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Digital holography (DH) has experienced significant advancements in recent years, with improvements in both experimental and algorithmic techniques. This has resulted in an expansion of DH’s applications in biomedicine, as well as other scientific and engineering fields. The introduction of machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) has provided a breakthrough in the recognition and prediction of patterns, especially with regards to visual imagery data. This characteristic of ML and DL makes them highly suitable for processing digital holographic data, and they have thus become widely used in digital holography. This review aims to assimilate the research where ML and DL have been employed alongside digital holography in the biomedical field for tasks such as the identification and classification of organelles, diseases, and microbes. The combination of DH and ML/DL has shown significant potential in addressing various challenges in biomedical microscopy, including the identification and classification of cellular and subcellular

Supplemental Material for The Impact of Cancer Relapse and Poor Patient Outcomes on Health Care Providers Practicing in the Oncology Field by Abdulrahman Alwhaibi, Miteb Alenazi, Bana Almadi, Nora aljabali, Sahar Alkhalifah, Wajid Syed, Reem Alsaif, Salmeen D Bablghaith, and Mohammed N Al-Arifi in Cancer Control

Introduction: Hypertension (HTN) is one of the most serious public health issues in the world, affecting around 1.4 billion people worldwide. HTN is becoming highly prevalent in Pakistan, about more than 33% of people over the age of 40 years suffering from the HTN. The illness burden is continuously growing due to the incorrect medicine prescriptions, a lack of education, and a lack of patient compliance. The existence of comorbidities such as Diabetes Mellitus (DM) should be properly considered while choosing an Antihypertensive medication. Similarly, the prescriptions of Oral Hypoglycemic agent’s appropriate consideration are essential. Oral hypoglycemic medications are divided into several categories. Physicians face a challenge in rationally selecting a regimen from a variety of classes, and the situation becomes more complicated when the patients have additional non-communicable illnesses, such as HTN. The combination therapy of ailments not only effects the patient`s economic status but also effects the quality of life. Objective: To study the prescribing pattern of Antihypertensive drugs in Hypertensive patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Tertiary care hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. Methods: A cross sectional study was undertaken for six months in medicine outpatient department at tertiary care hospitals of Karachi. The study population was observed for the prescribed pattern of Antihypertensive medicines by assessing the 300 prescriptions of Hypertensive patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS version 20. Data was presented as frequencies and percentages. Results: The result revealed that the most commonly prescribed single antihypertensive drug was Enalapril 66 (22%) followed by Amlodipine 63(21%), Ramipril 57(19%), Diltiazem 33(11%), Lisinopril 21(7%) losartan k 6(2%), Nebivolol 6(2%), Bisoprolol 3(1%). Dual therapy included Ramipril and Nebivolol 1(0.33%) and Amlodipine+Valsartan 35 (11.67%), Amlodipine+Valsartan+HCTZ 9 (3%) were the antihypertensive drugs prescribed as fixed dose combinations. Conclusion: The present study shows Enalapril belonging to Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibitor (ACEI) class was frequently used as single Antihypertensive agent and Amlodipine+Valsartan belonging Calcium Channel Blockers (CCBs) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARBs) was the most frequently prescribed fixed dose combination while managing Hypertension of Hypertensive patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

Antibiotic contamination of water is an emerging global issue with severe implications for both public health and the environment. Ciprofloxacin (CIP) is a synthetic fluoroquinolone antibiotic, which is broadly used in human and veterinary medicines around the world to treat various bacterial infections. The presence of CIP in the aquatic environment poses serious health problems to human beings and other living entities. Floating treatment wetland (FTW) is a low-cost and eco-friendly wastewater remediation technology. In the current study, the Canna indica. (Indian shot) was vegetated in a floatable mat to develop FTWs. A consortium of three bacterial strains, Acinetobacter lwoffii ACRH76, Bacillus pumulis C2A1, and Acinetobacter sp. HN3, was immobilized on iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4-NPs) and augmented in the FTWs for the remediation of CIP-contaminated (100 mg/L) water. The augmentation of bacteria (immobilized or free) in the FTWs significantly enhanced the removal of CIP from water. The maximum reduction in CIP (98%), chemical oxygen demand (COD; 90%), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD; 93%) and total organic carbon (TOC; 95%) was observed in FTWs that had Fe3O4-NP supported bacteria. This study reveals that FTWs have a great potential to remove the CIP from contaminated water, albeit its CIP removal efficiency was substantially enhanced by augmentation with Fe3O4-NPs supported bacteria.

Objectives: The objective of this study was to explore the attitudes towards plagiarism among pharmacy students in Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on pharmacy students at King Saud University in Riyadh to assess their attitudes towards plagiarism. The questionnaire consists of 27 items on a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree, disagree, neutral, agree, and strongly agree) that assess three attitudes about plagiarism (positive and negative attitudes, as well as subjective norms). Results: A total of 415 pharmacy students took part in this research. Among the whole sample, 55.7% were male, and 44.3% were female. The findings demonstrated a moderately positive attitude towards plagiarism (30 ± 6) and subjective standards (29 ± 7) as well as a moderate negative attitude (22 ± 5). About 26.5% of students did not believe that they worked in a plagiarism-free workplace, and 45.3% of students believed that self-plagiarism should not be punished in the same way as plagiarism. Conclusions: The overall attitudes of pharmacy students were positive. Training in medical writing and research ethics in the undergraduate and graduate pharmacy curricula is mandatory.

