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The people who are interested in photography, are likely to be infected with hematuria. In the present study, we elaborated on the relation between photography with blood in the urine. This study shows likeness or dislikeness for photography. 1 male has blood in his urine and he shows likeness for photography. 8 males don’t have any blood in their urine. They also show likeness for photography. 6 females show the presence of blood in their urine but they also show likeness for photography. 46 females don’t have blood in their urine they also show likeness for photography. On the other hand, 2 males have blood in their urine and they show dislikeness toward photography. 6 males don’t have any blood in their urine but they also show dislikeness for photography. 3 females have blood in their urine but they don’t like photography. 12 females having no blood in their urine also don’t like photography.

The main objective of this current study was to determine the alliance of the nature of the driving lovers. The presence of blood in the urine is called Hematuria. It may be due to the infection of the kidney and bladder. The nature of the drivers is unique as compared to others. The nature put the element of an excitement in such type of people. It was concluded from this prompt study that this prompt study that there is no considerable alliance with the nature of the driving lovers and blood in urine.

Some people love fragrance as it makes them feel good. They are more likely to use perfumes on daily basis regardless of their mild allergies to scents. This study relates the relation between blood in urine and perfume allergy. Hematuria is a condition in which blood releases from body with urine. When we see blood in our urine this condition is called gross hematuria and when we can’t see the blood in urine with our naked eye it is known as microscopic hematuria. The other risk factors are age, infection and family history. Main symptoms of this disease are nausea, vomiting, fever, chills and pain in abdomen or back. Patients of hematuria often have normal renal function. Perfume allergy is caused by different chemicals which cause diseases in specific host. Perfumes have certain chemicals that can even penetrate our delicate skin. These chemicals then provoke our immune system and a storm of such response results in what we call as allergy. Headache, sneezing is a common symptom in this disease. 60% males have blood in urine and have perfume allergy while 53.75% females have blood in urine and have perfume allergy.

If someone is painting lover then there must be chances that he/she is standing most of the time and can have chances of blood in urine. Blood release through urine known as hematuria. Gross hematuria is a condition in which we see the release of blood with urine. Microscopic hematuria is a condition in which we can’t see the blood release in urine. Kidney infection, bladder stone, excess walk and cancer are the main cause of hematuria. Age and family history are the main risk factor. Building block of painting is the basic elements of painting. There are six basic elements of painting which are color, tone, line, shape, space and texture. The heart of painting is color. Every color has many shades and tones. By playing with texture painting is the best medium. Those who have blood in their urine have lowest percentage regarding to like painting and those who have no blood in their urine have highest percentage level towards likeliness of painting.

This study relates the relation between blood in urine and chocolate depicted. Hematuria is a condition in which blood release from body with urine. When we see blood in our urine this condition called gross hematuria and when we can’t see the blood in urine with our naked eye it is known as microscopic hematuria. Their more risk factors are age, infection, family history. Main symptoms of this disease are nausea, vomiting, fever, chill and pain in abdomen or back. Chocolate is famous due to its delicious taste and attractive brown color. Chocolate is made up of different types of method in every country. The simplest method of chocolate manufacturing is mixture of sugar, milk and cocoa powder. 60% males have blood in urine and are chocolate depicted. while 53.75% females have blood in urine and are chocolate depicted.

Himalayan region has diversity of Non-Timber Forest Products and is considered as biodiversity hotspot. Current research is baseline study providing information on extraction and processing of Non-Timber Forest Products especially medicinal plants in North Eastern Pakistan of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. A total of 60 respondents (local collectors) were selected based on snowball sampling procedure. Results revealed that income generation remained the prime reason for collection of Non-Timber Forest Products in both regions and collectors have to travel up to 4-6km for collection. Most (i.e.,91%) of the respondents collected Non-Timber Forest Products for medicinal reasons in Bagh District whereas vegetable collection (i.e.,86%) is the prime reason for collection in Neelam valley. Non-Timber Forest Products are mostly collected manually during summer for 6-10 hours with frequency of 1-3 times in a season. It was also observed that most of the respondents in Bagh district opted for sun drying whereas sun and shade drying remained a preference of respondents in Neelam valley. It was concluded that a public-private partnership is inevitable for sustainable harvesting, processing and marketing of Non-Timber Forest Products in the region.

