474 results on '"Summer heat"'
Search Results
102. Capacity of an ecologically key urchin to recover from extreme events: Physiological impacts of heatwaves and the road to recovery
- Author
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Jay J. Minuti, Deevesh A. Hemraj, Maria Byrne, and Bayden D. Russell
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Stress recovery ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,Ecology ,Extreme events ,Context (language use) ,010501 environmental sciences ,Biology ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Sea Urchins ,Heliocidaris erythrogramma ,Animals ,Humans ,Environmental Chemistry ,Latent effects ,Ecosystem ,Seasons ,Acute stress ,Waste Management and Disposal ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Heatwaves are increasing in frequency and intensity, with substantial impacts on ecosystems and species which maintain their function. Whether or not species are harmed by heatwave conditions by being pushed beyond their physiological bounds can depend on whether energy replacement is sufficient to enable recovery from acute stress. We exposed an ecologically important sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma, to experimental marine heatwave scenarios in context with recent summer heat anomalies in moderate (25 °C), and strong heatwave (26 °C) conditions for 10 days, followed by a 10-day recovery period at normal summer temperature (23 °C). Greater heatwave intensity drove higher metabolic rates which were not matched with a concurrent increase in food consumption or faecal production. However, food consumption increased during the post-heatwave recovery period, likely to replenish an energy deficit. Despite this, mortality increased into the recovery period and seemed to be caused by latent effects, manifesting as a decline in health index as individuals progressed from spine and pedicellariae loss, through to loss of tube foot rigor, bald patch disease, culminating in mortality. We show for the first time that the acute thermal stress of heatwaves can have latent physiological effects that cause mortality even when conditions return to normal. Our results show that the negative effects of heatwaves can manifest after relief from stressful conditions and highlight the importance of understanding the latent effects on physiology and health. This understanding will offer insights into the long-term potential for stress recovery following seemingly sublethal effects and whether the restoration of ambient conditions post-heatwave is sufficient to ensure population stability.
- Published
- 2021
103. Changes in recreation use in response to urban heat differ between migrant and non-migrant green space users in Vienna, Austria
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Laura Wiesböck, Ruth Kutalek, Arne Arnberger, Peter Wallner, Franz Kolland, Anna Wanka, Renate Eder, Elisabeth Anne-Sophie Mayrhuber, Hans-Peter Hutter, and Brigitte Allex
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0106 biological sciences ,Coping (psychology) ,Study groups ,Heat induced ,Ecology ,Summer heat ,Soil Science ,Forestry ,social sciences ,010501 environmental sciences ,Space (commercial competition) ,Hot days ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,female genital diseases and pregnancy complications ,Geography ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,ddc:300 ,population characteristics ,ddc:610 ,Urban heat island ,Socioeconomics ,Recreation ,geographic locations ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Previous research has found higher levels of heatwave mortality and morbidity among urban residents with a migration background because of their social, health and environmental conditions. The purpose of the study was to investigate and compare heat induced changes in the outdoor recreation behaviours of Turkish migrants with those of non-migrants on hot days in Vienna. Specifically, the study compared coping behaviours due to heat such as inter-area, intra-area, temporal and activity displacement between migrants and non-migrants. The study interviewed 400 migrants and non-migrants in four public green spaces of different area sizes and asked about their outdoor recreation motives and activities, as well as behavioural changes, due to summer heat. Results show that migrants have different motives for visiting urban green spaces on hot days, and that they visit these less frequently on hot days compared to non-migrants. While both groups shift their outdoor uses more to shady areas and the cooler times of the day, more migrants visit green spaces in the afternoon, perform more energetic recreational activities, and use sunnier sites more frequently than non-migrants on hot days. Few migrants and non-migrants stated that they would visit alternative green spaces when it is hot. The results indicate that migrants’ behaviours result in higher heat exposure, while making less use of the opportunities larger green spaces such as forests can provide for heat relief. Recommendations on how green and city planners could reduce heat related health risks for both study groups are presented.
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- 2021
104. Summer heat sources changes over the Tibetan Plateau in CMIP6 models
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Bin Wang and Zhiling Xie
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geography ,Plateau ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Summer heat ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Environmental science ,Atmospheric sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The elevated summer heat sources over the Tibetan Plateau (TP) profoundly influence Asian monsoon and atmospheric general circulation. Model simulations and future changes of condensational latent heat released from precipitation and surface sensible heat (SH) over the eastern TP are investigated with 22 CMIP6 models’ outputs. The models reproduce the mean precipitation pattern well, but the mean intensity is 65% excessive. The SH has scarcely been evaluated. We find that nearly half of the models cannot realistically capture the SH’s spatial structure. The best six models in simulating the SH are the same models that best simulate surface air temperature. The models with high performance are selected to make a multi-model ensemble mean projection. Under the medium emission scenario (SSP2-4.5), the TP’s future summer precipitation will likely increase, despite its weakening thermal forcing effect. The increasing precipitation is primarily due to the future enhancement in vertical moisture transport and surface evaporation. However, the greenhouse gases-induced top-heavy heating stabilizes the atmosphere and diminishes the TP’s thermal forcing effect, weakening the circulation and upward motion. As such, the precipitation sensitivity is only a 2.7% increase per degree Celsius global warming. The projected SH will be likely unchanged in accord with the likely unaltered surface wind speed. These results have important implications for the future change of the water supplies in the heavily populated South and East Asian countries. They could help the modeling groups further improve the climate model performance in the highland regions.
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- 2021
105. Study of summer heat exposure at the ground services operations of a main international airport in Saudi Arabia.
- Author
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Noweir, Madbuli H. and Bafail, Abdullah O.
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AIR traffic control ,ENVIRONMENTAL monitoring ,ENVIRONMENTAL engineering ,AIRLINE industry ,TOXICOLOGY - Abstract
Summer heat in coastal subtropical Jeddah, augmented by heat from operating ground servicing equipment in King Abdul-Aziz International Airport (KAAIA), presents a major occupational problem to ground service operators, particularly the air traffic control coordinator (ATCC), that hinders their work efficiency and induces health disorders to them. The present study was conducted to assess the magnitude of this problem and propose heat control strategy and remedial actions for the Saudi Arabian Airlines (SAUDIA). Heat parameters including air temperature ( T
a ), wet bulb temperature ( Tw ), globe temperature ( Tg ) and air velocity were measured around serviced planes and in other locations used by ATCC, and the WBGT and the ATCC-WBGT-TWAs were computed. Mostly all the Ta measurements, and many Tw measurements, were higher than Ta and Tw forecasted by the Presidency of Meteorology and Environment (PME) due to heat dissipated from operating vehicles and equipment in service. The measured and PME forecasted parameters have good and medium linear correlations ( Ta : r2 = 0.74 and Tw : r2 = 0.64). The computed WBGT in the service stations around planes are considerably higher than the 25 and 27.5°C recommended TLV® for non-acclimatized and acclimatized operators. However, the computed ATCC- WBGT-TWA levels indicate that the shift-work-schedule which was recommended to be implemented by SAUDIA has successfully reduced their heat exposure to acceptable levels, except for a very few operators (6.7% exceeding WBGT-TLV® of 25°C and 2.2% exceeding TLV® of 27.5°C) for whom the shift-work schedules might be corrected to achieve safe heat exposure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2008
- Full Text
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106. Diverse Characteristics of U.S. Summer Heat Waves
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Bradfield Lyon and Anthony G. Barnston
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Data source ,Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,030231 tropical medicine ,Simulation modeling ,Humidity ,Heat wave ,Atmospheric sciences ,Warm season ,01 natural sciences ,Atmosphere ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Climatology ,Environmental science ,Intensity (heat transfer) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Heat waves are climate extremes having significant environmental and social impacts. However, there is no universally accepted definition of a heat wave. The major goal of this study is to compare characteristics of continental U.S. warm season (May–September) heat waves defined using four different variables—temperature itself and three variables incorporating atmospheric moisture—all for differing intensity and duration requirements. To normalize across different locations and climates, daily intensity is defined using percentiles computed over the 1979–2013 period. The primary data source is the U.S. Historical Climatological Network (USHCN), with humidity data from the North American Regional Reanalysis (NARR) also tested and utilized. The results indicate that heat waves defined using daily maximum temperatures are more frequent and persistent than when based on minimum temperatures, with substantial regional variations in behavior. For all four temperature variables, heat waves based on daily minimum values have greater spatial coherency than for daily maximum values. Regionally, statistically significant upward trends (1979–2013) in heat wave frequency are identified, largest when based on daily minimum values, across variables. Other notable differences in behavior include a higher frequency of heat waves based on maximum temperature itself than for variables that include humidity, while daily minimum temperatures show greater similarity across all variables in this regard. Overall, the study provides a baseline to compare with results from climate model simulations and projections, for examining differing regional and large-scale circulation patterns associated with U.S. summer heat waves and for examining the role of land surface conditions in modulating regional variations in heat wave behavior.
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- 2017
107. Increases in summer temperatures decrease the survival of an invasive forest insect
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Kamal J.K. Gandhi, J. Rusty Rhea, Robert O. Teskey, Patrick C. Tobin, and Angela M. Mech
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0106 biological sciences ,Ecology ,Summer heat ,Range (biology) ,Climate change ,Biology ,Fecundity ,biology.organism_classification ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,010602 entomology ,Forest ecology ,Dormancy ,Hemlock woolly adelgid ,Forest insect ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics - Abstract
Higher temperatures projected under current climate change models are generally predicted to exert an overall positive effect on the success of invasive insects through increased survivability, developmental rates and fecundity, and by facilitating geographic range expansion. However, these effects have primarily focused on the shifts in winter temperatures with limited attention to the role that summer heat may play in shaping species ranges or fitness. We examined the thermal ecology of an ecologically important invasive forest insect, the hemlock woolly adelgid (Adelges tsugae), by determining survival during its summer dormancy phase under increasing temperature regimens. From laboratory and field experiments, we documented a positive association between increased temperatures and duration of exposure, and A. tsugae mortality. Adelges tsugae mortality was minimal ( 30 °C). At the warmest, southernmost edge of their range, field mortality of A. tsugae ranged from 8.5 to 81.9% and was strongly correlated with site temperature regimens. Further, we found no significant differences in A. tsugae survival between populations collected from Maine and Georgia, and over a 3-year period within Georgia, indicating that A. tsugae may not be acclimating to heat. These results highlight the importance of including summer temperatures in studies regarding increased temperatures on insect dynamics, and may alter historical predictions of climate change impacts on invasive insects and the conservation of forest ecosystems.
