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Adoptive cell therapy (ACT) employing the transfer of ex vivo expanded effector cells is an attractive approach for cancer treatment. The successful clinical translation of ACT, however, is impeded by inadequate effector cell numbers and poor persistence after infusion. To circumvent these limitations, we propose the use of biocompatible poly (lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanofiber scaffolds as a platform to effectively deliver human tumor antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) directly to the tumor site. We modified the PLGA nanofiber scaffolds with monoclonal antibodies (anti-CD8 and anti-CD28 Abs) to provide adhesion and co-stimulatory signals to CTLs. We show that CTLs can be attached and gradually released from the nanofiber scaffolds. We found that the nanofiber scaffold-released CTLs are more activated, have higher CD28 expression, and exhibit higher cytotoxicity with elevated IFNg production, compared to CTLs expanded in a conventional rapid expansion protocol. Our data highlight that anti-CD8/anti-CD28 Ab-conjugated PLGA nanofiber scaffolds can provide a biocompatible biodegradable delivery platform of tumor-specific CTLs by providing T cell persistence and tumor cytolytic function in the patients. Therefore, nanofiber scaffolds incorporated with have become potentially be a more successful strategy for ACT.

A lot of countries restrict the working hours of transit drivers, including South Korea, which has instituted decreased limitations recently. This is because bus accidents are often the fault of bus drivers, usually due to tiredness. With changes in the law, however, South Korea is experiencing a lack of bus drivers and difficulties recruiting. The main reasons that people avoid becoming bus drivers are social recognition and low job satisfaction. Therefore, using a survey of bus drivers, this study attempts to determine the factors that affect job satisfaction. A total of 460 responses are collected and we analyze the data using the Ordered Probit Model. It is found that among the four categories and fourteen explanatory variables used in the analysis, nine variables are statistically significant (p-value

Background Hand hygiene (HH) is essential in the prevention of hospital-acquired infections. It is known that there are differences in the compliance of HH between men and women but the reason for this phenomenon is unclear. Methods A survey on HH was conducted in July 2018 among healthcare workers at four different referral hospitals in South Korea. The differences between male and female doctors were then analyzed. The survey included a structured questionnaire with seven parts: (1) self-assessment of HH execution rate, knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding HH, (2) internal motivation for better HH, (3) obstacles for HH, (4) emotional motivation, (5) the need for external supervision, (6) preference for alcohol gel, and (7) embarrassment due to supervision. Results Of the 1046 healthcare workers that replied to the survey, 201 (19.2%) were doctors, and of these, 129 (63.5%) were men. There was no significant difference between male and female doctors on the questionnaire related to knowledge, attitude, and behavior regarding HH. On the questions regarding internal motivation for better HH, male doctors had a higher tendency to agree that “I would be better at HH if it was related to getting a promotion,” but the results were statistically insignificant (5.08 vs. 4.69, P = 0.08). For the 14 questions about the obstacles for HH, the following five categories showed significantly higher results in men: (1) HH is difficult in emergency situations (4.87 vs. 4.51, P = 0.02), (2) time that could be spent on something more important is wasted on HH (3.12 vs. 2.67, P = 0.008), (3) HH is not a habit (3.26 vs. 2.58, P = 0.002), (4) I often forget about HH situations (3.60 vs. 2.89, P = 0.002), and (5) I do not perform HH because there is no disadvantage when I do not perform it (3.06 vs. 2.42, P = 0.008). In the category “HH causes pain and dryness of hands,” female doctors had a significantly higher tendency to agree (3.62 vs. 4.32, P = 0.003). Among the questions regarding emotional motivation, women had a higher tendency to agree that “Seeing a fellow employee perform bad HH angers me,” but there was no statistical significance (3.73 vs. 4.10, P = 0.07). Conclusion There was a significant difference between male and female doctors regarding obstacles for HH. A campaign for HH based on these results could be helpful for increasing HH compliance. Disclosures All authors: No reported disclosures.