In the era when climate change is causing havoc on the health, economics, infrastructure and environment of the mankind, alternatives to fossil fuel energies being promoted. Renewable energy resources are more sustainable as compared to fossil fuels and have the potency to replace conventional and pollution inducing energy resources. Biogas an alternative green energy resource that generates energy from organic matter has been introduced in Pakistan. This energy resource has found to have a great potential and many initiatives of biogas has been initiated by the government and non-government organizations. The present study was designed in order to understand the level of awareness and preference of using biogas as an alternative energy resource for day to day household activities. The study involved a primary data collection from 10 villages in District Muzaffargarh. Data were gathered from 70 livestock farming households in the study sites using purposive sampling. Descriptive analysis was used in order to depict the status, level of utilization and preference of biogas over other conventional sources. It was observed that addition of a biogas among the already present fuel sources have divided the burden on solid biomass fuels. The empirical evidence displayed that the people experienced a cut in their expenses, smaller number of ailments has been registered since the use of this green energy. The study concluded that awareness and information regarding the biogas technology must be publicized in order to generate eminent profits.

Fruit and leaf possess distinctly different metabolites. Here, metabolites and transcriptome were compared between mature leaves (ML) and juice sacs (JS) of Citrus grandis "Hirado Buntan" to investigate the possible reasons. Results indicated that the remarkable difference in starch, total flavonoids and carotenoids, l-ascorbate, and jasmonic acid between ML and JS was tightly related to the expression levels of their biosynthesis-related genes, while the significant difference in abscisic acid and citrate was mainly related to the gene expression level(s) of 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase and proton pump genes, respectively. In addition, ATP citrate lyase probably plays a key role in the levels of flavonoids between ML and JS via providing different levels of acetyl-CoA. Taken together, these results identified some key candidate genes responsible for the content of a given metabolite and will contribute to research in regulating such metabolite content in citrus fruits.

A 5×5 direct-crosses of Chickpea geneotypes (CM-98, Noor-91, Brittle-98, Punjab-2000 and Karak-1) were undertaken at Research area of the Department of Plant Breeding and Genetics, FAS&T, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Then Model-I and Model-II of Griffing approach (1956) of half-diallel was used for combining ability analysis. The results pertaining to menas of all traits relative to general and specific combining ability were found highly significant (P≤ 0.01) which evidenced presence of ample differences among studied geneotypes. However, variance showed by specific combining ability for traits like fibre content, free extract (N.F.E.), protein content, fat, ash and nitrogen content, moisture content, plant height and biomass per plant as compared to general combining ability. These results are suggestive of predominantly under the control of non-additive gene action. On the other hand, the magnitude of variance resulted from GCA was higher than from SCA for pods per plant, 100-seed weight and grain yield that showed that additive genetic effects were important for them.

The aim of this work was to evaluate the general role of the vacuolar pyrophosphatase proton pump (V-PPase) in sucrose accumulation in citrus species. First, three citrus V-PPase genes, designated CsVPP-1, CsVPP-2, and CsVPP-4, were identified in the citrus genome. CsVPP-1 and CsVPP-2 belonging to citrus type I V-PPase genes are targeted to the tonoplast, and CsVPP-4 belonging to citrus type II V-PPase genes is located in the Golgi bodies. Moreover, there was a significantly positive correlation between transcript levels of type I V-PPase genes and sucrose, rather than hexose, content in fruits of seven citrus cultivars. Drought and abscisic acid treatments significantly induced the CsVPP-1 and CsVPP-2 transcript levels, as well as the sucrose content. The overexpression of type I V-PPase genes significantly increased PPase activity, decreased pyrophosphate contents, and increased sucrose contents, whereas V-PPase inhibition produced the opposite effect in both citrus fruits and leaves. Furthermore, altering the expression levels of type I V-PPase genes significantly influenced the transcript levels of sucrose transporter genes. Taken together, this study demonstrated that CsVPP-1 and CsVPP-2 play key roles in sucrose storage in the vacuole by regulating pyrophosphate homeostasis, ultimately the sucrose biosynthesis and transcript levels of sucrose transport genes, providing a novel lead for engineering or breeding modified taste in citrus and other fruits.

