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Sulfur dioxide (SO2)-generating pads associated with perforated plastic liners are often used to control gray mold in table grapes during cold storage; however, SO2 may cause bleaching, shattered berries, and an unwanted taste. To overcome this difficulty, a field ultrafast SO2-generating pad was designed to be used for a few hours before packaging grape bunches as an alternative for eradicating spores of fungi from berry skin. This study aimed to assess the postharvest conservation and shelf life of 'Italia' table grapes packaged in plastic clamshells and perforated plastic liners using the field ultra-fast SO2-generating pads before packaging, associated with or without slow- or dual-phase SO2-generating pads during cold storage. The packaged grapes were cold stored (1.0 ± 1.0 °C; 95% relative humidity), and after 45 d, grapes were placed at room temperature (22.0 ± 1.0 °C) without plastic liners and SO2-generating pads for 3 d. Before and after the grapes had been subjected to the field ultra-fast SO2-generating pads, the quantification of filamentous fungi on the surface of the berries was assessed. The use of field ultra-fast SO2-generating pads before packaging, associated with slow- or dual-phase SO2-generating pads during cold storage, resulted in a lower incidence of gray mold after 45 d of storage, with low weight loss and shattered berries, good preservation of stem freshness, and no impairment in the color and firmness of the berries. Additionally, a significant decrease in disease incidence was observed when using only the dual-phase SO2-generating pads in cold storage, with good maintenance of bunch quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Phosphogypsum (PG) severely pollutes the environment and is difficult to recycle. PG is primarily composed of CaSO4 · 2H2O. In this study, the characteristics of SO2 released from the solid–solid reaction between calcium sulphide (CaS) and CaSO4 were thoroughly investigated using thermodynamic calculations. Experiments were performed by tuning the molar ratio of CaS to CaSO4, reaction atmosphere (S, CH4, N2, and air), and the heating rate. As shown by the phase diagram, high reaction temperatures favour CaO stability, and the corresponding maximum SO2 equilibrium partial pressure increases. The total SO2 production significantly increased with increasing molar ratio and slightly increased when the ratio exceeded 1:3. The SO2 productions were ranked from highest to lowest as follows: S, CH4, N2, CO, and air. The total SO2 production decreased with increasing heating rate. For the reaction between CaS and CaSO4, a higher molar ratio of CaS to CaSO4 no less than 1:3, both S and CH4 reductive atmospheres, and a lower heating rate (2°C/min) favour the total SO2 emission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deactivation of catalyst for the oxidation of carbon monoxide in the impurity gases such as CO2, SO2, and NOx are common issues in practical use. In this work, Cu–Mn–Ce composite oxide catalysts (CMCO) were coupled with K2CO3 (KC) to inhibit the poisoning effect of these gases. The CMCO/KC composite catalysts, prepared by multi-step impregnation method, were tested for CO catalytic oxidation and CO2 chemical absorption in the presence of SO2 (0.004% and 0.04%) or NO2 (0.0025% and 0.025%), and further characterized by XRD and XPS. The results showed that CMCO/KC could catalyze CO efficiently at low temperatures, and proper K2CO3 addition (10–50 wt%) could even promote CMCO catalytic activity owing to the CO2 sorption. Among them, CMCO/50KC showed the highest CO catalytic performance with the T50 of 114.5 °C. More importantly, K2CO3 doping treatment could reduce or eliminate the catalyst deactivation caused by SO2 and NO2, due to the competitive sorption reaction of the alkali toward the acid gases. Further regeneration experiments revealed that CMCO/KC also had fine regeneration activity and stability for CO/CO2 removal. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work was to evaluate the efficiency of essential oil from orange peel in the refrigerated conservation of the ‘Benitaka’ table grape, as well as to evaluate its in vitro effectiveness on Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold. Grapes were harvested from a commercial field in the municipality of Cambira, Paraná, during the 2022 and 2023 seasons. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and five replications of five bunches per plot. The treatments were: a) control; b) essential oil from orange peel at 4.0 mL of the commercial product (c.p.) L-1; c) dual phase SO2-generating pads containing 1 and 4 g of the active ingredient (a.i.) in the fast and slow phases, respectively; and d) essential oil from orange peel at 4.0 mL c.p. L-1 associated with the dual phase SO2-generating pads containing 1 and 4 g of the a.i. in the fast and slow phases, respectively. A commercial product containing 61.14 g L-1 (6% w/v) of 4-isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexane, the source of orange essential oil, was applied by spraying it directly onto the bunches. After drying, the grape bunches were stored in a refrigerated chamber at 1.0±1°C and 95% relative humidity. The following variables were assessed 30 and 45 days after the beginning of cold storage: the incidence of gray mold on berries, loss of bunch mass, stem browning, shattered berries, and bleaching. The minimum inhibitory concentration for the development of B. cinerea was determined, and fungal mycelia were observed using scanning electron microscopy to evaluate the in vitro efficacy of orange essential oil. The data were subjected to analysis of variance, and the means were compared using Fisher's difference test at 5% probability. The effectiveness of orange essential oil in suppressing the development of B. cinerea was demonstrated both in vivo and in vitro, making it a safe alternative for the postharvest conservation of 'Benitaka' table grapes.

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the most used additives in wine industry for its antioxidant and antimicrobial activity. However, due to health concerns, consumers’ demand of wines with either reduced or totally replaced SO2 has increased. This study aimed to assess the effect of partial and total replacement of SO2 with a vine-shoots extract rich in stilbenes in rosé (cv. Sangiovese) and red (cv. Negramaro) wines respectively. Color as well as phenolic, volatile, and sensory profiles of wines were evaluated at bottling and during storage.The results showed that the vine-shoots extract increased the levels of trans-resveratrol, catechin, and gallic acid in wines. Moreover, the positive correlation of procyanidin dimers in red wine suggested an increase of the polymerization reactions. The amount of added extract probably provided lower antimicrobial protection compared to SO2, as indicated by the higher levels of ethyl phenol. The decrease of individual anthocyanins and oxidation aldehydes observed in wines with SO2 replacement and the higher levels of caftaric acid in the rosé wine with the extract suggested a shift of the oxidative protection, with a lower protection towards anthocyanin degradation and higher protection towards carbonyl formation and oxidation of readily oxidizable phenolic acids.