Aim The purpose of this study was to verify the validity and reliability of the resilience scale for nurses (RSN). Methods 27 preliminary items were extracted from previous research. The subjects were 339 nurses who worked at 2 hospitals in South Korea in 2016. Collected data were analyzed using explanatory factor analysis (EFA). EFA was performed with principal axis factoring with oblimin rotation and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) with SPSS 25.0 and AMOS 25.0 version program. Also, data were examined by construct, discriminant, and convergent validity, and internal consistency reliability. Results Resilience scale for nurses showed CFA supported the four-factor structure (Philosophical pattern, Relational pattern, Dispositional pattern, and Situational pattern) of the measure. The 19 items for 4 factors identified that explained 67.329% of the total variance in RSN. A total the internal consistency reliability (Cronbach's α = 0.938) was stable. Conclusion Psychometric properties of RSN show that it is a useful and reliable scale to assess Resilience in Korean nurses. Based on these results, effective resilience intervention programs for nurses can be developed.

Background The solution to the shortage of nursing staff is to improve the quality of nursing education and training rather than to increase the admission capacity. It is necessary for the university to establish the current level of nursing education and find ways to improve it. The clinical competence of nursing college students is an ability to perform the desired nursing role to solve the nursing needs of the subjects in the clinical field, which is an important aspect of nursing students' practical training. Therefore, to improve the quality of practical training, it is necessary to improve the clinical competence of nursing students. Objectives The purpose of this study was to investigate the mediating effect of social support and resilience on the relationships of campus life adaptation and clinical competence. Design This study is of a cross-sectional, descriptive correlation design. Methods Characteristics of the respondents, campus life adaptation, social support, resilience, and clinical competence were collected, using self-reported questionnaires, from July 1 to September 10, 2017. Data were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, t-test and ANOVA with Scheffe post hoc, Pearson correlation coefficients, the 3-steps multiple regression statistics of Baron and Kenny. Results Social support and resilience had a partial mediating effect on the relationships of campus life adaptation and clinical competence. In addition, clinical competence increased as more male nursing students enrolled and more students adapted well to the nursing department. Conclusions The result of this study is expected to be used as evidence data for the development of a program to improve the clinical competence of nursing students.

Evaluation on a specific criteria is divided into quantitative evaluation and qualitative evaluation, the former can clearly depict scores in objective manner while the latter is obscure to measure. To reduce the obscurity, we used formula of Z-score and T-score through ‘standardization of normal distribution’. To testify the effect, we set a simulation of two groups of which consisted 3 interviewers and 5 interviewees. The result after using the method lead to equal mean and equal standard deviation regardless of different interviewers. Also, by using T-score, we again rearranged scores once again by using T-score, in order to enable comparing between criteria possible. By doing so, we summed up the altered scores, and arranged the ranks of interviewees from the highest to the lowest. This proved to be effective on reducing obscurity compared to raw scores' sum up.

A synthetic approach to highly efficient thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) is proposed that uses ortho donor (D)–acceptor (A) compounds (PXZoB, DPAoB, and CzoB), wherein the acceptor is based on triarylboron and the donor is phenoxazine (PXZ), diphenylamine (DPA), or carbazole (Cz). Combined with the ortho D–A connectivity, the bulky nature of the triarylboron endows the D–A dyads with inherent steric “locking” for a highly twisted arrangement, leading to a small energy difference between singlet and triplet excited states (ΔEST) and thus exhibiting very efficient TADF with microsecond-range lifetimes. In sharp contrast, the corresponding para D–A derivatives, DPApB and CzpB, only display short-lived, normal fluorescence. Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) incorporating the proposed ortho D–A compounds as emitters display orange, greenish-blue, and pure blue emission and exhibit high external quantum efficiency (ηEQE). In particular, the pure blue OLEDs based on the proposed ortho D–A emi...

AIM The purpose of this study was to identify the relationships of mental health and internet use in Korean adolescents. Also, it was intended to provide guidelines for reducing internet overuse based on the influencing factors of internet use. METHODS Participants in this study were convenient sampling, and selected middle and high school students in Incheon metropolitan city, South Korea. Internet use and mental health of adolescents were measured by self-reported instruments. This study was carried out from June to July 2014. 1248 participants were collected overall except for insufficient data. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson's correlation coefficient, and multiple regression. RESULTS There were significant correlations between mental health and internet use. The significant influencing factors of internet use were normal internet use group, mental health, middle school, internet using time on weekends (3 h or more), internet using time at a time (3 h or more), and high school record. These six variables accounted for 38.1% of internet use. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study will be used as guidelines for reducing internet overuse of adolescents.