A comparison was made of the physiological and morphological differences between Inqlab-91 (hexaploid) and Langdon (tetralpoid) wheat genotypes in response to high temperature stress applied at third leaf stage of growth. Electrolytes leakage technique was used to detect differences in the heat sensitivities of leaves of Inqlab-91 and Langdon. This method showed that at both 35 or 40°C Inqlab-91 was more heat tolerant than Langdon.

The accumulation of soluble sugars in fleshy fruits largely determines their sweetness or taste. A spontaneous sweet orange mutant 'Hong Anliu' (HAL, Citrus sinensis) accumulates low soluble sugar content in fruit juice sacs than its wild type, 'Anliu' (AL) orange; however, the cause of reduced sugar content in 'HAL' fruit remains unclear. In this study, sugar content and expression profiles of genes involved in sugar metabolism and transport were compared between 'HAL' and 'AL' fruit juice sacs. In both cultivars, fructose and glucose displayed the increasing trends with significantly lower contents in 'HAL' than 'AL' after 160 DAF; moreover, sucrose had a declining trend in 'HAL' and increasing trend in 'AL' with fruit development. On the other hand, transcript levels of VINV, CWINV1, CWINV2, SUS4, SUS5, SPS1, SPS2, VPP-1, VPP-2, and some sugar transporter genes were significantly decreased in 'HAL' compared with 'AL' after 100 DAF or 160 DAF. Interestingly, the transcript levels of SPS2 and SUT2 exhibited a similar trend as it was found for sucrose content in both cultivars. These results suggested that the low sugar accumulation in 'HAL' fruit JS is accompanied by the reduced sink strength, sucrose-synthesis ability, and vacuolar storage ability compared with 'AL'; reduction of CWINVs, VINV, SPS2, SUT2, VPP-1, and VPP-2 transcript levels possibly plays a key role in the low storage of soluble sugars in the vacuoles of mutant juice sacs.

Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) is composed of numerous tiny smart sensors nodes integrated with Internet of Things (IoT) play a crucial role in many applications. The IoT connects physical devices to form a network which consist of software, sensor for exchange of information. Clustering is most common technique for efficient energy utilization in WNS. Sensor nodes when they have data, forwards it to Cluster Head (CH) and CH transfers the received data from the sensor nodes to the sink. When the sink nodes are far away from CH, long-haul transmission consumes higher power. In this paper we propose efficient data transfer mechanism for clustered IoT network through the cooperation of member nodes. First, we use greedy algorithm to select cooperative sensor nodes to act as relay for long distance transmission. Then, to encourage sensor nodes in data forwarding, cluster head uses priority buffers to prioritize assisting sensor nodes data. Simulation results show that, the proposed approach conserves energy and increases the life-time of clustered IoT network.

Many cutting-edge technologies, such as MIMO, cognitive radio, multi-carrier modulation, and network coding, have been proposed for wireless communication to satisfy needs for a higher data rate in the upcoming time, leading to improved quality of service (QoS) regardless of the weather. Orthogonal and non-orthogonal multiple access techniques are two categories into which multiple access technologies can be subdivided. Large networking with effective implementation of wireless devices is supported by non-orthogonal multiple access techniques. Massive NOMA has been implemented to advance access efficiency by permitting several users to share a similar spectrum. Because of the robust co-channel interference between mobile users presented by NOMA, it offers important tasks for system model and resources management. In this study, two additional sets of demanding codes are explored. Multi-user shared access methods and expanded multi-user shared access (EMUSA) methods are both employed. In the MUSA technique, an algorithm is used for the allocation of resources to achieve minimum intercorrelation to the maximum extent in 5G networks. A novel idea proposed in this paper is to create complex codes starting from PN codes (i.e., ePN), thereby achieving promising results in the overall system performance. The first part of this paper describes the fundamental principles of MUSA, and in the next part the main idea of the proposed technique will be studied in detail. Using Monte-Carlo MATLAB simulation, the performance of the suggested approach is assessed in terms of BER vs. SNR. The efficiency of the proposed approach is evaluated in various settings, and the outcomes are contrasted with those of the traditional CDMA technique, using parameters, such as the number of active users and antennas at the receiver.