Background: Endogenous sulfur dioxide (SO2) plays a crucial role in protecting heart from myocardial fibrosis by inhibiting the excessive growth of cardiac fibroblasts. This study aimed to investigate potential mechanisms by which SO2 suppressed myocardial fibrosis. Methods and results: Mouse model of angiotensin II (Ang II)-induced cardiac fibrosis and cell model of Ang II-stimulated cardiac fibroblast proliferation were employed. Our findings discovered that SO2 mitigated the aberrant phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) induced by Ang II, leading to a reduction of fibroblast proliferation. Mechanistically, for the first time, we found that SO2 sulfenylated ERK1/2, and inhibited ERK1/2 phosphorylation and cardiac fibroblast proliferation, while a sulfhydryl reducing agent dithiothreitol (DTT) reversed the above effects of SO2. Furthermore, mutant ERK1C183S (cysteine 183 to serine) abolished the sulfenylation of ERK by SO2, thereby preventing the inhibitory effects of SO2 on ERK1 phosphorylation and cardiac fibroblast proliferation. Conclusion: Our study suggested that SO2 inhibited cardiac fibroblast proliferation by sulfenylating ERK1/2 and subsequently suppressing ERK1/2 phosphorylation. These new findings might enhance the understanding of the mechanisms underlying myocardial fibrosis and emphasize the potential of SO2 as a novel therapeutic target for myocardial fibrosis.

Abstract Exploring the Venusian lower atmosphere is crucial for studying the atmospheric circulation, surface‐atmosphere interactions, and origin and evolution of the Venusian atmosphere and climate. In this study, we investigate the theoretical capabilities of a downward‐looking passive microwave sounder placed in low Venus orbit to measure the temperature, sulfur dioxide (SO2) and gaseous sulfuric acid (H2SO4(g)) profiles. A nonlinear iterative retrieval algorithm combining a radiative transfer (RT) model and an optimal‐estimation‐based inversion algorithm is established. With the RT model adapted to the Venusian atmosphere, simulations under different atmospheric conditions are performed to optimize the selection of frequency channels. The achievable altitude coverage, vertical resolution and corresponding expected precision of the temperature, SO2 and H2SO4(g) retrievals from the multi‐channel brightness temperature measurements are quantified via retrieval simulations. The temperature can be retrieved from the surface of Venus to an altitude of ∼61 km with a precision of 1–3.5 K and a vertical resolution of 6–15 km. A precision of 10%–35% is expected for SO2 in the ∼12–64 km altitude range and with a vertical resolution of 8–19 km. H2SO4(g) can be retrieved in the ∼36–54 km altitude range with a precision of 10%–30% and a vertical resolution of 6–13 km.

Abstract A novel catalytic system for radical cross‐coupling reactions based on copper and chiral Pyridyl‐bis(imidazole) (PyBim) ligands is described. It overcomes the challenges of chemoselectivity and enantioselectivity, achieving a highly enantioselective vicinal sulfonyl‐esterification reaction of alkenes involving sulfur dioxide. This strategy involves the use of earth‐abundant metal catalyst, mild reaction conditions, a broad range of substrates (84 examples), high yields (up to 97% yield), and exceptional control over enantioselectivity. The reaction system is compatible with different types of radical precursors, including O‐acylhydroxylamines, cycloketone oxime esters, aryldiazonium salts, and drug molecules. Chiral ligand PyBim is identified as particularly effective in achieving the desired high enantioselectivity. Mechanistic studies reveal that copper/PyBim system plays a vital role in C─O coupling, employing an outer‐sphere model. In addition, the side arm effect of ligand is observed.

Charge-displacement (CD) analysis has recently proven to be a simple and powerful scheme for quantitatively analyzing the profile the charge redistribution occurring upon intermolecular interactions along a given interaction axis. However, when two molecular fragments bind through complex interactions involving multiple concurrent charge flows, ordinary CD analysis is capable of providing only an averaged picture of the related charge-flow profiles and no detailed information on each of them. In this article, we combine CD analysis with a Hirshfeld partitioning of the molecular charge redistribution for a local analysis on focused portions of the molecule, allowing for a detailed characterization of one charge flow at a time. The resulting scheme—the local charge-displacement (LCD) analysis—is tested on the intriguing case of the dimethyl sulfide–sulfur dioxide complex, characterized by concurrent charge flows relating to a sulfur–sulfur homochalcogen interaction and a pair of hydrogen bonds. The LCD scheme is then applied to the analysis of multiple hydrogen bonding in the acetic acid dimer, of base-pairing interactions in DNA, and of ambifunctional hydrogen bonding in the ammonia–pyridine complex. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diamine-appended Mg2(dobpdc) (dobpdc4- = 4,4'-dioxidobiphenyl-3,3'-dicarboxylate) metal-organic frameworks are a promising class of CO2 adsorbents, although their stability to SO2─a trace component of industrially relevant exhaust streams─remains largely untested. Here, we investigate the impact of SO2 on the stability and CO2 capture performance of dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) (dmpn = 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-propanediamine), a candidate material for carbon capture from coal flue gas. Using SO2 breakthrough experiments and CO2 isobar measurements, we find that the material retains 91% of its CO2 capacity after saturation with a wet simulated flue gas containing representative levels of CO2 and SO2, highlighting the robustness of this framework to SO2 under realistic CO2 capture conditions. Initial SO2 cycling experiments suggest dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc) may achieve a stable operating capacity in the presence of SO2 after initial passivation. Evaluation of several other diamine-Mg2(dobpdc) variants reveals that those with primary,primary (1°,1°) diamines, including dmpn-Mg2(dobpdc), are more robust to humid SO2 than those featuring primary,secondary (1°,2°) or primary,tertiary (1°,3°) diamines. Based on the solid-state 15N NMR spectra and density functional theory calculations, we find that under humid conditions, SO2 reacts with the metal-bound primary amine in 1°,2° and 1°,3° diamine-appended Mg2(dobpdc) to form a metal-bound bisulfite species that is charge balanced by a primary ammonium cation, thereby facilitating material degradation. In contrast, humid SO2 reacts with the free end of 1°,1° diamines to form ammonium bisulfite, leaving the metal-diamine bond intact. This structure-property relationship can be used to guide further optimization of these materials for CO2 capture applications.

