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Buildings exert a profound influence on the environment, with the design phase recognized as the pivotal determinant of a building's overall performance. Green building design, in particular, introduces heightened complexity, where the attributes of the design team play a pivotal role in shaping performance outcomes. Consequently, the characteristics of the design team emerge as crucial factors in the enhancement of both green building design performance and client attributes. This study aims to empirically examine a model formulated to gauge the extent to which Effective Design Team Attributes contribute to the enhancement of performance in designing green buildings and influencing client attributes. To achieve this objective, a comprehensive questionnaire survey was administered to professionals within the architecture and engineering domains actively engaged in the design and consulting sectors of the building industry. The collected data underwent meticulous scrutiny for authenticity and dependability using the WINSTEPS 5.2.5 software before undergoing subsequent analysis. Statistical analyses were conducted using SPSS version 19, with Principal Components Analysis (PCA) and the Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) approach implemented through Amos version 18 to derive the most robust model. The findings underscore the pivotal role of an adeptly managed design team in significantly improving both the performance of green building designs and the qualities of clients. Rasch's analysis confirmed the validity of our 5-point Likert scale for Design Green Building Performance (DGBP), Effective Design Team Attributes (EDTA), and Client Qualities (CQ). All items demonstrated excellent reliability, separation, and discrimination, ensuring robust data quality. Dimensionality tests revealed the appropriateness of response categories, indicating satisfactory scale performance. The Effective Design Team Model, validated through Principal Components Analysis (PCA), exhibited a satisfactory fit, supported by significant chi-square statistics, high goodness-of-fit indices, and acceptable root mean square residual values. Client attributes displayed a strong association with effective design team management, validating key model elements. The intricacies inherent in the design process can be mitigated by adopting the green design charrette approach. Consequently, the establishment of an effective design team, coupled with green design leadership, active participation, and clarity in roles and responsibilities, emerges as a potent strategy for elevating the performance level of green building designs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyse ways to upgrade the existing urban and architectural features in the built environment by incorporating and enhancing the use of nature-based solutions (NbSs) in relation to the city of Bucharest, which lacks green spaces mapping and quality studies and literature. The paper draws a comparison between the design elements used in other cities, namely Lisbon, Vienna and Rome. These are also analysed and compared in relation to the integration in a mixed urban development plan for a research-to-business neighbourhood design competition in Măgurele, situated near Bucharest. A matrix of five criteria is used for the analysis: historical context, urban context, nature versus design, use and climate context. In Lisbon, examples range from new green walls, modern green Mediterranean courtyards, NbS in scaffolding and temporary walls, the placing of Miradores around the city to green-and-healthy marketing tools for restaurants. For Vienna, a street is being remodelled in an innovative way using independent green infrastructure designs in existing retrofitted parking units, hotels and residential constructions. For Bucharest, emergent pop-up, small scale, bottom-up solutions push the city's urban fabric beyond the greyish look of socialist-communist background and eclectic late 19th, early 20th century built heritage. For Măgurele, different versions of a modern neighbourhood and street profile design issues are analysed, using 3D renderings that incorporate NbS at various insertion scales. Existing example cases showcase new dimensions and toolsets of the adaptation of the urban fabric based on a more ecosystem-based approach of architectural-urban research by design, as possible instruments that facilitate a Green Transition in urban settings. Covering more cities in the future would add to the impact and contribution of this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Digital technology has changed every process of the fashion industry significantly. Using big data analysis methods such as text-mining, network, CONCOR, and content analyses, this study aims to understand the impact of digital technology trends from the fashion design perspective. The influence of digital technology on fashion design elements (e.g., color, print and graphic, textiles, and style and details) was evident through various keywords related to digital technology, humans, and nature, and the relationships between these keywords were confirmed. The analysis of the implicit meanings and directions of the derived keywords resulted in four clusters: (1) human- and nature-oriented design in the digital world as a new reality; (2) new textiles reflecting digital technology; (3) sustainable design technology; and (4) new utility fashion in the digital space. This study proposed a new design research methodology in which big data were incorporated and could be applied to educational curricula, allowing students to derive practical design elements through big data analysis and serving as a guide for planning and developing technology-inspired designs. Practically, it provided specific information on the direction of digital-technology-inspired fashion design trends, which could assist fashion designers and aspiring entrepreneurs in planning. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hybrid nanocomposites integrating nanostructured zinc oxide (ZnO) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) with designed heterostructures possess exceptional optical and electronic properties. These properties hold immense potential for advancements across diverse scientific and technological fields. This review article investigates the synthesis, properties, and applications of ZnO‐CQD heterostructure nanocomposites. Recent breakthroughs in fabrication methods are examined, including hydrothermal, microwave‐assisted, and eco‐friendly techniques. Key preparation methods such as sol‐gel, co‐precipitation, and electrochemical deposition are discussed, emphasizing their role in controlling heterostructure formation. This review analyses the impact of heterostructures on optical and electronic properties, such as fluorescence, photoluminescence, and photocatalytic activity. Synergistic interactions between ZnO and CQDs within heterostructures are highlighted, demonstrating how they lead to substantial performance improvements. Applications of ZnO‐CQD heterostructures span solar cells, LEDs, photodetectors, water purification, antimicrobial treatments, gas sensing, catalysis, biomedical imaging, drug delivery, environmental sensing, and energy storage. Insights are provided into refining synthesis methods, enhancing characterisation techniques, and broadening the application landscape. Challenges like stability are addressed, along with strategies for optimised performance and practical implementation. This comprehensive review offers a thorough understanding of ZnO‐CQD heterostructure nanocomposites, emphasising their significance within materials science and engineering. By addressing core concepts and future directions, it lays a foundation for continued innovation in this dynamic field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there are software tools available for helping to conduct life cycle assessment (LCA), such as OpenLCA, these tools lack integration with process design, simulation, and optimization software. As LCA has a critical role in sustainable product design, this paper presents a platform called EMSO_OLCA, which integrates the LCA provided by OpenLCA into the Environment for Modeling, Simulation, and Optimization (EMSO). EMSO_OLCA incorporates a database of environmental impact assessment methodologies from OpenLCA and aligns with the principles of LCA outlined in ISO 14040 and ISO 14044. Validation tests were conducted to compare the results obtained by the LCA of sugarcane ethanol using OpenLCA and EMSO_OLCA, revealing a high level of agreement. The average relative error was 0.045%, indicating a negligible discrepancy between the tools. Moreover, it took only 0.3 s for the calculation, which is desirable for use with process system engineering tools. A second case study was applied to combined steam and electricity production from the combustion of sugarcane bagasse and straw in a combined heat and power system. The results show the integration of LCA with simulation and sensitivity analysis tools, thus supporting sustainable decision-making processes. EMSO_OLCA bridges the gap between LCA and process engineering, enabling a holistic approach to the sustainability, design, and implementation of environmentally friendly solutions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biowall is one of the several innovative strategies people use to build a comfortable interior atmosphere with living plants. This research attempts to trace the gaps in the previous analysis as a 'state of the art' with a literature review method by focusing on the biowall method, area ratio and types of plants. Biowall performance is mainly related to the influence of thermal, visual, audial, and respiratory comfort. It is an essential topic used to induce atmospheric interiors, such as temperature, humidity, light intensity, sound insulation and absorption, CO2, HCHO, VOC, and particulate levels. The results showed that the empirical methods used were actual scale-up and down experiments, laboratories in test chambers, simulation with specific software, and case research on in-situ biowall. The comparison between the biowall and room size varied significantly due to the absence of a legal basis and reasons. Ferns and succulents were the most widely used species to induce atmospheric comfort. Therefore, it is necessary to conduct further research on biowall physical comfort based on multisensory simultaneously and determine its standard dimension and digital integration. Subsequent researchers must further discuss home-scale biowall acceleration and utilization of food-medicinal plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The construction industry of Ukraine shall not only recover but also upgrade, enhance and reevaluate existing building projects. Further research raises two pertinent issues for Ukraine - retrofitting and reconstructing destroyed infrastructure. The study's priority objective is to restore damaged and ruined buildings rapidly. It may be achieved using the creation of recovery methods in Ukraine and countries in the post-conflict stage of development. The research involves creating technical specifications for the product of a new version of the automated construction management system, which provides working with the software complexes based on the BIM model. The system implies using Building Information Modeling (BIM) and Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) to make organization of reconstruction faster, better and less costly. The research has been held to demonstrate the viability of the approach. In addition, we acquire a reduction of energy consumption and an increase in the lifespan of the building by choosing retrofitting methods. The efficacy of BIM and IoT technologies enables the integration of contemporary demands to diminish design time and costs. These technologies also optimise design solutions by assimilating knowledge from previous building and structure designs. Additionally, they offer essential information support for the entire investment project life cycle. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, organic wastes are an environmental problem generating pollution, bad odors and accumulation of residues in northern Peru, among these products are corn stover and cabuya, predominant materials in the area. Therefore, this research focuses on determining the effect of optimum temperature and optimum percentage of corn stover ash (CSA) reinforced with different proportions of cabuya fiber (CF) on the mechanical properties of concrete. Two conventional designs of standard concrete called A and B (21 and 28 MPa) were made, to these designs were added percentages of CSA in 7%, 10%, 12% and 15% by substitution of the weight of cement to determine the optimum percentage, which was reinforced with percentages of cabuya fiber in 0.5%, 1%, 1.5% and 2% in volume of the concrete. The results showed that the optimum mix was A/B+7CSA, evidencing an improvement in compressive strength of 2.7% as opposed to the optimum CSA +CF hybrid mix, where it was observed that its mechanical properties of compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength and static modulus of elasticity decreased to 15.8%, 11.30%, 5.14% and 10.5%, respectively. It is concluded that corn stover ash reinforced with cabuya fiber does not positively influence the mechanical properties of concrete; however, it is an environmentally sustainable alternative to be used in non-structural concrete. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Europe, 40% of the total energy requirements relates to the energy consumption in the construction sector. The awareness resulted in the use of bio-based materials thanks to their small carbon footprint (Zhao et al. 2017). The aim of this study is twofold. The first objective is to gain a better understanding of the durability of traditional insulation materials such as mineral wool and PUR versus bio-based insulation (cellulose) in timber frame constructions and CLT constructions. The second objective is to evaluate to which extent this durability depends on various levels of climate change impact we might face based on the future greenhouse gas concentrations. This study uses the Mould Index as an indicator for possible degradation of the insulation layer. The mould Index is calculated using temperature and relative humidity derived from HAM simulations in Delphin 6.1.4. These simulations are done for different wall assemblies and different climate scenarios for Brussels. The results show that climate change has a negative effect on the durability of the outer part of the insulation material and that this effect is higher for cellulose than for mineral wool in timber frame construction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The main goal of this study is to provide a platform for LCC calculation rules for timber buildings that comply with the Standards EN 16627:2015 and EN 15643-4, by employing a refined technical service life estimation. The database includes economic data for the building envelope and structural elements at the product level. In addition, the use phase of the building is included as maintenance, and the relevant economic data related to design failure, user preferences, and technical defects due to moisture. This model is under development as part of the WoodLCC project, with partners from Germany, Sweden, Norway, Estonia, Slovenia, and Austria, aiming to implement advanced methods to calculate accurate technical service life estimations and give the users the opportunity to evaluate the differences in building and maintenance costs based on different parameters. In this study, a data structure is created based on the necessary indicators and parameters for LCC calculation. An Excel model is developed, which will be used as a base for a software development in the WoodLCC project. Only wooden material is being considered for building envelope and bearing system. All material price data and installation times for each element is taken from a Norwegian dataset. This data is then modified for the selected European country using country specific labour cost- and material cost-indexes, convertible to the inquired currency. Inflation and escalation rates are considered for calculating the maintenance or repair that will occur in future. Material prices for different species and modification are included. Improved service life input data will enable more precise LCC for wood-based products, resulting in improved economic impact. LCC finds common acceptance only if reliable input data are available and complemented with knowledge about user expectations. We will evaluate the possibility of future improvements of such models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Preserving the built heritage, maintaining the original exteriors of historic apartment buildings, and achieving today's living standards and ambitious environmental objectives require a multidisciplinary approach encompassing cultural, economic, legal, social, environmental and historical factors. This study aims to assess the need for renovation and the cultural and environmental value of historic apartment buildings. Architects, conservators and civil engineers have been involved to evaluate the authenticity of materials and forms, their technical condition and suitability to the historic urban milieu across 19 building components. Our findings reveal significant replacement activities in various elements such as roof coverings, roof eaves, façades, stairwell windows, stairwells, exterior doors, and window and frame distribution, with a particular focus on materials rather than geometry. Notably, there is often a lack of original materials of the windows. When comparing materials and geometries, we observed a higher frequency of material replacement. While the immediate need for intervention may not be urgent, many historic apartment buildings are at risk of imminent material deterioration, necessitating timely renovation. The deep renovation approach, which extends the service life, enhances energy efficiency