Emotion detection (ED) and sentiment analysis (SA) play a vital role in identifying an individual’s level of interest in any given field. Humans use facial expressions, voice pitch, gestures, and words to convey their emotions. Emotion detection and sentiment analysis in English and Chinese have received much attention in the last decade. Still, poor-resource languages such as Urdu have been mostly disregarded, which is the primary focus of this research. Roman Urdu should also be investigated like other languages because social media platforms are frequently used for communication. Roman Urdu faces a significant challenge in the absence of corpus for emotion detection and sentiment analysis because linguistic resources are vital for natural language processing. In this study, we create a corpus of 1021 sentences for emotion detection and 20,251 sentences for sentiment analysis, both obtained from various areas, and annotate it with the aid of human annotators from six and three classes, respectively. In order to train large-scale unlabeled data, the bag-of-word, term frequency-inverse document frequency, and Skip-gram models are employed, and the learned word vector is then fed into the CNN-LSTM model. In addition to our proposed approach, we also use other fundamental algorithms, including a convolutional neural network, long short-term memory, artificial neural networks, and recurrent neural networks for comparison. The result indicates that the CNN-LSTM proposed method paired with Word2Vec is more effective than other approaches regarding emotion detection and evaluating sentiment analysis in Roman Urdu. Furthermore, we compare our based model with some previous work. Both emotion detection and sentiment analysis have seen significant improvements, jumping from an accuracy of 85% to 95% and from 89% to 93.3%, respectively.

The increasing demand of routing in the field of communication is the most important subject in ad hoc networks now a days. Flying Ad Hoc Network (FANET) is one of the emerging areas that evolved from Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. Selecting the best optimal path in any network is a real challenge for a routing protocol. Because the network performance like throughput, Quality of Service (QoS), user experience, response time and other key parameters depend upon the efficiency of the algorithm running inside the routing protocol. The complexity and diversity of the problem is augmented due to dynamic spatial and temporal mobility of FANET nodes. Due to these challenges the performance and efficiency of the routing protocol becomes very critical. This paper presents a novel routing protocol for FANET using modified AntHocNet. Ant colony optimization technique or metaheuristics in general has shown better dependability and performance as compared to other legacy best path selection techniques. Energy stabilizing parameter introduced in this study improves energy efficiency and overall network performance. Simulation results show that the proposed protocol is better than generic Ant Colony Optimization (ACO) and other traditional routing protocols utilized in FANET.

Present research was conducted at Ladha Bohar situated in Southern Punjab’s important Tehsil Dunyapur that has diverse range of flora including trees, grasses and medicinal plants. Present study reported trees, shrubs, grasses and herbs flora and their ethnobotanical uses with the co-operation of the local inhabitants. Different field trips, transect walks and meetings with local people were made to collect data. Plant specimens were collected, dried and vouchers were obtained by depositing sheets to Stewart Harbarium, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. The information about the ethnobotanical uses were collected from local inhabitants especially from women and old age men, shepherds, local healers and herbal dealers or pansars etc by taking interview with the help of questionnaire. In Ladha Bohar floral comprising 68 plant species mainly trees belonging to 38 families. Local people used indigenous plants to cure many ailments, for fodder, shelter, food, fuel, ornamental, landscape, agricultural inputs and many other uses. It was concluded that such diversity would make a great deal in planning further genetic, ecological, forestry and horticultural studies.