Obesity and altered lipid metabolism are risk factors for breast cancer in pre- and post-menopausal women. These pathologic relationships have been attributed in part to the impact of cholesterol on the biophysical properties of cell membranes and to the influence of these changes on signaling events initiated at the membrane. However, more recent studies have indicated that the oxysterol 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), and not cholesterol per se, may be the primary biochemical link between lipid metabolism and cancer. The enzyme responsible for production of 27HC from cholesterol, CYP27A1, is expressed primarily in the liver and in macrophages. In addition, significantly elevated expression of this enzyme within breast tumors has also been observed. It is believed that 27HC, acting through the liver X receptor in macrophages and possibly other cells, is involved in maintaining organismal cholesterol homeostasis. It has also been shown recently that 27HC is an estrogen receptor agonist in breast cancer cells and that it stimulates the growth and metastasis of tumors in several models of breast cancer. These findings provide the rationale for the clinical evaluation of pharmaceutical approaches that interfere with cholesterol/27HC synthesis as a means to mitigate the impact of cholesterol on breast cancer pathogenesis. Cancer Res; 74(18); 4976–82. ©2014 AACR.

SUMMARY Background In order to help nurses advocate for the patient's human rights and ensure respect for life in clinical situations, it is of utmost importance to improve nursing students' capacity to make ethical decisions. Objectives This study compares the effects of two constructivist teaching strategies (action learning and cross-examination debate) on nursing students' recognition of bioethical issues, experience of bioethical issues, and attainment of ethical competence. Design This study used a quasi-experimental (two-group pretest–posttest) design. Setting A nursing college in South Korea. Participants A total of 93 Korean nursing students participated in the study (46 in the action learning group and 47 in the cross-examination debate group). Methods Participants took a bioethics class employing one or the other of the strategies mentioned, 2 h a week for 15 weeks. All participants responded twice to a set of questionnaires, at the beginning of the first session and at the end of the last session. Results After their bioethics education, the students' recognition of bioethical issues improved for both classes; however, the knowledge of students who had participated in action learning improved more than that of the students in the debate-based class. Students in both groups reported more experience of bioethics and exposure to better-quality instruction in bioethics after their classes than previously. Students in both groups also reported improved ethical competency after this education. Conclusion Positive effects of action learning and cross-examination debate implemented as teaching strategies on nursing students' understanding of bioethical issues and their ethical competency were identified; these findings will be important in the essential task of teaching bioethics to nursing students in order to foster more ethical decision-making and other ethical behavior.

The purpose of this study was to examine experiences of being elite tennis players’ parents, social support they provided to their children, and athletes’ perceptions of influences of their parents’ support. Four focus groups (2 athletes and 2 parents groups) were conducted to collect data from both athletes and parents. The data were analyzed by thematic analysis and resulted in nine higher order themes including initiation of sporting career, expectations, satisfaction, parents’ concerns, tangible, esteem, information, emotion, and network support. Later five themes which indicate kinds of support for athletes received from their parents were used to develop a matrix which can explain athletes’ perceptions for each support they received from their parents. The findings revealed that there were some gaps between providers’ and receivers’ perspectives in effectiveness of provided support because some kinds of support were not effective when the support was provided without considering athletes needs. Therefore, the findings highlighted that support could be much effective if support providers for athletes consider athletes needs before they provide certain support to those athletes.

Aims and Objectives To investigate the effects of a standardised care protocol as part of an enhanced recovery after surgery programme on the management of patients who underwent open colon surgery at the University Hospital, South Korea. Background Patients who undergo open colon surgery often have concerns about their care as they prepare for hospitalisation. By shortening hospital stay lengths, enhanced recovery after surgery programmes could reduce the number of opportunities for patient education and communication with nurses. Therefore, our surgical team developed an enhanced recovery after surgery programme, applied using a care protocol for patients with colorectal cancer, that spans the entire recovery process. Design A retrospective, comparative study was conducted using a care protocol as part of an enhanced recovery after surgery programme. Comparisons were made before and after the implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery programme with a care protocol. Methods Records of 219 patients who underwent open colon surgery were retrospectively audited. The records were grouped according to the care protocol used (enhanced recovery after surgery programme with a care protocol or traditional care programme). The outcomes, including postoperative bowel function recovery, postoperative pain control, recovery time and postoperative complications, were compared between two categories. Results Patients who were managed using the programme with a care protocol had shorter hospital stays, fewer complications, such as postoperative ileus wound infections, and emergency room visits than those who were managed using the traditional care programme. Conclusion The findings can be used to facilitate the implementation of an enhanced recovery after surgery programme with a care protocol following open colon surgery. Relevance to clinical practice We present a care protocol that enables effective management using consistent and standardised education providing bedside care for patients who undergo open colon surgery. This care protocol empowers long-term patient self-care capacity, which contributes to increasing the effectiveness of clinical nursing care.