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- 2017
108. Human mortality impacts of the 2015 summer heat spells in Slovakia
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Milan Trizna, Pavol Faško, Lívia Labudová, Dalibor Výberči, and Milada Eštóková
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Atmospheric Science ,education.field_of_study ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,Instrumental observation ,Population ,Influenza season ,010501 environmental sciences ,Hot days ,01 natural sciences ,Summer season ,Premature death ,Geography ,Mortality data ,education ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Demography - Abstract
In 2015, Central Europe experienced an unusually warm summer season. For a great majority of climatic stations around Slovakia, it had been the warmest summer ever recorded over their entire instrumental observation period. In this study, we investigate the mortality effects of hot days’ sequences during that particular summer on the Slovak population. In consideration of the range of available mortality data, the position of 2015 is analysed within the years 1996–2015. Over the given 20-year period, the summer heat spells of 2015 were by far the most severe from a meteorological point of view, and clearly the deadliest with the total of almost 540 excess deaths. In terms of impacts, an extraordinary 10-day August heat spell was especially remarkable. The massive lethal effects of heat would have likely been even more serious under normal circumstances, since the number of premature deaths appeared to be partially reduced due to a non-standard mortality pattern in the first quarter of the year. The heat spells of the extremely warm summer of 2015 in Slovakia are notable not just for their short-term response in mortality. It appears that in a combination with the preceding strong influenza season, they subsequently affected mortality conditions in the country in the following months up until the end of the year. The impacts described above were rather different for selected population subgroups (men and women, the elderly). Both separately and as a part of the annual mortality cycle, the 2015 summer heat spells may represent a particularly valuable source of information for public health.
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- 2017
109. Heat wave and cold spell changes in Iberia for a future climate scenario
- Author
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Susana Cardoso Pereira, Martinho Marta-Almeida, Alfredo Rocha, and Ana Carvalho
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Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,Heat wave ,Future climate ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Peninsula ,Climatology ,Weather Research and Forecasting Model ,Climate change scenario ,Cold spell ,Environmental science ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
This study investigates the impacts of climate change scenario on summer heat waves’ (HWs) and winter cold spells’ (CSs) characteristics for 12 locations over the Iberian Peninsula (IP). These ch ...
- Published
- 2017
110. An Effect Influencing on the Environment and Production of Broiler according to the Cold Water Supply using Heat Pump
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Test group ,Summer heat ,Broiler ,law.invention ,Potable water ,Animal science ,law ,medicine ,Environmental science ,Relative humidity ,medicine.symptom ,Cage ,Weight gain ,Heat pump - Abstract
This study aims at providing a basic data for the development of high energy efficient environment system in the cage (poultry buildings) and cold potable water supply to reduce the summer heat stress. For this study, the cage area size was 273m 2 and the air-to-water heat pump capacity was 20RT for heating and cooling. As the result of this study, the temperature of the drinking water supplied by heat pump was maintained at the set temperature of 15℃. However, the water temperature of control was 23~28 ℃ due to the effect of outside temperature. The average internal cage temperature was 25.3 ℃ in the test group and 28.1 ℃ in the control group, which was 2.8 ℃ higher than that of the control group. The relative humidity was 76.2% in the test group and 75.0% in the control group. The broiler drank 23.2 L / day in the test group and 21.5 L / day in the control group. Daily feed intake was 937 g and and 725 g in the cold water and control water respectively. The feed intake of 212 g was higher than that of cold water. The feeding rates were 1.8 and 1.9. Body weights were 1,523 g and 1,164 g in the cold water and control water respectively. The weight gain was 359 g in the test group fed with cold water and 392 g in the control group. When compared with the control group, the mortality rate was reduced by 84% in the cold water feeding test. It is necessary that future research will continue to reduce the incidence of such livestock accidents.’.
- Published
- 2017
111. Proteome dataset of subcutaneous adipose tissue obtained from late pregnant dairy cows during summer heat stress and winter seasons
- Author
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M. Zachut, L Livshitz, Gilgi Friedlander, Yishai Levin, Y. Portnick, G. Kra, and S. Yakoby
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0301 basic medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Proteome ,Summer heat ,Adipose tissue ,Biology ,lcsh:Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ,Heat stress ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animal science ,Internal medicine ,Lactation ,Dairy cow ,medicine ,lcsh:Science (General) ,Dairy cattle ,Data Article ,Multidisciplinary ,030102 biochemistry & molecular biology ,Metabolism ,030104 developmental biology ,Endocrinology ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,lcsh:R858-859.7 ,Subcutaneous adipose tissue ,lcsh:Q1-390 - Abstract
Adipose tissue has a central role in the regulation of metabolism in dairy cows, and many proteins expressed in this tissue are involved in metabolic responses to stress (Peinado et al., 2012) [1] . Environmental heat stress is one of the main stressors limiting production in dairy cattle (Fuquay, 1981; West, 2003) [2] , [3] , and there is a complex interaction between heat stress and the transition period from late pregnancy to onset of lactation, which is manifested in heat-stressed late-gestation cows (Tao and Dahl, 2013) [4] . We recently defined the proteome of adipose tissue in peripartum dairy cows, identifying 586 proteins of which 18.9% were differentially abundant in insulin-resistant compared to insulin-sensitive adipose tissue (Zachut, 2015) [5] . That study showed that proteomic techniques constitute a valuable tool for identifying novel biomarkers in adipose tissue that are related to metabolic adaptation to stress in dairy cows. The objective of the present work was to examine the adipose tissue proteome under thermo-neutral or seasonal heat stress conditions in late pregnant dairy cows. We have collected subcutaneous adipose tissue biopsies from 10 late pregnant dairy cows during summer heat stress and from 8 late pregnant dairy cows during winter season, and identified and quantified 1495 proteins in the adipose tissues. This dataset of adipose tissue proteome from dairy cows adds novel information on the variety of proteins that are abundant in this tissue during late pregnancy under thermo-neutral as well as heat stress conditions. Differential abundance of 107 (7.1%) proteins was found between summer and winter adipose. These results are discussed in our recent research article (Zachut et al., 2017) [6] .
- Published
- 2017
112. The effects of summer heat on academic achievement: A cohort analysis
- Author
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Hyunkuk Cho
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,Maximum temperature ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,education ,05 social sciences ,Academic achievement ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Affect (psychology) ,01 natural sciences ,Test (assessment) ,Test score ,0502 economics and business ,050207 economics ,Psychology ,Student's t-test ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Demography ,Cohort study - Abstract
This paper analyzed the effect of summer heat on academic achievement. Summer heat can negatively affect student learning, as previous studies have shown that high temperatures in laboratory settings have a negative effect on cognitive abilities. For this analysis, the test scores of five different cohorts were combined with city-level daily temperature data. To control for unobserved heterogeneity, the test scores of students within the same school were compared over time (school-fixed effects estimation). Summer heat negatively affected student test scores. Specifically, an additional day with a maximum daily temperature exceeding 34 °C (93.2 °F) during the summer, relative to a day with a maximum temperature between 28 °C (82.4 °F) and 30 °C (86 °F), decreased the scores of math and English tests by 0.0042 and 0.0064 standard deviations, respectively. No significant effects were found on the reading test scores. In addition, these effects were larger in relatively cooler cities, but did not differ based on gender. Finally, the previous year's summer also had negative effects on the current year's test scores.
- Published
- 2017
113. Factors Contributing to Record-Breaking Heat Waves over the Great Plains during the 1930s Dust Bowl
- Author
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Tim Cowan, Ariaan Purich, Gabriele C. Hegerl, Ioana Colfescu, Ghyslaine Boschat, and Massimo Bollasina
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Atmospheric Science ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,Extreme events ,Heat wave ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,13. Climate action ,Climatology ,Dust bowl ,Physics::Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics ,Geology ,Intensity (heat transfer) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
Record-breaking summer heat waves were experienced across the contiguous United States during the decade-long “Dust Bowl” drought in the 1930s. Using high-quality daily temperature observations, the Dust Bowl heat wave characteristics are assessed with metrics that describe variations in heat wave activity and intensity. Despite the sparser station coverage in the early record, there is robust evidence for the emergence of exceptional heat waves across the central Great Plains, the most extreme of which were preconditioned by anomalously dry springs. This is consistent with the entire twentieth-century record: summer heat waves over the Great Plains develop on average ~15–20 days earlier after anomalously dry springs, compared to summers following wet springs. Heat waves following dry springs are also significantly longer and hotter, indicative of the importance of land surface feedbacks in heat wave intensification. A distinctive anomalous continental-wide circulation pattern accompanied exceptional heat waves in the Great Plains, including those of the Dust Bowl decade. An anomalous broad surface pressure ridge straddling an upper-level blocking anticyclone over the western United States forced substantial subsidence and adiabatic warming over the Great Plains, and triggered anomalous southward warm advection over southern regions. This prolonged and amplified the heat waves over the central United States, which in turn gradually spread westward following heat wave emergence. The results imply that exceptional heat waves are preconditioned, triggered, and strengthened across the Great Plains through a combination of spring drought, upper-level continental-wide anticyclonic flow, and warm advection from the north.