Heterosis was estimated by using Line x Tester analysis for yield and various important yield components in 12 crosses of bread wheat, involving 2 lines viz., 099172 and Fareed-06 were used as testers and six advance lines viz., 076309, 9360, 099110, 076422, 076346, and Meraj. Plant height and number of tillers per plant showed maximum heterosis for cross 076309 x 099172 (45.49 and 65.34 respectively) followed by cross 076346 x Fareed-06 for peduncle length and spike-lets per spike (-25.76 and 29.51respectively). Cross 099110 x 099172 recorded maximum heterosis for grain yield per plant (123.56) while 1000-Grain weight gave best heterosis for 076422 x Fareed-06 (39.15).

Grafting is a technique that provides a substantial way to enhance nutrient utilization thereby improves plant growth and yield quality. Although it is commonly practised in horticultural crops, the impact of scion-rootstock interaction on nutrient distribution is still unclear. Here, 'Newhall' navel orange plants grafted on Trifoliate orange (T) as the original rootstock were inarched with trifoliate orange (N/Tt combination) or carrizo citrange (N/Tc combination) rootstock seedlings. The experimental plants were treated with isotope 10B solution for 7 weeks to investigate the effect of different inarched rootstocks on B distribution and translocation by using a two-root system. From this study, the original rootstock played a more dominant role in B distribution to scion tissues than the inarching rootstock either in N/Tt or N/Tc combination. From inarched combinations, the carrizo citrange in the N/Tc combination had a higher ability to distribute B to new leaves, new twigs and old twigs than trifoliate orange in the N/Tt combination. However, the original rootstock of N/Tt distributed more B to scion tissues than N/Tc and the B concentration in old leaves and new leaves of N/Tt plants was significantly higher than that of N/Tc plants. These results suggest that scion B status is influenced by the B distribution of two inarching rootstocks in an inarching plant, as well as the affinity between the inarching rootstock and grafted plant. In addition, by either adding 10B to the inarching rootstock or original rootstock, we could detect 10B in the other rootstock root in both N/Tt and N/Tc combinations. The results further suggest that B can translocate from rootstock to leaves and then, re-translocate from scion to rootstock through the cycling of B transportation.

f someone is doing hard exercises after some pause, it is most probably, blood in urine. In this study was about linkage of blood in urine with exercise in which total 100 students participated studied in Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan. Hematuria is basically blood in urine and it causes some sever infection in urinary tract and also the test is performed to check the blood in urine.

The basic intention behind this study is to check any influence of lizard fright on the concentration of bilirubin within urine. Many subjects participated in this study. Many persons possessed lizard aversion but there is no possibility of any relation between both of them.

Biosynthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using microalgae is novel and cost-effective approach. We studied production, molecular characterization, and antibacterial activity. Filtrates of isolated microalgae strain ZAA1 (MF140241), ZAA2 (MF114592) and ZAA3 (MF114594) were used. Incubation of these strains in 5mM solution of zinc nitrate was resulted in the synthesis of ZnO-NPs. Fourier-transform infrared, UV-visible spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy were used to characterize the nanoparticles. Significant antibacterial activity of ZnO-NPs was measured against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Micrococcus luteus, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Citrobacter freundii. The microalgae mediated ZnO-NPs production is a successful procedure that can be used in a wide range of biomedical applications.

Vitamin D is essential element for growth and development of bones. The receptor of the metabolite of vitamin D known as "nuclear calcitriol" have been identified in tissues and is responsible for playing a wide range of biological processes. Calcidiol [25(OH) D3] corresponds to the storage space and the chief flowing metabolite of vitamin D3. Calcitriol 1-α-25-dihydroxycholecalciferol is formed in the kidney. Deficiency of vitamin D and lack of sun exposure has been found to cause unceasing illnesses together with various lethal cancers. At cellular level the mechanism of anticancer action of vitamin D has not been entirely implicated. For the setting off and regulation of particular genes, calcitriol-VDR-RXR complex attach to definite DNA fragments called as vitamin D response elements (VDREs). After binding with VDR, calcitriol performs its function by regulating the function of over and above 60 genes providing direction for antiproliferative, prodifferentiating and antimetastatic effects on cells to result in antiangiogenic property. Vitamin D deficiency is evaluated as level of calcidiol less than 20ng/mL, shortage to the level of 21-29 ng/mL, and adequacy level is 30ng/mL.