Cholesterol and Cancer Obesity and high cholesterol levels are associated with an increased risk of breast cancer in post-menopausal women. Nelson et al. (p. 1094 ) found that a specific metabolite of cholesterol, 27-hydroxycholesterol (27HC), promoted tumor growth and metastasis in mouse models of mammary cancer by serving as a partial agonist for the estrogen receptor and the liver X receptor. The most aggressive human breast cancers were found to express the highest level of the enzyme that converts cholesterol to 27HC, suggesting that 27HC produced within tumors (in addition to circulating 27HC) may contribute to tumorigenesis.

The purpose of this study was to provide a systematic review of studies on athletes' career transition out of sport from 1968 until the end of 2010. A total of 126 studies were evaluated and reported in three sections: sample characteristics, research designs and correlates of athletes' career transition adjustment. Samples ranged from 1 to 1617. Investigators examined a wide range of competitive levels, both genders and various sports. Researchers have used qualitative (44%), quantitative (44%), and mixed-model (12%) designs. Variables correlated to athletes' career transition adjustment were categorized into factors related to career transition (e.g., self-identity) and available resources during the career transition process (e.g., social support). The discussion focuses on the current status of the study area, limitations in its knowledge, suggested practical implications (e.g., providing proactive support) and future research directions (e.g., examining athletes' retirement decision-making process).

The objective of this study is to evaluate a set of variables that contribute to the degree of injury severity sustained in traffic crashes of Korean expressways. To this end, we examined three statistical models — ordered probit, ordered logit, and multinomial logit — to determine the most appropriate model for crash records that were collected from the entire network of Korean expressways in 2008. Interpretation of the estimated coefficients in the selected model provides relative risks of significant influential factors for injury severity. The findings from this study are expected to help transportation planners and engineers understand which risk factors contribute more to the injury severity in Korean expressways such that they can efficiently allocate resources and effectively implement safety countermeasures.

Objectives The purpose of this study was to complement and extend the current knowledge of the particular stages of athletes’ career transition process through employing the transtheoretical model ( Prochaska & DiClemente, 1984 ) as a theoretical framework. More specifically, the current study aimed to explore Korean elite tennis players’ career transition process through focusing on their retirement decision-making process, including their cognitive and behavioral changes and internal and external influences for their decisions during the final stages of their sport careers and the retirement decision-making process. Design We employed focus groups. Methods A total of 12 participants took part in one of three focus groups (i.e., four current players, five retired players, and three coaches) that focused on the process of athletes' retirement decision-making. All participants (seven males and five females; Mean age = 31.25, SD = 3.49 years) were either current or former Korean elite-level tennis players. The data were thematically content analyzed. Results The results revealed three themes: (a) readiness for retirement, (b) psychological and emotional responses during the decision-making process, and (c) coping strategies; and showed that athletes’ decision-making at the end of their sports careers is a dynamic process, accompanied by various emotional responses requiring different coping strategies at different stages. Conclusion Findings indicated that the transtheoretical model helped to explain athletes’ decision-making in retiring from sport and suggested to the need to provide different interventions at different stages. Identifying detailed aspects of readiness for retirement and examining the effectiveness of interventions grounded in the transtheoretical model are recommended as future research directions.

Ceramic femoral heads are now widely used in Total Hip Replacement (THR). Due to their high biocompatibility and low ductility, ceramic femoral heads are considered to be suitable for young and active patients. However, as in testing the mechanical stability of the femoral head, the conventional proof test (standard ISO 7206-10) has its limit of showing axisymmetric stress distribution on the contact surface, while non-uniformed stress distribution is expected after THR. Since non-uniformed stress distribution can result in the increased probability of ceramic femoral head fracture, it is considerable to evaluate the stress distribution in vivo-like conditions. Therefore, this study simulated the ceramic femoral heads under in vivo-like conditions using finite element method. The maximum stress decreased when increasing the size of the femoral head and stress distribution was concentrated on superior contact surface of the taper region.