- Published
- 2017
114. On the minimal thermal habitability conditions in low income dwellings in Spain for a new definition of fuel poverty
- Author
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Carmen Sánchez-Guevara Sánchez, Fco. Javier Neila González, and Anna Mavrogianni
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Low income ,Environmental Engineering ,Natural resource economics ,Summer heat ,020209 energy ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Context (language use) ,02 engineering and technology ,010501 environmental sciences ,7. Clean energy ,01 natural sciences ,Energy requirement ,11. Sustainability ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Habitability ,business.industry ,Environmental resource management ,1. No poverty ,Building and Construction ,Energy consumption ,Building typology ,13. Climate action ,Business ,Fuel poverty - Abstract
Fuel poverty can be defined as “the inability to afford adequate warmth in the home”. The concept was firstly developed due to health risks related to cold among low income households. However, in the last few decades, especially since the summer heat wave of 2003 that caused 35,000 deaths across Europe, a lot of research has been conducted about the health risks related to high temperatures. Along with advances in knowledge related to the health risks associated with inadequate temperatures, several directives of the European Commission related to energy regulation urge Member States to develop their own fuel poverty definitions. This need of a methodological development for new definitions poses several questions. First, what should be the temperature thresholds for the overheated season? But, furthermore, are existing temperature baselines adequate for the Spanish context and climate? This paper presents a preliminary approach to define these new temperature thresholds for the Spanish context through the adaptive comfort model criteria. For that purpose, a statistically representative dwelling building typology of vulnerable household spaces was used to analyze indoor thermal temperatures and hence, to establish minimal energy requirements so as to achieve minimal habitability conditions.
- Published
- 2017
115. Applying passive cooling measures to a temporary disaster-relief prefabricated house to improve its indoor thermal environment in summer in the subtropics
- Author
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Shiming Deng, Enshen Long, and Yan Wang
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Engineering ,Emergency management ,business.industry ,Passive cooling ,Summer heat ,020209 energy ,Mechanical Engineering ,02 engineering and technology ,Building and Construction ,Civil engineering ,Solar gain ,Thermal ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Natural disaster ,Roof ,Civil and Structural Engineering ,Disaster Victims - Abstract
Temporary prefabricated houses (PHs) can be effective in quickly providing disaster victims with a temporary living place whenever there is a natural disaster. Unfortunately, PHs commonly used for disaster relief purpose do not ensure a thermal comfortable internal conditions for their occupants. In order to search for approaches of improving PH’s thermal environment, a simulation model was firstly developed using Energyplus, and validated by comparing the simulated data with the measured data obtained from a purposely built experimental PH . An analysis on summer heat gain based on the validated model showed that PH’s windows were responsible for the lion’s share of the total heat gain, followed by the roof and east wall. Besides, the effectiveness of applying various passive measures to the PH was studied. The study results suggested that adding a thin movable fabric layer of 0.9 reflectance to the walls and roof, and external window blinds would lead to a very high percentage reduction in unacceptable hours, without however the need to implement all four passive measures, to save the cost of implementation.
- Published
- 2017
116. A Review of Recent Advances in Research on Extreme Heat Events
- Author
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Horton, Radley M., Mankin, Justin S., Lesk, Corey, Coffel, Ethan, and Raymond, Colin
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
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117. Extreme summer heat and drought lead to early fruit abortion in European beech
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Regula Gehrig, Andreas Rigling, Maria Schmitt, Matthias Haeni, Katrin Meusburger, Anita Nussbaumer, Ivano Brunner, Anne Thimonier, and Peter Waldner
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0106 biological sciences ,Hot Temperature ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Pollination ,Summer heat ,Climate Change ,lcsh:Medicine ,Abortion ,Forests ,01 natural sciences ,Article ,Trees ,Forest ecology ,Fagus ,Fruiting ,Mast (botany) ,lcsh:Science ,Beech ,Weather ,Ecosystem ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Multidisciplinary ,biology ,Drought ,lcsh:R ,Temperature ,Extreme Heat ,Forestry ,biology.organism_classification ,Droughts ,Agronomy ,Fruit ,lcsh:Q ,Seasons ,010606 plant biology & botany - Abstract
Years with high fruit production, known as mast years, are the usual reproduction strategy of European beech. Harsh weather conditions such as frost during flowering can lead to pollination failure in spring. It has been assumed that mast is controlled by flowering, and that after successful pollination, high amounts of fruits and seeds would be produced. However, the extremely hot and dry European summer of 2018 showed that despite successful pollination, beechnuts did not develop or were only abundant in a few forest stands. An in-depth analysis of three forest sites of European beech from the Swiss Long-Term Forest Ecosystem Research Programme over the last 15–19 years revealed for the first time that extreme summer heat and drought can act as an “environmental veto”, leading to early fruit abortion. Within the forest stands in years with fruit abortion, summer mean temperatures were 1.5 °C higher and precipitation sums were 45% lower than the long-term average. Extreme summer heat and drought, together with frost during flowering, are therefore disrupting events of the assumed biennial fruiting cycle in European beech., Scientific Reports, 10 (1), ISSN:2045-2322
- Published
- 2019
118. A Field Evaluation of Construction Workers' Activity, Hydration Status, and Heat Strain in the Extreme Summer Heat of Saudi Arabia
- Author
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David H. Wegman, Mohammed Al-Bouwarthan, David Kriebel, and Margaret M. Quinn
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Hot Temperature ,business.industry ,Summer heat ,Urine specific gravity ,Wet-bulb globe temperature ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Saudi Arabia ,Workload ,030229 sport sciences ,Heat Stress Disorders ,030210 environmental & occupational health ,Heat stress ,Toxicology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Light intensity ,0302 clinical medicine ,Occupational Exposure ,Medicine ,Humans ,Seasons ,business ,Intensity (heat transfer) ,Hydration status - Abstract
Objectives Assess the impact of summer heat exposure (June–September) on residential construction workers in Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia by evaluating (i) heart rate (HR) responses, hydration status, and physical workload among workers in indoor and outdoor construction settings, (ii) factors related to physiological responses to work in hot conditions, and (iii) how well wet-bulb globe temperature-based occupational exposure limits (WBGTOELs) predict measures of heat strain. Methods Twenty-three construction workers (plasterers, tilers, and laborers) contributed 260 person-days of monitoring. Workload energy expenditure, HR, fluid intake, and pre- and postshift urine specific gravity (USG) were measured. Indoor and outdoor heat exposures (WBGT) were measured continuously and a WBGTOEL was calculated. The effects of heat exposure and workload on heart rate reserve (HRR), a measure of cardiovascular strain, were examined with linear mixed models. A metric called ‘heat stress exceedance’ (HSE) was constructed to summarize whether the environmental heat exposure (WBGT) exceeded the heat stress exposure limit (WBGTOEL). The sensitivity and specificity of the HSE as a predictor of cardiovascular strain (HRR ≥30%) were determined. Results The WBGTOEL was exceeded frequently, on 63 person-days indoors (44%) and 91(78%) outdoors. High-risk HRR occurred on 26 and 36 person-days indoors and outdoors, respectively. The HSE metric showed higher sensitivity for HRR ≥30% outdoors (89%) than indoors (58%) and greater specificity indoors (59%) than outdoors (27%). Workload intensity was generally moderate, with light intensity work more common outdoors. The ability to self-pace work was associated with a lower frequency of HRR ≥30%. USG concentrations indicated that workers began and ended their shifts dehydrated (USG ≥1.020). Conclusions Construction work where WBGTOEL is commonly exceeded poses health risks. The ability of workers to self-pace may help reduce risks.
- Published
- 2019
119. Short communication: Upper critical temperature-humidity index for dairy calves based on physiological stress variables
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N. Boros, Fruzsina Luca Kézér, K. Nagy, Levente Kovács, and Péter Póti
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Male ,Hot Temperature ,Respiratory rate ,Hydrocortisone ,Summer heat ,Animal Welfare ,Body Temperature ,Animal science ,Respiratory Rate ,Heart Rate ,Stress, Physiological ,Heart rate ,Genetics ,Medicine ,Animals ,Physiological stress ,Salivary cortisol ,Heat index ,business.industry ,Ear temperature ,Humidity ,Heat stress ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Cattle ,Seasons ,business ,Heat-Shock Response ,Food Science - Abstract
In this study, upper critical values of the temperature-humidity index (THI) were determined in Holstein bull calves (n = 16) based on noninvasive physiological variables. Meteorological and animal-based data were recorded for a 4-d period following a 24-h habituation. The estimated upper critical THI values based on the assessment of respiratory rate, rectal temperature, ear temperature, heart rate, and salivary cortisol concentrations were 82.4, 88.1, 83.0, 78.3, and 88.8, respectively. We inferred that welfare of young calves may be compromised above a THI of 78 and that calves experience significant heat stress above a THI of 88. Based on the present findings, upper critical THI should be considered to minimize the duration of impaired welfare during summer heat stress episodes.
- Published
- 2019
120. Nutrient Management of Golf Course Putting Greens under Stress
- Author
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Christian M. Baldwin, Haibo Liu, Frank Bethea, Jacob Taylor, Caleb Patrick, and Nick Menchyk
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Dollar spot ,biology ,Nutrient management ,Summer heat ,Environmental science ,Blight ,Brown patch ,Agricultural engineering ,biology.organism_classification ,Smooth surface - Abstract
This chapter highlights possible approaches of integrated stress management related to nutrient management to successfully overcome or reduce putting green stresses. Putting greens are also the most attractive areas of a golf course from the appearance point of view than any other types of turf on the golf course because of the low mowing height and smooth surface maintained by frequent mowing. The most common stress of cool-season putting green turfgrasses is the summer heat and high disease potential, while among the warm-season putting green turfgrasses, the main stresses vary. Cool-season putting green turfgrasses have several serious diseases, including pythium blight, brown patch, snow molds, and summer patch in addition to dollar spot. Sodium is not an essential plant nutrient element, but it may be worthy of respect from the plant nutritional point of view or as an interesting element for putting green turfgrass management for the future.