and indoor climate and restores the exterior aesthetics, offers a threefold benefit. However, aligning the current reconstruction requirements with the preservation of milieu values may remain ambiguous, leading homeowners to resist or overlook these obligations. Consequently, a culture of step-by-step (staged) renovation emerges, contributing to an eclectic appearance of the historically valuable area and promoting the use of inappropriate materials. In conclusion, this research emphasizes the importance of a holistic approach to building renovation, which yields architecturally superior and technically sustainable outcomes. The current study underscores the necessity for a shift in the authorized heritage discourse in Estonia. Rather than primarily imposing restrictive measures on construction and renovation projects, the focus should pivot towards effective communication of historical values. It is crucial to provide support and guidance (not restrictions) to building owners, designers and builders in this regard. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ELEMENTerial research project focuses on the development of an innovative design and construction system for Cross-Laminated Timber (CLT) offcuts. CLT construction, while offering advantages for automation, raises concerns about offcut waste, which constitute 5-10% of the material production in Estonian CLT timber industry. This research highlights the importance of aligning timber construction with circular economy principles by effectively utilising offcuts. The study focuses on the development of a design method, creating a versatile and holistic construction system that breaks away from traditional orthogonal designs. Algorithmic tools are employed to streamline the design process and to help manage the complexities of working with smaller elements. The outcomes include a geometric strategy, offering variable configurations for assembly in walls, floors, ceilings and openings. The research demonstrates the potential to automate and pre-rationalise the design process, providing design freedom beyond orthogonal constraints and shell structures. The applications range from shelters to facade systems, building extensions to potentially largescale construction systems. This study offers environmental benefits and design flexibility in the construction industry. It holds a potential to guide the sector towards reduced waste and increased material efficiency, fostering sustainability and economic value from waste materials. The prospects for future research include further automation, refinement of connection details, and efficiency in production and material usage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The benefits of circularity and biogenic carbon storage are often overseen. This study links the circular design of buildings with prolonged biogenic carbon storage. Circularity in architectural design can involve extending the service life of a building frame, whilst forests grow back and store more carbon. Following this approach, Stora Enso has developed a mixed-use building concept with flexible and adaptable structures. Static and dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) has been carried out to assess different scenarios, modelling and quantifying its potential benefits regarding whole life carbon. While whole life carbon is lower in all timber scenarios compared to conventional concrete buildings, dynamic LCA makes clear the benefits of carbon storage and carbon sequestration. Total emissions, considering a reference service life of 50 years, are 2,84 kg CO2-eq./m² floor area/year, considering biogenic carbon storage and carbon sequestration in regrowing forests. An increase of the building lifetime to 80 years aligns with a longer rotation time of forest trees, resulting in whole life carbon of -0,09 kg CO2-eq./m² floor area/year. This demonstrates that the effective implementation of built-in flexibility and adaptability can extend the service life of a building, unlocking environmental benefits of biogenic carbon storage of wood products in buildings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The emergence of nanotechnology and surface engineering techniques provides new opportunities for designing self-lubricant coatings with enhanced properties. In recent years, green coating technologies have played a vital role in environmental preservation. This article mainly reviews five typical types of self-lubricant coatings including MoN coatings, VN coatings, WN coatings and TMN (Transition Metal Nitride) soft-metal coatings, and DLC (Diamond-like Carbon) with lubricant agents deposited by PVD (Physical Vapor Deposition) for the demanding tribological applications, which is the latest research into the green lubricant coatings. Furthermore, it is of great significance for designing the green self-lubricant coatings to adapt the demanding tribological applications to meet the industrial requirements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Regenerative design (RD) is an approach to creating positive change in the built environment rather than reducing its negative impacts. RD focuses its design work on improving the relationship between humans, places, and ecosystems. It also proposes fundamental paradigm shifts that promise to address the urgent climatic and biodiversity crises. While it presents a systemic, holistic method of understanding the place and the interrelationships between economic, social, and natural systems with a participatory and collaborative approach to design, its design methodology needs a detailed definition of tools to help new practitioners and students develop RD projects successfully and promote its widespread implementation. In particular, a general project delivery workflow is needed. This paper undertook a comprehensive review to fill this gap, examining 150 references, including articles, books, reports, and theses related to RD. It selected and analysed 19 sources from 1994 to 2024 to analyse and extract their content referencing project delivery