Although the effectiveness of nuclear hormone-receptor complexes is known to depend on coregulator partner proteins, relatively little is known about the roles of coregulators in uterine development and early stages of pregnancy and implantation. Because conventional genetic deletion of the coregulator, repressor of estrogen receptor activity (REA), was embryonic lethal, we here study REA conditional knockout mice generated by cre-loxP recombination, in which REA function was abrogated only in progesterone receptor-expressing tissues, to define the roles of REA in postembryonic stages and in a tissue-specific manner. We find that REA has gene dose-dependent activity impacting uterine development and fertility. Conditional homozygous mutant (REAd/d) mice developed to adulthood and showed normal ovarian function, but females were infertile with severely compromised uterine development and function characterized by cell cycle arrest, apoptosis, and altered adenogenesis (endometrial gland morphogenesis), resulting in failure of implantation and decidualization. By contrast, mice heterozygous for REA (REAf/d) had a very different phenotype, with estradiol treatment resulting in hyperstimulated, large uteri showing increased proliferation of luminal epithelial cells, and enhanced fluid imbibition associated with altered regulation of aquaporins. These REAf/d female mice showed a subfertility phenotype with reduced numbers and sizes of litters. These findings highlight that uterine development and regulation of estrogen receptor activities show a bimodal dependence on the gene dosage of REA. Optimal uterine development and functional activities require the normal gene dosage of REA, with partial or complete deletion resulting in hyperresponsiveness or underresponsiveness to hormone and subfertility or infertility, respectively.

The aim of this study was to explore the development of an athlete career transition programme focusing on psychological intervention strategies. A case study method was used, and multiple sources of data (documents, individual interviews, and video files) were collected for 12 months. Interview transcripts were analysed by theoretically informed thematic analysis and previous literature was used to interpret findings from the original data. Results indicated that the programme contained two major areas to support athletes’ psychological issues, including focusing on developmental perspectives (e.g. balance of life, transferable skills) and trying to be both proactive and reactive in supporting athletes (pre- and post-retirement support). Examining gaps and links between athletes and organisations in delivering programmes and identifying organisational influences were recommended as future research directions.

SummaryImaging studies in animals and in humans have indicated that the oxygenation and nutritional status of solid tumors is dynamic. Furthermore, the extremely low level of glucose within tumors, while reflecting its rapid uptake and metabolism, also suggests that cancer cells must rely on other energy sources in some circumstances. Here, we find that some breast cancer cells can switch to utilizing lactate as a primary source of energy, allowing them to survive glucose deprivation for extended periods, and that this activity confers resistance to PI3K/mTOR inhibitors. The nuclear receptor, estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRα), was shown to regulate the expression of genes required for lactate utilization, and isotopomer analysis revealed that genetic or pharmacological inhibition of ERRα activity compromised lactate oxidation. Importantly, ERRα antagonists increased the in vitro and in vivo efficacy of PI3K/mTOR inhibitors, highlighting the potential clinical utility of this drug combination.

Estrogen receptor (ER) is a key regulator of mammary gland development and is also implicated in breast tumorigenesis. Because ER-mediated activities depend critically on coregulator partner proteins, we have investigated the consequences of reduction or loss of function of the coregulator repressor of ER activity (REA) by conditionally deleting one allele or both alleles of the REA gene at different stages of mammary gland development. Notably, we find that heterozygosity and nullizygosity for REA result in very different mammary phenotypes and that REA has essential roles in the distinct morphogenesis and functions of the mammary gland at different stages of development, pregnancy, and lactation. During puberty, mice homozygous null for REA in the mammary gland (REAf/f PRcre/+) showed severely impaired mammary ductal elongation and morphogenesis, whereas mice heterozygous for REA (REAf/+ PRcre/+) displayed accelerated mammary ductal elongation, increased numbers of terminal end buds, and up-regulation of amphiregulin, the major paracrine mediator of estrogen-induced ductal morphogenesis. During pregnancy and lactation, mice with homozygous REA gene deletion in mammary epithelium (REAf/f whey acidic protein-Cre) showed a loss of lobuloalveolar structures and increased apoptosis of mammary alveolar epithelium, leading to impaired milk production and significant reduction in growth of their offspring, whereas body weights of the offspring nursed by females heterozygous for REA were slightly greater than those of control mice. Our findings reveal that REA is essential for mammary gland development and has a gene dosage-dependent role in the regulation of stage-specific physiological functions of the mammary gland.