The sulfate anion radical (SO4•-) is a reactive oxidant formed in the autoxidation chain of sulfur dioxide, among other sources. Recently, new formation pathways toward SO4•- and other reactive sulfur species have been reported. This work investigated the second-order rate coefficients for the aqueous SO4•- oxidation of the following important organic aerosol compounds (kSO4): 2-methyltetrol, 2-methyl-1,2,3-trihydroxy-4-sulfate, 2-methyl-1,2-dihydroxy-3-sulfate, 1,2-dihydroxyisoprene, 2-methyl-2,3-dihydroxy-1,4-dinitrate, 2-methyl-1,2,4-trihydroxy-3-nitrate, 2-methylglyceric acid, 2-methylglycerate, lactic acid, lactate, pyruvic acid, pyruvate. The rate coefficients of the unknowns were determined against that of a reference in pure water in a temperature range of 298-322 K. The decays of each reagent were measured with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and high-performance liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS). Incorporating additional SO4•- reactions into models may aid in the understanding of organosulfate formation, radical propagation, and aerosol mass sinks.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been applied widely in industrial production; however, a variety of stressors and inhibitors limit its application. Therefore, exploring the tolerance mechanism of S. cerevisiae to various environmental adverse factors and improving its tolerance by various methods such as genetic modification are crucial for improving the robustness and fermentation ability of S. cerevisiae in industrial production. This article reviews the tolerance mechanism of S. cerevisiae to osmotic pressure, ethanol, high temperature, organic acid, reactive oxygen species (ROS) and sulfur dioxide, analyzes tolerance genes related to environmental stress in S. cerevisiae and summarizes the current directions in research on the tolerance mechanism of S. cerevisiae. In the future, the molecular mechanism and functional network of strain adaptation to the environment will be studied by systems biology and genetic engineering technology, which will provide theoretical and practical guidance for improving the stress resistance and fermentation ability of S. cerevisiae in industrial production.

Abstract Auckland city (pop. 1.7 M) is Aotearoa New Zealand’s largest city and an important economic hub. The city is built upon the active intraplate basaltic Auckland Volcanic Field (AVF). An AVF eruption would cause considerable impacts. An important component of volcanic risk management is assessing the likely volcanic hazards to help inform emergency planning and other preparedness activities. Previous volcanic hazard assessments for the AVF, particularly those for emergency planning scenarios, have modeled multiple volcanic hazards including lava flows, pyroclastic density currents, ballistic projectiles and tephra fall. Despite volcanic gas being an important and impactful hazard from intraplate basaltic field eruptions, there has been limited consideration of volcanic gas in AVF hazard assessment to date. This project is one of the first to quantitatively assess potential volcanic gas hazards for an explosive eruption scenario. For basaltic volcanism, sulfur dioxide (SO2) gas is typically the most consequential volcanic gas emitted. The aim of this exploratory study was to model SO2 dispersion from a high impact eruption during weather conditions conducive to high ground level pollutant concentrations. Since ground level SO2 concentrations are influenced by complex wind patterns resulting from interactions of locally driven flow circulations and topographically influenced weather, we modeled SO2 dispersion using the HYSPLIT model, a state-of-the art hybrid Eulerian and Lagrangian dispersion model widely used for volcanic gases, using high-resolution meteorological forcing fields given by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Modeled air parcel trajectories and ground level SO2 concentrations illustrate the effect of the converging sea breeze winds on SO2 dispersion. Under worst-case dispersion conditions, extensive areas of up to hundreds of square kilometers to the north and northwest of the eruption location would exceed New Zealand short-term (24 h) air quality standards and guidelines for SO2, indicating heightened health risks to downwind communities. Using this numerical modeling approach, this work presents a methodology for future applications to other AVF eruption scenarios, with a wider range of meteorological conditions that can help in exploring consequences for health services such as anticipated emergency department respiratory admissions.

The air quality in the city of Bor in 2023 is analysed in this paper. In the period from May 1, 2022 until April 1, 2023 the copper smelter in Bor was not working due to reconstruction and capacity increase. The analyses show that in 2023, no exceeding of the daily limit value for SO2 , PM10, and soot concentrations was detected at any measuring point. During the reconstruction of the copper smelter, correlation coefficients (Pearson) at measurement point "Jugopetrol" between PM10 and the chemical elements Cd and As were moderate (0.6>r>0.4), while in the period before and after the reconstruction of the smelter, they were strong (0.8>r>0.6), and very strong (r>0.8). The results presented in the paper indicate that despite the reconstruction of the copper smelter, the problem of emission of high concentrations of carcinogenic elements in PM10 from the copper smelter is still present. It is necessary to urgently implement additional measures to reduce these emissions to the values provided by law.

Introduction: Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is one of the gases that can pollute the ambient air and cause respiratory irritation. This study aims to determine the characterization of health risk and risk management of sulfur dioxide (SO2) exposure to prevent health impact in the Tirtonirmolo community, Bantul. Methods: This study was a quantitative descriptive research with an Environmental Health Risk Analysis (EHRA) approach. The study subjects were the Tirtonirmolo community in Bantul, with a sample of 110 respondents. The sampling method uses purposive sampling. Results and Discussion: Most respondents are female (74%) with ages over 54 years (52%), and the majority work as housewives (44%). The description of EHRA variables consists of an inhalation rate of 0.83 m3/hour, exposure time of 22 hours/day, exposure frequency of 354 days/year, and exposure duration for real-time projections of 35 years and 30 years for lifetime projections. The SO2 measurement results did not exceed the national quality standard, with the highest concentration being on Madukismo Road, with a concentration of 11.72 μg/m3. The dose-response analysis uses data from the US-EPA, which is 0.026 mg/kg/day. The real-time average intake value is 0.0039 mg/kg/day, and the 30-year lifetime average intake value is 0.0033 mg/kg/day. Conclusion: All respondents from this study had an RQ value

BackgroundAffected by concentration, composition, and population tolerance of air pollutants, the relationship between air pollutants and population health has regional differences. There is still a research gap in Guiyang.ObjectiveTo explore the short-term effects of air pollutant concentrations in low-pollution areas on the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases.MethodsSpearman correlation analysis was used to evaluate the correlation between air pollutants, meteorological factors, and respiratory outpatient volume from January 1, 2013 to December 31, 2020 in Guiyang City. A single pollutant distribution lag nonlinear model and a multi-pollutant interaction model were established based on Poisson distribution. A three-dimensional diagram was drawn to display the relationship between air pollutants and respiratory outpatient volume. Quantitative analysis was conducted on the attribution risk and lag effect of air pollutant concentration on outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in Guiyang City.ResultsThe results of the single pollutant model showed that fine particulate matter (PM2.5), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), carbon monoxide (CO), and sulfur dioxide (SO2) elevated the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. The maximum relative risk (RR) and 95%CI values of PM2.5, NO2,CO, and SO2 appeared on Day 2, 0, 5, and 6, respectively, which were 1.019 (1.015, 1.023), 1.146 (1.122, 1.171), 1.129 (1.116, 1.143), and 1.046(1.040, 1.052), respectively. For every quartile concentration increment of PM2.5, NO2, CO, or SO2, the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases increased by 0.943% (0.111%, 1.782%), 4.050% (3.573%, 4.529%), 0.595% (0.317%, 0.874%), or 0.667% (0.235%, 1.100%), respectively. The maximum RR (95%CI) of O3 was 1.015 (1.007, 1.023) and appeared on Day 0. The results of multi-pollutant model showed that PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2, and O3 all elevated the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases. The maximum RR values of PM2.5, NO2, CO, SO2 and O3 appeared on Day 14, 0, 5, 7 and 0, respectively, which were 1.027 (1.021, 1.034), 1.213 (1.179, 1.248), 1.059 (1.043, 1.074), 1.016 (1.005, 1.026), and 1.024 (1.015, 1.033), respectively. Compared with the single pollutant model, the RR values of PM2.5, NO2, and O3 on the outpatient volume of respiratory diseases in the multi-pollutant model showed an upward trend, while the RR values of CO and SO2 in the multi-pollutant model showed a downward trend.ConclusionThe impact of low concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, CO, and SO2 on human health cannot be ignored.