The productivity of agricultural produce is fairly dependent on the availability of nutrients and efficient use. Magnesium (Mg2+) is an essential macronutrient of living cells and is the second most prevalent free divalent cation in plants. Mg2+ plays a role in several physiological processes that support plant growth and development. However, it has been largely forgotten in fertilization management strategies to increase crop production, which leads to severe reductions in plant growth and yield. In this review, we discuss how the Mg2+ shortage induces several responses in plants at different levels: morphological, physiological, biochemical and molecular. Additionally, the Mg2+ uptake and transport mechanisms in different cellular organelles and the role of Mg2+ transporters in regulating Mg2+ homeostasis are also discussed. Overall, in this review, we critically summarize the available information about the responses of Mg deficiency on plant growth and development, which would facilitate plant scientists to create Mg2+-deficiency-resilient crops through agronomic and genetic biofortification.

The rapid growth of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) has led to the ubiquitous home health diagnostic network. Excessive demand from patients leads to high cost, low latency, and communication overload. However, in the process of parameter updating, the communication cost of the system or network becomes very large due to iteration and many participants. Although edge computing can reduce latency to some extent, there are significant challenges in further reducing system latency. Federated learning is an emerging paradigm that has recently attracted great interest in academia and industry. The basic idea is to train a globally optimal machine learning model among all participating collaborators. In this paper, a gradient reduction algorithm based on federated random variance is proposed to reduce the number of iterations between the participant and the server from the perspective of the system while ensuring the accuracy, and the corresponding convergence analysis is given. Finally, the method is verified by linear regression and logistic regression. Experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly reduce the communication cost compared with the general stochastic gradient descent federated learning.

The Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) developments have had a crucial effect on our daily lives. The usage of wireless sensor networks is increasing daily. They can be used in various fields such as incident management, war detection and exploration, border protection and, security monitoring. Also, they are used in unattended environments as a remote. The sensors in WSNs are fully automatic. One of the efficient ways to manage WSN effectively is clustering because it can support the scalability of nodes. One of the main challenges in Wireless Sensor Network is not only its implementation but also finding the best clustering algorithm. Besides, wireless sensor networks' features should be considered in their design as the primary keys. In this paper, we present some of the most well-known available clustering algorithms and compare them based on the features and complexity of the network. These features include the rate of node convergence, the stability, the overlapping of each cluster, supporting node movement.

Flying Ad-hoc Networks creates rapid topology changes that causes routing problems between Unmanned Aerial Vehicle and ground base station. Mobile Ad-hoc networks and Vehicular Ad-hoc network protocols are conventionally adopted to overcome routing issues. But Still, they do not fully address the routing problem in Flying Ad-hoc Networks. In this paper, Fisheye state routing protocol is implemented and evaluated to fully overcome routing issues in a Flying Ad-hoc Network and fully utilize the limited resource of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. Performance evaluation is measured in terms of throughput, average end-to-end delay, packet drop analysis as congestion measure with Ad-Hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV), Distance Sequence Distance Vector (DSDV), Optimized Link State Routing (OLSR), Temporary Ordered Routing Protocol (TORA) and Dynamic Source Routing (DSR). Fisheye state routing protocol showed promising results regarding throughput, packet drop rate, and average end-to-end delay compared with traditional protocols. Moreover, with the suggested improvement of the parameters, network lifetime is increased, and resources harvesting becomes under control.

