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The largest superconducting fusion machine, Large Helical Device (LHD), is now under construction in Japan and will begin operation in 1997. Design and construction of related R&D programs are now being carried out. The major radius of this machine is 3.9 m and the magnetic field on the plasma center is 3 T. The NbTi superconducting conductors are used in both helical coils and poloidal coils to produce this field. This will be upgraded in the second phase a using superfluid coil cooling technique. A negative ion source is being successfully developed for the NBI heating of LHD. This paper describes the present status and progress in its experimental planning and theoretical analysis on LHD, and the design and construction of LHD torus, heating, and diagnostics equipments.

The circadian clock involves co-operative transcription of circadian genes including Clock and regulates circadian rhythms in mammals such as the rhythm of sleep and wakefulness. In reproductive physiologies in mammals, there are several time-dependent events such as progression of the oestrous cycle and embryonic development, and we therefore checked the reproductive characters of mice homozygous for Clock delta-19 mutation (CL) having a diminished circadian clock to elucidate the effect of the circadian clock on reproductive physiologies. Profiles of the oestrous cycle were the same in female (f) wild-type mice (WT) and fCL: oestrous cycles of both fWT and fCL consisted of the same 3 stages, proestrous, oestrous, and metestrous/diestrous stages, and the average lengths of each stage and one oestrous cycle were the same in 10 fWT and 14 fCL. We therefore compared outcomes from the 4 possible mating groups between WT and CL. Average numbers of newborn pups obtained from mating pairs of 14 male (m) WT × fWT, 10 mCL × fWT, 14 mWT × fCL, and 15 mCL × fCL were 13.4 ± 0.8, 12.6 ± 0.4, 12.3 ± 0.7, and 8.6 ± 1.5, respectively, and gradually decreased depending on the number of mutated Clock alleles in mothers and embryos. Since increases in body weights of the mothers during the gestation period were not different in the 4 mating groups and since there were no signs of spontaneous abortion from mid to late gestation, we reasoned that some embryos were lost before or at the time of implantation. Immediately before implantation (88 h after fertilization), neither the number of embryos collected from uteri nor the percentage of embryos that reached the pre-implantation stage (blastocyst stage) differed significantly among mating groups. In contrast, immediately after implantation (160 h after fertilization), the average numbers of implantation sites in mating pairs of 12 mWT × fWT, 11 mCL × fWT, 13 mWT × fCL, and 13 fCL × fCL were 13.0 ± 1.5, 13.1 ± 1.2, 11.7 ± 0.8, and 7.0 ± 1.3, respectively, and also gradually decreased with increase in the number of mutated Clock alleles in mothers and embryos. This decrease was accompanied by a significant lowering of the positions of implantation sites in uteri, a possible cause of the decrease of the number of newborns and implantation sites, and average percentages of embryos implanted in a lower part of the uterus were 48.8, 59.3, 69.7, and 77.7% in mWT × fWT, mCL × fWT, mWT × fCL, and mCL × fCL, respectively. The difference between the mCL × fWT and mWT × fWT groups was statistically significant (P

The vibration-rotation energy level pattem of protonated acetylene, C2H3+, in the v6 (C-H antisymmetric stretching) vibrational state is anomalous and irregular because of the coupling between the rotational motion and the tunneling of the three protons among their equilibrium positions. The resultant spectral anomaly and the coexistence of C-H bands of other carbocations such as CH3+, C2H2+, CH2+, etc., in our positive column discharge using He-dominated gas mixtures had made the analysis of the C2H3+ spectrum difficult. In the present paper we use a hollow cathode discharge to simplify plasma chemistry and to make a more definitive and extensive analysis of the spectrum. A 3 m hollow cathode discharge cell has been constructed with a multiple reflection optical system giving an effective path length of 30 m. A gas mixture of C2H2 and H2 with pressures of 0.03 and 1.1 Torr, respectively, has produced spectral lines of C2H3’ from 3192 to 3083 cm-’ which are almost completely free of those from other carbocations. The purity of the spectrum, together with the accurate ground state rotational constants recently reported by the Lille millimeter wave group, has allowed us to assign spectral lines up to J = 25 and K, = 4 and to determine extensive sets of the A-E splittings due to the proton tunneling in the excited state. An attempt has been made to analyze the plasma chemistry in the hollow cathode on the basis of earlier plasma diagnostic studies of the negative glow region. A model was used in which the primary molecular ions H2+ and C2H2+ are generated due to ionization by “hot” primary and secondary electrons. In the plasma these ions undergo ion-neutral reactions to produce H3+ and C2H3+, which are dissociated by reactions with C2H2 and recombination with “ultimate” electrons. By assuming proper number densities of primary, secondary, and ultimate electrons, semiquantitative agreement with the experimentally estimated ion densities has been obtained.