- Published
- 2019
121. Drought assessment and monitoring in Jordan using the standardized precipitation index
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Yasmin Murad, Husam A. Abu Hajar, Khaldoun Shatanawi, Bashar M. Al-Smadi, and Yousef A. Abu Hajar
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,Global warming ,Structural basin ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Preparedness ,Climatology ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,Precipitation ,Freshwater resources ,Natural disaster ,Precipitation index ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Drought is one of the most unforgiving natural disasters that could leave severe environmental, economic, and societal impacts. Jordan has witnessed several droughts recently along with recurring summer heat waves, which could be a consequence of global warming, and due to the fact that freshwater resources in Jordan are scarce, it is vital to utilize proper modeling and forecasting techniques that will improve the country’s preparedness for possible future droughts. In this study, the annual precipitation data for Amman-Zarqa Basin over the 1980–2016 record were analyzed to identify the occurrence of major droughts in 21 rain stations. Three dimensionless indices which depend solely on precipitation were applied: standardized precipitation index (SPI), standardized precipitation ratio (SPR), and percentage departure from normal (PDN). A comparison was also made among these indices and it was concluded that the SPR and PDN predicted higher numbers of moderate and severe droughts on the expense of extreme droughts compared to the SPI. It was also found that the 1998–1999 year was the driest year in the studied record in which 15 out of 21 stations witnessed extreme droughts. SPI trends were analyzed using the Mann-Kendall test, and it was found that most of the stations experienced negative trends implying increasing droughts over recent years; however, the trends were statistically insignificant for most stations.
- Published
- 2019
122. Blood Volumes Following Preseason Heat Versus Altitude: A Case Study of Australian Footballers
- Author
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Blake D. McLean, Christopher J. Gore, Justin G. Kemp, and Kevin White
- Subjects
Team sport ,hypoxia ,red cell volume ,Summer heat ,business.industry ,010401 analytical chemistry ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,030229 sport sciences ,Red cell volume ,Plasma volume ,01 natural sciences ,environmental ,0104 chemical sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Animal science ,Altitude ,Altitude training ,Medicine ,Environmental intervention ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,business ,plasma volume - Abstract
Purpose: There is debate as to which environmental intervention produces the most benefit for team sport athletes, particularly comparing heat and altitude. This quasi-experimental study aimed to compare blood volume (BV) responses with heat and altitude training camps in Australian footballers. Methods: The BV of 7 professional Australian footballers (91.8 [10.5] kg, 191.8 [10.1] cm) was measured throughout 3 consecutive spring/summer preseasons. During each preseason, players participated in altitude (year 1 and year 2) and heat (year 3) environmental training camps. Year 1 and year 2 altitude camps were in November/December in the United States, whereas the year 3 heat camp was in February/March in Australia after a full exposure to summer heat. BV, red cell volume, and plasma volume (PV) were measured at least 3 times during each preseason. Results: Red cell volume increased substantially following altitude in both year 1 (d = 0.67) and year 2 (d = 1.03), before returning to baseline 4 weeks postaltitude. Immediately following altitude, concurrent decreases in PV were observed during year 1 (d = −0.40) and year 2 (d = −0.98). With spring/summer training in year 3, BV and PV were substantially higher in January than temporally matched postaltitude measurements during year 1 (BV: d = −0.93, PV: d = −1.07) and year 2 (BV: d = −1.99, PV: d = −2.25), with year 3 total BV, red cell volume, and PV not changing further despite the 6-day heat intervention. Conclusions: We found greater BV after training throughout spring/summer conditions, compared with interrupting spring/summer exposure to train at altitude in the cold, with no additional benefits observed from a heat camp following spring/summer training.
- Published
- 2019
123. Impacts of air conditioning on air quality in tiny homes in Hong Kong
- Author
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Chi Yung Jim and Pui Kwan Cheung
- Subjects
Sleeping time ,Environmental Engineering ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,business.industry ,010501 environmental sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Heat stress ,law.invention ,Toxicology ,Sick building syndrome ,Indoor air quality ,law ,Air conditioning ,Ventilation (architecture) ,Environmental Chemistry ,Environmental science ,business ,Waste Management and Disposal ,Air quality index ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
The risk of developing sick building syndrome is known to be higher in air-conditioned than naturally ventilated spaces. In Hong Kong, air conditioning (AC) is commonly used in homes to relieve summer heat stress. This study aims to assess the air quality impacts of AC in tiny homes called SDUs (sub-divided units). Poor ventilation and stronger heat stress in such informal housing could necessitate the use of AC. Predicted mean vote (PMV), CO, CO2, PM10, PM2.5 and VOCs were continuously monitored for 72 h in eight SDUs. PMV was ≥2 (‘warm’) in 75% of the SDUs at sleeping time (after 22:00), implying an 80% dissatisfaction among the occupants. During AC use, the mean concentrations of CO and CO2 increased from 220 to 905 μg/m3 (+312%) and from 920 to 1711 mg/m3 (+86%) respectively. The highest CO2 level (3758 mg/m3) was observed in a 3-person household (one more than other SDUs). The overall impacts on PM10 (+4%) and PM2.5 (+19%) were relatively insignificant. Reduced ventilation in air-conditioned homes facilitated the accumulation of VOCs (mean change: +22%). The findings could inform building design and modify AC usage practice to improve the indoor environment.
- Published
- 2019
124. Lowering Emissivity of Concrete Roof Tile’s Underside Cuts Down Heat Entry to the Building
- Author
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Ting Bao, Yinghong Qin, Chen Xuejun, Lei Wang, and Zhikui Liu
- Subjects
Roof tile ,Materials science ,Article Subject ,Summer heat ,020209 energy ,General Engineering ,Algae growth ,02 engineering and technology ,021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology ,Southern china ,Mining engineering ,visual_art ,lcsh:TA401-492 ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,visual_art.visual_art_medium ,Emissivity ,lcsh:Materials of engineering and construction. Mechanics of materials ,General Materials Science ,Tile ,0210 nano-technology ,Roof - Abstract
Buildings in Southern China widely use a double-skin roof to reduce heat entry through the roof to the building interior during summertime. Concrete roof tiles are preferably installed as the outmost layer of the double-skin roof due to their resistance to hail and wind damages and their attractive price. However, after construction, the tile’s top tends to be darkened by dust deposit and algae growth, increasing the heat entry through the roof to the building. Here, we show that this heat entry can be curtailed by lowering the emissivity at the tile’s underside. Temperatures and heat fluxes at different elevations of a double-skin roof with concrete tiles as the outmost layer of the roof are monitored. The underside of each concrete tile is coated with a specific paint to get a unique emissivity. Observations reveal that lowering the emissivity of concrete roof tiles could cut down the summer heat gain of buildings in tropical regions.
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
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125. Measuring Heat Waves and Their Effects on Economic Output
- Author
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Kenn Chua, Jay S. Coggins, Steve Miller, and Hamid Mohtadi
- Subjects
Summer heat ,Cumulative Exposure ,Environmental science ,Hot days ,Heat wave ,Atmospheric sciences - Abstract
We provide novel evidence that accumulated heat exposure affects economic activity in ways that are distinct from shifts in the temperature distribution. We first derive new measures of accumulated heat exposure, which we validate by successfully reproducing well-known heat waves with a global dataset of nearly 1 billion daily temperatures spanning 1979-2016. Using these measures, we find summer heat waves imply lower per-capita output, especially in agriculture. Further, cumulative exposure matters: hot days preceded by several others are significantly more damaging. Estimated agricultural losses from the 2003 France heat wave were 13 times larger than standard approaches suggest.
- Published
- 2019
126. Willy Buys a Car
- Author
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Tierney Fairchild, Gregory B. Fairchild, Christina Black, and Liz Ivaniw Jones
- Subjects
History ,Downtown ,Summer heat ,Monday through friday ,Advertising ,Past Three Months - Abstract
For the past three months, Willy Fuller has been working as a fry cook at Hal's Cafe. He has no car, and due to the unpredictability of the bus service, Willy has been late to work several days. His boss has told him that if he is late again, he will be fired. Willy can't afford to lose his job. His family relies on him to pitch in $500 a month for food and household expenses, as well as $200 a month for his grandmother's medical bills. He also tries to save $400 a month for his college fund. Something has to change, so he finally decides that it is time to get a car. This case explores the details of buying a car, from the pros and cons of buying new versus used, to negotiating with a dealership over the terms of a loan, to budgeting for car expenses. Excerpt UVA-F-1871 Jul. 1, 2019 Willy Buys a Car Introduction Willy Fuller checked his watch. 8:45 a.m. already, and still no bus. He had to be at work by 9:00 a.m., and he had been waiting at the bus stop for more than 50 minutes, eagerly watching the road for any sign of the Downtown 7 bus. As the sun climbed overhead and the morning got hotter and hotter, Willy's work uniform started sticking to his sweating chest. He wiped the sweat from his forehead and grew more annoyed and irritated with the late bus, as well as the summer heat and humidity. Willy was always worried about getting to work on time. He worked eight hours a day, Monday through Friday, and had just started working on Saturdays every week this month. He had been working at Hal's Cafe (Hal's) for only three months, and he had already been late several times because of the unreliable bus system. He didn't want to disappoint Hal or his mother (who helped him get this job in the first place). He looked down the road again. 8:50 a.m. Still no bus. Willy started pacing anxiously. Of course, living as far out of town as he did didn't help—the bus came only once an hour, if he was lucky. That also meant that if he missed the bus, he was out of luck if he needed to be somewhere on time. There was nothing Willy hated more than having to rely on other people to give him rides or having no choice other than taking a bus that seemed to show up only when the driver felt like bringing it around. . . .