Citrate is an important intermediate product for the biosynthesis of several metabolites in plants. As two important organs of the citrus plant, fruits and leaves have their own metabolites characteristics; among them, citrate is normally high in fruit juice sacs (JS) and low in leaves. In this study, citrate content and transcript levels of citrate synthesis, transport, storage, and utilization related genes were compared between leaves and fruit JS of Citrus reticulata cv. 'Huagan No. 2', C. grandis cv. 'Hirado Buntan', and C. sinensis cv. 'Anliu'. Results indicated that the citrate content in fruit JS was significantly higher than in leaves of each cultivar. Only the relative mRNA levels of a P-type proton pump gene, CsPH8, was significantly lower in leaves than in fruit JS of three citrus cultivars, while other genes related to citrate biosynthesis, transport, storage, and utilization were highly expressed in leaves as compared to fruit JS. Furthermore, CsPH8 transient and stable transformation in leaves indicated that the change in citrate content is highly consistent with the change of CsPH8 transcript levels. Taken together, our results strongly suggest that the low accumulation of citrate in citrus leaves is mainly due to the low expression level of CsPH8; additionally, the high level of expression of citrate-utilizing genes would prevent citrate accumulation in the leaf organ.

Due to large spectral efficiency and low power consumption, the Massive Multiple-Input-Multiple-Output (MIMO) became a promising technology for the 5G system. However, pilot contamination (PC) limits the performance of massive MIMO systems. Therefore, two pilot scheduling schemes (i.e., Fractional Pilot Reuse (FPR) and asynchronous fractional pilot scheduling scheme (AFPS)) are proposed, which significantly mitigated the PC in the uplink time division duplex (TDD) massive MIMO system. In the FPR scheme, all the users are distributed into the central cell and edge cell users depending upon their signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR). Further, the capacity of central and edge users is derived in terms of sum-rate, and the ideal number of the pilot is calculated which significantly maximized the sum rate. In the proposed AFPS scheme, the users are grouped into central users and edge users depending upon the interference they receive. The central users are assigned the same set of pilots because these users are less affected by interference, while the edge users are assigned the orthogonal pilots because these users are severely affected by interference. Consequently, the pilot overhead is reduced and inter-cell interference (ICI) is minimized. Further, results verify that the proposed schemes outperform the previous proposed traditional schemes, in terms of improved sum rates.

The restricted resources in IoT networks such as limited battery have resulted in strict requirements to prolong the network life time. To improve the communication, IoT nodes attempt to optimize the available energy in the sensor network, this makes them vulnerable to the malicious attacks from adversaries because of open scenario. In addition, enhancing the security level will consume the energy and decreases network life time. In order to balance energy and security in the network game theory concept is used. We design a non cooperative game between energy and security where the utilities of both energy and security players are maximized by controlling the number of nodes transmitting and hash length. We consider complete and incomplete information game and determine Nash equilibrium. Extensive simulation have been performed to examine Nash equilibrium. We obtained Nash equilibrium for both energy and security players.

Background Biological procedures for the synthesis of copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) are eco-friendly, cost-effective, and easily scalable as compared to chemical and physical methods. Methods In the present study, a simple fungus based synthesis method was used for copper nanoparticles. After morphological and molecular characterization of fungal strains, Aspergillus niger strain STA9 was used for CuNPs synthesis. Particles synthesized by fungi were characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometer, FTIR, and Zetasizer. The MTT anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and antibacterial assays of CuNPs were performed. Results The CuNPs were produced at optimized conditions with a size of 500 nm, Z-average 398.2 nm, and 0.246 poly dispersion index. These particles were quantified at 480 nm and FTIR confirmed the existence of O H and -C=C- functional groups. MTT assay revealed that CuNPs have a significant cytotoxic effect against human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (Huh-7) with 3.09 μg/ml IC50 value. Alpha-glucosidase inhibition showed that CuNPs have a moderate antidiabetic effect. The agar well antibacterial effect indicated 19, 21, 16, 20, and 17 mm zone of inhibition against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Micrococcus luteus and Bacillus subtilis respectively. Conclusion Such biomedical applications of CuNPs reveal the importance of a targeted drug delivery system.