A new corona slit nozzle has been constructed to study, by means of direct infrared absorption, molecular ions generated in a continuous supersonic expansion. Spectra of the ions H 3 + , D 2 H + , D 3 + , HN 2 + , H 3 O + and ArH + , were detected in the 1900–3600 cm −1 region using difference frequency and diode laser sources. The new jet source gives a significant improvement in signal-to-noise ratio and a reduction in rotational temperature compared to our previously reported hollow-cathode jet discharge source. The effective rotational and translational temperatures were in the ranges 33–93 and 50–100 K, respectively. The experimental factors influencing the performance of the source are discussed.

Silver films containing a small amount of SiO2 were prepared by an r.f. sputtering technique. The volume ratio of SiO2 to the total volume of the film, f, was estimated from the density measurements. Attenuated total reflection (ATR) spectra were measured for the composite films having various values of f ranging from 0 to 10%. Although the transmission spectra of the films did not change appreciably in this range of f, the ATR spectrum was found to change drastically depending on f. A comparison of theoretical ATR spectra with experimental ones suggests that the observed changes in the ATR spectrum can qualitatively be explained by the changes in the effective dielectric constant of the composite film due to the inclusion of a small amount of SiO2 into Ag films.

Fuzzy control was applied to 7-day artificial banana ripening with the fuzzy rules of three inputs and one output. The operating conditions for ventilation based on CO 2 concentrations and the deviation of CQEC from the target value were considered to reflect the effects of CO 2 and O 2 concentrations in the ripening chamber on the CO 2 evolution rate of bananas. Changes in the measured value of CQEC in ripening by fuzzy control closely followed changes in the target value. Ventilating operations were effectively conducted to improve the control. 6050 mg/kg of CQEC and 10.1 brix% of increase in sugar content were obtained at the end of the ripening against the target values of 6030 mg/kg and 11.8 brix%.

The conceptual design of a poloidal field coil system and operation scenario for an inductively operated day-long pulsed tokamak (IDLT) reactor are discussed. Much attention is paid to the start-up and shut-down phase, because a shorter dwell time is preferable in the pulsed reactor. A plasma current ramp-up time of 100 s is achievable with a power supply of 1.4 GW. Including the current ramp-down time and recharging periods, it is found that a dwell time of 5–10 min is feasible for IDLT reactor operation. The average hysteresis loss of the central solenoid coil is about 5 kW during the current ramp-up phase, and is acceptable for the superconducting coils. Plasma performance is analyzed with a 1.5-dimensional transport code, where a Bohm type transport model is employed. It is found that ignition can be initiated with an auxiliary heating power of 40 MW with the H factor of approximately 2, and can be sustained for a helium recycling coefficient less than R He = 0.99. For IDLT reference operation with R He = 0.95 and peaking parameter C v = 1.0, it is found that the helium accumulation fraction is 9.8%, the ratio of helium effective particle confinement time τ p ∗ to energy confinement time τ E is 7.8, and the bootstrap current fraction is 40%. During the shut-down phase, the decrease in plasma density is slower than the decrease in fusion power, and an auxiliary heating power of 20 MW is required to avoid density-limit disruption.

We analyzed an initial step of T cell adhesion to endothelial cells under flow conditions. An initial step in T cell-endothelial cell interactions was characterized either by a rolling phase, or by an immediate arrest without rolling. Anti-E- and P-selectin Abs inhibited T cell rolling on endothelial cells under flow conditions. The rolling velocity of T cells on endothelial cells increased after treatment of endothelial cells with anti-E- or P-selectin Abs. Also, rolling of T cells was observed on E-selectin-transfected CHO cells but not on ICAM-1-transfected CHO cells. Thus, rolling of T cells under flow condition was dependent on E-selectin as well as P-selectin expressed on endothelial cells. In contrast, neither anti-E- nor P-selectin Abs inhibited the immediate arrest of T cells on endothelial cells significantly and anti-ICAM-1 Abs also failed to inhibit the immediate arrest of T cells. Therefore, other adhesion molecules may play an important role in the immediate arrest of T cells under flow conditions. The number of CD45RA- T cells rolling on E-selectin-transfected CHO cells was much higher than that of CD45RA+ T cells.