- Published
- 2019
127. Comparing dairy farm milk yield and components, somatic cell score, and reproductive performance among United States regions using summer to winter ratios
- Author
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C.S. Petersson-Wolfe, G.M. Pighetti, Jeffrey M. Bewley, S. H. Ward, Joao H.C. Costa, D. T. Nolan, Peter D. Krawczel, A.E. Stone, and Jenna M. Guinn
- Subjects
Farms ,Pregnancy Rate ,Summer heat ,Climate ,Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Animal science ,Milk yield ,Pregnancy ,Genetics ,Animals ,Lactation ,Dairy cattle ,030304 developmental biology ,Glycoproteins ,0303 health sciences ,Reproduction ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Northern Hemisphere ,Records ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Lipid Droplets ,Milk Proteins ,040201 dairy & animal science ,United States ,Dairying ,Milk ,Test day ,Performance ratio ,Fertilization ,Herd ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Cattle ,Female ,Seasons ,Glycolipids ,Heat detection ,Heat-Shock Response ,Food Science ,Body Temperature Regulation - Abstract
Heat stress abatement is a challenge for dairy producers in the United States, especially in the southern states. Thus, managing heat stress is critical to maintain dairy cow performance in the summer. The ability to employ a metric to measure heat stress and evaluate abatement strategies may benefit dairy producers by providing meaningful feedback on the effectiveness of current and future management strategies with the goal of improving heat stress management. Therefore, this study aimed to explore the use of the summer to winter performance ratio metric to quantify and compare farm performance variables among regions of the United States. Monthly performance data recorded by the Dairy Herd Improvement Association from 2007 to 2016, for all US Dairy Herd Improvement Association herds processing records through Dairy Records Management Systems (Raleigh, NC), were obtained. Season dates were based on the astronomical definition of the Northern Hemisphere with summer as June 21 to September 21 and winter as December 21 to March 19. States were grouped into regions based on climate zone classification. Performance records included a total of 16,573 herds [Northeast (n = 7,955), Midwest (n = 6,555), Northern Plains (n = 305), Southeast (n = 1,370), and Southern Plains (n = 388) regions]. Herd test day performance variables energy-corrected milk, somatic cell score, milk fat and protein percentage, conception rate, heat detection rate, and pregnancy rate in summer and winter were used to calculate summer to winter ratios for each region. The MIXED procedure of SAS 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) was used to compare test day performance variables. The effects of year, mean days in milk, mean 150-d milk, mean herd size, and number of milkings per day were included as covariates in the models. Dairy cattle performance in all climate regions was negatively affected by summer heat stress, but some regions greater than others. A difference was also observed among regions when comparing summer to winter ratios for each performance parameter. This indicates that summer performance varies by climate region identified by the summer to winter ratio and demonstrates usefulness of the metric to monitor degree of heat stress based on performance.
- Published
- 2018
128. Weather in the Hungarian Lowland from the Point of View of Humans
- Author
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Bertold Kelemen, Lara Amanda Marques Vieira, Erzsébet Kristóf, Zita Szabó, Annamária Zsákai, and Ferenc Ács
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Operative temperature ,thermal sensation ,Summer heat ,metabolic heat flux density ,Hungarian lowland ,Weather and climate ,lcsh:QC851-999 ,Environmental Science (miscellaneous) ,Thermal sensation ,Thermal load ,Noon ,Atmospheric sciences ,thermal load ,weather ,clothing resistance ,operative temperature ,Environmental science ,lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology ,Morning - Abstract
Weather at different locations in the Hungarian lowland in different seasons (winter, summer) and times of day (morning, noon) is investigated from the human biometeorological point of view. Human thermal load characteristics of weather are described in terms of clothing resistance and operative temperature. Individual human thermal load&ndash, thermal sensation relationships have been estimated to study weather variation in the cities of Sopron (cooler part of Hungary) and Szeged (warmer part of Hungary). In the clothing resistance model, the humans are walking at a speed of 1.1 ms&minus, 1 in outdoor conditions without sweating. The main findings are as follows. (1) In the early summer mornings, the weather is sensed as &ldquo, neutral&rdquo, or &ldquo, cool&rdquo, in these cases the inter-person variation effect is very small. (2) At noon in summer, heat stresses (clothing resistance parameter values less than &minus, 2 clo) are registered. In these cases, high temperature and irradiation, as well as low or moderate wind, characterized the atmospheric environment. Then, the inter-person variation effect is clearly visible. (3) The strength of summer heat excess at noon seems to be larger than the strength of winter heat deficit in the early morning. (4) Clothing resistance differences caused by inter-person variations and by weather variations between the cities of Sopron and Szeged are comparable in the majority of cases. When they are not comparable, the site variation effect is much larger than the inter-person variation effect. The clothing resistance model is constructed for individual use and it can be equally applied on both weather and climate data.
- Published
- 2021
129. 'Physical activity patterns in two differently characterised urban parks under conditions of summer heat' [Environ. Sci. Policy 107 May (2020) 56–65]
- Author
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Miriam Brenck, Roland Kraemer, and Nadja Kabisch
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Geography ,Ecology ,Summer heat ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Physical activity ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law - Published
- 2020
130. Feedlot growth, carcass characteristics and meat quality of hair breed male lambs exposed to seasonal heat stress (winter vs. summer) in an arid climate
- Author
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Oscar R. Saavedra, N. Torrentera, Miguel Mellado, Abelardo Correa-Calderón, M. A. Lopez-Baca, Ulises Macías-Cruz, Alfonso J. Chay-Canul, and Leonel Avendaño-Reyes
- Subjects
Male ,Desert climate ,Summer heat ,animal diseases ,Color ,food and beverages ,Biology ,Loin ,Body weight ,Feed conversion ratio ,Breed ,Heat stress ,Red Meat ,Animal science ,Adipose Tissue ,Feedlot ,Body Composition ,Animals ,Seasons ,Mexico ,Heat-Shock Response ,Sheep, Domestic ,Food Science - Abstract
Twenty Dorper × Katahdin male lambs (body weight = 33.9 ± 0.4 kg and age = 4.5 months) were individually housed for a 30-d feeding period to evaluate the effects of seasonal heat stress (winter [n = 10] vs. summer [n = 10]) on feedlot performance, carcass traits, wholesale cut yields and meat quality. Heat stress environmental conditions prevailed in summer and mostly thermoneutral in winter. Overall growth rate and feed efficiency, as well as empty body weight at slaughter, cold carcass weight, omental fat percentage, and loin yield were lower in summer than in winter. Kidney-pelvic-heart fat deposition and yields of hot carcass, neck and shoulder increased during summer. Postmortem aging of meat during 14 d exhibited higher lightness, redness, yellowness and toughness in summer. In conclusion, summer heat stress decreased growth and feed efficiency without affecting feed intake of hair male lambs. Additionally, heat stress improved carcass yield with no detrimental changes on meat quality.
- Published
- 2020
131. The Roles of Radiative Forcing, Sea Surface Temperatures, and Atmospheric and Land Initial Conditions in U.S. Summer Warming Episodes
- Author
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Fanrong Zeng, W. Stern, Seth Underwood, Karen Paffendorf, Liwei Jia, R. Gudgel, Thomas L. Delworth, Xiaosong Yang, and Gabriel A. Vecchi
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,0208 environmental biotechnology ,02 engineering and technology ,Radiative forcing ,Heat wave ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,020801 environmental engineering ,Geographic distribution ,Climatology ,General Circulation Model ,Seasonal forecasting ,Environmental science ,Climate model ,Oceanic basin ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
This study investigates the roles of radiative forcing, sea surface temperatures (SSTs), and atmospheric and land initial conditions in the summer warming episodes of the United States. The summer warming episodes are defined as the significantly above-normal (1983–2012) June–August 2-m temperature anomalies and are referred to as heat waves in this study. Two contrasting cases, the summers of 2006 and 2012, are explored in detail to illustrate the distinct roles of SSTs, direct radiative forcing, and atmospheric and land initial conditions in driving U.S. summer heat waves. For 2012, simulations with the GFDL atmospheric general circulation model reveal that SSTs play a critical role. Further sensitivity experiments reveal the contributions of uniform global SST warming, SSTs in individual ocean basins, and direct radiative forcing to the geographic distribution and magnitudes of warm temperature anomalies. In contrast, for 2006, the atmospheric and land initial conditions are the key drivers. The atmospheric (land) initial conditions play a major (minor) role in the central and northwestern (eastern) United States. Because of changes in radiative forcing, the probability of areal-averaged summer temperature anomalies over the United States exceeding the observed 2012 anomaly increases with time over the early twenty-first century. La Niña (El Niño) events tend to increase (reduce) the occurrence rate of heat waves. The temperatures over the central United States are mostly influenced by El Niño/La Niña, with the central tropical Pacific playing a more important role than the eastern tropical Pacific. Thus, atmospheric and land initial conditions, SSTs, and radiative forcing are all important drivers of and sources of predictability for U.S. summer heat waves.