Ceramic articular surfaces are now widely used as total hip replacements for young and active patients. However, while the excellent tribological properties and high biocompatibility of ceramic articular surfaces prevent loosening and osteolysis, their high stiffness and low ductility occasionally result in ceramic surface fractures. Therefore, this study investigated the effect of varying the sizes of the acetabular components on the mechanical stability. Three femoral head models and 27 acetabular cup models were designed following three size parameters: ball head diameter (28, 32, and 36 mm), acetabular cup thickness (3, 4, and 5 mm), and liner thickness (9, 10, and 11 mm). For all these models, the mechanical stability was evaluated using 3D finite element analyses. Plus, the motion of the 3 femoral head models was measured in six directions using a motion study. The results showed that the maximum stress was decreased when increasing the sizes of the cup, liner, and femoral head, where the 36 mm ball head, 5 mm cup, and 11 mm liner showed the lowest maximum stress, while the 36 mm femoral head exhibited the largest range of motion. The acetabular cup stability was also shown to be affected by the stiffness of the components, where increasing the head size or thickness of the cup and liner increased the component stiffness and range of motion. Thus, the mechanical simulation demonstrated that increasing the size of the acetabular components decreased the ceramic surface stress and risk of impingement.

Purpose: As the importance of information quality has become prominent in the internet commerce, curation techniques are also stands out as well. Therefore, many services on e-commerce applied with curation techniques to satisfy their consumers. However, besides the fact that plenty of advantages from curation commerce, the growth of curation commerce websites have been slowdown. Thus, this paper is to investigate factors influencing curatiaxon commerce websites’ consumer loyalty intentions for enhancing the competitiveness of curation commerce websites.Methodology/Approach: This study sets independent variables regarding provider recommendation and consumer review simultaneously and verifies to see how each factors affect to consumer’s loyalty intention through perceived deception and satisfaction in the curation commerce website. We applied structural equation model to verify the hypothesis and conduted a survey on consumer who had buying expriences in Korean curation commerce website.Findings: The results of this study show what fators significantly affect to loyalty intention. Consumers on curation commerce mostly tend to be affected by other consumers’ review and they only affected by presentation of product among provider recommedations. We conducted an important mediating effect of satisfaction between perceived deception and loyalty intention. Furthermore, because curation commerce is a relatively new concept, this attempt could form the basis for research on cuartion commerce.Research Limitation/implication: This research only collected sample data form curation commerce websites users in Korea and because young consumers onsistute the majority of the respondednts, generalizing the findings to individuals of all ages and nations is difficult.Originality/Value of paper: This paper is the first study applying product recommendation and consumer review simultaneouly as an independent variable. These attempts enable to reflect more specific and practical behavior of consumers. Effect of satisfaction on loyalty and relationship between deception and loyalty are well documented in the offline and online retail context. This study expands and verifies estabilshed relationship among the variables on the lastest commerce website.

The current study had three aims: (1) to validate a Korean version of the Student Athletes' Motivation toward Sports and Academics Questionnaire (SAMSAQ-Kr), (2) to examine South Korean university student-athletes' motivation towards athletic and academic achievement, and (3) to identify the relationship between athletic identity and their athletic and academic achievement. A total of 126 South Korean university student-athletes (41.4% males and 58.6% females; mean age 20.5, SD = 2.74) completed the SAMSAQ-Kr. To investigate the validity evidence of the SAMSAQ-Kr a confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and Rasch model were employed. To examine the relationship between Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) and SAMSAQ for Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated. Findings indicated that the SAMSAQ-Kr showed a different model from other versions and revealed positive correlations between AIMS scores and athletic motivations. The current study highlighted that importance of considering socio-cultural context in developing questionnaire and contributed to help understand South Korean university student-athletes' motivation towards athletic and academic achievement.

The research described in this article examined gender differences between high-achieving students in math and science with respect to their achievement, self-concept, locus of control, number of math and science courses taken, and the important people who contributed to their decisions to enroll in advanced courses in high school. The study utilized data from the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS: 88; National Center for Education Statistics, 1994), with two subsamples selected that represent the highest achieving students in math and in science. The results of this study indicated that there were more males than females in both subsamples of high-achieving students in math and science. The results also suggested that the best predictor for distinguishing between mathematically high-achieving males and females was locus of control. High-achieving males had both higher self-concept and higher standardized math test scores than high-achieving females.