A pure rotational transition (J = 110-101) of D2H+ is measured in the laboratory with a high-sensitivity submillimeter-wave spectrometer. The D2H+ ions are generated in an extended negative glow discharge in a mixture of H2 and D2 with Ar as buffer gas (H2/D2/Ar = 4/2/17 mTorr) near liquid nitrogen temperature (77 K). The transition frequency is determined to be 691.660440(19) GHz with 1 σ in parentheses. This accurately measured transition frequency should be of great use for astronomical identification of this ion.

The ground-state rotational spectrum of protonated formaldehyde, H2COH+, has been identified and assigned following the infrared detection by Amano and Warner using a magnetically confined extended negative glow discharge as a production source. The molecular constants have been determined more accurately. These parameters provide the pure rotational transition frequencies that are accurate enough for radio astronomical searches for this ion in interstellar molecular clouds.

It is found that a reversed‐field pinch (RFP) dynamo uniformly generates most of the toroidal flux in a RFP plasma with a high magnetic Reynolds (S) number. Hereafter, this is referred to as the global dynamo. The toroidal flux generated by the global dynamo is proportional to the plasma current. The effective inductance in a RFP plasma increases with S number and remains constant against the changing plasma current. This means that the pinch parameter Θ is held constant, that is, the global dynamo has a self‐organizing effect sustaining a particular RFP configuration. By comparing simulation results and analysis of magnetic fluctuations, it is confirmed that a global dynamo is generated by the nonlinear evolution of the single‐helicity of the m=1 mode alone.

This study was designed to assess the safety and efficacy of a splenectomy and to analyze the prognostic factors of Müllerian carcinoma with spleen metastasis.We reviewed the medical records of 11 patients with Müllerian carcinoma who underwent a splenectomy between 1997 and 2007. The treatment outcome of these patients was examined and the possible prognostic factors were investigated by univariate analysis.Four and seven patients underwent a splenectomy for primary and recurrent disease, respectively. A complete resection was achieved in eight patients. A blood transfusion was not required and only two mild postoperative complications were observed. The median and five-year survivals of all patients following treatment were 39 months and 39%, respectively. Older patients (or = 60 years old) and patients with a poor performance status (PS2) had a poorer prognosis by univariate analysis.A splenectomy can be performed safely and effectively during debulking surgery for appropriately selected patients with primary or recurrent Müllerian carcinoma.

The goals of this study were to investigate changes in the sweating and cutaneous vascular responses on the palm and the volar aspect of the index finger during sustained static exercise of increasing intensity and to determine whether the former can be attributed to altered sweat gland activity.Five male and five female subjects performed maximal voluntary handgrip contractions (MVC: right hand) for 60 s at 20, 35 and 50% MVC (ambient temperature 25 °C, relative humidity 50%).The sweat rate and the number of activated sweat glands on the non-exercised hand showed intensity-dependent increases (P0.05). At 35 and 50% MVC, finger sweat secretion was significantly higher than on the palm, which was primarily associated with the number of activated sweat glands (P0.05). In addition, there was a marked simultaneous decrease in the cutaneous vascular conductance for the finger at 35 and 50% MVC (P0.05), but not for the palm.Our results suggest that a difference exists between intensity-dependent increases of sudomotor responses within more than one glabrous skin site. Specifically, markedly greater sweating occurs on the volar finger than on the palmar surface during sustained static exercise. These differences in sweat rate mainly resulted from changes in the number of activated sweat glands. In addition, intra-segment variations in cutaneous blood flow on the glabrous hand are shown.

Instability of an electronic Floquet state in the semiconductor Wannier‐Stark ladder (WSL) driven by an intense monochromatic THz wave is investigated by virtue of the R‐matrix Floquet theory. It is revealed that a dynamic localization (DL) characteristic of this system is unstable against the Fano resonance‐like interminiband decay mechanism caused by the THz‐mediated interaction, termed here the dynamic Fano resonance (DFR). The result obtained here is sharply contrasted with the conventional understanding without the introduction of DFR that the degree of stability of the DL would be comparable to that of the WSL with no THz drive.

The infrared spectra of the ν 1 fundamental band of 79 BrCN + and 81 BrCN + in their X 2 Π 3/2 state were observed by tunable diode laser spectroscopy in the range of 1880 to 1914 cm −1 . The analysis of this transition yielded the following effective constants: ν 1 = 1905.93748(42) cm −1 , B ″ eff = 0.1413799(82) cm −1 for 79 BrCN + , and ν 1 = 1905.88587(48) cm −1 , B ″ eff = 0.140582(11) cm −1 for 81 BrCN + .