- Published
- 2016
132. Association between summer temperature and body weight in Japanese adolescents and children: An ecological analysis
- Author
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Masana Yokoya and Yukito Higuchi
- Subjects
Gerontology ,Summer heat ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Regression analysis ,Overweight ,Biology ,Body weight ,Outdoor temperature ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Weight loss ,Anthropology ,Genetics ,medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Anatomy ,medicine.symptom ,Ecological analysis ,Weight gain ,Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics ,Demography - Abstract
Objective Several experimental studies reported evidence of a negative energy balance at higher temperatures. However, corresponding weight loss has not been noted in clinical practice. This study investigated the geographical association between outdoor temperature and body weight in Japanese adolescents and children. Methods An ecological analysis was conducted using prefecture-level data on the mean body weight of Japanese adolescents and children over a 25-year period and Japanese mesh (regional) climatic data on the mean annual temperature, mean daily maximum temperature in August, and mean daily minimum temperature in January were also analyzed. Results Correlation analysis uncovered a stronger association between weight and the mean daily maximum temperature in August than with other climatic variables. Moreover, multiple regression analysis indicated that height and the mean daily maximum temperature in August were statistically significant predictors of weight. This suggests that geographical differences in weight in Japanese adolescents and children can be explained by the complementary relationship between height-associated weight gain and weight loss caused by summer heat. Conclusions Summer temperatures may reduce the proportion of children who are overweight and contribute to geographical differences in body weight in Japanese adolescents and children. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
- Published
- 2016
133. California Central Valley Summer Heat Waves Form Two Ways*
- Author
-
Richard Grotjahn and Yun-Young Lee
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Maximum temperature ,geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,Advection ,Anomaly (natural sciences) ,Flux ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Ridge ,Climatology ,Spatial evolution ,Adiabatic process ,Geology ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
California Central Valley (CCV) heat waves are grouped into two types based on the temporal and spatial evolution of the large-scale meteorological patterns (LSMPs) prior to onset. The k-means clustering of key features in the anomalous temperature and zonal wind identifies the two groups. Composite analyses show different evolution prior to developing a similar ridge–trough–ridge pattern spanning the North Pacific at the onset of CCV hot spells. Backward trajectories show adiabatic heating of air enhanced by anomalous sinking plus horizontal advection as the main mechanisms to create hot lower-tropospheric air just off the Northern California coast, although the paths differ between clusters. The first cluster develops the ridge at the west coast on the day before onset, consistent with wave activity flux traveling across the North Pacific. Air parcels that arrive at the maximum temperature anomaly (just off the Northern California coast) tend to travel a long distance across the Pacific from the west. The second cluster has the ridge in place for several days prior to extreme CCV heat, but this ridge is located farther north, with heat anomaly over the northwestern United States. This ridge expands south as air parcels at midtropospheric levels descend from the northwest while lower-level parcels over land tend to bring hot air from directions ranging from the hot area to the northeast to the desert areas to the southeast. These two types reveal unexpected dynamical complexity, hint at different remote associations, and expand the assessment needed of climate models’ simulations of these heat waves.
- Published
- 2016
134. Effect of direct neck cooling on psychological and physiological state in summer heat environment
- Author
-
Guillaume Lopez, Masanori Wada, Hiroki Takahashi, Yuta Suzuki, Mikio Takahashi, and Yasuhiro Kawahara
- Subjects
Summer heat ,heart rate variability ,thermic sensation ,030229 sport sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,wearable ,03 medical and health sciences ,peltier element ,0302 clinical medicine ,comfort ,TJ1-1570 ,Environmental science ,Heart rate variability ,Mechanical engineering and machinery ,State (computer science) ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Simulation ,personal cooling ,sweat sensation - Abstract
To face the decrease of lifestyle comfort, the augmentation of hypothermia risks, and the deterioration of labor productivity resulting from energy consumption reduction policies, we have been proposing a wearable air-conditioning device worn like a scarf. This paper reports evaluation results of this wearable air-conditioning device’s effectiveness regarding comfort in hot summer office environment. We studied through trial subjects how neck cooling affects (1) subjective evaluation on comfort, thermic, and sweat sensations, and (2) human physiology when performing various deskwork tasks in summer heat environment. The environment of a typical Japanese office space in summer heat were reproduced using an environment control room. The environment control room’s temperature, humidity and wind velocity were set to re-create summer heat office environment (32°C, 60%, 0.15 m/s). 16 healthy subjects sat in the room in both normal condition and neck cooling condition. All subjects were dressed respecting the standard “cool-biz” dress code in Japan. (1) Comfort sensation, thermic sensation, and sweat sensation were evaluated by self-assessment. For all subjects, both discomfort sensation, heat sensation, and humidity sensation increased together with room temperature elevation, such we can understand that there is a clear correlation between environment temperature and comfort regarding temperature sensation. (2) Furthermore, we could quantitatively define the correlation between self-assessment, temperature variations, and physiological signals such as sweat amount and heart rate variability, by investigating the individual differences for comfort/discomfort in both normal and neck cooling conditions. Experimental results of this study show that using the wearable air-conditioning device in summer heat office, air-conditioner can be turned off or temperature set higher, without affecting comfort.
- Published
- 2016
135. An energy and mortality impact assessment of the urban heat island in the US
- Author
-
Scott A. Lowe
- Subjects
Gerontology ,Ecology ,Summer heat ,Impact assessment ,020209 energy ,Mortality rate ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Net energy ,02 engineering and technology ,Management, Monitoring, Policy and Law ,Geography ,Heating energy ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Cooling energy ,Urban heat island ,Rural area ,Socioeconomics - Abstract
Increased summer energy use and increased summer heat related mortality are the two most cited detrimental impacts of the urban heat island (UHI). An assessment of these impacts was made that considered the annual impact of the UHI, not just the summer impact. It was found that in north of the US there was a net decrease in energy use from the UHI, as heating energy reductions were larger than the increase in cooling energy. In the south there was a net energy increase from the UHI. The impact of the UHI on heat related deaths was an estimated increase of 1.1 deaths per million people. The impact of the UHI on cold related deaths was an estimated decrease of 4.0 deaths per million people. These estimates are caveated by the acknowledgement that compounding factors influence mortality. Hypothermia related death rates were three times higher in rural areas than urban areas. This is surprising as the homeless population is usually considered the most at risk, yet they mostly live in urban areas.
- Published
- 2016
136. Modification method to deal with the accumulation effects for summer daily electric load forecasting
- Author
-
Yang Li, Ruan Wenjun, Chen Chu, Yang Bin, and Yu-Qing Bao
- Subjects
Engineering ,Variable (computer science) ,Electrical load ,Meteorology ,business.industry ,Summer heat ,Control theory ,Load forecasting ,Energy Engineering and Power Technology ,Function (mathematics) ,Electrical and Electronic Engineering ,business ,Power (physics) - Abstract
Due to the summer heat, electric load is sometimes influenced by the accumulation effect: the load is not only affected by the present temperature, but also affected by the continuous high-temperature in the last a few days. This paper proposes a method to deal with the accumulation effect. In the proposed method, the temperature variable used in the forecasting model is modified as a function of present and historical temperatures. To enhance the predicting power of the modified temperature, genetic-algorithm (GA) is adopted to get the optimal parameters of the modification function. The testing results show that the modification of the temperature can improve the accuracy of summer load forecasting.
- Published
- 2015
137. Analysis of circulating-microRNA expression in lactating Holstein cows under summer heat stress
- Author
-
Eun Tae Kim, Donghyun Kim, Seung Hwan Lee, Tai-Young Hur, Suhyun Lee, Seungmin Ha, Junkyu Son, Hyeonju Lim, Inchul Choi, and Ji Hwan Lee
- Subjects
0301 basic medicine ,Hot Temperature ,Physiology ,Breeding ,medicine.disease_cause ,Biochemistry ,Milk yield ,Pregnancy ,Medicine and Health Sciences ,Immune Response ,Cytoskeleton ,Cellular Stress Responses ,Whole blood ,Multidisciplinary ,Physics ,Classical Mechanics ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Breed ,Body Fluids ,Nucleic acids ,Milk ,Blood ,Cell Processes ,Physical Sciences ,Mechanical Stress ,Medicine ,Female ,Seasons ,Anatomy ,Cellular Structures and Organelles ,Research Article ,Summer heat ,Science ,Immunology ,Cattle Diseases ,Biology ,Heat Stress Disorders ,Beverages ,Andrology ,Stress (mechanics) ,03 medical and health sciences ,Immune system ,Animal science ,Republic of Korea ,microRNA ,Genetics ,medicine ,Animals ,Lactation ,Circulating MicroRNA ,Non-coding RNA ,Gene ,Dairy cattle ,Nutrition ,Natural antisense transcripts ,Biology and life sciences ,Sequence Analysis, RNA ,Gene Expression Profiling ,Rectum ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Rectal temperature ,Cell Biology ,RNA, Circular ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Gene regulation ,Diet ,Gastrointestinal Tract ,MicroRNAs ,Thermal Stresses ,030104 developmental biology ,RNA ,Cattle ,Gene expression ,Digestive System ,Heat-Shock Response ,Oxidative stress - Abstract
Korean peninsular weather is rapidly becoming subtropical due to global warming. In summer 2018, South Korea experienced the highest temperatures since the meteorological observations recorded in 1907. Heat stress has a negative effect on Holstein cows, the most popular breed of dairy cattle in South Korea, which is susceptible to heat. To examine physiological changes in dairy cows under heat stress conditions, we analyzed the profiles circulating microRNAs isolated from whole blood samples collected under heat stress and non-heat stress conditions using small RNA sequencing. We compared the expression profiles in lactating cows under heat stress and non-heat stress conditions to understand the regulation of biological processes in heat-stressed cows. Moreover, we measured several heat stress indicators, such as rectal temperature, milk yield, average daily gain, and progesterone concentration. All these assessments showed that pregnant cows were more susceptible to heat stress than non-pregnant cows. Particularly, progesterone concentrations known to have maternal warming effects were at similar levels in non-pregnant cows but significantly increased in pregnant cows under heat stress conditions. The differentially expressed miRNAs and their putative target genes were analyzed in pregnant cows. Interestingly, we found that differentially expressed miRNAs (bta-miR-146b, bta-miR-20b, bta-miR-29d-3p, bta-miR-1246) specifically targeted progesterone biosynthesis (StAR) and the function of corpus luteum-related genes (CCL11, XCL), suggesting that pregnant cows with elevated progesterone concentrations are more susceptible to heat stress. In addition, we found the differential expression of 11 miRNAs (bta-miR-19a, bta-miR-19b, bta-miR-30a-5p, and several from the bta-miR-2284 family) in both pregnant and non-pregnant cows under heat stress conditions. In target gene prediction and gene set enrichment analysis, these miRNAs were found to be associated with the cytoskeleton, cell junction, vasculogenesis, cell proliferation, ATP synthesis, oxidative stress, and immune responses involved in heat response. These miRNAs can be used as potential biomarkers for heat stress.