The purpose of this study was to examine differences in participation motivation and competition anxiety between Korean and non-Korean wheelchair tennis players and to identify relations between participation motivation and competition anxiety in each group. Sixty-six wheel-chair tennis players who participated in the 2013 Korea Open Wheel-chair Tennis Tournament in Seoul completed the Participation Motivation Survey and the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory II. Data were analyzed by a frequency analysis, descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation analysis, and independent samples t-test to identify participants’ demographic characteristics, differences in participation motivation, competition anxiety between Korean and non-Korean players, and correlations between participation motivation and competition anxiety in each group. Korean players reported significantly higher motivation in purification compared to non-Korean players, whereas non-Korean players reported significantly higher motivation in enjoyment. In addition, non-Korean players demonstrated higher cognitive anxiety and self-confidence compared to Korean players. Moreover, the physical anxiety of Korean players was negatively correlated with learning, health-fitness, and enjoyment motivation. On the other hand, only self-confidence was significantly related to learning motivation and enjoyment motivation in non-Korean players. Thus, the results presented herein provide evidence for the development of specialized counseling programs that consider the psychological characteristics of Korean wheelchair tennis players.

Two studies were conducted to obtain comprehensive information about ifted high school dropouts and to examine factors that are related to their dropout behavior using the Dropout and Student questionnaires of the National Education Longitudinal Study of 1988 (NELS:88). The results indicated that mwny gifted dropouts were from low socioeconomic-status families and racial minority groups; had parents with low levels of education; and participated less in extracurricular activities. Also, reasons for gifted male dropouts were More related to econornic issues, while reasons for gifted teniale dropouts were more related to personal issues, although both males and femiales were likely to offer school-related reasons. The logistic regression analysis results indicated that dropout behavior for gifted students was significantly related to students' educational aspirations. pregnancy or child-rearing, gender, father's highest level of education, and mother's highest level of education.

Successful implantation and maintenance of pregnancy require the transformation of uterine endometrial stromal cells into distinct decidualized cells. Although estrogen and progesterone (P4) receptors are known to be essential for decidualization, the roles of steroid receptor coregulators in this process remain largely unknown. In this study, we have established a key role for the coregulator, repressor of estrogen receptor activity (REA), in the decidualization of human endometrial stromal cells (hESCs) in vitro and of the mouse uterus in vivo. Our studies revealed that the level of REA normally decreases to half as hESC decidualization proceeds and that uterine reduction of REA in transgenic heterozygous knockout mice or small interfering RNA knockdown of REA in hESC temporally accelerated and strongly enhanced the differentiation process, as indicated by changes in cell morphology and increased expression of biomarkers of decidualization, including P4 receptor. Findings in hESC cultured in vitro with estradiol, P4, and 8-bromo-cAMP over a 10-day period mirrored observations of enhanced decidualization response in transgenic mice with heterozygous deletion of REA. Importantly, gene expression and immunohistochemical analyses revealed changes in multiple components of the Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway, including marked up-regulation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 and IL-11, master regulators of decidualization, and the down-regulation of several suppressor of cytokine signaling family members, upon reduction of REA. The findings highlight that REA physiologically restrains endometrial stromal cell decidualization, controlling the timing and magnitude of decidualization to enable proper coordination of uterine differentiation with concurrent embryo development that is essential for implantation and optimal fertility.

Organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have successfully entered mobile-phone display market and large-size OLED TVs have also been available by overcomming many technical obstacles. However, novel and innovative technologies are still required for flexible, transparent, and high-resolution displays. For example, augmented reaility (AR) and virtual reality (VR) have recently received peculiar attention and they need transparent and high-resolution displays with thousands of pixels per inch (PPI) to realize immersive displays. Top-emitting OLEDs (TEOLEDs) have an advantage for high-resolution displays due to their large aperture ratio. Top electrode is one of crutial factors to decide the performance of TEOLEDs as well as transparent OLEDs (TOLEDs) and should have high transmittance, low reflectance, and high conductivity. There are many candidate materials for transparent conductive electrodes but the top electrode choices are limited, because top electrode materials should not damage the organic layers of OLEDs during the deposition process. Most TEOLEDs and TOLEDs that have been reported so far utilize semitransparent thin metal top electrode owing to their compatibility with OLED fabrication process, but thin metal top electrodes without sophisticated optical design degrade the efficiency and color quality [1]. Indium-tin-oxide (ITO) has optically good properties, but it needs sputtering and high temperature precess which leads to damage of organic layers in OLEDs [2]. Carbon-based materials suchs as carbon nanotubes (CNT), graphene, and conducting polymers are lately used as transparent conductive top electrodes in OLEDs and polymer solar cells because of their high trasmittance and low reflectance [3-6]. Most devices show optically good but electrical poor properties due to low conductivity of carbon-based non-metal transparent conductive materials. To apply carbon-based electrodes to large-size devices, their electrical conductivity should be improved. In this work, we make carbon-based transparent conductive electrode films and enhace the conductivity of the film by embedding silver mesh electrodes. The film showed high transmittance and low reflectance in visible spectral region in spite of existence of metal auxiliary wire. We have fabricated small molecule-based transparent OLEDs with these electrode films as top electrodes using a dry lamination technique and inverted structure which has cathodes on the substrate is employed because the conducting polymer has high work function that is suitable for an anode instead of a cathode. The device exhibited low driving voltage with high transmittance. In addition, we have demonstrated a 4 cm x 4 cm transparent segment panel with silver mesh embedded conducting polymer top electrodes. We also investigated color shift of white TEOLEDs with conducting polymer top electrodes depending on viewing angle. Acknowledgment This work was supported by Institute for Information & communications Technology Promotion(IITP) grant funded by the Korea government(MSIP) (B0101-16-0133, The core technology development of light and space adaptable energy-saving I/O platform for future advertising service) References 1. S.-F. Hsu, C.-C. Lee, S.-W. Hwang, C. H. Chen, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 253508 (2005). 2. H. Kanno, Y. Sun, S. R. Forrest, Appl. Phys. Lett., 86, 263502 (2005). 3. Z. Yu, Z. Liu, M. Wang, M. Sun, G. Lei, Q. Pei, J. Photonics Energy, 1, 011003 (2011). 4. J.-H. Chang, W.-H. Lin, P.-C. Wang, J.-I. Taur, T.-A. Ku, W.-T. Chen, S.-J. Yan, C.-I. Wu, Sci. Rep., 5, 9693 (2015). 5. J. T. Lim, H. Lee, H. Cho, B.-H. Kwon, N. S. Cho, B. K. Lee, J. Park, J. Kim, J.-H. Han, J.-H. Yang, B.-G. Yu, C.-S. Hwang, S. C. Lim, J.-I. Lee, Sci. Rep., 5, 17748 (2015). 6. S. K. Hau, H.-L. Yip, J. Zou, A. K.-Y. Jen, Org. Electron., 10, 1401 (2009).

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to explore the experience of workplace violence among intensive care unit nurses. Methods: The participants of this research were twelve registered nurses who work in the intensive care units (ICU) at the hospitals in Seoul and Gyunggido. Data were collected by individual in-depth interviews and analyzed using the phenomenological methodology by Colaizzi. Results: From significant statements, five theme clusters emerged as follow; 1) vulnerable young women to violence, 2) my own reflection was bruised and exhausted, 3) a hopeless everyday, 4) seeking a solution in relation, 5) establishing one’s status as a professional nurse. Conclusion: This study provides a profound understanding on the experiences of workplace violence among ICU nurses. The hospitals are suggested to provide a safe environment by developing programs and policies to prevent and cope with hospital workplace violence for ICU nurses.

In this research, we investigate how the pay dispersion and member composition of the top management team (TMT) moderate a firm's performance feedback. In particular, based on March's multiple deci...

The article examines how South Korean civil servants responded to the introduction of pay for performance. Drawing upon 31 in-depth interviews with career civil servants, it identifies what became known as 1/n, a form of ‘discreet resistance’ that emerged and evolved. The analytical framework allows productive resistance to be seen as ebbing and flowing during organisational change that sees institutionalisation, deinstitutionalisation and re-institutionalisation. In understanding the cultural context of organisational resistance the contribution is three-fold. First, a nuanced definition and understanding of productive resistance. Second, it argues that productive resistance must be seen as part of a process that does not simply reflect ‘offer and counter-offer’ within the change management process. Thirdly, it identifies differences within groups and sub-cultures concerning commitment towards resistance and how these fissures contribute towards change as new interpretive schemes and justifications are presented in light of policy reformulations.