The temperature dependencies of physical and chemical properties (viscosity, density, electrical conductivity) and the melting temperature of 1M solutions of lithium salts (LiClO4 and LiBF4) in the mixture of sulfolane and sulfurous anhydride (∼1M) were studied. It was shown that the introduction of 1M (5% wt.) of sulfurous anhydride into 1M solutions of LiClO4 and LiBF4 in sulfolane increased the specific and corrected electrical conductivity, densities, activation energy of electrical conductivity and viscous flow of electrolyte solutions; and reduced viscosity and melting temperatures.

The SO2-generating pads contain different concentrations of sodium metabisulfite, which absorbs water from the grapes’ transpiration, releasing SO2 gas, and there are slow-(SlowSO2) and dual (DualSO2)-releasing pads (fast release in the first 48 h and slow for up to 60 days). The ultra-fast SO2-generating pad (FieldSO2) releases the SO2 quickly for up to 6 h, and it was designed to be used soon after the harvest and until the grapes’ packaging. The goal was to study the effect of FieldSO2 associated with SlowSO2 and DualSO2 pads on gray mold incidence and physicochemical and appearance characteristics of ‘Italia’ table grapes. Grapes were harvested from a commercial vineyard in Parana, Brazil, in 2020 and 2021, and packaged in cardboard boxes, and the treatments were as follows: control (without SO2-generating pads); FieldSO2 + SlowSO2; and FieldSO2 + DualSO2. After 30, 45, 60, 75, and 90 days of cold storage (1 ± 1 °C), the grapes were assessed for gray mold incidence, mass loss, shattered berries, stem browning, and filamentous fungi on the surface. The use of FieldSO2 associated with SO2-generating pads is effective in controlling gray mold on ‘Italia’ table grapes, especially the treatment FieldSO2 + DualSO2, which provides the lowest incidence of the disease up to 90 days of cold storage, while the combination with SlowSO2 results in intermediate efficacy. Treatments combining these SO2-generating pads extend the postharvest shelf life of ‘Italia’ grapes, with few shattered berries, low mass loss and freshness of the rachis without impairing the bunch’s appearance.

This article presents the results of the automatic monitoring of the concentrations of gaseous impurities of sulfur and nitrogen oxides in the ground-level atmosphere of the urban and rural areas in the Southern Baikal region (East Siberia, Russia). The study was conducted from 2020 to 2023 at the urban Irkutsk station and the rural Listvyanka station located at a distance of 70 km from each other. We calculated the main statistical characteristics of the variations in the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide in the ground-level atmosphere and determined a nature of variability in their concentrations on various time scales: annual, weekly, and daily. Annual variabilities of gaseous pollutants in the ground-level atmosphere above the Irkutsk city and the Listvyanka settlement were similar and showed the highest values in winter and the lowest in summer. The daily and weekly dynamics of the nitrogen oxide concentrations in the urban area clearly depended on the increase in the road traffic during rush hours (morning and evening). In the rural area, there was no such dependence. In this area, the daily and weekly variability in the concentrations of nitrogen oxides and sulfur dioxide mainly depended on natural meteorological processes. The work systematizes the meteorological parameters at which the largest amount of anthropogenic impurities enters the air basin of Lake Baikal. The maximum values of acid-forming gas concentrations were observed when the air masses were transferred from the northwest direction, which corresponds to the location of sources in the territory of the Irkutsk–Cheremkhovo industrial hub—the largest concentration of anthropogenic objects in the Irkutsk region.

Objective To determine the content of sulfur dioxide (SO2) in lycium barbarum in farmland and supermarkets and its risk difference to consumers. Methods The sulfur dioxide content was determined by atomic fluorescence spectrophotometer based on the principle that sulfite, ammonium salt and phthalalde-hyde formed fluorescent substances under neutral or weakly acidic conditions. Hazard quotient method was used to calculate the possible health risks of SO2 in lycium barbarum. Results Sulfur dioxide was detected in 43. 75% and 80.00% of the samples from farmland and supermarkets, respectively, but the content of all samples were lower than the standard of the 2020 edition of the Chinese Pharmacopoeia. The content of sulfur dioxide in lycium barbarum from two sources was significantly different (P<0.05). The average health risk of SO₂ from lycium barbarum in farmland and supermarket were 1. 86×10-4 and 1.06×10-3 respectively, with no significant health risk to consumers. Conclusion There are significant differences in the content of sulfur dioxide between farmland and supermarket, and the health risks caused by SO2 are also different, but the content and risk value of SO2 are acceptable in general. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfonyl groups are widely observed in biologically relevant molecules and consequently, SO2 capture is an increasingly attractive method to prepare these sulfonyl‐containing compounds given the range of SO2‐surrogates now available as alternatives to using the neat gas. This, along with the advent of photoredox catalysis, has enabled mild radical capture of SO2 to emerge as an effective route to sulfonyl compounds. Here we report a photoredox‐catalyzed cross‐electrophile sulfonylation of aryl and alkyl bromides making use of a previously under‐used amine‐SO2 surrogate; bis(piperidine) sulfur dioxide (PIPSO). A broad selection of alkyl and aryl bromides were photocatalytically converted to their corresponding sulfinates and then trapped with various electrophiles in a one‐pot multistep procedure to prepare sulfones and sulfonamides. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There have been many studies on surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensors for detecting sulfur-containing toxic or harmful gases. This paper aims to give an overview of the current state of polymer films used in SAW sensors for detecting deleterious gases. By covering most of the important polymer materials, the structures and types of polymers are summarized, and a variety of devices with different frequencies, such as delay lines and array sensors for detecting mustard gas, hydrogen sulfide, and sulfur dioxide, are introduced. The preparation method of polymer films, the sensitivity of the SAW gas sensor, the limit of detection, the influence of temperature and humidity, and the anti-interference ability are discussed in detail. The advantages and disadvantages of the films are analyzed, and the potential application of polymer films in the future is also forecasted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The formation of secondary sulfate in the atmosphere remains controversial, and it is an urgent need to seek a new method to quantify different sulfate formation pathways. Thus, SO 2 and PM 2.5 samples were collected from 4 to 22 December 2019 in the Nanjing region. Sulfur and oxygen isotopic compositions were synchronously measured to study the contribution of SO 2 homogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation to sulfate. Meanwhile, the correlation of δ18 O values between H 2 O and sulfate from SO 2 oxidation by H 2 O 2 and Fe 3+ / O 2 was simulatively investigated in the laboratory. Based on isotope mass equilibrium equations, the ratios of different SO 2 oxidation pathways were quantified. The results showed that secondary sulfate constituted higher than 80 % of total sulfate in PM 2.5 during the sampling period. Laboratory simulation experiments indicated that the δ18 O value of sulfate was linearly dependent on the δ18 O value of water, and the slopes of linear curves for SO 2 oxidation by H 2 O 2 