A spectrum of C2H 2Π–2Σ+ transition centered at 2928 cm−1 has been measured in the gas phase using a high resolution difference‐frequency infrared laser spectrometer. The C2H molecules are produced in a hollow cathode discharge through a mixture of C2H2 (∼20 mTorr) and H2 (∼500 mTorr). The discharge amplitude modulation technique is used to enhance sensitivity and selectivity. About 125 lines are rotationally analyzed and accurate molecular constants are determined through a least‐squares fit. The band is assigned to the 3ν2+ν3 combination band. The assignment is consistent with the observed 2Π–2Σ+ symmetry and is in good agreement with the recent theoretical calculation of the vibrational frequency and the spin–orbit coupling constant. The relatively large spin–orbit coupling constant of the (0 3 1) state is indicative of strong vibronic interaction between the A and X states. A small perturbation appears near the end of observed Q‐branch series, which is probably caused by a Σ vibronic state. New assi...

This paper describes a novel power control scheme for a three-phase to single-phase matrix converter for a gas engine cogeneration system. This matrix converter has no dc link but a small capacitor for compensation of single-phase power pulsation. The capacitor also contributes to compensate reactive current of a generator. Additionally, modulation control of instantaneous three-phase power is applied to reduce capacitance of the compensation capacitor. According to this scheme, power pulsation is partially absorbed by rotor inertia of the generator and gas engine. In this paper, the proposed control scheme is described in detail including design method of compensation capacitor, and verified through numerical simulation and experiments.

The pure electric braking system for railcars, in which the braking effort necessary for service braking can be provided solely by regenerative brake for the entire speed range, is quite attractive from the point of view of energy-savings and ease of maintenance. However, it is likely that the large power to be regenerated by pure electric braking railcars at higher speeds will cause greater losses and lower line receptivity in the power supply network; therefore the authors believe that the on-board energy storage systems (OBESS's) are required to realise pure electric braking in railcars for DC railways. Clever charge/discharge control must be devised to make effective use of the storage capacity of OBESS's. The authors propose a control scheme using reference SOC data pre-calculated for a given route and schedule, and show how it can be evaluated using a multi-train simulation program.

Surface tension of aqueous solutions of mixtures of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) and dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride (DTAC) has been measured and analyzed by using thermodynamic relations. The adsorbed film has been found to contain more DTAB molecules than the solution. The shape formed by the curves of the total molality at constant surface tension against the solution and surface compositions indicates the ideal mixing of the DTAB and DTAC molecules in the adsorbed film. Micellar composition has been estimated at the critical micelle concentration (CMC). The micelles have been found to be richer in DTAB than the solution, but poorer in DTAB than the adsorbed film at the CMC. The DTAB and DTAC molecules have been shown to mix ideally in the micelles. From the comparison with the results on the system of decylammonium bromide and decylammonium chloride, it has been concluded that, on the mixing of surfactants differing only in counter ions, the adsorbed film is influenced more significantly by the ionic head group of the surfactant than the micelle.

The first spectroscopic identification of CH3CNH+ was made in a hollow cathode discharge of CH3CN (∼ 10 mTorr) and H2 (∼ 500 mTorr) by observing the ν1 (NH stretch) fundamental band (ν0 = 3527.2887 cm−1) with a difference frequency laser system. The band was found to be perturbed and some of the K structure was not resolved. The spectroscopic constants were determined through a least-squares fit of the unperturbed lines. The nature of the perturbation was elucidated in part in an analysis of the perturbed K = 1 lines.

For a detailed prediction of the plasma parameters in the Large Helical Device (LHD), 3-D equilibrium/1-D transport simulations including empirical or drift wave turbulence models are performed which suggest that the global confinement time of the LHD is determined mainly by the electron anomalous transport in the plasma edge region rather than by the helical ripple transport in the core region. Even if the ripple loss can be eliminated, the increase in global confinement is 10%. However, the rise in the central ion temperature is more than 20%. If the anomalous loss can be reduced to half of the value used in the present scaling, as is the case in the H-mode of tokamak discharges, the neoclassical ripple loss through the ion channel becomes important even in the plasma core. The 5% radial inward shift of the plasma column with respect to the major radius improves the plasma confinement and increases the fusion product by more than 50% by reducing the neoclassical asymmetric ion transport loss and increasing the plasma radius (10%)