- Published
- 2020
138. The Best Urban Trees for Daytime Cooling Leave Nights Slightly Warmer
- Author
-
Sebastian Pfautsch and Agnieszka Wujeska-Klause
- Subjects
summer heat ,Canopy ,Daytime ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Radiative cooling ,020209 energy ,Microclimate ,Climate change ,02 engineering and technology ,daytime cooling ,Atmospheric sciences ,air temperature ,Greater Sydney ,Australia ,nighttime cooling ,microclimate benefits ,tree species selection ,canopy density ,convection ,01 natural sciences ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,Urban heat island ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Longwave ,Forestry ,lcsh:QK900-989 ,Warm front ,lcsh:Plant ecology ,Environmental science - Abstract
Summer air temperatures will continue to rise in metropolitan regions due to climate change and urbanization, intensifying daytime and nighttime air temperatures and result in greater thermal discomfort for city dwellers. Urban heat may be reduced by trees which provide shade, decreasing air and surface temperatures underneath their canopies. We asked whether tree height and canopy density can help to identify species that provide greater microclimate benefits during day and night. We also asked if increased canopy cover of street trees provides similar microclimate benefits. We used continuous measurements of near-surface air temperatures under 36 park trees and from two urban streets to assess these questions. In the park, trees were grouped according to their height (20 m) and canopy density (low, high), while the effect of canopy cover was tested using streets with high (31%) and low (11%) cover. Daytime near-surface air temperature declined with increasing height and canopy density providing significant cooling benefits. However, this trend was reversed at night when tall trees with dense canopies restricted longwave radiative cooling and trapped warm air beneath their crowns. High canopy cover of street trees reduced daytime air temperatures more, resulting in a lower number of days with hot (>35 °C) and extreme (>40 °C) air temperatures compared to the street that had low canopy cover. These findings suggest that tree species and streetscapes with dense canopy cover improve local thermal conditions during the day but do not seem ideal to allow for nighttime cooling, creating potential discomfort for residents during hot summer nights. Our results indicate that classifying trees using a simple metric can assist in selecting tree species that can alleviate the local negative effect of urban heat during the day, but at the same time, their effect in preventing optimal longwave radiative cooling during the night must be factored into planting strategies.
- Published
- 2020
139. Biological responses of hair sheep to a permanent shade during a short heat stress exposure in an arid region
- Author
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Leonel Avendaño-Reyes, José L. Corrales, Gonzalo Corrales, Efren Ramirez-Bribiesca, J. E. Guerra-Liera, Miguel Mellado, Abelardo Correa-Calderón, and Ulises Macías-Cruz
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040301 veterinary sciences ,Summer heat ,animal diseases ,fungi ,0402 animal and dairy science ,Rectal temperature ,social sciences ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Thermoregulation ,Biology ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Arid ,humanities ,Serum urea ,Heat stress ,0403 veterinary science ,Animal science ,Food Animals ,Feedlot ,Animal Science and Zoology ,Shading ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
Summer heat stress (HS) in warm climates decreases feedlot performance and, in extreme cases, causes death in fattening lambs. A traditional strategy to mitigate effects of HS has been the installation of galvanized sheet metal shades that partially or totally cover the corrals; however, the impact of total shading on thermoregulation and growth in hair lambs has been little studied. Twenty Dorper × Pelibuey ewe lambs were assigned to two treatments (n = 10; non-shaded vs. shaded) for two weeks to evaluate the effects of providing total shading with galvanized sheet metal in the fattening corral on physiological variables, blood analyte concentrations and growth performance under HS conditions in an arid region. Rectal temperature and respiratory rate in shaded ewe lambs were higher at 0600 h and lower at 1200 and 1800 h compared to non-shaded ewe lambs. Shaded ewe lambs had lower serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, K+ and Cl−, but higher serum urea levels, compared to non-shaded ewe lambs. Additionally, most of the mean values of hematological variables were higher in shaded ewe lambs versus non-shaded. Shaded ewe lambs had higher feed intake but similar growth rate and water intake than its counterpart. In conclusion, under summer HS conditions in an arid region, the thermoregulatory capacity of hair ewe lambs is improved during the daytime but compromised in the nighttime by completely shading the feedlots with galvanized sheet metal. Additionally, the lack of protection against solar radiation negatively affected feed intake and energy metabolism.
- Published
- 2020
140. Summer heat extremes in northern continents linked to developing ENSO events
- Author
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Ngar-Cheung Lau and Ming Luo
- Subjects
El Niño Southern Oscillation ,Geography ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Summer heat ,Climatology ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Jet stream ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
Understanding the variations of extreme weather/climate events is important to improve the seasonal forecast skill of such harmful events. Previous studies have linked boreal summer hot extremes to decaying El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events at the interannual scale, but how these hot extreme episodes respond to developing ENSO events remains unclear. Using observational analyses, we demonstrate strong linkages between developing ENSO and extreme heat events in northern continents. In particular, heat extremes in North America, Eastern Europe–Central Asia and Northeast Asia tend to be more frequent during La Niña developing summers and less frequent during El Niño developing phases. Associated atmospheric changes reveal that developing ENSO events feature a circumglobal teleconnection (CGT) pattern over the mid-latitudes. In the La Niña developing summer, this CGT pattern exhibits enhanced geopotential height and anomalous anticyclones over North Pacific, North America, Eastern Europe–Central Asia and Northeastern Asia, and the jet stream generally shifts northward. The atmospheric circulation changes lead to more persistent weather conditions that favor extreme heat events in mid-latitudes. Conversely, opposite changes associated with developing El Niño can inhibit heat extremes in the above locations. The responses of heat extremes to different types (i.e., conventional Eastern Pacific and Modoki Central Pacific) and durations (1 and 2 year) of ENSO events are also discussed.
- Published
- 2020
141. Impact of marine heat waves and cold spell events on the bivalve Anomalocardia flexuosa: A seasonal comparison
- Author
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Paulo Roberto Pagliosa, Paulo Roberto Jardim Manso, Carlos Henrique Soares, and Alessandra Paula Carneiro
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0106 biological sciences ,Hot Temperature ,Summer heat ,010604 marine biology & hydrobiology ,Global change ,General Medicine ,Aquatic Science ,Heat wave ,Oceanography ,Atmospheric sciences ,010603 evolutionary biology ,01 natural sciences ,Pollution ,Bivalvia ,Cold Temperature ,Cold spell ,Animals ,Environmental science ,Seasons ,Environmental Monitoring - Abstract
The effects of increasing or decreasing extreme temperatures on bivalves depend on their physiological and biochemical capacity to respond to changes in ambient temperature. We tested the response of the clam Anomalocardia flexuosa to simulated marine heat waves and cold spells, under summer and winter experimental conditions. We sought information about physiological and biochemical parameters, as well as survival rates during two bioassays of 43 days each. The winter cold spell simulations showed that extreme temperatures acted as a physiological and biochemical stimulus, linked to an increase in metabolic rates, and consequently higher maintenance costs, as acclimatory strategies. On the other hand, the summer heat wave extreme temperatures exceeded the individuals' thermal tolerance limits, resulting in an inability to acclimate and a high mortality. These experiments suggest that A. flexuosa can be considered as a sensitive indicator of heat wave events.
- Published
- 2020
142. Calculation of Carbon Emission Baseline in the Operational Stage of Public Institutions——Summer Heat and Winter Warm Region
- Author
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Hua Wang, Xiaojiao Zhu, and Yuqing Zhao
- Subjects
chemistry ,Summer heat ,Public institution ,chemistry.chemical_element ,Environmental science ,Stage (hydrology) ,Baseline (configuration management) ,Atmospheric sciences ,Carbon - Abstract
Based on the data of carbon emission Statistics Platform of public institutions, the baseline of carbon emission of government agencies, hospitals and schools in the Summer Heat and Winter Warm Region of China is calculated by the method of quarterback analysis. The results showed that the carbon emission baseline of three types public institutions are 0.01 tco2 / m2, 0.04 tco2 / m2 and 0.03 tco2 / m2, respectively. The results provide a theoretical basis for public institutions to reduce carbon emissions.
- Published
- 2020
143. An Intensified Mode of Variability Modulating the Summer Heat Waves in Eastern Europe and Northern China
- Author
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Kaiqiang Deng, Song Yang, Mingfang Ting, Ziqian Wang, and Ailan Lin
- Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Atmospheric models ,Atmospheric circulation ,Summer heat ,Mode (statistics) ,FOS: Earth and related environmental sciences ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Anticyclones ,Geophysics ,Anticyclone ,Climatology ,Heat waves (Meteorology) ,General Earth and Planetary Sciences ,Environmental science ,China ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Abstract
This study investigates the leading pattern of Eurasian summer heat waves (HWs) using observed and simulated data sets and reveals an intensified mode of variability that bridges the HWs in eastern Europe (EE) and northern China (NC). The concurrent variability of the HWs in EE and NC is primarily driven by an atmospheric circum-global teleconnection that induces anomalous anticyclones over the two regions. The observed upward trends in EE and NC HW days could be related to the warm sea surface temperatures around Greenland Island, which may weaken the Atlantic westerly jet stream and lead to amplified wave trains at the exit of the jet, resulting in strengthened anticyclones over EE and NC that favor the occurrences of HWs. The Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory high-resolution atmospheric model fails to simulate the EE and NC HWs, due probably to the model’s poor representation of the South Asian summer rainfall.
