystalline hydride-forming Mg 1− x Ni x alloys with five different compositions (0≤ x ≤0.33) were prepared by rapid quenching of the melt with the melt-spinning method. Glassy Mg–Ni alloys (Mg 0.87 Ni 0.13 and Mg 0.84 Ni 0.16 ) crystallize at around 438 K. During crystallization, an intermediate metastable Mg–Ni phase is formed. Hydrogen activation of these alloys requires temperatures and pressures above 663 K and about 1.5 MPa, respectively. Thereafter a very high storage capacity of nearly 6 mass% H was achieved with Mg 0.87 Ni 0.13 .

The study deals with the manufacture of diffraction grating by applying the ultraprecision microgrooving technology. Microgrooving is performed by the use of a lathe-type ultraprecision milling machine having 1 nm positioning accuracy, together with a rotating diamond cutter. As an example of microgroove, a diffraction grating with 32 768 V-shaped grooves is fabricated in a pitch of 1 μm and a depth of 0.5 μm around the circumference of copper disk of 12 mm in diameter. The high-speed rotating cutter allows the microgrooves to be sharply machined without burrs and accumulative pitch errors, taking account of cutting order. The surface roughness of machined grooves is 1 nm (Ra), which experimentally shows good optical properties.

Background: Several studies have pointed to the importance of social support in influencing the onset and course of a psychiatric disorder such as schizophrenia or depression. However, only a few have studied it across groups of patients with various psychiatric diagnoses employing a standardized assessment procedure. Method: We administered the Social Support Questionnaire (SSQ); a measure of social support recommended by two recent reviews on the subject, to 1,369 psychiatric outpatients visiting the 23 psychiatric hospitals and clinics all over Japan and to 178 healthy controls recruited from among employees at a general hospital. Results: The original two-factor structure of the SSQ was confirmed and internal consistency reliability for the Number and Satisfaction subscales was satisfactory, with Cronbach's alphas above 0.85. When the SSQ scores were compared between psychiatric patients and healthy controls, it was found that the psychiatric patients in general reported significantly lower Number as well as Satisfaction scores than the healthy controls. When individual diagnostic categories were considered, almost all the diagnostic groups reported significantly lower Number scores, but only the patients with anxiety disorder, mood disorder, schizophrenia, and V codes reported significantly lower Satisfaction scores than the healthy controls. Compared with patients with other diagnoses, the schizophrenic patients stood out as reporting significantly lower Number and Satisfaction scores. Conclusion: The findings demonstrated the internal consistency reliability, factor validity, and construct validity of the SSQ among psychiatric as well as normal populations, and exemplified the feasibility of applying the SSQ as a standard measure of social support among psychiatric patients.

Psychoanalytic theories hypothesize that early attachment experiences with parents shape the structure and function of adult interpersonal relationships. The present paper aims to examine if parental loss experiences in childhood is related to perceived social support in adulthood. We directly interviewed 1247 patients representative of 31 psychiatric clinics and hospitals all over Japan as to their parental loss experiences in childhood and also administered them Sarason et al.'s Social Support Questionnaire. It was found, to our surprise, that those who had lost the father or mother through death reported as many current support persons as those who had not and that those who had experienced separation from the mother (but not the father) reported greater satisfaction with social support than those who had not. Several hypotheses are advanced to explain these unexpected findings and it is concluded that we must at least entertain some doubt on the direct continuity hypothesis between disruptions of parent-child relationships and the individual's later capacity to enjoy social support.

A simplified EEPR Viterbi detector based on a transformed radix-4 trellis using 16/17 maximum transition run (MTR) code is developed. The transformed radix-4 trellis is a radix-4 trellis applying the transformed trellis in order to reduce complexity. The proposed Viterbi detector also applies a new simplification method that eliminates low likely states according to the equalized data (inputs of the detector). By this simplification, the ACS circuit size can be reduced to 60% as compared to the original radix-4 Viterbi detector. Moreover, the necessary path memory length for the Viterbi detector is theoretically derived by estimating the probability of the error patterns which can occur on the EEPRML channel using the 16/17 MTR code. Simulations show that the performance of the simplified Viterbi detector does not degrade on such a channel. The proposed simplification of the Viterbi detector is a useful way to implement the high-speed and low-power EEPR Viterbi detector.

Background: Although the association between childhood parental loss and later development of mood disorder has received much research interest in the past, the results obtained and conclusions drawn have been various, and inconsistent with each other. The present study aims to examine this old, yet unresolved, question among the Japanese. Methods: Patients with bipolar disorder ( n =73) and unipolar depression ( n =570) and community healthy controls ( n =122) were examined as to their psychopathology and childhood parental loss experiences with semi-structured interviews. Results: Stratified for sex and age, no statistically significant difference was observed in the incidence of paternal or maternal death or separation before age 16 between bipolar patients and healthy controls. Female patients with unipolar depression under the age of 54 experienced significantly more maternal loss than the corresponding controls. This excess in loss appeared to be largely due to the patients experiencing separation from their mothers. Conclusion: Our findings concerning bipolar disorder have replicated the previous two studies reported in the literature. Those concerning unipolar depression appear to be in line with several recent studies on the subject but, as stated, many discrepant findings can also be found in the literature.