Neoclassical transport in the banana regime has been analysed with the DKES (Drift Kinetic Equation Solver) code for the Large Helical Device (LHD). It is found that in the 1/ν regime the diffusion coefficients change by one order of magnitude for various LHD configurations, depending on the structure of the helical magnetic ripple. The neoclassical transport calculated with the DKES code is quantitatively in good agreement with a multi-helicity theory formulated by Shaing and Hokin (1983). Incorporating the multi-helicity effect into the diffusion coefficient, the authors propose an interpolation formula for the diffusion coefficient in the 1/ν and ν regimes. When the ion temperature is increased at a fixed density of n = 1020 m-3, the ions undergo a transition from 1/ nu neoclassical transport to the nu regime when Ti > 3 keV, with a radial electric potential e comparable to the ion temperature (e/Ti ≈ 1). For the optimized configuration, the ion thermal diffusivity has a maximum value of ≈ 3.5 m2/s at a minor radius r/a ≈ 0.5. The bootstrap current has also been studied and the results have been compared with the theory. At the collisionless limit with a moderate radial electric potential of e/Ti ≈ 1, the DKES calculations evaluated for various LHD configurations support the theoretical formula given by Shaing and Callen (1983). For collision frequencies between the plateau regime and the banana regime, where the analytical theory is not applicable, the bootstrap current might become larger (by a factor of about two) than in the collisionless limit, depending on the radial electric field

The multiple stability observed exclusively in forced-flow cooled superconductors is numerically calculated, and the result is quantitatively compared with the value measured by J.W. Lue et al. (1980). The calculated and measured values agreed well in certain cases, and did not in others. Based on this comparison, the effects of the transient heat transfer coefficient and ohmic heat generation on the quantitative prediction of stability are discussed. From this comparison, it is learned that a precise understanding of the transient heat transfer coefficient is essential for reliable predictions, and also that the ordinary evaluation method of ohmic heat generation, which considers the flux-flow resistance, tends to overevaluate the situation. >

The surface oxidation of Ni 20Cr, Ni-20Cr-1Si and Ni-20Cr-1Si-0.3Ce alloys was studied at 873 K for 1.8 ks in 10 5 Pa O 2 in a UHV reaction chamber linked to an XPS. The surface oxidation of these alloys was examined using the XPS. The surface oxides NiO and NiCr 2 O 4 were detected in all the alloys. The formation of SiO 2 was recognized at outermost surfaces of Ni 20Cr Si and Ni 20Cr 1Si 0.3Ce alloys after oxidation. The SiO 2 on Ni 20Cr 1Si alloy in thickness decreased compared with that on Ni 20Cr 1Si 0.3Ce alloy. The surface oxide films of these alloys in thickness increased in the order of Ni 20Cr 1Si 20Cr 1Si 0.3Ce 20Cr alloys. The results suggest that the formation of SiO 2 at outermost surface of the allys contributes to lowering of oxidation rate of the alloys.

Frequencies of pure rotational transitions of molecular anions or cations which are interested in the studies of interstellar chemistry are measured precisely by using a tunable terahertz spectrometer in Toyama. In the investigation of OD−, isotope independent Dunham parameters were obtained. As for the H 2 D+ cation, the frequency of the 2 12 ←1 11 transition which was detected recently in space was measured precisely and a new set of rotational parameters were obtained.

The rotational transitions of NCS have been observed in the 1 to 3 mm wavelength region in a hollow cathode discharge in a gas mixture of CS2 (∼1 mTorr) and N2 (∼30 mTorr). The molecular constants in the ground state are determined by fitting the observed frequencies to the standard Hamiltonian for 2Π states. The accuracy of the molecular constants are greatly improved compared with the values obtained from the optical data. The lines in the excited vibronic states have also been observed. The analysis including those excited state lines is in progress and the results will be published separately.

Observation de transitions rotationnelles dans l'etat 2 Π 3/2 et obtention de constantes moleculaires precises

Flow visualization to observe the flow behavior of a coolant in a cable-in-conduit conductor was performed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging. A dummy conductor in which many vinyl strings were inserted into an acrylic tube was used for visualization. Regions of both high and very low flow velocity, in comparison with the average velocity, existed in a cross section of the conductor. This fact shows that the flow behavior of the coolant in the cable-in-conduit conductor is not homogeneous but heterogeneous. Thus it is not possible to directly apply a numerical code based on homogeneous flow behavior to stability analysis of the cable-in-conduit conductor.