steps. This paper proposes a novel six-step project delivery workflow and a workflow diagram that creatively synthesises the proposed RD project delivery workflow. These practical and applicable contributions are helpful for design and building practitioners willing to start a regenerative project. Additionally, this research found links and overlaps between RD and circular building (CB), suggesting opportunities for mutual further development of RD and CB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The airport waiting chair frames, as an important part of the overall seating, must be designed to provide comfort, safety, and aesthetic appeal. While the airport furniture industry has made progress in terms of sustainability, more efforts are needed to improve material selection, manufacturing processes, and supply chain management to support the development of sustainable furniture. This study proposes innovative ideas for the lightweight design of the frame, based on the limitations of the existing design. Firstly, structural innovations are discussed, non-traditional mesh panels and curved rounded designs are discussed, and non-introduced mesh panels and curved designs are used to enhance the strength and stability of airport waiting chairs and enhance their overall performance. Secondly, innovations in lightweighting have focused on adjusting the thickness dimensions to enhance comfort, material utilization, and sustainability as well as to achieve a lightweight and thin appearance effect. In order to determine the optimal ranges of values for the thickness of the seat surface support strip (P5), the thickness of the backrest strip (P3), and the thickness of the seat panel (P1), nine groups of chairs with different frame sizes were tested using an orthogonal experimental method. Based on the experimental results for size and topology optimization, NX2312 software modeling will be imported into ANSYS Workbench for static analysis. Using the optimized results, the use of 2.842 kg of steel was successfully reduced by 34.8% to ensure the seat's stability. This provides a reference and idea for the digital and standardized innovative design of airport waiting chair furniture structure in the future. Through digital design and lightweight optimization, material savings and effective use of resources can be achieved, promoting the goal of sustainable development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Despite the recognition that the adoption of the circular economy depends on aligning the new product development process with the principles of circularity, there are still few studies on the barriers to circular product design. This article aims to contribute to this topic by developing an exploratory study to identify and analyze these barriers in the Brazilian context. In addition to a theoretical analysis, the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process was utilized to evaluate the significance of various hindrances and obstacles to circular product design. To gain a better understanding of these barriers, semi‐structured interviews were also conducted. Experts in areas such as sustainability, marketing, and R&D from companies that develop products participated in this research. The results of the study reveal that the difficulties supply chains have in providing circular economy‐based products and reverse logistics systems are among the main barriers. Challenges such as low consumer valorization of these products and a lack of knowledge and technologies were also identified as relevant. By investigating a set of barriers to circular product design, this study extends knowledge about the difficulties companies face in the transition to circular business models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an energy-efficient design of optical wireless communication (OWC) system for the indoor Internet of Things (IoT) with the assistance of machine learning (ML). A central coordinator (CC) has been proposed to interrogate the IoT devices and control the uplink formations with the prediction of transmission quality using ML classifiers. The passive reflective reflectors (PRF) are utilized in the IoT devices, which replaced the power-consuming active transmitters, formulate the zero-power consuming transmission links. The communication performance of the passive link establishments from the IoT devices have been investigated in terms of quality factor (Q-factor), bit error rate (BER), and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) under different optical wireless channel conditions and link lengths. The ML classifiers have been evaluated on the prediction of transmission quality, and the results suggested the Euclidean K-nearest neighbor (KNN) with ten number of neighbors for the implementation. The IoT devices located within 1.2 m from the CC require a transmission power of 0.5 mW for links carrying 10 Gbps data, which increases the energy efficiency to 20 Gbps/mW with transmission energy consumption of 0.05 pJ/bit. This significant improvement in energy efficiency and passive communication ensures reliable, and green IoT links suitable for data-intensive indoor applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A three components 1,1′-bi(2-naphthol)/reduced graphene oxide@MnO2 (BN-rGO@MnO2) nanocomposite for battery-type supercapacitor applications was successfully synthesized. This nanocomposite was synthesized through one-pot reduction of a permanganate anion (MnO4−) and non-covalently 1,1′-bi(2-naphthol)-functionalized graphene oxide (BN.GO) using pomegranate fruit extract as a green reducing agent source. The formation of nanocomposite was confirmed by UV–Vis spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy, Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) analysis, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive x-ray spectroscopy. The synthesized BN.rGO@MnO2 nanocomposite was characterized by FT-IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The capability of the BN.rGO@MnO2 nanocomposite for use as an