The unwanted occurrence of antibiotics in the environment is an emerging concern of non-target toxicity and antimicrobial resistance. Floating treatment wetland (FTW) is a low-cost and ecofriendly wastewater remediation strategy; however, the effect of immobilized bacteria on its efficacy during the remediation of ciprofloxacin (CIP)-contaminated water has not been documented. In this study, Phragmites australis was planted to develop FTW, and it was augmented with a bacterial consortium (Acinetobacter lwoffii ACRH76, Bacillus pumulis C2A1, and Acinetobacter sp. HN3), with and without immobilization for the remediation of CIP-contaminated (100 mg L−1) water. The augmentation of bacteria (immobilized or in suspension) in the FTWs significantly increased the elimination of CIP from the water. Maximum removal of CIP (97%), COD (92%), BOD (93%), and TOC (90%) from the water was observed in the FTWs having immobilized bacteria. This research revealed that the FTWs have tremendous potential to remove the CIP from the water and its removal efficiency can be enhanced via immobilized bacterial augmentation strategies.

Objectives: This study was aimed to investigate the knowledge and practice about COVID-19 among adults living in capital of Telangana, India. Methods: A cross sectional web based online study was conducted over a period of 3 months from April to June using structured self- administered online questionnaires. We targeted adults living in Hyderabad using convenience sampling technique. A total of 384 respondents completed the study questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 24.0. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the status of knowledge, attitude, and practices. Results: Most of the respondents were male (65.1%) aged between 21-30 years (220 out of 384). The most common source of information for the COVID-19 was social media (50.7%). Almost 78% of the respondents were known that COVID-19 associated with dry cough, body pains and fever. Also majority of them were knew that disease can transfer from the infected patients (87%), while most of them (85%) were agreed that wearing facemask can help in controlling the infection. Almost all (92%) of the respondents agreed that isolation and treatment of COVID-19 patients may help in controlling the spread of virus. There was a significant difference among the attitudes of the participants about covid-19 (p Key words: COVID-19, Knowledge, Attitudes, Clinical symptoms, Flue, Fever, Respiratory failure.

Background: This study aimed to evaluate the Impact of diabetes continuing education on knowledge and practice of diabetes care among health care professionals in Yemen. Methods: A quasi-experimental study was carried out among health care professionals. The original questionnaire consisted of 22 multiple choice questions. A total of 73 HCPs received continuing education (CE) intervention. Knowledge attitude and practice (KAP) was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Results: The result showed that majority of the HCPs has a good general knowledge on diabetes and its managements prior to the CE program. Evaluation of the general knowledge score of the HCPs found some improvement in the knowledge score, however the improvement was not significant (p=0.31). The result of this study found that HCPs has good knowledge on monitoring the sign, symptoms and laboratory parameters. Conclusion: Evaluation of the knowledge score on Goal of Diabetes Management of HCPs found significant (p=0.024) improvement in the knowledge score. The results indicated that the lab values were rated as the most important in the goal for the treatment of diabetes patients. The study also found no significant difference in practice score after CE program among HCPs.

Pharmacovigilance is an essential process when dealing with the medicines. It is one of the basic roles of community pharmacist. This role is not found in practice. Due to lacking this role, monitoring of adverse drug reactions and awareness to report them is missed in the society. However, no significant data has been published to exhibit the role of community pharmacists in Pharmacovigilance. This study was aimed to help in stowing the pharmacist role, in community Pharmacovigilance of Pakistan, to give awareness not only to community pharmacists but to regulatory authorities to establish policies regarding ADRs. A cross-sectional study was conducted through a pre-validated questionnaire. This study was conducted in 16 Districts of Sindh Province of Pakistan. 368 pharmacies/ medical stores responded to the self administered questionnaire. The results showed dependence of Awareness to the Pharmacovigilance upon Professional Status, Education of Participants and Experience of study population in pharmacies/ medical stores.

Objectives: Currently, the use of generic medicines has increased globally. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of education program (CEP) on future health care professionals’ knowledge of generic medicines. Methods: A prospective, one-group, and pre- and post-test design was used to assess the effects of the educational program on future health care professionals’ knowledge of generic medicines. The participants were final year pharmacy students a total of 24 Pharm.D students received the Continue education intervention. Findings: About 91% of them heard of generic medicines, with the most common source of information being the hospital (16.7%), followed by teachers and lecturers (33.3%). About 50% of them received generic medicine information from their course work. Most 91% of the respondents indicated that they had heard about generic and branded medicines. Pharm.D students’ knowledge score significantly increased from 7.2 before the CEP program to 9.4 after. Conclusion: The results of this study concluded that before the educational intervention, students had inadequate knowledge and misconceptions about generic medicine. CEP on generic medicines was effective in the improvement of the knowledge of future health care professionals. Key words: Continuing Education, Future Health Care Professionals, Knowledge, Generic Medicine, Saudi Arabia.