The gas phase C2D absorption spectrum has been studied in the 2800 cm−1 region using a high resolution difference‐frequency laser spectrometer. The C2D molecules were produced in a hollow cathode discharge in a mixture of C2H2 or C2D2 (∼20 mTorr) and D2 (∼400 mTorr). Two bands were identified and rotationally analyzed. One band at 2796 cm−1 was found to be a 2Π–2Σ+ transition with the lower state being the ground state. The upper level of this band is assigned to the (110) state in the ground electronic state, X 2Σ+. The other band at 2851 cm−1 is a 2Σ+–2Σ+ transition from the (001) state in X 2Σ+ to a vibronic 2Σ+ state which was found to be perturbed. Accurate molecular constants for the upper levels involved were determined from least‐squares fit. These constants as well as the observed transition frequencies are reported.

The ν 1 (NH stretch) fundamental and ν 1 + ν 7 − ν 7 hot band of HNCCN + have been observed with the difference-frequency laser system in the hollow cathode discharge. The ion was observed in a dry-ice cooled discharge of (CN) 2 and H 2 , modulated at 10 kHz. The constants obtained for the fundamental were ν 0 = 3448.2701(1) cm −1 , B ″ = 4438.22(8) MHz, D ″ = 602(25) Hz, B ′ = 4430.37(9) MHz, and D ′ = 598(26) Hz. For the hot band we obtained ν 0 = 3448.2281(1) cm −1 , B ″ = 4456.22(9) MHz, D ″ = 739(61) Hz, B ′ = 4448.30(10) MHz, and D ′ = 741(66) Hz. The values for the fundamental band agree extremely well with the theory.

In this study, we propose a novel method to estimate the effective earth radius factor (K factor) by using the propagation characteristics of two different frequencies in UHF band; the propagation characteristics can be measured over the seto inland sea (SIS). In the proposed method, it is assumed that the propagation losses are characterized by the Two-ray model in connection with both variations of K factor and sea level. If the propagation losses of two frequencies and the sea level are obtained, the value of K factor can be estimated in the reasonable range (1.0 < K < 3.0). This method provides to estimate the K factor without using a radiosonde. This paper shows the method of estimating the K factor from propagation losses of UHF band radio waves. And, based on the estimated K factor data, this paper newly evaluates the statistical characteristics of the K factor in the SIS region.

Ishii, H., Fraaije, B. A., Sugiyama, T., Noguchi, K., Nishimura, K., Takeda, T., Amano, T., and Hollomon, D. W. 2001. Occurrence and molecular characterization of strobilurin resistance in cucumber powdery mildew and downy mildew. Phytopathology 91:1166-1171. Between 1998 and 1999, control failure of powdery mildew (Podosphaera fusca) and downy mildew (Pseudoperonospora cubensis) by the strobilurin fungicides azoxystrobin and kresoxim-methyl was observed in cucumber-growing areas of Japan. Results from inoculation tests carried out on intact cucumber plants and leaf disks clearly showed the distribution of pathogen isolates highly resistant to azoxystrobin and kresoximmethyl. Fragments of the fungicide-targeted mitochondrial cytochrome b gene were polymerase chain reaction amplified from total pathogen DNA and their sequences analyzed to elucidate the molecular mechanism of resistance. A single point mutation (GGT to GCT) in the cytochrome b gene, resulting in substitution of glycine by alanine at position 143, was found in resistant isolates of downy mildew. This substitution in cytochrome b seemed to result in high resistance to strobilurins in this pathogen. The same mutation was found in some but not all resistant isolates of powdery mildew. This study suggests that a mutation at position 143 in the target-encoding gene, resulting in an amino acid substitution, was probably a major cause of the rapid development of high strobilurin resistance in these two pathogens.

La frequence de la bande fondamentale V 1 de HOC + est observee par spectroscopie laser a frequence difference dans une decharge a cathode creuse. De meme la bande chaude (110)←(010) est observee. Ce n'est possible qu'apres une amelioration dans la sensibilite du systeme laser a frequence difference et une optimisation de la chimie