energy storage electrode material in a supercapacitor was examined by investigating its electrochemical behavior by cyclic voltammetry (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and galvanostatic charge-discharge tests. Specific capacitance of 487 F g−1 was achieved at 2 A g−1. This nanocomposite showed 81% retention of charge storage capacity after 2000 CV cycles. The application of these battery types has been implemented in various fields including medical purposes, portable electronic devices and hybrid electrical vehicles, of which their medical utilization specifically in cardiac pacemakers has attracted considerable attention. This study holds significance in the field of materials science and nanotechnology, as it proposes a potentially eco-friendly and economical method for synthesizing materials with applications in energy storage technology. The use of herbal reductions may indicate a move towards sustainable and environmentally friendly synthesis techniques. Moreover, the successful synthesis of MnO2 nanoparticles and rGO could contribute to advancements in the development of more efficient and affordable supercapacitors, which are crucial for various energy storage applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Process lifecycle has several stages, including process design covered in multiple stages. Process economics is a vital factor in finalizing the process design. Besides economics, inherent safety is an important concept contributing to sustainable process design generation. The inherent safety concept has been applied via equipment characteristics for individual equipment. Since a method considering inherent safety with equipment aspects and process economics has not been available, therefore, a new method has been proposed, namely sustainable process design for heat exchanger network (SPDHEN), to integrate inherent safety, equipment aspects, and process economics. SPDHEN uses indexing to identify the critical heat exchanger, which is then examined via hazard analysis for an explosion. For unacceptable hazards, inherent safety principles are engaged to generate design alternatives for which process economics is examined too. The final design would be inherently safer with the best profit margin. The proposed method has been studied for the ammonia synthesis loop. It is concluded that the explosion hazard has been reduced to a tolerable level by using inherent guide words with a marginal compromise on quantity of ammonia produced, that is, 0.32%. This method is straightforward and can be useful for process engineers to generate sustainable process designs for heat exchanger networks considering safety and process economics simultaneously. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Abstract Sustainable design education plays a crucial role in cultivating sustainability awareness and competencies among students studying industrial design. This research investigates their sustainability levels, reading performance when engaging with articles, and fixation patterns during reading. 60 industrial design students participated in the study. We evaluated their sustainability levels using the Sustainable Consumption Measurement Scale. After reading both theoretical and case article, they completed tests assessing their recall and perspective scores. We collected eye-tracking data to analyze fixation duration and conducted lag sequential analysis on fixation transitions. Students were categorized into higher and lower sustainability groups based on their sustainability scores. Female students demonstrated higher sustainability levels, and students with design experience performed better in the higher sustainability group. While recall scores did not differ significantly, the higher sustainability group exhibited elevated perspective scores in theory article. Perspective scores were generally higher for case article compared to theory article. The higher sustainability group exhibited longer fixation durations in theory article, while the case article had longer fixation durations on images. Fixation transition patterns varied between theoretical and case article, with the former featuring transitions from images to texts, and the latter demonstrating transitions between images. This study provides valuable insights into sustainable design education for students studying industrial design.

The beginning of 2020 witnessed the spread of the Corona virus epidemic, which threatened the whole world, forcing the world’s population to stay in their homes (quarantine) to limit the spread of the epidemic and presence for long periods within the design space, which led to the presence of special requirements and needs in the design spaces because of different special practices Life activities inside and outside the spaces. This affected the interior architecture in a large way in terms of form and function, in addition to its impact on human physiological health, which required the design of architectural spaces that help meet the special needs of individuals in this period As it is considered one of the priorities of the post-Coronavirus era, re-designing the interior spaces in a sustainable environmental design, by focusing on the design solutions proposed for the common spaces in use, in preparation for the developments that are faced with this epidemic and limiting the spread of the virus, by activating the use of Criteria for the green pyramid and how to exploit environmental resources and face architectural design challenges in line with future developments. The research deals with new design solutions according to his schedule and his requests, our schedule to meet the needs of individuals with the requirements of the World Health Organization and the view of interior design, Within the framework of the internal environmental quality standards for the GPRS system, to achieve internal design standards compatible with the environment, it helps in designing sustainable spaces to support the state’s plan for innovation and development to confront this crisis.