- Published
- 2018
144. Peak concentrations of ground-level ozone during the summer heat waves of 2010 and 2016 in the background region of the Kirov region of the Russian Federation
- Author
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Evgeniy Stepanov, Sergey Kotelnikov, Genady Ratushnyk, and Inna Bogun
- Subjects
Ground Level Ozone ,Summer heat ,Environmental science ,Russian federation ,Atmospheric sciences - Abstract
The analysis of continuous monitoring data on surface ozone concentrations during summer heat waves in July and August 2010 and 2016 in a low-urbanized region of European Russia, Kirov region is presented. The values of the maximum short-term (peak) recorded values, obtained at 20-minute, 1-hour and 8-hour averaging, were analyzed. Under close temperature conditions, the amplitudes and durations of peak ozone concentrations in 2016 significantly exceeded the values observed in 2010. One of the possible reasons for this difference may be associated with an increase in the concentration of ozone precursors in the region’s atmosphere.
- Published
- 2019
145. Projected increase in the spatial extent of contiguous US summer heat waves and associated attributes
- Author
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Radley M. Horton, Anthony G. Barnston, Ethan Coffel, and Bradfield Lyon
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education.field_of_study ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment ,Summer heat ,Population ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Climate change ,010501 environmental sciences ,Radiative forcing ,Heat wave ,Atmospheric sciences ,01 natural sciences ,Greenhouse gas ,Environmental science ,Climate model ,Spatial extent ,education ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,General Environmental Science - Abstract
The frequency, intensity and duration of heat waves are all expected to increase as the climate warms in response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations. The focus of this study is on another dimension of heat waves, their spatial extent, something that has not been studied systematically by researchers but has important implications for associated impacts. Of particular interest are spatially contiguous heat wave regions, examined here over the conterminous US for the May–September season in both the current climate and climate model projections from the CMIP5 archive (11 models total) using the RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 radiative forcing scenarios. Given their myriad impacts, heat waves are defined using multiple temperature variables, one which includes atmospheric moisture. In addition to their spatial extent, several other physical attributes are computed across contiguous heat wave regions, including a proxy for energy use. An estimate of the human population exposed to current and future heat waves is also evaluated. We find that historical climate model simulations, in aggregate, show good fidelity in capturing key characteristics of heat waves in the current climate while projections show a substantial increase in spatial extent and other attributes by mid-century under both scenarios, though generally less for RCP4.5, as expected. Overall, the study presents a framework for examining the behavior, and associated impacts, of a frequently overlooked aspect of heat waves. The projected increases in the spatial extent and other attributes of heat waves reported here provides a new perspective on some of the potential consequences of the continued increase in atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations.
- Published
- 2019
146. Anti-Fatigue Effects of Yogurt Fermented with Lactobacillus delbureckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 in Healthy People Suffering from Summer Heat Fatigue: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
- Author
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Jun Hemmi, Mari Kashiwagi, Yukio Asami, Kenichi Hojo, Seiya Makino, and Hiroshi Kano
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,0301 basic medicine ,summer heat ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hot Temperature ,Summer heat ,Placebo-controlled study ,lcsh:TX341-641 ,Anorexia ,Gastroenterology ,Article ,Body Mass Index ,anti-fatigue ,Double blind ,03 medical and health sciences ,yogurt ,stress ,Double-Blind Method ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Lactobacillus ,Internal medicine ,Dietary Carbohydrates ,Humans ,Medicine ,Ingestion ,Fatigue ,Lactobacillus delbrueckii ,Cross-Over Studies ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,business.industry ,food and beverages ,Middle Aged ,biology.organism_classification ,Dietary Fats ,Killer Cells, Natural ,Treatment Outcome ,030104 developmental biology ,Fermentation ,Dietary Proteins ,medicine.symptom ,business ,lcsh:Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus ,Food Science - Abstract
Fatigue caused by summer heat is a typical indefinite complaint along with anorexia, loss of sleep, stress, lack of motivation and, in some cases, catching a cold. Yogurt fermented with Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 has been shown to stimulate the immune system and reduce the risk of catching colds. Here, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled trial to investigate whether ingesting this yogurt could ameliorate summer heat fatigue in 49 healthy males (median age 40.0 ±, 6.0 years, 30&ndash, 49 years) who felt fatigued every summer. Fatigue was evaluated by visual analogue scales (VAS) and the balance of sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous systems. After 12 weeks of ingestion in early autumn, the VAS fatigue scores in the yogurt group were lower than those of the placebo group. These results indicate that yogurt fermented with L. bulgaricus OLL1073R-1 can ameliorate summer heat fatigue lasting up to early autumn.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
147. Summer Heat: Making a Consistent Health Impact
- Author
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Anil Kumar Agarwal, Shatkratu Dwivedi, and Ahirwar Ghanshyam
- Subjects
03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Geography ,business.industry ,Summer heat ,Environmental resource management ,Health impact ,030212 general & internal medicine ,General Medicine ,030223 otorhinolaryngology ,business ,Letter to Editor - Published
- 2018
148. Water Fights: Citizens Struggle to Shape a City in Central Texas
- Author
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Lauren Ross and Jeanine Sih
- Subjects
geography ,geography.geographical_feature_category ,Summer heat ,Aquifer ,Water quality ,Archaeology ,Natural (archaeology) ,Urban runoff ,Human habitation - Abstract
Barton Springs is created where part of the Edwards Aquifer discharges its accumulated flow into a natural, 944-foot long swimming pool. The use and enjoyment of Barton Springs predate the use of air conditioners. Artifacts collected from its banks indicate that the Springs has been a refuge from summer heat as long as human habitation in Central Texas. The Edwards Limestone is what remains of several thousand feet of mostly calcium carbonate materials deposited when shallow, warm seas covered Texas. More than 20 years ago, Austin citizens began to be concerned about the effects of changes in the landscape on Barton Springs. City staff started monitoring the quality of creek water and urban runoff. Research in the Austin area supported results of similar studies across the country. Save Our Springs (SOS) fears were realized when the City Council ratified the final "composite" water quality ordinance for the Barton Springs Zone on 17 October 1991.
- Published
- 2018
149. Characteristics of Nocturnal Urban Heat Island of Iaşi During a Summer Heat Wave (1-6 of August 2017)
- Author
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P. ICHIM, L. SFÎCĂ, A. KADHIM-ABID, A. URSU, and V. JITARIU
- Subjects
Summer heat ,Environmental science ,UHI ,thermal inversions ,lcsh:Meteorology. Climatology ,lcsh:QC851-999 ,Nocturnal ,Urban heat island ,Atmospheric sciences ,field observations ,heat waves - Abstract
This paper aims to investigate in details the specific of the nocturnal urban heat island in Iaşi city area during a particular heat wave in summer time. For this, we have conducted a series of expeditionary measurements on air temperature for the interval between 1 and 6 of August 2017 which was charaterized by excessive heat conditions. Air temperature measurements were made around midnight time and were performed along westeast transects crossing the city.The main results show an intensity of 3-4°C for the nocturnal urban heat island of Iaşi during heat wave condition. Beside this, the structure of the urban heat island was also influenced by the atmospheric stability which enhanced the occurence thermal inversion phenomena. In these conditions more dense cold air descends on the rivers valleys generating strong cooling of 4.0-5.0°C in low area of the city comparatively to the city center.
- Published
- 2018
150. Resilience of three indigenous goat breeds to heat stress based on phenotypic traits and PBMC HSP70 expression
- Author
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Veerasamy Sejian, Madiajagan Bagath, Joy Aleena, Govindan Krishnan, R. Bhatta, and V. Beena
- Subjects
Atmospheric Science ,Hot Temperature ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,Summer heat ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Biology ,Heat Stress Disorders ,01 natural sciences ,Random Allocation ,Animal science ,Expression pattern ,Animals ,HSP70 Heat-Shock Proteins ,Water intake ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,Hsp70 expression ,Ecology ,Goats ,0402 animal and dairy science ,04 agricultural and veterinary sciences ,Phenotypic trait ,040201 dairy & animal science ,Heat stress ,Phenotype ,Leukocytes, Mononuclear ,Female ,Analysis of variance ,Drinking frequency - Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the influence of summer heat stress on physiological and behavioral responses of Osmanabadi, Salem Black, and Malabari goats. The study also evaluated the differences in heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) expression pattern between these breeds. The study was conducted over 45 days during summer (April–May) using 36 1-year-old female goats by randomly allocating them into six groups with six animals in each group: Osmanabadi control (Osmanabadi CON), Osmanabadi heat stress (Osmanabadi HS), Malabari control (Malabari CON), Malabari heat stress (Malabari HS), Salem Black control (Salem Black CON), and Salem Black heat stress (Salem Black HS). The Osmanabadi CON, Malabari CON, and Salem Black CON animals were housed in a shed while the Osmanabadi HS, Malabari HS, and Salem Black HS groups were subjected to heat stress by exposing them to outside environment between 1000 and 1600 h during the experimental period. All 36 animals were provided with ad libitum feed and water. The data generated were analyzed by general linear model (GLM) repeated measurement analysis of variance. Results indicated that the drinking frequency (DF) was higher (p
- Published
- 2018
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