ヤギ赤血球の同種および種属抗原を詳細に分析するため,ハイブリドーマ法により抗ヤギ赤血球MoAbを作製した.MoAbは,ヤギ赤血球で免疫したBALB/cマウス脾細胞とマウスミエローマ細胞(X 63.653またはNS-1)をpolyethylene glycolを用いて融合したハイブリドーマ細胞より得た.7回の細胞融合実験により,免疫抗原に対する抗体(凝集素あるいは溶血素)を産生するハイブリドーマ細胞が合計272株得られた.そのうち,凝集素産生細胞は15株(5.5%),溶血素産生細胞は257株(94.5%)であり,溶血素産生細胞が多数出現した.それらのMoAbの抗体クラスを寒天ゲル内二重免疫拡散法により分析したところ,すべてIgGもしくはIgMクラスに属していた.また,MoAbは腹水より回収することにより免疫抗原に対して平均15,919倍(IgG)ないし平均28,755倍(IgM)の力価を獲得することが可能であった.陽性ハイブリドーマ細胞のうち細胞増殖が良く培養上清中の蛋白質が高かった39株を選択し,その特異性を165例のヤギ赤血球を用いて調査したところ,同種抗原特異抗体が8種認められた.そのうちの一つはPoAb Gh 3と同一の反応を示したが,その他は既に得られていたいずれのPoAbとも異なった反応を示した.さらに,これ以外の31種のMoAbについて,ヤギ,ヒツジ,ウシ,スイギュウ,ブタおよびウマの6種の動物赤血球を用いて種属抗原の特異性を調査したところ,ヤギの赤血球抗原のみと反応する17種の抗体が得られた.以上,従来から赤血球抗原の分析に用いられているPoAbに比して,特異性,再現性および抗体力価の点で高い有効性を持つ抗ヤギ赤血球MoAbを,マウスハイブリドーマ法により作出することに成功した.

Thirty-one patients with proximal humeral fracture have been treated in our clinic in the past ten years. The average age was 54.4 years with a range from 9 to 80 years and the average follow-up period was 4.2 years (range, 8 months to 9.2 years). Of 31 cases which were classified according to Neer's classification, 23 cases were type III and 8 cases were type IV. In these cases, 26 cases were treated conservatively, and 5 cases were treated surgically. Relationships between the displacement after treatment and their prognosis were examined with respect to the type of frature and malunion on X rays.

Molecular orientation due to melt flow has a profound effect on the nature of subsequent crystallization from the melt. This resulting crystalline morphology was examined with a polarizing microscope to understand the cases intermediate between quiescent melts on the one hand and highly oriented melts on the other. It seems unlikely that fibrillar nucleation along extended molecules occurs in general. Rather a more satisfactory picture is one in which the dominant orientation-dependent factor is a restriction of the lamellar growth to certain directions. This mechanism is emphasized as opposed to the concept of a direction-dependent growth rate or the earlier concept of fibrillar nucleation. A picture developed along these lines allows one to explain the entire spectrum of structure, ranging from spherulites on the one hand to “stacked lamellar” structure on the other.

In this study, 30 microsatellite markers recommended by the International Society for Animal Genetics and the Food and Agriculture Organization were used to determine the extent of genetic differentiation and phylogenetic relationships among indigenous chicken populations sampled in Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Sudan. Genetic differentiation (F(ST)) and chord genetic distances (D(C)) indicated that the indigenous chickens were genetically related but distinct from commercial broiler and egg layer lines. Genetic divergence among the indigenous chickens determined using the Mantel test was significantly influenced (P0.001) by geographic (reproductive) isolation. Genetic subdivisions were found between the Kenyan/Ugandan chicken populations and Ethiopian/Sudanese chicken populations. The Marsabit chicken population from northern Kenya was the most genetically distinct population within the Kenyan and Ugandan chicken cluster, thus warranting further investigation.

The role of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF), a proinflammatory cytokine, was tested using a mouse asthma model. One hundred and four male BALB/c mice were used in this study. Mice were actively sensitized with an intraperitoneal injection of ovalbumin (OVA) and challenged with repeated nebulization of 1 w/v% OVA. Polyclonal anti-MIF antibody was intraperitoneally injected at 10 mg/kg during the antigen challenge period. Bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) was performed 8 h after the last challenge. Airway hyperresponsiveness to inhaled methacholine was measured 24 h after the last challenge. Antigen challenge to immunized mice induced increase in inflammatory cells and concentration of Th2 cytokines in BAL fluid (BALF), and caused the development of airway hyperresponsiveness. Anti-MIF antibody significantly decreased the numbers of inflammatory cells including macrophages, eosinophils, lymphocytes and neutrophils in BALF from OVA-challenged mice. Prednisolone decreased the numbers of eosinophils, lymphocytes and neutrophils but not macrophages. Anti-MIF antibody reduced airway hyperresponsiveness. Anti-MIF antibody affected neither the cytokine levels in BALF nor the IgE levels in serum. MIF was involved in the antigen-induced inflammatory cell accumulation in the lung and airway hyperresponsiveness without affecting immune responses.