and Fe 3+ / O 2 were 0.43 and 0.65, respectively. The secondary sulfate in PM 2.5 was mainly ascribed to SO 2 homogeneous oxidation by OH radicals and heterogeneous oxidation by H 2 O 2 and Fe 3+ / O 2. SO 2 heterogeneous oxidation was generally dominant during sulfate formation, and SO 2 oxidation by H 2 O 2 predominated in SO 2 heterogeneous oxidation reactions, with an average ratio around 54.6 %. This study provided an insight into precisely evaluating sulfate formation by combining stable sulfur and oxygen isotopes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The direct nickel‐catalyzed methylsulfonylation of alkyl and aryl halides using dimethyl sulfite as the sulfur dioxide surrogate as well as the source of methyl has been achieved. This protocol provides a robust method for the synthesis of methyl sulfone derivatives under microwave irradiation in moderate to excellent yields within 60 minutes and shows excellent functional group tolerance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Elucidating the effects of anthropogenic pollutants on the photooxidation of biogenic volatile organic compounds is crucial to understanding the fundamental mechanisms of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. Here, the impacts of NO 2 and SO 2 on SOA formation from the photooxidation of a representative monoterpene, β -pinene, were investigated by a number of laboratory studies. The results indicated NO 2 enhanced the SOA mass concentrations and particle number concentrations under both low and high β -pinene conditions. This could be rationalized that the increased O 3 concentrations upon the NO x photolysis was helpful for the generation of more amounts of O 3 -oxidized products, which accelerated the SOA nucleation and growth. Combing with NO 2 , the promotion of the SOA yield by SO 2 was mainly reflected in the increase of mass concentration, which might be due to the elimination of the newly formed particles by the initially formed particles. The observed low oxidation degree of SOA might be attributed to the fast growth of SOA, resulting in the uptake of less oxygenated gas-phase species onto the particle phase. The present findings have important implications for SOA formation affected by anthropogenic–biogenic interactions in the ambient atmosphere. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rapid industrialization and societal advancements have resulted in significant gaseous pollutants emissions, particularly sulfur dioxide (SO 2). This notorious pollutant poses a threat to ecosystems, contributes to acidic rain formation, and leads to the corrosion of equipment and infrastructure. To address these concerns, the catalytic conversion of sulfur dioxide to elemental sulfur, a benign and valuable product, has gained considerable attention. Despite numerous studies on this method, a lack of comprehensive knowledge regarding its benefits and drawbacks has hindered its widespread adoption and implementation. In this comprehensive review, we present a detailed analysis of the subject, encompassing various reductants employed, reduction mechanisms, catalyst types, methods for catalyst improvement, diverse operational conditions, lesser-explored aspects, and potential solutions for enhancing this technique. It is expected that examining the recent developments and fundamental evolutions that have taken place in this field leads to a full understanding of this technique and open the way for its development and implementation in the industry. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective The aims are to summarize the operation of new flue gas alkali desulfurization unit in 140 kt/a sulfur recovery unit, analyze the abnormal conditions during the operation of flue gas alkali desulfurization unit, and put forward corresponding countermeasures. Methods The operation of the alkali desulfurization unit was summarized, and the operation parameters and flue gas emission were analyzed. The flushing water was changed from industrial water to desalted water, and the pH value of lye was controlled stably, which solved the problem of rising pressure drop of flue gas alkali tower. The connecting pipeline between the alkali desulfurization tower and the circulating tank was reformed to solve the problem of liquid level fluctuation in the alkali desulfurization tower. By ensuring the supply of oxidized air, adjusting the pH value of alkali solution, and preventing the ammonia escape from the quench tower, the problem of excessive salinity wastewater was solved. Results The typical problems were solved in the operation of the flue gas alkaline desulfurization unit. This unit was put into run in July 2017 and operated stably until the overhaul in March 2022, with a continuous operation time of more than 1 700 days. ConclusionsThe long-term stable operation of the unit is realized, and the sulfur dioxide emission in the flue gas is up to the standard, which is far lower than the requirement of the emission standard. It can provide reference for similar devices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ObjectiveThe aim is to remove the SO2 impurities in the alkylated C4 as the raw material of the mixed dehydrogenation device and control the SO2 volume fraction less than 1×10-6. Methods The liquid-phase high-precision adsorption desulfurization process was used to achieve continuous operation by adsorption regeneration. When the raw material was saturated by removing SO2 with adsorption, the adsorption capacity of SO2 adsorbent could be restored by means of nitrogen cycle replacement, heating stripping and air regeneration in the process, and put into production again to ensure the safe, stable and long-term operation of the unit. ResultThe SO2 volume fraction in alkylated C4 could be removed from 30×10-6-400×10-6 to less than 1×10-6 by adopting the liquid-phase high-precision adsorption desulfurization process. ConclusionsThe adsorbent and process flow of the adsorption desulfurization process were optimized and adjusted, which shortened the regeneration time of the adsorbent and ensured the continuous operation of the device industrialization. At the same time, the liquid phase high-precision adsorption desulfurization process is simple to operate, which has low energy consumption and safety risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To examine the associations between daily variations of coarse Particulate Matter(PM10) and/or sulfur dioxide(SO2) and mortality. The Poisson Generalized Linear Model(GLM) was employed to analyze the relationship between ambient air pollutants such as PM10 and SO2 and mortality. For each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM10, the overall mortality risk was found to be 1.022-fold high on the previous-eighth-day(lag 7) (RR, 95%CI:1.002–1.042) in the unadjusted model; 1.031-fold high in men (RR, 95%CI:1.005–1.058); 1.024-fold high in those aged 65 and over (RR, 95%CI:1.001–1.048). Also, the risk of death in men was 1.028-fold high in the model adjusted on the previous- eighth-day(lag 7) (RR, 95%CI:1.002–1.055). Mortality risk was found to be 1.088-fold high in 10 μg/m3 increase in SO2 under 65 years in males in the previous-third-day(lag 2) in the unadjusted model, and the risk of death was found to be 1.086-fold (RR, 95%CI:1.007–1.164) high in males in the adjusted model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Cryobacterium spp. are Gram-positive bacteria that inhabit diverse geographical locations, particularly extremely cold environments like the Polar Regions. However, strategies that enable them to survive in harsh Antarctic environments are not fully understood. In this study, we conducted a comparative genomic analysis of the Antarctic Cryobacterium sp. SO2 as well as other members of the Cryobacterium genus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that strain SO2 formed a distinct cluster with the validly described species: C. adonitolivorans, C. lactosi, C. soli, C. arcticum, and C. zongtaii. Comparative analysis based on ANI and AAI indicated that strain SO2 is a novel species. Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU) of Cryobacterium species exhibits a bias towards codon ending with G/C. The genomes of all strains harbored numerous genes associated with environmental-associated stress responses, including oxidative stress response, general stress response, heat-stress response, cold-stress response, cell envelope alteration, and osmotic stress response. Strain SO2 and related strains possess genes involved in breaking down and utilization of both plant and animal carbohydrate-containing materials. KEGG annotation indicated that strain SO2 and related species shared almost the same genes for the metabolism of trehalose (TreS, partial TPS/TPP, and TreY-TreZ pathway) and glycogen (classical and non-classical pathway). The results from this work helped us to better understand the genomic characteristics of Cryobacterium spp. in terms of genomic diversity and adaptation strategies, which may have significant implications for biotechnology and climate change research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The comprehensive recovery of copper and arsenic from black copper slime by oxidation leaching method was studied. The effects of acidity, hydrogen peroxide content, temperature, leaching time and liquid volume to solid mass ratio on the leaching rate of copper and arsenic were investigated. The results show that under the conditions of acidity of 200 g/L, hydrogen peroxide content of 30%, temperature of 80 °C bleaching time of 2. 0 h, liquid volume to solid mass ratio of 9 : 1, the leaching rates of copper and arsenic can reach 99. 53% and 98. 24 %, respectively. After oxidative acid leaching, sodium hydrosulfide is added into the solution at the rate of n(NaHS)/n(Cu) = 1. 1 to precipitate copper. The mass concentration of copper in the solution after copper and arsenic separation is lower than 0. 01 g/L, and the mass concentration of arsenic is greater than 40 g/L. The copper and arsenic are effectively separated. Arsenic-rich liquid can be reduced with sulfur dioxide, and arsenic trioxide and reduced liquid can be returned to the oxidation leaching process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur dioxide (SO2) fumigation was evaluated for efficacy against western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) and phytotoxicity to four select fresh fruits and vegetables. Western flower thrips were found to be very susceptible to SO2 fumigation. Fumigations with 0.3 and 0.5% SO2 for 60 and 30 min, respectively, at a low temperature of 5 °C achieved 100% thrips mortality. Broccoli, bell peppers, apples, and navel oranges with thrips were subjected to 30 min fumigation with 0.3–0.5% SO2 to verify efficacy and determine potential phytotoxicity. The fumigation resulted in complete control of thrips. Its effects on visual quality of fresh produce varied. The fumigation caused severe discoloration of broccoli. However, the treatment did not have significant effects on the color of other products. No negative impact on visual appearance of bell peppers and navel oranges was observed. However, it caused darkened lenticels on green apples and, therefore, may potentially degrade apple postharvest quality. The lack of phytotoxicity of SO2 fumigation is likely due to well-developed wax layers on those fresh products. The results of the study suggest that SO2 fumigation has good potential to be used safely and effectively against sensitive pests on select fresh fruit and vegetables including peppers and citrus fruits. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the results of a comprehensive experiment conducted in September 2020, the spatial distribution of the following trace gases over the seas of the Russian Arctic are analyzed: carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxide and dioxide (NO and NO2), and sulfur dioxide (SO2). It is shown that the gas concentrations in the surface air layer over the seas (at an altitude of 200 m) vary in the range 18–36 ppb for O3, 60–130 ppb for CO, 0.005–0.12 ppb for NO, 0.10–1.00 ppb for NO2, and 0.06–0.80 ppb for SO2. The distribution of the gases over the water area is heterogeneous over most seas, which most likely reflects differences in their uptake by the ocean and peculiarities of transport from the continent. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple isotopic relations between the energy levels of 32S16O2, 33S16O2, and 34S16O2 isotopologues and of other isotopic variants are applied to calculations of vibrational-rotational energy levels. To estimate the accuracy of these isotopic relations, we calculated line centers in the microwave spectrum of 36S16O2 isotopologue and compared them with measured ones. The comparison shows their quite satisfactory agreement at a level of 10−4 cm−1. Vibrational-rotational energy levels of sulfur dioxide isotopologues XS16O2, X = 35–38, are presented for five lower vibrational states up to J = 9. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The core ionization energies of second‐ and third‐period elements of the molecules C2H5NO2, SiF4, Si(CH3)4, PF3, POF3, PSF3, CS2, OCS, SO2, SO2F2, CH3Cl, CFCl3, SF5Cl, and Cl3PS are calculated by using Hartree‐Fock (HF), and Kohn‐Sham (KS) with BH&HLYP, B3LYP, and LC‐BOP functionals. We used ΔSCF, Slater's transition state (STS), and two previously proposed shifted STS (1) and shifted STS (2) methods, which have been developed. The errors of ΔSCF and STS come mainly from the self‐interaction errors (SIE) and can be corrected with a shifting scheme. In this study, we used the shifting parameters determined for each atom. The shifted STS (1) reproduces ΔSCF almost perfectly with mean absolute deviations (MAD) of 0.02 eV. While ΔSCF and STS vary significantly depending on the functional used, the variation of shifted STS (2) is small, and all shifted STS (2) values are close to the observed ones. The deviations of the shifted STS (2) from the experiment are 0.24 eV (BH&HLYP), 0.19 eV (B3LYP), and 0.23 eV (LC‐BOP). These results further support the use of shifted STS methods for predicting the core ionization energies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This ecological study examined the individual and joint impacts of natural–human factors on the spatial patterns of maternal and child health status in China at the provincial scale in 2020. We considered natural factors (forest coverage, average temperature, and total sulfur dioxide and particulate matter emissions) and human factors (economic development, urbanization, healthcare access, and education level). We combined maternal, infant, and under-five mortality rates into a composite maternal and child health index using the entropy method. The spatial autocorrelation analysis of this index highlighted distinct health patterns across provinces, whereas the geodetector method assessed the effects of natural–human factors on the patterns. A notable east–central–west stepwise decline in health status was observed. Global Moran's I showed positive spatial clustering, with high–high clustering areas in the Yangtze River Delta and low–low clustering areas in western regions. Factor detection identified eight significant natural–human factors impacting maternal and child health, with total sulfur dioxide emission density having the greatest impact. The interaction between average schooling years and total sulfur dioxide emission notably affected maternal and child health patterns. The study concludes that natural–human factors critically affect the spatial distribution of maternal and child health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A biodegradable polymer packaging system for 'Benitaka' table grapes (Vitis vinifera L.) was developed to inhibit the development of gray mold during refrigerated storage. The system consisted of packages and sachets containing Na2S2O5 to release sulfur dioxide (SO2), both produced with biodegradable films of starch, glycerol, and poly (adipate co-butylene terephthalate) (PBAT) produced via blown extrusion. The films were characterized in terms of thickness, density, mass loss in water, water vapor permeability, sorption isotherms, and mechanical properties. The table grapes were packed with biodegradable plastic bags containing SO2-releasing sachets inside. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four repetitions and five treatments: (a) control, without sachet containing Na2S2O5 and SiO2; (b) 2 g of Na2S2O5 + 2 g of SiO2; (c) 4 g of Na2S2O5 + 1 g of SiO2; (d) 4 g of Na2S2O5 + 2 g of SiO2; and (e) 4 g of Na2S2O5 + 4 g of SiO2. The bunches were stored in a refrigerated chamber at 1 ± 1 °C and relative humidity above 90%. The treatments were evaluated 30 and 45 days after the beginning of refrigerated storage and 3 days at room temperature. The grapes were evaluated based on the incidence of gray mold, mass loss, stem browning, shattered berries, and berry bleaching. The data were subjected to the analysis of variance, and the means were compared using Tukey's test at 5%. The biodegradable films had good processability during the production via blown extrusion, with good physical properties to be used in the packaging of grapes and the production of SO2-releasing sachets. The biodegradable polymer packaging system (biodegradable plastic bags + SO2-releasing sachets) inhibited the development of gray mold on 'Benitaka' table grapes for 45 days at 1 °C, preserving their quality, with low mass loss, few shattered berries, and rachis freshness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur dioxide (SO 2), long considered to be a harmful atmospheric pollutant, has recently been posited as the fourth gasotransmitter, as it is produced endogenously in mammals and has important pathophysiological effects. The field of tumor therapy has witnessed a paradigm shift with the emergence of SO 2 -based gas therapy. This has been possible because SO 2 is a potent glutathione consumer that can promote the production of reactive oxygen species, eventually leading to oxidative-stress-induced cancer cell death. Nevertheless, this therapeutic gas cannot be directly administrated in gaseous form. Thus, various nano formulations incorporating SO 2 donors or prodrugs capable of storing and releasing SO 2 have been developed in an attempt to achieve active/passive intratumoral accumulation and SO 2 release in the tumor microenvironment. In this review article, the advances over the past decade in nanoplatforms incorporating sulfur SO 2 prodrugs to provide controlled release of SO 2 for cancer therapy are summarized. We first describe the synthesis of polypeptide SO 2 prodrugs to overcome multiple drug resistance that was pioneered by our group, followed by other macromolecular SO 2 prodrug structures that self-assemble into nanoparticles for tumor therapy. Second, we describe nanoplatforms composed of various small-molecule SO 2 donors with endogenous or exogenous stimuli responsiveness, including thiol activated, acid-sensitive, and ultraviolet or near-infrared light-responsive SO 2 donors, which have been used for tumor inhibition. Combinations of SO 2 gas therapy with photodynamic therapy, chemotherapy, photothermal therapy, sonodynamic therapy, and nanocatalytic tumor therapy are also presented. Finally, we discuss the current limitations and challenges and the future outlook for SO 2 -based gas therapy. Gas therapy is attracting increasing attention in the scientific community because it is a highly promising strategy against cancer owing to its inherent biosafety and avoidance of drug resistance. Sulfur dioxide (SO 2) is recently found to be produced endogenously in mammals with important pathophysiological effects. This review summarizes recent advances in SO 2 releasing nanosystems for cancer therapy, including polymeric prodrugs, endogenous or exogenous stimulus-activated SO 2 donors delivered by nanoplatform and combination therapy strategies. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the problems that most seriously affects oenology today is enzymatic browning, especially when grapes are infected by grey rot. We studied the capacity of glutathione (GSH) and a specific inactivated dry yeast rich in glutathione (IDY-GSH) to protect white grape must from browning compared to that of sulphur dioxide (SO2). The results indicate that SO2 drastically reduces the oxygen consumption rate (by around 72%), protects hydroxycinnamic acids from oxidation and prevents grape must against browning even in the presence of laccase. Specifically, the presence of SO2 reduced the colour's blue–yellow component (b*) by around 91% in control conditions and around 76% in the presence of laccase. GSH, pure or in the form of IDY-GSH, also reduces the oxygen consumption rate (by 23% and 36%, respectively) but to a lesser extent than SO2. GSH also favours the formation of grape reaction product (GRP) from hydroxycinnamic acids and effectively protects grape must against browning in healthy grape conditions. Specifically, the presence of GSH reduced b* by around 81% in control conditions. Nevertheless, in the presence of laccase, it was not effective enough, reducing b* by around 39% in the case of pure GSH and 24% in the case of IDY-GSH. Therefore, both forms of GSH can be considered as interesting alternative tools to SO2 for preventing browning in white grape must, but only when the grapes are healthy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exogenous sulfur dioxide (SO2) and its derivatives (SO32−/HSO3−) have been extensively utilized in food preservation and endogenous SO2 is recognized as a significant gaseous signaling molecule that can mediate various physiological processes. Overproduction and/or extensive intake of these species can trigger allergic reactions and even tissue damage. Therefore, it is highly desirable to monitor SO2 and its derivatives effectively and quantitatively both in vitro and in vivo. Herein, a new mitochondria-targeted fluorescent probe (PIB) had been constructed, which could ratiometrically recognize SO2 and its derivatives with excellent sensitivity (DL = 15.9 nM) and a fast response time (200 s). The obtained high selectivity and good adaptability of this SO2-specific probe in a wide pH range (6.5–10.0) allowed for quantitatively tracking of SO2 and its derivatives in real food samples (granulated sugar, crystal sugar, and white wine). In addition, PIB could locate at mitochondrion and was capable of imaging exogenous/endogenous SO2 in the cells and zebrafish. In particular, our findings represented one of the rare examples that have demonstrated endogenous SO2 is closely related with the apoptosis of cells. Importantly, probe PIB was successfully employed for in situ metabolic localization in mouse organs, implying the potential applications of our probe in further exploration on SO2-releated pathological and physiological processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The accelerated urbanization in the last decade and population growth in developing countries in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region have increased the count of humans exposed to air pollution. This work aims to provide an insight into air quality in the Greater Cairo (GC) area which is one of the largest megacities in the MENA region and is classified as its most polluted city according to the reports of the World Health Organization (WHO). Exploratory data analysis and cluster analysis were used to assess the pollutants data and meteorological data to understand the impacts of weather factors on air quality in GC. According to the results, GC suffers from particle matter of 10 micrometres or less (PM10) pollutants. The annual averages ranged from 97 ± 10 to 203 ± 42 µg/m³. Though short-term exposure to gaseous pollutants did not exceed the limits, the long-term exposures exceeded those in some congested traffic areas. The annual averages ranged from 20 ± 5 to 63 ± 24 µg/m³ for Nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and