Objective: This study was to assess the common withdrawal effects of drugs among addicted population in rehabilitation. Study Design: Cross Sectional Survey. Setting: Different Rehabilitation Centers Located Across the City, Karachi. Period: December 2018 to June 2019. Material & Methods: 400 filled questionnaires were obtained from randomly selected subjects (addicted persons). Results: The results of the study showed, most drugs abused age group is 20-40 year i.e. 71.6%, 13-19 year 18.7%, and 9.7% for population above 40 years of age. Most abused drugs found 34.8%, 26.8%, 9.6% 6.7% for cannabis, tobacco, heroin, and morphine accordingly. n=188 (47%) of patients had adaptive response towards treatment in rehabilitation while n=60 (15%) shows negative and aggressive behaviors. n=60 (15%) patients found guilty of drugs abused while n= 180 45% found it pleasurable. Conclusions: A persistent, safe and evidence-based practices is required in management of drugs abuse among the addicted patients to avoid the risk factors.

In this paper the dropout trend in Government Girls Primary Schools in District Mardan was analyzed through a descriptive research study. This study has investigated the class wise trend of dropout in Government Girls Primary Schools in District Mardan, analyzed the reasons of the dropout trend and determined a strategy for minimizing the dropout trend. The research was conducted by using systems analysis as theoretical framework of this study. Population for the study consisted of all the10324dropouts. A stratified random sample of 300dropouts was drawn out of total population. Survey and questionnaires were used as tools for collecting data. Data regarding enrolment, dropouts and dropout rate was collected through survey. The researcher administered a self assessment Questionnaire on sampled dropouts to gather their perceptions regarding the dropout phenomenon in Government Girls Primary Schools in District Mardan. The study found the highest dropout rate(15.98%) in Kachhi which gradually falls down in class 2.But in class 3 it jumps to(8.64%) and then it keeps on increasing up to class 5. The perceptual analysis of the responses of the Questionnaires revealed that the factors were divided into three main categories i.e. the institutional problems and procedures: including; frequent failure in classes, unpleasant teaching learning processes, high level of difficulty of courses, harsh behavior of teachers and insecurity in schools; Home based factors: including; high poverty level of the parents, frequent migration of their families, and community factors such as Lack of immediate returns of schooling. The study recommended: Teachers’ training focused on enhancing teachers’ competency to retain students in schools; introducing academic monitoring system; adopting strategies for reducing absenteeism of students; Mass mobilization of parents towards schooling of their kids; provision of stipends; special schooling arrangements for migrating families and introduction of individualized teaching strategies for slow learners.

Introduction: A good early diagnostic and prognostic marker for bacterial meningitis will decreasethe morbidity and mortality due to this infection. Serum procalcitonin has been evaluated forusefulness in diagnosis and as a prognostic marker in bacterial meningitis. Methods: Children from5 months to 15 years of age who were cases of bacterial meningitis as per WHO Criteria and wereadmitted to the Pediatric Department in SKIMS Srinagar, Jammu, and Kashmir were taken for thestudy. A total of 45 bacterial meningitis cases participated in this prospective study. Serum PCT wasmeasured by a fluorescence immunoassay using QDX Insta check with a detection limit of 0.25-100ng/ml. Data were analyzed using standard statistical tests using SPSS 20. Results: The meanserum PCT on admission in ng/ml in the present study for bacterial meningitis was14.9293±4.49122 and after 72 hours mean serum PCT was 12.4386±4.40964). A significant drop(mean difference = 2.49086; p=0.000) in serum procalcitonin was seen after 72 hours followingantibacterial treatment. Conclusion: It was concluded that serum PCT can be used as a goodprognostic marker to see the response to treatment in bacterial meningitis.

Purpose Dietary supplements (DSs) are popular in many countries, and their use among individuals is increasing worldwide. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and use of DSs among pharmacy students in King Saud University College of Pharmacy, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Methods This study used a cross-sectional design targeting male senior pharmacy students in their fourth and fifth years of Bachelor and Doctor of Pharmacy courses. The data were collected between August and October 2019 using paper-based questionnaires. Results A total of 46.8% of the students used DSs. Of all students surveyed, 19% used branded supplements whereas 9.7% used generic or local supplements and 12.3% used both generic and branded supplements. Furthermore, 8.2% students suffered from side effects, including 5.6% who suffered from nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea and 2.6% who suffered from headache, confusion, and disorientation. Approximately 24.6% of students used fiber DSs whereas 19% and 16.4% used DSs for protein and glucosamine/omega 3 fatty acids, respectively. Conclusion The study findings indicated that the prevalence of DS use is increasing. However, approximately half of the respondents encourage the use of DSs only with a doctor's recommendation. Educating about the safe use of DSs is warranted.