We discuss past and recent progress of our continuing project of submillimetre-wave spectroscopic investigations of H 2 D + and D 2 H + . Three new lines of H 2 D + in the 2.5–3.5 THz range are measured with a tunable far-infrared laser system. Since these molecules are very light asymmetric molecules, analysis based on a conventional effective Hamiltonian is not very useful in predicting the transition frequencies to the accuracy of the order of several MHz or better. In this respect, any addition of new accurate measurements of transition frequencies is important. In this paper, some discussions will be made on and its deuterated species as probable interstellar species in cold dark clouds. In particular, , which is predicted to be abundant in cold dark clouds, can be (indirectly) detected by observing .

Optical Coherence tomography (OCT) system based on optical frequency-domain reflectometry (OFDR) has been developed using a super structure-grating distributed Bragg reflector (SSG-DBR) laser. OFDR-OCT images are demonstrated for a few biological tissues.

In esophageal cancer, the rate of lymphatic metastasis is higher than any other gastrointestinal cancer. The morbidity and mortality rate of esophageal surgery is still high. In order to reduce high morbidity and mortality rate, esophageal cancer surgery is recommended to be performed at a high-volume hospital in Europe and United States. In Japan, "3-field lymph nodes dissection surgery" has been established for complete lymphatic clearance, and the overall survival has improved. This surgical procedure is now recognized as a standard surgery for advanced esophageal cancer by "Japan Esophageal Society". However, even in Japan, the morbidity and mortality rate of esophageal cancer surgery is higher than gastric or colonic cancer surgery. For rationale of esophageal cancer surgery, we have to continue to improve our surgical quality such as preserving bronchial artery or pulmonary branches of the vagal nerve.

At the time of fertilization, release of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) into the cytoplasm of oocytes is said to be induced by hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol bis phosphate (PI2) via activation of phospholipase C and is responsible for the Ca2+ oscillation in oocytes immediately after sperm penetration. On the other hand, cumulus cells have been reported to play an important role in cytoplasmic maturation of mammalian oocytes and to affect embryonic development after fertilization. To obtain more information on the role of cumulus cells in cytoplasmic maturation of oocytes, the effects of cumulus cells on the rise in [Ca2+]i and the rates of activation and development of porcine mature oocytes induced by IP3 injection were investigated. Mature porcine oocytes that had been denuded of their cumulus cells in the early stage of the maturation period had a depressed rise in [Ca2+]i (4.0-6.0) and reduced rates of activation (31.4-36.8%) and development (10.0-24.4%) induced by IP3 injection compared with those of their cumulus-enclosed counterparts (7.3, 69.1% and 43.8%; P0.05). The [Ca2+]i rise and the rates of activation and development depressed by the removal of cumulus cells were restored by adding pyruvate to the maturation medium. Furthermore, the IP3 injection-induced depression of [Ca2+]i rise in mature oocytes derived from cumulus-denuded oocytes (DOs) was restored when they were cultured in a medium with pyruvate (3.9-6.3, P0.05). Also, mature oocytes from cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) cultured in a medium without glucose had a lower rise in [Ca2+]i than that in mature oocytes from COCs cultured with glucose (7.4-6.0, P0.05). Cumulus cells supported porcine oocytes during maturation in the rise in [Ca2+]i induced by IP3 and the following activation and development of porcine oocytes after injection of IP3. Moreover, we inferred that a function of cumulus cells is to produce pyruvate by metabolizing glucose and to provide oocytes with pyruvate during maturation, thereby promoting oocyte sensitivity to IP3.

Powder plasmas powered by a pulsed high current discharge was examined using high-speed cameras and laser imaging technique. Electrons created by a pre- ionization discharge collide with both an anode and powder particles, of which surfaces evaporate after then. Since vaporization of the anode far exceeds that of the particles, discharge characteristics is almost similar to that of vacuum sparks in which expanding anode plasmas are observed. Evaporation of the particle occurred in the hemisphere surface that is close to the cathode side. Influence of the effective anode area on the evaporation was examined by varying the anode shape to suppress the development of the anode plasma.

Dispersion compensating Raman amplifier with reduced power consumption has been demonstrated employing a hybrid configuration comprising DCF and highly nonlinear fiber.

High-quality multiquantum well (MQW) structures with 1.5% compressive strain in InAsP wells and 0.8% tensile strain in InGaP barriers have been grown by gas-source molecular beam epitaxy on InP substrates. High-speed (3 dB bandwidth over 10 GHz) and low driving voltage (lower than 3 V for 20 dB on/off ratio) operation using these structure is demonstrated. These characteristics are the first reported for MQW modulators operating at 1.3 /spl mu/m.