from 9 ± 3 to 21 ± 5 µg/m³ for sulphur dioxide (SO2). Also, the terrain affects the spatial variation of pollutants observation. There is a negative correlation between the monitoring site elevation and the pollutant concentration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Perceptron models have become integral tools for pattern recognition and classification problems in engineering fields. This study envisioned implementing artificial neural networks to forecast the performance of a mini-spray dryer for desulfurization activities. This work adopted k-fold cross-validation, a rigorous technique that evaluates model performance across multiple data segments. Several ANN models (21) were trained on data obtained from sulfation conditions, including sulfation temperature (120 °C–200 °C), slurry pH (4–12), stoichiometric ratio (0.5–2.5), slurry solid concentration (6%–14%) as the feed input and sulfur capture as the response. Three hundred synthetic datasets generated using the Gaussian noise data augmentation underwent a 10-fold cross-validation process before simulation on neural networks triggered by the logsig and tansig activation functions. The computation accuracy was further evaluated by altering the number of hidden cells from 2 to 10. The ANN architectures were assessed using statistical metrics such as mean square error (MSE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and the coefficient of determination (R2) techniques. Overall, error estimation suggests cross-validation and data augmentation are critical in efficient neural network generalization. The logsig function trained with 10 hidden cells presented closer data articulation when mapped onto actual values. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article deals with modeling sulfur dioxide (SO2) concentrations emitted by two industries in Santiago de Cali. These industries use different fuel types in their boilers: Boiler 1 uses Fuel Oil, and Boiler 2 uses Diesel. To evaluate and compare the behavior of SO2 concentrations, the substitution of these fuels by natural gas is proposed. Using Aermod View, this pollutant's dispersion was modeled and obtained that the maximum SO2 concentration from the boilers with Fuel Oil and Diesel was 1440.32 µg/m3 for an exposure time of one hour. For a 24-hour exposure time, the SO2 concentration reached 178.56 µg/m3. These levels exceed the limits established in resolution 2254 of 2017, where the maximum permissible value for one hour is 100 µg/m3, and for 24 hours is 50 µg/m3. In contrast, when using Natural Gas as fuel, it is observed that the concentrations are considerably lower. The maximum concentration is 0.74 µg/m3 for a one-hour exposure time, and for a 24-hour exposure time, 0.04 µg/m3. These results comply with current regulations. It can be concluded that natural gas is a more favorable alternative, generating significantly lower SO2 concentrations. This change in the fuel type will favor compliance with environmental regulations and effectively contribute to reducing SO2 concentration in the air. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tomatoes are an important and versatile crop with a short shelf life. Postharvest losses due to fruit decay and handling are reportedly as high as 30-50% globally; therefore, the agricultural sector would benefit from solutions that target the preservation of crops such as tomatoes. In this study, we investigated the potential use of sulfur dioxide (SO2) to provide postharvest protection against fungal decay in tomatoes whilst maintaining the quality of tomato fruit. Three tomato varieties packed as bulk (3-5 kg) cartons were exposed to SO2-generating sheets applied as either a top sheet over the fruit or a bottom sheet placed on the base of the carton before packing the fruit on the top. The results show that the application of SO2- generating sheets reduced the natural progression of decay on 'Roma' tomatoes by up to 60% and up to 80% on 'Rosa' tomatoes. Only marginal decay control was observed on 'Round' tomatoes. The top sheet application rendered the best results, as the application of the bottom sheet resulted in phytotoxicity in the form of SO2 damage. SO2 application reduced fruit shrivelling, especially when tomatoes were stored at higher temperatures during their shelf life. The application of SO2 on the tomatoes did not have any negative effects on fruit firmness. The results of this study provide a case to further explore the use of SO2-generating sheets on tomatoes to prevent postharvest decay. Differences in varietal physiology may be key to the successful application of this technology. Significance: Tomatoes are a crop that is highly susceptible to postharvest decay. These effects lie mainly with the end consumer. Besides the monetary loss of buying a commodity that rots quickly, pathogens infecting tomatoes are known to produce mycotoxins that pose a risk to human health. With food availability and safety concerns, the application of a product that could reduce these concerns would be beneficial to the agricultural sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The temperature measurement of Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a crucial parameter for accurately determining its concentration, particularly in high‐temperature environment. Herein, it is realized by using three different techniques, which are direct absorption spectroscopy, wavelength modulation spectroscopy and non‐calibration wavelength modulation spectroscopy based on the bispectral lines temperature measurement method. The bispectral lines of SO2 locates at 1396.844 and 1396.921 cm−1, respectively. The gas temperature in the absorption cell was also measured with K‐type thermocouple and compared with these three spectral measurements. The linearities corresponding to these three techniques are 99.71%, 99.8%, and 99.88%, respectively. Their average relative error between the spectral measurement results and the linear fitting value of the three techniques is 1.15%, 0.86%, and 0.57%, respectively. It is illustrated the feasibility of the bispectral lines method for high‐temperature measurement. These investigations provide methods for temperature measurement in high‐temperature coal‐fired boilers, potentially for investigating other sulfide gas molecules such as SO3 and H2S. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Significance: Gasotransmitters, including nitric oxide (NO), hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and sulfur dioxide (SO2), participate in various cellular processes via corresponding oxidative posttranslational modifications (oxiPTMs) of specific cysteines. Recent Advances: Accumulating evidence has clarified the mechanisms underlying the formation of oxiPTMs derived from gasotransmitters and their biological functions in multiple signal pathways. Because of the specific existence and functional importance, determining the sites of oxiPTMs in cysteine is crucial in biology. Recent advances in the development of selective probes, together with upgraded mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics, have enabled the quantitative analysis of cysteinome. To date, several cysteine residues have been identified as gasotransmitter targets. Critical Issues: To clearly understand the underlying mechanisms for gasotransmitter-mediated biological processes, it is important to identify modified targets. In this review, we summarize the chemical formation and biological effects of gasotransmitter-dependent oxiPTMs and highlight the state-of-the-art detection methods. Future Directions: Future studies in this field should aim to develop the next generation of probes for in situ labeling to improve spatial resolution and determine the dynamic change of oxiPTMs, which can lay the foundation for research on the molecular mechanisms and clinical translation of gasotransmitters. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 145–167. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]